Place name elements
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This page aims to collect words in most of the major languages of Akana which are commonly used as elements of place names.
Edastean languages
| English | Ndak Ta | Fáralo | Naidda | B. Nzaysa | Ndok Aisô | Adāta |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| archipelago | (āpon) | |||||
| bay | bwogig | bóig | boiza, voyï | gɔgəh | zoiax | |
| beach | pailbelau | peiblo | pilvëlo | pɛlbɛ | ||
| bend | emlau | teiš | ïmlo | əlu | êbloi | (tōsi) |
| border | kak | kaklo | kå | (kah) | kok | kālas |
| bridge | xawaxa | ngade | ||||
| broad, wide | tento | teitu | tïnzo | ñavra | tetho | |
| camp | dagane | dagane | ||||
| cape | imu | |||||
| castle | ospàklau | ubák | spåilo, baga | dixêkloi | ōpāia, ubak | |
| cave | (watslau) | (wåshlo) | āia | |||
| city | mos | ædelu | oshlo, mos(-lo) | mo | mos | damō, mōia |
| clearing | khōza | |||||
| cliff | (tseselau) | (sezelo) | (cë'ëlo) | (sēza) | ||
| coast | sau | hou | so | (su) | roxop | hō |
| confluence | (mabm) | (mabe) | (måm) | mɛsɔtsə | (mob) | (maba) |
| corner | tso | tsog | ||||
| cottage | (sano) | |||||
| court(yard) | ||||||
| cove | bóig | (boiza) | ||||
| creek, brook | (ånzel) | |||||
| crossroads | (gau ngi) | xuñe | ||||
| dark, black | adwa, more, ilki | adwə, ilč | årwa, morë, ïlye | mɔrɛ, əye | ódôxeu, moxe | adia, ūne, īki |
| delta | lâwa | lewə | lå'a | lawa | lageu | laza |
| ditch, moat | watslau | wåshlo | āia | |||
| downriver | (umórdu) | (pin) | ||||
| east | nasa | nazə | na'a | nasa | nā | |
| edge | kak | kå | kok | |||
| enclosure | bæru, boula | (bëro) | (mvunɛlu) | bairu, bola | ||
| family('s home) | muslau | šælo | (vïda, wïmlo) | mlu | tus, zeia, aliza | |
| far | mpag | epág | cïñe, kwïnzo, på | tavlɛ | apax | |
| farm | ainlau | mebelo | inlo | ɛlu | ses | |
| fence, boundary | (naonu) | kåilo, kailïnår | kaywemə | |||
| field | (nâk) | kevlo | naysi | nak | rania | |
| foot, base (of a hill) | nggol | (egól) | (ñol) | (xol) | akô | (axol) |
| ford | (mompu) | (moupu) | (momvo) | mopso | mofoi | (mophu) |
| forest, wood | ntâug, (gatn) | etewg | tå | ntɔh, xadalu | ntaug | atāx |
| fort | dagane | dagane | (peupos) | dagane | ||
| gap, pass | murɔ | goidaig | xō, xōdān | |||
| garden, orchard | wenlau | weilo | wïnlo | wəlu | zeia, zathō | |
| gate, entrance | (tiri) | tir | tere | tere | ||
| gathering place | meselau | më'ëlo | abiza | |||
| good | aiwa | eigə | ya, gwi | nzɔnə | ntixeu, ladog | deiō |
| grant, fiefdom | odam | (baruy) | (barwi, vïñusho) | ɔlɔdɔ, bɛru | ||
| grass | empi | keip | ïmve, (rång) | əpse | êfeu | ephi |
| grave, tomb | sonîda | kumepél | sonïlo | sodêdeu | honida | |
| gravel bank | ||||||
| great, big | pai, (nga-) | pei | pi, kåshom, -ya | iyɔ, -wi/-pi, -ya | nga-, oi- | pē, xezor, -du |
| green | auspi | eibəl | spe | ɔspe | oispeu | ūpi |
| harbour, port | mosou | mo'o | baulu | moso | ||
| hedge | ||||||
| hill, height | daing | dæŋ | ding | (dɛ) | at, gobloi | (dān) |
| hollow | (wampum) | (wæpum) | wåshlo, (wåmvom) | (zaphun) | ||
| holy place | (dêkalau) | deikəlo | dutə | |||
| home(stead) | wimlau | wilo | wïmlo | mlu | tus, zeia | |
| inheritance | bwenggautsu | oludu | (gêk'oitsoi) | (zekhōsu) | ||
| inn, hostel | kimpalau, meselau | kïmvålo, më'ëlo | mɛsɛlu, mluñunɛ | kiphalō, ēboza | ||
| island | pon | poun | pon | polu | pon | |
| islet | (pon nambam) | (poumbæm) | ponaba | (ponaphan) | ||
| lake | tau | tou | to | tu | tō, apālo | |
| land | lats | laš | lasha | la | lots | las, heia |
| little, small | nambam | næbæm, -l | nåvåm, -le | mvɔ, -lɛ | (bepun) | naphan |
| loan | rumia | |||||
| lower | pim | ænal, (piəm) | pïm, (ina) | (opsa) | aideu | pin |
| lush, fertile | (rampa) | ræpe | rëbë | (rafeu) | ||
| market | ngguklau | (meilo) | ñoilo | ñuylu | abiza, aiūlō | |
| meadow | empi, mâislau | keiplo | kevlo, mislo | mɛslu, (əpse) | maisloi | māia |
| middle, center | ñunë | ñunɛ | baphoia | |||
| mill | (orngilau) | oñelu | ||||
| mine | kegaza | xekhāza | ||||
| mountain, peak | daing | dæŋ | ding, emo | dɛñə | daig | dān, imu |
| narrow | (mauro, ngane) | (mouru) | murɔ | goidaig | (xō, xōdān) | |
