West Yalan

Jaran [jaˈran]
Period	c. 0 YP
Spoken in	southern Tuysáfa, Yalne plains
Total speakers	unknown
Writing system	unknown
Classification	T1 languages   Yalan     West Yalan
Typology
Basic word order	VSO
Morphology	fusional
Alignment	neutral/accusative
Credits
Created by	Pole, the

Speaking area of River, Estuary and Coast Jaran varieties.

West Yalan, Jaran is an ethnolect spoken in southern Tuysáfa around 0 YP. Together with the East Yalan it forms the Yalan language family / dialect continuum.

Background

The term covers a group of dialects spoken in southern and southeastern Tuysáfa coast. It is also a descendant of the Old Yalan dialects spoken around -800 YP.

West Yalan is a part of the T1 language family created for the Second Reconstruction Relay, together with i.a. Cednìtıt, Tumetıęk, Hkətl’ohnim and Omari.

Internal phonological history

Apocope

(V₁, V₂ – short vowels)
V₁CV₂ → V₁ːC / _#

• OY ẑozu → ẑōz → WY fâs
• OY xjoņo → xjōņ → WY śâ

Consonant shift (Western fronting)

s̺ z̺ → f v

• OY ŝāxjō → WY faśâ
• OY cīŝici → WY ćifić

ɲ tʃʰ tʃ dʒ → n tsʰ ts dz
ʃ ʒ → s z

• OY nīšici → WY nisić
• OY čāca → WY caće

ŋʲ kʰʲ kʲ ɡʲ → ɲ tɕʰ tɕ dʑ
xʲ ɣʲ → ɕ ʑ

• OY kūxjixī → WY kuśeći
• OY xjixjīmī → WY śeśimi

Vowel reduction

i u iː uː → ɪ ʊ i u (common)
ɪ ʊ → e o (Estuary and River Jaran)
ɪ ʊ → e u (Coast Jaran)

• OY tusūcīxjicū → WY tosućiśeću, CJ [tusutɕiɕetɕu]
• OY pusūdu → WY posuto, CJ [pusutu]

æ o æː oː → ɛ o aː ɔː → e o a ɒ (Estuary Jaran)
æ o æː oː → ə ə æ o → a a e o (River Jaran)
æ o æː oː → ɛ o aː oː → e o a o (Coast Jaran)

• OY thāxjakō → WY thaśekâ, RJ [tʰeɕako], CJ [tʰaɕeko]
• OY phōto → WY phâto, RJ [pʰota], CJ [pʰoto]

i u e o → e o a a / _C# (River Jaran)

• OY xoẑo → **xōẑ → WY hâf, RJ [haf], CJ [hof]
• OY pagjiri → **pagjīr → WY pećir, RJ [patɕer], CJ [petɕil]

Loss of voicing distinction

b d dz dʑ ɡ → p t ts tɕ k

• OY pādā → WY pata
• OY ībi → WY ipe

v z ʑ ɣ~ɦ → f s ɕ x~h

• OY šivō → WY sefâ
• OY šaža → WY sas

Late consonant reduction

x → h

• OY xōpo → WY hâpo
• OY īxiti → WY ihit

ŋ → ɰ → ∅

• OY xjoņo → **xjōņ → WY śâ
• OY khothōņo → WY khothâo

Early West Yalan

Early West Yalan was an earlier variety of Jaran spoken around -200 YP. The most notable feature of EWY was its eight vowel system that later collapsed to vowel inventories of five-six phonemes of later dialects spoken in 0 YP.

There have also been additional voiced series of stops (/b d dz dʑ ɡ/) and fricatives (/v z ʑ ɦ/) that merged with their unvoiced counterparts soon after, most probably under Cednìtıt influence.

Varieties

There are three main varieties of Jaran:

Estuary Jaran

Estuary Jaran, sâ Jarenah Fosotih, is the standard language described in this article.

/r/ is usually pronounced as [ɾ].

/a/ is realized as [æ].

River Jaran

River Jaran, sâ Jarenah Âkasetih, RJ so Jeranah Okeseteh, differs slightly from the standard:

• /a ɒ/ are raised to [e o] in open and merged to [a] in closed syllables;
• /i u/ are lowered to [e o] in closed syllables;
• some instances of the original /e o/ remain [e o] (ê ô in the scientific orthography);
• other occurrences are merged to [a] (e o in the scientific orthography);
• instead of morphological reduction of vowels, RJ has lowering of i u e o to e o a a;
• in some areas there is a pitch stress on the final open syllables (the high pitch unmarked, the low pitch marked with a grave accent in the scientific orthography).

Coast Jaran

Coast Jaran, sâ Jarenah Pamâkotih, CJ so Jarenah Pamokotih, has some differences as well:

• /ɒ/ is raised to [o];
• some instances of the original /o/ are further merged to [u] (ô in the scientific orthography);
• /r/ is pronounced as [l] syllable-finally and [ɾ] otherwise.

Rapid speech

There are some tendencies present in the rapid speech, in all of the above varieties.

Vowel sequences are often realized as pre- or post-glided vowels, e.g. moać [mwatɕ], aetuk [ajˈtuk], ie [je].

Unstressed non-initial syllables beginning with a sonorant have the vowel elided, e.g. nârârena becoming rapid CJ [noɾolˈna] or even [nolːˈna].

Phonology

Consonants		labial	alveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
nasal		m	n	ɲ ‹ń›
plosive	fortis	pʰ ‹ph›	tʰ ‹th›		kʰ ‹kh›
	lenis	p	t		k
affricate	fortis		tsʰ ‹ch›	tɕʰ ‹ćh›
	lenis		ts ‹c›	tɕ ‹ć›
fricative		f	s	ɕ ‹ś›		h
fluid			r	j

The fricatives and lenis stops can be voiced between vowels.

Vowels	front	back
close	i	u
mid	e	o
open	a	ɒ ‹â›

The front-back dichotomy has influence on inflection, e.g. noun stems expanded with e or o depending on the last vowel.

Syllables of type (C)V(C). Final consonant permitted only word-finally.

Word stress falls on the last syllable, e.g. śatite [ɕatiˈte] "flour".

Morphophonology

There are two common alternations: reduction and fronting.

Reduction

When a vowel is reduced, it changes to a mid vowel:

Non-reduced	i	a	u	â
Reduced	ê	e	ô	o

Fronting

Fronting is a shift of velar to palatal and palatal to dental consonants. The two degrees can combine:

Grade 0	k	kh	h
Grade +1	ć	ćh	ś
Grade +2	c	ch	s

Assibilation

Assibilation (or lenition) is present only in some suffixes and sometimes doesn't happen regularly.

Normal	p ph	t th	c ch	ć ćh	k kh
Mutated	h	s	s	ś	h

Pronouns

The personal pronouns are as follows:

	1sg	2sg	3sg		1pl	2pl	3pl
N.	nica	fica	i	itu	taca	cica	ni	netu
O.	nicań	ficań	i ie ¹	itu itou ¹	tacań	cicań	ni	netu netou ¹
G.	nicaś	ficaś	ih	ituh	tacaś	cicaś	nih	netuh
L.	nicatu	ficatu	itu	itutu	tacatu	cicatu	nitu	netutu

¹) used mostly for disambiguation

There are also shortened form of 1st and 2nd person pronouns, with -ca- omitted (i.e. ni, niń, niś …, fi, ta &c) in use. They are considered inferior, though.

Itu and netu are the obviative forms, used when not referring to the subject of the previous sentence:

• Pâhokuthu śâphehi tesata. Pâtuk nica i.

  pâ-hokuthu śâphehi tesat-a. pâ-tuk nica i

  sg.an.obj.aor-see lion seagull-obl. sg.an.obj.aor-hunt 1sg 3sg

  The lion saw the seagull. I hunted it (the lion).

• Pâhokuthu śâphehi tesata. Pâtuk nica itu.

  pâ-hokuthu śâphehi tesat-a. pâ-tuk nica itu

  sg.an.obj.aor-see lion seagull-obl. sg.an.obj.aor-hunt 1sg 3sg.obv

  The lion saw the seagull. I hunted it (the seagull).