| near | tsuts | suš | co | tsu | sus | |
| new | olto | oltu | oro | mvora | olteu | ōto |
| north | ibli | ibəl | ïvle | əvle | muloi | īli |
| old | ngauro | ætu | ånzo, ñuro | ñurɔ | atho, iōro | |
| open land, plains | raung | rewŋlo | rång | opsa | rān, rēulo | |
| pasture | mâislau | keiplo | mislo, kevlo | mɛslu | maisloi | māia, xāraza |
| path(way) | gau | goul | go | ñanɛ | (-hade) | |
| peninsula | rorop | roro | rɔ’o | (roxop) | rorop | |
| people of... | (k-)-sa | |||||
| place | olau, -lau | olo, -lo | olo, -lo | ɔlu, -lu | euloi, -loi | olō, melō, -ia/-za |
| point, head | imu | (iəmu) | gi | (êboi) | ||
| portage | (sâpabmlau) | |||||
| promontory; nose | (pungwa) | (puwə) | gobloi | (puia) | ||
| rapids | twaskoddo | tasku’u | ||||
| reach | tsuts | suš | co | tsu | sus, heia | |
| red | napê | nabe | nabï | nawə | napen | |
| residence | nagane | nagane | pɛlo | ālō | ||
| ridge | ||||||
| river | aunti | æti | ånze | ɔtse | auseu | ūthi |
| river bank | (su) | pābelō | ||||
| river mouth | lâwa | lewə | lå'a | lawa | (mob) | (maba) |
| road | gau | gou, noulo | go | nolɔ | nolô | nolo |
| rock | tingkàu | tikóu | (tïño) | (təñú) | tikhō | |
| sacred | dautin | kuin, edewnin (deikə) | dudïn | dutə | doitêd, (oigoi) | dōtin |
| sand | pailbe | ksoudu | pilvë | pɛlbɛ | pābe | |
| sea, ocean | indùng | idúəŋ | ïddong | ədú | ithun | |
| settlement | oshlo | (sanu) | sanô | |||
| shelter | taindi, sungiarlau | tædi | suñårlo | nzəwo | huzāia | |
| shore | (sau) | (hou) | (so) | su | pābelō | |
| source, fountain | suwëshlo | sɔmɛlu | akô | |||
| south | tam | tæm | tåm | tamlu, (-ta) | tab | tan |
| stockade | (pap âk mos) | (naonu, pap) | (kailïnår) | pawaymó | peupos | |
| stone | tingkàu | tikóu | tïño | təñú | tikhō | |
| stream | aunti | æti | ånze | ɔtse | auseu | ūthi |
| swamp, bog | abâi, wismalau | aə, wimə | wïsmalo | avɛlu | eubai | abān, zīma |
| temple | banailau | kufas | banlo | banilu | oiseuloi | alizadu, ōaza |
| thicket, grove | khōza | |||||
| tower | (tsobilau) | (tuədlo) | tsɔvlu | |||
| town | mos | ædelu | oshlo | mo | mos | aidelu |
| upper | gom | egéi, (goum) | gom | nggoi | xon | |
| upriver | (ougə) | xon | ||||
| valley | palda | pardə | påra | palda | poldeu | pāda |
| village | oshlol | sanu | sanô | hānedia | ||
| water | saungwe | hewe | suwë | sɔmɛ | dên | hūie |
| west | emwel | eiwəl | ïmwïl | mvəlu, (-əməl) | êbôxel | eiel |
| wharf | hewegou | pyuego | ||||
| white, bright | dauwai | daba | dui | duwi | kusox | dōzē |
Dāiadak languages
| English | Æðadĕ | Aθáta | Pencek | Ayāsthi | Mavakhalan | Kozado | Kuyʔūn |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| archipelago | |||||||
| bay | zujĕx | zacah | zòıja | ||||
| beach | |||||||
| bend | |||||||
| border | gālĕs | cálas | khars | cálah | kola | kalo | |
| bridge | |||||||
| broad, wide | dito | téθo | that | tèts | teþo | þath | |
| camp | θáxne | jàġaņņ | |||||
| cape | ramp | ròrop | |||||
| castle | θáxne | ophac | ófāıi | ||||
| cave | aca | áıi | aʔon | ||||
| city | mōjĕ | θmô | tano | àıjely | ðamô | domu | yeyeu |
| clearing | |||||||
| cliff | seka | ||||||
| coast | hō | ġó | hô | ||||
| confluence | |||||||
| corner | spik | ||||||
| cottage | |||||||
| court(yard) | |||||||
| cove | |||||||
| creek, brook | |||||||
| crossroads | |||||||
| dark, black | æðjĕ, īgi | íci | aca, kaptir, ikhi | àjeıə, mòrr, úņņı, íċy | wone, ič | ||
| delta | lēw | làrr | |||||
| ditch, moat | |||||||
| downriver | ena | énnı | ena | ||||
| east | nā | na | ná | no | nā | ||
| edge | |||||||
| enclosure | vul | féru | vòll | pyeyo | |||
| family('s home) | zijĕ | zac | |||||
| far | rulu | ápa | phah | àfa | apa | lamî | |
| farm | |||||||
| fence, boundary | |||||||
| field | rænjĕ | ranc, (pusk) | ràņeıə | raňja | len | ||
| foot, base (of a hill) | |||||||
| ford | |||||||
| forest, wood | ædax | thah | àṫā | ato | |||
| fort | θáxne | jàġaņņ | |||||
| gap, pass | xōðan | ġójāṅ | xô | ||||
| garden, orchard | zijĕ | zaca | zàtsō | zaþô | |||
| gate, entrance | gādojĕ | ho | |||||
| gathering place | |||||||
| good | tīhew | taco | jèıjō | ðêjô | |||