Nouns

-2	-1	0	+1	+2
possession	number	root	deixis	case

Prefixes

Possessive

C – before consonant

E – before front vowel

O – before back vowel

C E O sg 1. ne- ne~ ¹ ńo~ ¹ 2. fe- fe~ ¹ fo~ ¹ 3. po- p- pl 1. te- te~ ¹ to~ ¹ 2. ce- ce~ ¹ ćo~ ¹ 3. no- n-

âthuf, thuf "fish" ńothuf, nethuf fothuf, fethuf pâthuf, pothuf tothuf, tethuf ćothuf, cethuf nâthuf, nothuf

ipe, nepe "place" nepe, nenepe fepe, fenepe pipe, ponepe tepe, tenepe cepe, cenepe nipe, nonepe

âjâ, noja "ant" ńojâ, nenojâ fojâ, fenojâ pâjâ, ponojâ tojâ, tenojâ ćojâ, cenojâ nâjâ, nonojâ

¹) prefix replacing the original vowel

Number

P – before plosives and affricates

C – before other consonants

E – before front vowel

O – before back vowel

P C E O sg an. â- - - - inan. ~ ² pl an. - no- ne~ ¹ no~ ¹ inan. ne- collective i- ie~ ¹ io~ ¹

caka "duck" pa "sea" śiti "bird" ha "brain" aće "fire" âpo "country" âcaka śiti ha aće âpo pha caka pa nośiti neće nopo neha icaka ipa iśiti iha ieće iopo

¹) prefix replacing the original vowel

²) aspiration of the consonant

Declension

West Yalan has four cases:

• Nominative, the default form;
• Oblique (Accusative-Dative), objects of present tense verbs;
• Genitive, possessions and relations; used with most prepositions;
• Locative (Locative-Allative), location, time or movement towards an object;

In some dialects the -tu locative suffix can be separated and preposited, e.g.:

ćifećatu

ćifić-*atu

house-loc

~

tu ćifeća

tu ćifić-*a

loc house-prep

in/to a house

The noun form having the -tu subtracted is also called prepositive, this is the form to which two other prepositions are added: fań "near" and ja "above".

There are also three declensions: indefinite, proximate and distal.

The words are divided into four inflectional groups:

I – words ending with a consonant

II – words ending with e o

III – words ending with i a u â

IV – some words ending with i a, inpredictable

Indefinite

	I	II	III	IV
N.	thuf "fish"	ipe "ground"	âjâ "ant"	fa "plain"
O.	thofa ¹	ipa	âjâ	fań
G.	thofah ¹	ipah	âjâh	faś
L.	thofatu ¹	ipatu	âjâtu	fatu

¹) last vowel of the stem reduced to e o

Proximate

	I	II	III	IV
N.	thofoti ¹	ipeti	âjoti ²	feti ²
O.	thofoteu ¹	ipeteu	âjoteu ²	feteu ²
G.	thofotih ¹	ipetih	âjotih ²	fetih ²
L.	thofotitu ¹	ipetitu	âjotitu ²	fetitu ²

¹) last vowel of the stem reduced to e o and echo vowel introduced

²) final vowel reduced to e o

Distal

	I	II	III	IV
N.	thofokhâ ¹	ipekhâ	âjokhâ ²	fekhâ ²
O.	thofohu ¹	ipehu	âjohu ²	fehu ²
G.	thofokhâh ¹	ipekhâh	âjokhâh ²	fekhâh ²
L.	thofokhâtu ¹	ipekhâtu	âjokhâtu ²	fekhâtu ²

¹) last vowel of the stem reduced to e o and echo vowel introduced

²) final vowel reduced to e o

Verbs

-1	0	+1	+2
person, tense, aspect	root	mood	voice

Person-tense prefixes

Verb prefixes mark tense, aspect and also animacy and number of the subject and the object.

Where two prefixes are given, the former is used before consonants and the latter before vowels.

When a prefix marked with the asterisk (*) is attached, the first vowel is reduced to e o.

The reflexive prefixes have the consonant alternation between k, ć(h) and c – the consonant is fronted once in singular subject prefixes and then again in imperfect and progressive tense.

Aorist

Aorist is used for complete actions with no present relevance.

Object	Subject
	sg anim.		sg inan.		pl
-	po-	p- *	se-	s- *	ho-	h-
sg	pâ-	pom- *	su-	sem- *	hâ-	hom- *
pl	pa-	pon- *	sa-	sen- *		hon- *
refl	poće-	poć- *	śeće-	śeć- *	hoke-	hok- *

Imperfect

Imperfect is used for incomplete past actions.

Object	Subject
	sg anim.		sg inan.		pl
-	pe-	p-	se-	s-	hi-	ho-
sg	pome-	pom-	seme-	sem-	home-	hom-
pl	pone-	pon-	sene-	sen-	hone-	hon-
refl	poce-	poc-	sece-	sec-	hoće-	hoć-

Present

Present is used for general utterances.

Object	Subject
	sg anim.		sg inan.		pl
-	mo-	m-	a-	-	ne-	n-
sg	mu-	mom- *	u-	am- *	na-	nem- *
pl		mon- *		an- *		nen- *
refl	moće-	moć- *	aćhe-	aćh- *	neke-	nek- *

Progressive

Progressive is used for ongoing actions that will be presumably completed in future.

Object	Subject
	sg anim.		sg inan.		pl
-	mi-	mo-	ae-	a- aj- ¹	ni-	ne-
sg	mome-	mom-	ame-	am-	neme-	nem-
pl	mone-	mon-	ane-	an-	nene-	nen-
refl	moce-	moc-	ache-	ach-	neće-	neć-

¹) a- before close vowels, aj- before mid and open vowels

Mood endings

I – verbs ending with a consonant

II – verbs ending with e o

III – verbs ending with i a u â

	I	II	III
Indicative	tuk "hunt"	jape "pull"	śi "try"
Energetic	tokak ¹	japak	śik
Imperative	toća ¹ ²	japa ²	śea ¹
Desiderative	toku ¹	japu	śeru ¹
Conditional	tukothi ³	japethi	śithi
Potential	tukopa ³	japepa	śipa

¹) the last vowel of the stem is reduced to e o

²) the final consonant is fronted: k kh h ć ćh ś change to ć ćh ś c ch s

³) an epenthetic vowel (e or o) is added

Voice suffixes

There are several grammatical voices in West Yalan.

The voice suffixes can be added to verbs in other moods, so they don't necessarily depend on the verb group.

Active	-
Passive	-un ¹, -no ²	monotransitive verbs
	-hun ³	ditransitive verbs
Causative	-ka ³	intransitive verbs
	-ih ¹, -h ²	transitive verbs

¹) after a consonant or replacing final e o

²) after i a u â

³) an epenthetic e or o added after a consonant

Adjectives

Adjectives, numerals and verbs acting as participles behave in their own way.

-1	0	+1	+2	+3
attributive	root	mood	voice	comparison

When they describe another noun, they take the attributive prefix he-, h-.

Relative clauses are created the same way.

• ćhifić heśâ

  ć‹h›ifić he-śâ

  ‹sg.an›house att-small

  the small house

• śâphehi hetuk

  śâphehi he-tuk

  lion att-hunt

  the hunting lion / the lion, which hunts

-1	0	+1	+2	+3	+4
person, tense, aspect	root	mood	voice	comparison	case

When they are substantivized – used alone as independent arguments, they take verbal prefixes and use their own declension type.

• aśâ

  a-śâ

  sg.in-small

  the small thing

• motuk

  mo-tuk

  sg.an-hunt

  the hunting one

Comparison

There is one degree used for comparison. It is created with the suffix -tetumi (-tetume- when declined).

After consonants, the last vowel of the stem is reduced and added as the echo vowel.

• aśâtetumi

  a-śâ-tetumi

  sg.in-small-comp

  the smaller / smallest thing

• śâphehi hetokotetumi

  śâphehi he-tuk-tetumi

  lion att-hunt-comp

  the lion, which hunts more / the most

The standard argument behaves as the object:

• uśâtetumi ćhifeća

  u-śâ-tetumi ć‹h›ifić-*a

  sg.in.sg.o-small-comp ‹sg.in›-house-obl

  smaller than house

Case endings

N.	thar "red"	śâ "small"
O.	thereta ¹	śâta
G.	theretah ¹	śâtah
L.	theretatu ¹	śâtatu

¹) last vowel of the stem reduced to e o and echo vowel introduced

Numerals

Numerals have properties of other attributive nouns.

1.	nâ	11.	naneta
2.	ńać	12.	ńećeneta	20.	ńaća
3.	sa	13.	saneta	30.	sena
4.	ćap	14.	ćepeneta	40.	ćapa
5.	śa	15.	śaneta	50.	śena
6.	tâk	16.	tokheneta	60.	tâkha
7.	mur	17.	moreneta ¹	70.	muna
8.	ćapać	18.	ćapećeneta	80.	ćapaća
9.	âra	19.	âraneta	90.	ârena
10.	aneta			100.	anetena

¹) alternative form muneta can be also encountered by analogy

The changed forms from 11-19 can be also prefixed to other numerals, e.g.