| grant, fiefdom | |||||||
| grass | ipi | phi | èpfə | ef’ | |||
| grave, tomb | onlo | onló | heant | ġòaņeıi | ʔonna | ||
| gravel bank | rakrik | ||||||
| great, big | tjesum, mijĕ, -pe | (-esor) | phe | ġèzoar, -pē | pê | šazu, pe | ʔelo, -pi |
| green | ūbi | uphi | úfə | up’ | |||
| harbour, port | |||||||
| hedge | cêfma | ||||||
| hill, height | xonla | (xǫla) | |||||
| hollow | (zoamp) | aʔon | |||||
| holy place | (ðōdin) | (θótin) | (tont) | (jósiṅ) | (ðôťję) | keþia | -yotin |
| home(stead) | zijĕ | thus, zac | myï, tỳh, ʒèıjay | tôt | -to | ||
| inheritance | zjekozu | ʒechózy | |||||
| inn, hostel | gjeflo, ēvoz | cifló | khipro, epaz | cèıpfalō, évoss | |||
| island | bun | phan | pòṁ | pǫ | |||
| islet | bun | phan | pòṁ | pǫ | |||
| lake | tho, pharo | tó, afállı | tô | pau, tō | |||
| land | læs | lás | ras | làh | la | -lo | lah |
| little, small | vūr | afúr | namp | nàpfaṅ, -ll | nafą | nopho | -os |
| loan | súni | ||||||
| lower | bjen | pín | phin | pìṅ | pję | ||
| lush, fertile | |||||||
| market | æjulo | curo | àıjōlō | ayolo | |||
| meadow | mājĕ | naca | máıi | ||||
| middle, center | væpojĕ | papca | vàpfoıi | ||||
| mill | thikoko | ||||||
| mine | xakaz | hakhar, aca | ġechárrı | xexoza | ʔaqáy | ||
| mountain, peak | ðān, jemu | tan, inu | ìmə, jáṅ | jêm, ðǫ | do | ||
| narrow | nor | (mórrı) | (môro) | mur | |||
| near | gæsus | cásus | sus | (càzyh) | kas | mozar | (cocit) |
| new | ōdo, ōm | ota | ósṫı | ôto | -ot | ||
| north | īli | iri | íly | iľ | ayli | ||
| old | jōro, æto | tha, cora | àts, jórrı | aþo, jôro | (yōʔo) | ||
| open land, plains | rān, rēwlo, (dito) | ran | ráṅ, ròıṁlə | rǫ | teło, koson | ||
| pasture | mājĕ | harza, naca | ġárarr, máıi | xoraza | |||
| path(way) | |||||||
| peninsula | ramp | ròrop | |||||
| people of... | (-o) | ||||||
| place | milo, -jĕ, -z | aro, naro | òlō, mèlō | -ya | |||
| point, head | (inu) | (ìmə) | |||||
| portage | |||||||
| promontory; nose | (bwejĕ) | (puc) | (pì) | (pъja) | ado | ||
| rapids | |||||||
| reach | mozar | ||||||
| red | næfṇ | napan | nàfeṅ | napę | napen | ||
| residence | uvāg | uḃàc | |||||
| ridge | ado | ||||||
| river | ūti | uthi | útşy | uš | (ołi) | ||
| river bank | (bāv) | phapro | pávelō | ||||
| river mouth | (lēw) | (màw) | |||||
| road | nulo | nólo | nòll | ||||
| rock | djeko | txô | thik | tèıchō | ťxô | (ado) | ceʔo |
| sacred | ðōdin | θótin | tont | jósiṅ | ðôťję | keþia | koło, -yotin |
| sand | bāv | phapa | páw | pove | soło | ||
| sea, ocean | jetun | íθun | thun | ìtsyṅ | jêþę | ||
| settlement | æjðlu | êθlu | hanc | sano | |||
| shelter | hwezajĕ | huzac | ġòzāıi | ||||
| shore | (hō) | phapro | pávelō | (hô) | |||
| source, fountain | |||||||
| south | dæn | than | tàṅ | tą | tan | ||
| stockade | oart | ||||||
| stone | djeko | txô | thik, (rakrik) | tèıchō | ťxô | ceʔo | |
| stream | ūti | uthi | útşy | uš | (ołi) | ||
| swamp, bog | vān, zīm | síma | apan, zin | aváṅ, ʒéımmı | avǫ, źjema | ezim | |
| temple | ælizĕðu, kofas, nēlo, ōĕz | ristu, paner, oza | àleızay, còfah, óärr | aľzað | allayo | ||
| thicket, grove | (kōz) | xósa | khoz | ċóssı | xôza | ||
| tower | sóflu | tayne | |||||
| town | mōjĕ, æjðlu | êθlu, θmô | tano | àıjely, móıi | ðamô | domu | yeyeu |
| upper | xun | (lamé) | han | ġòṁ | xǫ | (duo) | |
| upriver | ahe | àġē | axê | ||||
| valley | páθa | phata | páï | (pāya) | |||
| village | hānðjĕ, sāno | hanc | ġáņejeıə | honežja | sano | ||
| water | huc | ġýï | huje | ha, iž | |||
| west | īl | (îl) | car | èıel | êjel | eyo | |
| wharf | |||||||
| white, bright | ðōze, mæl | θosé | toz | jóʒē | ðôzê | tōli |
Other Macro-Edastean languages
| English | Proto-Xoronic | Proto-Habeo | Hill Habeo | Plains Habeo | River Habeo | Tlaliolz |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| archipelago | ||||||
| bay | ||||||
| beach | ||||||
| bend | (tətunkə) | (titunk) | (tɨtonk) | (tɨtɨnk) | (titunk) | |
| border | qə:kə | qak | qak | ʔak | kak | |
| bridge | ||||||
| broad, wide | tinəhto | šina:ta | šɨnota | θɨnota | xine:ta | |
| camp | ||||||
| cape | ||||||
| castle | ||||||
| cave | ||||||
| city | ||||||
| clearing | ||||||