• netokheńaća

  ne-tokhe-ńaća

  pl-four-twenty

  twenty-four

Full n-ties (10-90) behave similarly, up to 199:

• nârârenanetena

  n-âr-âren-anetena

  pl-nine-ninety-hundred

  one hundred and ninety-nine

Higher numbers are done analytically, with a conjunction śi:

• nanetena hârârena śi nârârena

  n-anetena h-âr-ârena śi n-âr-ârena

  pl-houndred att-nine-ninety and pl-nine-ninety

  nine thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine (lit. ninety-nine houndred ninety-nine)

Derivation

There are several derivational affixes in West Yalan.

Below, the adjectives are treated as verbs.

-ema

v → n

habitual agent
(unproductive; frequent alternations; replaced with -tu)

• uthape "steal" → uthamema "thief"

-tu

n/v → n

person associated with X

• śiti "bird" → śititu "birdwatcher"

-hâ

n/v → n

substance associated with X
(the last vowel is reduced and, regarding consonantal stems, echoed)

• thaće "fruit" → thaćehâ "juice"

-(m)â

v → n

place / item associated with X
(rarely used; frequent irregular alternations)

• śane "sleep" → śamâ "bed"

-ta

v → n

gerund / action noun
(the last vowel is reduced and, regarding consonantal stems, echoed)

• nosuk "happy" → nosokota "being happy, happiness"

a-

v → v

have a generic / habitual tendency towards X
(the initial consonant is assibilated; the initial vowel is reduced)

• ekun "to burn" → aekun "to be inflammable"

u-

v → v

do X involuntarily
(the initial consonant is assibilated; the initial vowel is reduced)

• hâf "to kill, to murder" → uhâf "to kill accidentally"

-ku

n → v

be coloured like X
(the last vowel is reduced and, regarding consonantal stems, echoed)

• śańe "blood" → śańeku "bloody (red)"

Sample text

The sample text is śâphehiti hehoćâ ("this young lion"), the text used in comparative linguistics of the T1 language family.

Momeće

mom*-aće

sg.an.sg.o-be

śâphehi

śâphehi

lion

âcińemań

â-cińe-ma-ń

sg.an-rule-er-obl

pa

pa

all

nohâruh,

no-hâru-h

pl.an-animal-gen

The lion is the ruler of all animals,

thâ

thâ

because

mośepak,

mo-śepa-k

sg.an-strong-ene

apehafak

a-pehafe-ak

sg.in-thick-ene

pośaâ,

po-śaâ

3sg.poss-chest

akhik

a-khi-k

sg.in-thin-ene

puho,

p-uho

3sg.poss-belly

ahokâk

a-hokâ-k

sg.in-fast-ene

mofiń.

mo-fiń

sg.an-run

because, certainly, he is strong, his chest is thick, his stomach is thin and he runs fast.

Ća

ća

behold

mopa

mo-pa

sg.an-be

śâphehiti

śâphehi-ti

lion-prox

hehoćâ.

he-hoćâ

att-young

Look, there is this young lion.

Mosas

mo-sas

sg.an-go

phethitu

ph‹h›ethi-tu

‹sg.in›forest-loc

ińe

ińe

every

thatatu,

th‹h›ata-tu

‹sg.in›morning-loc

si

si

and

mukhophâ

mu-khophâ

sg.an.obj-compare

nohâru

no-hâru-∅

pl-animal-obl

haćaf

h-aćaf

att-other

śepeta.

śepeta

strength

He goes to the forest every morning and compares to the other animals with regard to strength.

Si

si

and

aputus

a-putus

sg.in-always

mićinu

m-ićinu

sg.an-return

hepetific.

he-petific

att-win

And he always returns winning.

Naphame

na-phame

pl.o-hear

si

si

and

nasaćeti

na-saćeti

pl.o-know

pa

pa

all

nohâru

no-hâru

pl-animal

mećheteu:

maćh-teu

news-prox.obl

mucińe

mu-cińe

sg.an.o-rule

śâphehiti.

śâphehi-ti

lion-prox

All the animals hear and know this news: this lion rules them.

Si

si

and

mićinu

m-ićinu

sg.an-return

hepetific

he-petific

att-win

ińe

ińe

every

faśâtu,

faśâ-tu

day-loc

si

si

and

mumaheta

mu-maheta

sg.an.o-praise

pimeńu:

p-imeńu

3sg.poss-mother

And he returns winning every day, and his mother praises him:

“Momeće

mom*-aće

sg.an.sg.o-be

fica

fica

2sg

ńohata!

ńo-uhata

1sg.poss-child

Apehafak

a-pehafe-ak

sg.in-thick-ene

fehak!

fe-ahak

2sg.poss-neck

Akhik

a-khi-k

sg.in-thin-ene

foho!

fo-uho

2sg.poss-belly

Ahitak

a-hita-k

sg.in-big-ene

feśamâ!

fe-śamâ

2sg.poss-chest

“You are my child! Indeed, your neck is thick! Your stomach is thin! Your chest is big!

Muśâfoka

mu-śâf-ka

sg.an.def-be.named-caus

nica

nica

1sg

ficań

fica-ń

2sg-obl

‘Mośepata’!”

mo-śepa-ta

sg.an-strong-obl

I name you ‘The Strong One’!”

Apate

a-pate

sg.in-now

apakafat

a-pakafat

sg.in-repeat

muchiaka

mu-chia-ka

sg.an.def-stretch-caus

ponećesa

po-ne-aćas-*a

3sg.poss-pl-leg-obl

thatetitu,

thata-*ti-tu

morning-prox-loc

si

si

and

mumaheta

mu-maheta

sg.an.o-praise

pimeńu:

p-imeńu

3sg.poss-mother

Now he stretches his legs again this morning and his mother praises him:

“Apehafak

a-pehafe-ak

sg.in-thick-ene

fehak!

fe-ahak

2sg.poss-neck

Akhik

a-khi-k

sg.in-thin-ene

foho!

fo-uho

2sg.poss-belly

Aśepak

a-śepa-k

sg.in-strong-ene

feśamâ!

fe-śamâ

2sg.poss-chest

“Indeed, your neck is thick! Your stomach is thin! Your chest is strong!

Musaće

mu-saće

sg.an.o-own

fica

fica

2sg

pefesa

∅-pefas-*a

pl-arm-obl

hetesakhihik

he-tesakhihik

att-mighty

śâphehih!”

śâphehi-h

lion-gen

You own the mighty arms of a lion!”

A

a

but

amohuth

a-mohuth

sg.in-follow

mukhothâo

mu-khothâo

sg.an.o-end

mumahetata,

maheta-ta

praise-obl

si

si

and

monofotiâ

mon*-âfotiâ

sg.an.o.pl-say

nooteu:

no~ââ-*teu

pl-word-prox.obl

But then she finishes praising him and says these words:

“Achić,

a-chić

sg.in-indeed

mukotâo

mu-kotâo

sg.an.o-believe

nica.

nica

1sg

“Indeed, I believe it.

Muśepatetumi

mu-śepa-tetumi

sg.an.o-strong-comp

fica

fica

2sg

pa

pa

all

nohâru

no-hâru-∅

pl-animal-obl

haćaf

h-aćaf

att-other

You are stronger than all other beasts.

Aputus

a-putus

sg.in-always

mosas

mo-sas

sg.an-go

fica

fica

2sg

phethitu,

ph‹h›ethi-tu

‹sg.in›forest-loc

si

si

and

aputus

a-putus

sg.in-always

mićinu

m-ićinu

sg.an-return

hepetific.

he-petific

att-win

You always go into the forest and always return victorious.

Si

si

and

aputus

a-putus

sg.in-always

momepâśi

mom*-ipâśi

sg.an.o.sg-show

fica

fica

2sg

nicań,

nica-ń

1sg-obl

mucińeketa

mu-cińe-ak-*ta

sg.an.o-rule-ene-obl

nohâroteu.

no-hâru-*teu

pl-animal-prox.obl

And you always show me that you truly rule the beasts.

Source of the sample text: Roy S. Hagman, Nama Hottentot grammar, Bloomington/Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1977.

Lexicon

Main page: West Yalan/Lexicon