| cliff | sakho | se:ka | seka | seka | si:ka | |
| coast | ||||||
| confluence | ||||||
| corner | ||||||
| cottage | ||||||
| court(yard) | ||||||
| cove | ||||||
| creek, brook | qōfena | |||||
| crossroads | ||||||
| dark, black | iske | eska | aska | aska | eska | |
| delta | ||||||
| ditch, moat | (ottə) | (a:t) | (ot) | (ot) | (e:t) | |
| downriver | losu, (ipsi, sa:s) | lasu, (epse, sus) | wasu, (apsa, sos) | lasɨ, (apsa, sɨs) | lasu, (epse, sus) | |
| east | ||||||
| edge | qə:kə | qak | qak | ʔak | kak | |
| enclosure | hu:k | ʔikʷ | ʔɨp | yɨk | yip | |
| family('s home) | əppəta:, tahqa:no | a:pitu, te:quna | opɨtu, teqona | opɨtɨ, teʔɨna | e:fitu, ti:kuna | |
| far | mehpok, pekəhma | ma:pakʷ, pakiʔme | mopap, pakɨʔma | mopak, pakɨʔma | me:pap, pakime | |
| farm | (ə:n) | |||||
| fence, boundary | hu:k | ʔikʷ | ʔɨp | yɨk | yip | |
| field | po:sa | puse | posa | pɨsa | fuse | |
| foot, base (of a hill) | ||||||
| ford | pe:mə | pim | pɨm | pɨm | fim | |
| forest, wood | nətəqquk | nita:qʷukʷ | nɨtopop | nɨtoʔɨk | nite:pup | |
| fort | (huhu:k) | (ʔuʔikʷ) | (ʔoʔɨp) | (wɨyɨk) | (yuyip) | |
| gap, pass | ||||||
| garden, orchard | ||||||
| gate, entrance | huhka:t | ʔu:kut | ʔukot | wukɨt | yu:kut | |
| gathering place | ||||||
| good | a:hah | uʔeʔ | oʔaʔ | ɨyaʔ | uye | |
| grant, fiefdom | (əhtanqa) | (a:tenqe) | (otanqa) | (otanʔa) | (e:tenke) | |
| grass | ippi: | e:pi | epɨ | epɨ | i:fi | |
| grave, tomb | ||||||
| gravel bank | sə:tət | sa:t | sot | sot | se:t | |
| great, big | pa: | pu | po | pɨ | fu | |
| green | ospi | aspe | aspa | aspa | aspe | |
| harbour, port | ||||||
| hedge | ||||||
| hill, height | əta:nkə | tunik | tonɨk | tɨnɨk | tunik | |
| hollow | ||||||
| holy place | ||||||
| home(stead) | tahqa:no | te:quna | teqona | teʔɨna | ti:kuna | |
| inheritance | ||||||
| inn, hostel | ||||||
| island | pon | pan | pan | pan | pan | |
| islet | ||||||
| lake | toh | taʔ | taʔ | taʔ | ta | |
| land | lahənkə | leʔnik | yaʔnɨk | laʔnɨk | lenik | |
| little, small | nappam | ne:pem | nepam | nepam | ni:pem | |
| loan | ||||||
| lower | pe:mə | pim | pɨm | pɨm | fim | |
| lush, fertile | ||||||
| market | ||||||
| meadow | ippi: | e:pi | epɨ | epɨ | i:fi | |
| middle, center | ||||||
| mill | ||||||
| mine | ||||||
| mountain, peak | əta:nkə | tunik | tonɨk | tɨnɨk | tunik | |
| narrow | mahlu | mełu | mało | maθɨ | mesu | |
| near | tutətət | tu:tit | tutɨt | tutɨt | tu:tit | |
| new | osəhto | asa:ta | asota | asota | ase:ta | |
| north | ata:hmə | etuʔim | atoʔɨm | atɨyɨm | etuyim | |
| old | əkkolo | a:kʷala | opawa | okala | e:pala | |
| open land, plains | lahənkə | leʔnik | yaʔnɨk | laʔnɨk | lenik | |
| pasture | ippi: | e:pi | epɨ | epɨ | i:fi | |
| path(way) | əkəh | kiʔ | kɨʔ | kɨʔ | ki | |
| peninsula | ||||||
| people of... | ||||||
| place | ||||||
| point, head | (imo) | (ema) | (ama) | (ama) | (ema) | |
| portage | ||||||
| promontory; nose | ||||||
| rapids | ||||||
| reach | tutətət | tu:tit | tutɨt | tutɨt | tu:tit | |
| red | lapenqə | lepanq | yapanq | lapanʔ | lepank | |
| residence | tahqa:no | te:quna | teqona | teʔɨna | ti:kuna | |
| ridge | ||||||
| river | ahəttih | eʔa:teʔ | aʔotaʔ | aʔotaʔ | eye:te | |
| river bank | sə:tət | sa:t | sot | sot | se:t | |
| river mouth | ||||||
| road | əkəh | kiʔ | kɨʔ | kɨʔ | ki | |
| rock | tekkonqə | ša:kʷanq | šopanq | šokanʔ | xe:pank | |
| sacred | ||||||
| sand | əhpa:spi | a:puspe | opospa | opɨspa | e:fuspe | |
| sea, ocean | ahətto:nkə | eʔa:tunik | aʔotonɨk | aʔotɨnɨk | eye:tunik | |
| settlement | ko:mu | kʷumu | pomo | kɨmɨ | pumu | |
| shelter | ta:hətti | tuʔa:te | toʔota | tɨʔota | tuye:te | |
| shore | (sə:tət) | (sa:t) | (sot) | (sot) | (se:t) | |
| source, fountain | əppəta: | a:pitu | opɨto | opɨtɨ | e:fitu | |
| south | ha:honkə | ʔuʔank | ʔoʔank | wɨʔank | yuyank | |
| stockade | huhu:k | ʔuʔikʷ | ʔoʔɨp | wɨyɨk | yuyip | |
| stone | quhi | qʷuʔe | poʔa | ʔɨya | puye | |
| stream | ahəttih | eʔa:teʔ | aʔotaʔ | aʔotaʔ | eye:te | |
| swamp, bog | ə:pa:nqə | apuniq | aponɨq | apɨnɨʔ | afunik | |
| temple | ||||||
| thicket, grove | ||||||
| tower | ||||||
| town | ||||||
| upper | əkum | kʷum | pom | kɨm | pum | |
| upriver | əkkoknə, (əhtam) | a:kʷakin, (a:tem) | opakɨn, (otam) | okakɨn, (otam) | e:pakin, (e:tem) | |
| valley | ||||||
| village | ||||||
| water | ahəttih | eʔa:teʔ | aʔotaʔ | aʔotaʔ | eye:te | |
| west | ||||||
| wharf | ||||||
| white, bright | ətoha: | taʔu | taʔo | tawɨ | tayu |
Peninsular languages
| English | PPI | Gaadràmarneš | Vylessa | Merneha | Kibülʌiṅ | Lotoka |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| archipelago | pta-ptalu | pelupelu | ||||
| bay | fmana | mənə | ||||
| beach | sunax | plāŋ' | ||||
| bend | ||||||
| border | møna | |||||
| bridge | pũt | |||||
| broad, wide | fiçra | hihəru | hirʌ- | wijo- | ||
| camp | (hẽnurwərəj) | |||||
| cape | (tunauf) | tunəw | tünʌu | duny | ||
| castle | ksirak | (kəmehə) | cceraguṅweiṅ | (gamejo) | ||
| cave | ||||||
| city | kəmehə | kʌme | gamømi | |||
| clearing | (çamnuç-mhai) | |||||
| cliff | ||||||
| coast | arütʌṅ plāŋ' | šyna | ||||
| confluence | ||||||
| corner | tunəw | (rijeṅ) | ||||
| cottage | ||||||
| court(yard) | ||||||
| cove | ||||||
| creek, brook | suŋai | lwəgwə | ||||
| crossroads | ||||||
| dark, black | krhax, tnku | kərahu | tiṅgu- | digu- | ||
| delta | ||||||
| ditch, moat | ||||||
| downriver | ||||||
| east | (mhari) | |||||
| edge | tunəw | plāŋ' | møna | |||
| enclosure | ta-tamir | (kəmehə) | uṅbimei | |||
| family('s home) | laŋaç, (hapa), ŋuçrix-mhai | (wərĩhəj) | uṅbimei | ŋøjumi, (-wimi) | ||
| far | teŋø- | |||||
| farm | çuilk-çuilk | (wiłkwərəj) | ||||
| fence, boundary | kamaç | kəmeh | ||||
| field | (wiłkwərəj) | |||||
| foot, base (of a hill) | (riçŋs, traskis) | genla', (rijeṅ) | tasi, demi | |||
| ford | ||||||
| forest, wood | ŋutax, palais | hugək | ŋüja | ugo, ŋødida | ||
| fort | ksirak, ka-kamaç | kəmehə | cceraguṅweiṅ, kʌme | gamejo | ||
| gap, pass | ||||||
| garden, orchard | pidene | |||||
| gate, entrance | kaktm, tamir | kəcwə | (eṅlunīṅmei, hireiccar) | goku | ||
| gathering place | (umrʌmei) | |||||
| good | mhun | khelpi- | umun- | |||
| grant, fiefdom | (mkut-xai) | |||||
| grass | masfat | masa | ||||
| grave, tomb | kiafr-mhai | keruṅweiṅ | gewami | |||
| gravel bank | ||||||
| great, big | kāra | (karə-) | kārʌ- | gaje- | ||
| green | (təgu) | tarün- | ||||
| harbour, port | atimi, imadami | |||||
| hedge | (mese') | |||||
| hill, height | kidami | |||||
| hollow | ||||||
| holy place | ||||||
| home(stead) | mfi-mhai, tamas | wərĩhəj | uṅbimei | dama, -wimi | ||
| inheritance | ||||||
| inn, hostel | ||||||
| island | ptalu | pelu | ||||
| islet | (ptalu) | pelu | ||||
| lake | (luakm-xai) | |||||
| land | (ktaha) | ttʌ̄ | -ka | |||
| little, small | titi, misik | nibi- | mišig- | |||
| loan | ||||||
| lower | map- | |||||
| lush, fertile | ||||||
| market | pasar | |||||
| meadow | (masfat) | |||||
| middle, center | talam | khattʌŋ' | koko, -delo | |||
| mill | ||||||
| mine | ||||||
| mountain, peak | tunəw | isi, møna | ||||
| narrow | fisar | hizəru | hijar- | wyšo- | ||
| near | (rijeṅ, ttʌ̄) | |||||
| new | (xltar) | geltar-, ginʌ- | lota- | |||
| north | ||||||
| old | fuŋtu | hũtu | huntu- | odu- | ||
| pasture | ||||||
| path(way) | joti | |||||
| peninsula | (saŋfa) | (tunəw) | (tünʌu) | dunymi | ||
| people of... | marnaç, çiaŋ, nruni-hr | (nyña) | ||||
| place | -mhai | -wərəj | -mei/-uṅweiṅ | -mi | ||
| point, head | (issip) | tunəw | tünʌu | duny, isi | ||
| portage | ||||||
| promontory; nose | (tunəw) | |||||
| rapids | ||||||
| reach | ttʌ̄, rijeṅ | |||||
| red | huarn | (wərnu) | oriṅ- | |||
| residence | wərĩhəj | (nepami) | ||||
| ridge | (funaiŋ) | (hunəjn) | uneŋyne | |||
| river | luakm, suŋai | sunəj, lwəgwə | logoṅg | logu | ||
| river bank | suŋai-mhai | |||||
| river mouth | (ralpir) | |||||
| road | joti | |||||
| rock | ||||||
| sacred | ||||||
| sand | sunax | |||||
| sea, ocean | larut | lərut | aro' | lowoto | ||
| settlement | (mfi-mhai), ta-tamas | (tʌmeruṅweiṅ) | dama, nepami | |||
| shelter | (ta-tamir) | |||||
| shore | arütʌṅ plāŋ' | |||||
| source, fountain | (nuhr-mhai) | |||||
| south | ||||||
| stockade | kamaç | kəmeh | gamejo | |||
| stone | ||||||
| stream | luakm | sunəj | logoṅg | logu | ||
| swamp, bog | ||||||
| temple | inar-mhai | inərwərəj | inowomi | |||
| thicket, grove | hugək | mese' | doleko | |||
| tower | ||||||
| town | kəmehə | kʌme | gamømi | |||
| upper | kida- | |||||
| upriver | ||||||
| valley | ||||||
| village | ta-tamas | (tʌmeruṅweiṅ) | damašymi | |||
| water | suŋei | ypa | ||||
| west | ||||||
| wharf | atimi | |||||
| white, bright | mtr | wərnu | tijar-, üṅtar- | udø- |
Isles languages
| English | Proto-Isles | Affanonic | Thokyunèhòta | Naxuutayi | Mûtsipsa' | Máotatšàlì | Zele |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| archipelago | (duh-tziws) | tusosh | |||||
| bay | |||||||
| beach | kanh | kan | |||||
| bend | (tupams) | (tsufãsh) | |||||
| border | (tziwpi) | (tfams) | (sofizh) | ||||
| bridge | |||||||
| broad, wide | matiq | mati | matù | masi' | matì | mati | |
| camp | (tzáw) | ||||||
| cape | |||||||
| castle | |||||||
| cave | (dúguha) | (duukuha) | (tuhazhi) | ||||
| city | |||||||
| clearing | |||||||
| cliff | hámnaq | onnai | hemna | aoná | pashãkelihi | ||
| coast | (hawsay) | hosa | (te sofizh) | ||||
| confluence | |||||||
| corner | tupams | tfams | tsufãsh | ||||
| cottage | (psa) | ||||||
| court(yard) | páyqdzipu | pezifuzhi | |||||
| cove | |||||||
| creek, brook | |||||||
| crossroads | |||||||
| dark, black | yúdiq | liloi | yuuti' | ludì | yuli | ||
| delta | |||||||
| ditch, moat | pir | ||||||
| downriver | |||||||
| east | hápa | affa | hefa | áma | rabazhi | ||
| edge | tziwpi | mna | tfams, -tsfi | sofizh | |||
| enclosure | |||||||
| family('s home) | míntzuq | (mintsoi, mintswil) | mìthú | miintsu | mytsú | meazuhi | |
| far | taw | tsu | ta | tà | tsabesh | ||
| farm | (dínti) | (cìcí) | zyti | teadizhi | |||
| fence, boundary | |||||||
| field | dínti | tinti | kòhùthì | hahsan | zytišas | (teadizhi) | |
| foot, base (of a hill) | |||||||
| ford | |||||||
| forest, wood | tzáw | tse | tsao | sabi | |||
| fort | |||||||
| gap, pass | (simaq) | ||||||
| garden, orchard | wíntinq | pintene | ìcî | wiintin | wytý | beadeahi | |
| gate, entrance | tzatin | tssin | satin | ||||
| gathering place | tifføf | ||||||
| good | qí | niwi, (isy) | 'i, hex | ši | i | ||
| grant, fiefdom | (mintswil) | ||||||
| grass | miminam | mjunnon | minam | mwina | minào | minam | |
| grave, tomb | |||||||
| gravel bank | |||||||
| great, big | ta | tsa | t(a) | ta | tsa | ||
| green | ninam | ninon | nine | nin | ninào | nãnã | |
| harbour, port | tzáwdzipu | hathim | aozú | sozifuzhi | |||
| hedge | |||||||
| hill, height | káydiq | (kirei) | kejdi | kæzí | kelihi | ||
| hollow | |||||||
| holy place | (kfasa) | ||||||
| home(stead) | pasay | fei | nèpaha | psa | pasæ̀, tamas | pashazh | |
| inheritance | (mintswil) | ||||||
| inn, hostel | |||||||
| island | duh | dûke | tur | ||||
| islet | miduh | ||||||
| lake | dúduy | tity | duutu | zu | tuluzhi | ||
| land | |||||||
| little, small | mi | mi | mi | m(i) | mì | mi | |
| loan | |||||||
| lower | (duhmahy') | ||||||
| lush, fertile | (diinti) | ||||||
| market | |||||||
| meadow | hahsanh | jahalre | hè | hahsan | àsæš | rashan | |
| middle, center | pikaq | ||||||
| mill | huynasti | hnasti | renastizh | ||||
| mine | tssi | ||||||
| mountain, peak | káy | kei | ka, mna | ke | kæ | kazh | |
| narrow | mimatiq | mimati | mimatù | tuusi'ems | zulìo | mimati | |
| near | tiw | titsju, (wottu) | t(y) | tì | tsibesh | ||
| new | kahakaq | hokja | nine | khaxa' | kašága | kahaka | |
| north | síkim | rirkjun | ikím | siixi | ìgio | shigimi | |
| old | núpih | noffes | nupû | nuufih | nubir | ||
| open land, plains | hahsan | ||||||
| pasture | (hahsanh) | (jahalre) | cìcí | (hahsan) | (rashan) | ||
| path(way) | joti | swa, kuuhe | |||||
| peninsula | |||||||
| people of... | gen + nonjur | ||||||
| place | tammuh | -paha | tammuh | wytỳ | tsãmur | ||
| point, head | |||||||
| portage | |||||||
| promontory; nose | |||||||
| rapids | |||||||
| reach | |||||||
| red | hapaq | jaffja | hafa' | àmà | rafa | ||
| residence | |||||||
| ridge | |||||||
| river | dúykuq | tykoi | dûûxu | zugú | teguhi | ||
| river bank | (teg sofizh) | ||||||
| river mouth | |||||||
| road | joti | swa | |||||
| rock | (tzúma) | (somai) | thuma | smana, tsuuwa, uuho'o | mitsuma | ||
| sacred | |||||||
| sand | pah | fjas | pah | pàš | par | ||
| sea, ocean | dúy | ty | duu | zú | tuzh | ||
| settlement | páyq, (tzáw) | pej | |||||
| shelter | sumuqaws | shumuhosh | |||||
| shore | |||||||
| source, fountain | tzuysi | tyri | tssi | seshizh | |||
| south | sákim | arkjun | kim | sexi | àgio | shagimi | |
| stockade | nataq | nasa | |||||
| stone | tzúma | somai | thuma | tsuuwa | tsuma | sumazhi | |
| stream | (dzawma) | punsu | dûûxu | (zomazh) | |||
| swamp, bog | |||||||
| temple | ryffei | kfasa | kùpas | ||||
| thicket, grove | (tzáw) | sãnãsosh | |||||
| tower | |||||||
| town | (-paha) | pej | kelebashazh | ||||
| upper | (duhni'as) | ||||||
| upriver | |||||||
| valley | |||||||
| village | páyq, (tzáw) | pej | pehi | ||||
| water | mimkiq | mjunki | mìki | mimki | miogí | meakihi | |
| west | hápawuq | affau | hefa'ii | (àmawu) | rababuhi | ||
| wharf | tzáwdzipu | áozu | |||||
| white, bright | tunmamq | tsummjon | cìme | tunmam | tymao | tsãmã |
Western languages
| English | Proto-Western | Tmaśareʔ | Empotle7á | Gezoro | Çetázó | Iŋomœ́ | PCW | Ìletlégbàku | Ishoʻu ʻOhu | Doayâu |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| archipelago | ||||||||||
| bay | (tłuγẽ) | cońę | ||||||||
| beach | (kʰeyakʷi) | malekehkwi | (khééwu) | (çejægʷi) | (ke:kagý) | (tshehga) | sita | shita, mazé | màmu | |
| bend | (tʰawdzũ) | tohnǫ | (thotlom) | (θawdzun) | (ta:jú) | (thùdzù) | (tichù) | (chùzù) | turù | |
| border | ||||||||||
| bridge | natanǫ | |||||||||
| broad, wide | mãsu- | ciʔ-, mono- | manó- | mazu | múnhɯ- | mòxu- | mùxu- | mòhu- | màfu- | |
| camp | tɯcaló | |||||||||
| cape | (ehona) | |||||||||
| castle | ćassǫto | chéyàxù | tséyòfù | |||||||
| cave | (kʷiyĩ) | kwiyę | ||||||||
| city | (kmǫ) | gùmu | gùmu | |||||||
| clearing | ||||||||||
| cliff | kehka | basau | ||||||||
| coast | malekehkwi | mazé | ||||||||
| confluence | (çetéɬtsa) | |||||||||
| corner | oso | turù, basau | ||||||||
| cottage | (tucakʷi) | (tockwi) | (tudzægʷi) | tike | ||||||
| court(yard) | (tsea) | |||||||||
| cove | ||||||||||
| creek, brook | ||||||||||
| crossroads | ||||||||||
| dark, black | kʰãʔa- | kąʔ- | khampá- | xana | káo- | khà7a- | káke- | kàʻa- | kà- | |
| delta | (çetéɬtsa) | eta | ||||||||
| ditch, moat | ||||||||||
| downriver | (-ʔadzu) | (-atlo) | (-azu) | (-ujɯ) | (-ogu) | (-agbù) | (-ogú) | (-au) | ||
| east | lumẽ | lúmem | lumen | lɯmœ́ | ľùmè | yìmè | zhùmè | lùmè | ||
| edge | oso | (besògù) | (besàgbù) | (bèagù) | basau | |||||
| enclosure | -geatá | |||||||||
| family('s home) | dłũtuca | cǫcca | (tuts) | dłukuka | tlikpuke | zhúguga | tumeagìla | |||
| far | pʰala- | peńę- | phálá- | fola | pálo- | phala- | páwe- | pala- | fáli- | |
| farm | otabozɯ́ | (atùgàru) | ||||||||
| fence, boundary | (ćępesso) | |||||||||
| field | kǫpoke | khampákéé | ranja | léo | lòamili | nàyu | ||||
| foot, base (of a hill) | (nãγu) | nańo | (naŋó) | (naŋu) | (nuŋɯ́) | (nòğu) | (nùxù) | (nòhu) | ||
| ford | ||||||||||
| forest, wood | kʰapacũ | kpahcǫ | khápátsom | xabadzun | kabucɯ́ | khapòkù | kápàkpù | kabògù | kápàpù | |
| fort | ćassǫto | chéyàxù | tséyòfù | |||||||
| gap, pass | yepę | (yáfà) | ||||||||
| garden, orchard | yatʰapa | tahpa | éthápá | jathō | jaθaba | otabó | jathapa | yatépe | databa | tsea |
| gate, entrance | ńipą | (yàwène-) | pahuhe | fagi | ||||||
| gathering place | (kńaćkama) | |||||||||
| good | duγa- | roh- | towa- | duγa | zɯ́sa:- | duğa- | dìxè- | zhúha- | doa- | |
| grant, fiefdom | ||||||||||
| grass | taka | taka | táká | taga | togó | taga | tagè | dagá | tà | |
| grave, tomb | (lìlìngea-) | |||||||||
| gravel bank | (kʰeyakʷi) | |||||||||
| great, big | γãdže-, -du | ńąś-, -ro | wané- | gezor | γañe, -ðu | sá:nhe- | ğàdze- | mab-, xàchè- | hàzé- | gìra- |
| green | γłuna- | lǫ- | woná- | γɬuna | lɯ́no- | ğłùŋa- | xlìnge- | hùnya- | lùmu- | |
| harbour, port | moha | mawa | mo | afùmai | ||||||
| hedge | ||||||||||
| hill, height | γʷeye | weye, leʔcahma | wóé | γʷeje | sœ:ké | ğeje | sheye | hede | tau, (gea) | |
| hollow | ||||||||||
| holy place | kùmupun | |||||||||
| home(stead) | tuca | toca, śokmąką | tótsá | tuts | tudza | tɯcá | tuka | waku, kib | zhuga | gáku, dupuka, tuka |
| inheritance | ||||||||||
| inn, hostel | ||||||||||
| island | (γʷẽdłe) | mińe | ||||||||
| islet | hitmińe | |||||||||
| lake | łina, (dzãʔũ) | hina, nąʔǫ | léná | ɬina | siná | łìna | lìne | shìna | sìna | |
| land | dłeʔa, -dłe, -γẽ | cahma, -ce | tlé7á | da | dlé | leó, -lé | dłe7a | tléke | zhéʻa, nyoalo | dêa |
| little, small | pʰita-, -kʷi | hit-, pnǫ- | phétá- | -gʷi | pýdo- | phita- | (kliké-) | pida- | tsingì-, duká- | |
| loan | ||||||||||
| lower | (maγa-) | ma- | ||||||||
| lush, fertile | dònu | |||||||||
| market | xagalùl | hagalù | ||||||||
| meadow | (takadłe) | męcahma | (takatlé) | (tagadle) | (taga7le) | (tagewe) | (dagábe) | (tále) | ||
| middle, center | ceʔla, cic- | zuwo | sugo | |||||||
| mill | (lũmaγẽ) | (lùmùrè) | ||||||||
| mine | gekhoija | |||||||||
| mountain, peak | γʷeley, (mũʔpa) | weli, mǫʔpa | wolé | γʷelej | sœ:leí | ğeľudu | sheyudù | hezhuzhú | galuyu | |
| narrow | kʰawa- | kaho- | kho- | xawa | ká:po- | khawo- | káwa- | kago- | kágo- | |
| near | łakʷa- | hakwa-, weʔą- | lawo- | ɬagʷa | lágo- | łago- | lagbà- | shagó- | suga-, -mea | |
| new | plãka- | pąk- | tlaŋa- | plaga | lóŋho- | pľàga- | pyàgè- | bèagá- | pêa- | |
| north | ||||||||||
| old | yada- | yara- | éa- | jaud | jada | ózo- | jada- | yadè- | dadá- | atì-, yeri- |
| open land, plains | takadłe | ciʔńę, takace | takatlé | tagadle | munhɯdogolé | taga7le | tagewe | dagábe | tále | |
| pasture | (takadłe) | męcahma | (takatlé) | (tagadle) | munhɯdogolé | (taga7le) | (tagewe) | (dagábe) | (tále) | |
| path(way) | pãtadzũ | pątanǫ | phanátlom | padazun | ponhujú | pàtògù | pàtàgbù | bàdògù | ||
| peninsula | (ehona) | |||||||||
| people of... | -lawV, -yaʔV | -lawV | -lugV, -àma | |||||||
| place | ma, -γẽ | olco, -ma, -ńę | má | ma, -γen | mo | ma | ma | ma | -rè, -mau | |
| point, head | (kʷẽdu) | (kmeno) | (konú) | (kʷenu) | (kœnhɯ́) | gòdu | gbùdù, ma | gòzhú | ||
| portage | ||||||||||
| promontory; nose | hipę | |||||||||
| rapids | ||||||||||
| reach | (-ʔiłca) | (-ellá) | (-iusa) | -ádi, -mea | ||||||
| red | dzama- | cma- | tlámá- | dzama | jómo- | dzàma- | càme- | zàma- | dùmu- | |
| residence | dłũtuca | śokmąką | (tudza) | tɯcaló | (dłukuka) | waku | zhuga | gáku | ||
| ridge | ćohcę | |||||||||
| river | yãki | yąki | éŋi | jægi | aŋí | jèdzi | yèchì, (ite) | dèzí, eta | yàri | |
| river bank | mazé | |||||||||
| river mouth | eta | |||||||||
| road | pãtadzũ | pątanǫ | phanátlom | padazun | ponhujú | pàtògù | puwu, pàtàgbù | pubu, bàdògù | pùtau | |
| rock | kʰełka | kehka | khella | çeɬka | keukó | ğeľi | sheyi | he | túku | |
| sacred | (bakʰe) | hak- | (wakhe) | |||||||
| sand | kʰeyakʷi | kehkwi | khééwu | çejægʷi | ke:kagý | tshehga | chegè | cega, nyòamo | tséka, (màmu) | |
| sea, ocean | madže | male | mátlé | maze | mojé | madze | machè | lu | murayu | |
| settlement | (dłeʔka) | tockana | phátótsá | ngìmub | nyìmiba | ngìmi | ||||
| shelter | (yeʔ-) | (tɯcá) | afùmai | |||||||
| shore | (malekehkwi) | mazé | ||||||||
| source, fountain | (kyupʰeγẽ) | ćopńę | ||||||||
| south | ||||||||||
| stockade | kʰeyasłũ | ćępesso, keyassǫ, lęmi | khééllom | çejasɬun | ke:kalú | tshejòhxù | chéyàxù, lìnmu | cedòhù, lìme | nìmi | |
| stone | kʰełka | kehka | khella | çeɬka | keukó | ğeľi | sheyi | he | túku | |
| stream | yãki | yąki | éŋi | jægi | aŋí | jèdzi | yèchì, (ite) | dèzí, eta | yàri | |
| swamp, bog | ||||||||||
| temple | kùmupun | kùmupùmu | kùfùmu | |||||||
| thicket, grove | khōja | |||||||||
| tower | makpa | mópa | ||||||||
| town | (kmǫ) | gùmu | gùmu | |||||||
| upper | (łiγi-) | hi- | ||||||||
| upriver | ||||||||||
| valley | (łiʔna) | hiʔna | ||||||||
| village | tockana | phátótsá | saignedja | ngìmub | nyìmiba | ngìmi | ||||
| water | kyupʰe | ćohe | kiphé | cufe | cɯpœ́ | dziphe | chìpé | zípe | difé | |
| west | nadũ | náom | nadun | nozú | nògù | nùgbù | nògù | hèmbai | ||
| wharf | ||||||||||
| white, bright | neγla- | wepi- | newá- | neγla | nélo- | neğla- | nexwe- | nehoa- | ngeali- |