Proto-Dumic (reconstructed)

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For the actual description of this language in the 2011-2014 Relay, see Proto-Dumic.

Proto-Team-2, a.k.a. Proto-Dumic, is the most recent common ancestor of the Dumic language family, created for the Akana Reconstruction Relay 2011.

This page presents the reconstructive work done by the Team 1, compiled by Pole, the. It presents data inferred from the published material during the relay game and should not be updated.

See also: the lexicon.

Overview

The language was used around -2000 YP.

It developed into several languages used around 0 YP, namely:


Dumic is known to be a highly regular agglutinative language.

Name

Proto-T2, short for Proto-Team-2 is the name most frequently used for the language.

Dumic is another name fror the language family and their ancestor. It was used more commonly earlier through the game. It is derived from the Trinesian word dum people (plural of tid man, person).

Another name, limited mostly to the Team-2 members and less known one, seems to be Timtu, from *timtu person, people. The proto-word is obviously a pun for the English phrase Team Two.

Pole, the has suggested to call the reconstructed language Suntic, based on the root *sunti, meaning voice.

Wokatasuto

The native name of the language, tū-katohahi comes from Suntic *timu-katokasi our language.

Etymology of the exonyms Wohata and Wokatasuto is as yet unknown. One hypothesis connects it with PMA wawath shoreline. Another possibility would be PMA wan kta northern gulf or wath kta northern coast.

Potânsuti

The name of Potânsuti comes from Suntic *putam-sunti voice of the hill.

The endonym Tento is a descendant of *timtu person.

Kataputi

The name of Kataputi comes from Suntic *kantam-sunti voice of the village.

The endonym Katapaki is descended from *kantam-raNki; *raNki meaning band of people, tribe.

Jouki Stəy

Etymology of Jouki is uncertain at the moment.

Stəy comes from Suntic *suntimu voices.

The phrase kəu stəy comes from *kumu-suntimu our voices.

Swopsoch

The name comes from *sumpu-sunti island voice.

Tetey and Tetlo

The names of the Tetey and Tetlo languages can be derived from Suntic *tatarim, with its meaning unknown. It could be a borrowing of reduplicated PMA tarimp traveller.

Phonology

Consonants labial dental alv. velar
nasal m n
oral voiceless p t s k
voiced b d r g


Vowels front back
high i u
low a


Notes:

  • The syllable structure is CV(m/n).
  • /mm nm mn nn mp np mt nt ms ns mk nk/ appear only as intervocallic clusters; they are the only clusters permitted.
  • The voicing contrast is neutralized after coda /m n/; underlying /b d g r/ are changed to /p t k s/.
  • /b d g/ were probably realized more like fricatives [β ð ɣ].

Most probably, the penultimate syllable was under stress.

Correspondences

Onset

*m

  • Wok. m (unstressed), Ṽb (← *Vm, before a stressed vowel)
  • Pot. m
  • Kat. m; V:n (← *Vnm), V:m (← *Vmm)
  • Trin. m
  • JS m; – (intervocalic); mm (← *nm, *mm)
  • Sw. m, w (?)
  • Tty. m; v (intervocalic)
  • Ttl. m (before *a), ju- (before *i), ṇu- (before *u)


*n

  • Wok. n (unstressed), Ṽd (← *Vn, before a stressed vowel)
  • Pot. n
  • Kat. n; V:n (← *Vnn), V:m (← *Vmn)
  • Trin. n
  • JS n; – (intervocalic); nn (← *nn, *mn)
  • Sw. n (?)
  • Tty. n; l (intervocalic)
  • Ttl. n (before *a), j (before *i), nu- (before *u)


*p

  • Wok. f (stressed), p (unstressed)
  • Pot. p
  • Kat. h; V:n (← *Vnp), V:m (← *Vmp)
  • Trin. p; b (← *np, *mp)
  • JS p; f (intervocalic); pp (← *np, *mp)
  • Sw. b, p, džw, tšw (?)
  • Tty. p, p’; f (intervocalic)
  • Ttl. p (before *a), cu- (before *i), ku- (before *u)


*t

  • Wok. s (stressed), sh (stressed, before *i), t (unstressed)
  • Pot. t
  • Kat. t; d (intervocalic)
  • Trin. t; d (← *nt, *mt)
  • JS t; tt (← *nt, *mt)
  • Sw. d, t, dž, tš, l (?)
  • Tty. t, tʾ
  • Ttl. t (before *a), c (before *i), tu- (before *u)


*k

  • Wok. h (stressed), k (unstressed)
  • Pot. k
  • Kat. k; g (intervocalic)
  • Trin. k; g (← *nk, *mk); s (before *i); z (← *nk, *mk, before *i)
  • JS k; kk (← *nk, *mk)
  • Sw. g, k, gw, kw (?)
  • Tty. k, kʾ
  • Ttl. (q) (before *a), k (before *i), qu- (before *u)


*s

  • Wok. sh (stressed), h (unstressed)
  • Pot. s
  • Kat. s; z (intervocalic); t (← *ns); p (← *ms)
  • Trin. s; z (← *ns, *ms)
  • JS s; ss (← *ns, *ms)
  • Sw. z, s, ž, š (?)
  • Tty. s, c, cʾ
  • Ttl. s (before *a), (q) (before *i), su- (before *u)


*b

  • Wok. b (stressed), w (unstressed)
  • Pot. β ‹b›
  • Kat. w
  • Trin. w; u (reduced *bV)
  • JS j; – (intervocalic)
  • Sw. m, y (?)
  • Tty. –
  • Ttl. b (before *a), zu- (before *i), gu- (before *u)


*d

  • Wok. d (stressed), – (unstressed)
  • Pot. ɦ ‹h›
  • Kat. z
  • Trin. l; – (reduced *dV)
  • JS đ; v, – (intervocalic)
  • Sw. r, y (?)
  • Tty. z
  • Ttl. d (before *a), z (before *i), du- (before *u)


*g

  • Wok. g (stressed), – (unstressed), w (unstressed, probably intervocalic before *aN)
  • Pot. ɰ ‹y›; j (after *i)
  • Kat. h (initial), –
  • Trin. –
  • JS v (in proximity of *k), j (elsewhere), — (*a_a)
  • Sw. w, y (?)
  • Tty. h
  • Ttl. ẏ (before *a), g (before *i), ẏu- (before *u)


*r

  • Wok. r
  • Pot. ɾ ‹r›; Vl (← *V₁rV₁)
  • Kat. r
  • Trin. r
  • JS r
  • Sw. r (?)
  • Tty. y
  • Ttl. lu- (before *a), l (before *i), v (before *u)

Nucleus

*a

  • Wok. a, an; o (before velars); o, on (← *an, *am)
  • Pot. a; ɑ ‹â› (← *an); ɑn ‹ân› (← *am)
  • Kat. a
  • Trin. a
  • JS a; au (← *aCa); ei (← *aCi, *iCa; *aga); ou (← *aCu, *uCa; *aga / in proximity of *k); an (← *an#, *am#)
  • Sw. a, o (?)
  • Tty. e; a (← *am); o (← *an), yo (after *p); ya (← *aCa); ye (← *aCi, *iCa)
  • Ttl. any vowel


*i

  • Wok. i, en; e, en (← *in, *im)
  • Pot. i; ɛ ‹e› (← *in); ɛn ‹en› (← *im)
  • Kat. i
  • Trin. i
  • JS i; əi (← *iCi); əy (← *iCu, *uCi); ein (← *in#); oun (← *im#)
  • Sw. e, i (?)
  • Tty. ŏ ~ – (← *i, *im); i (← *in, *iCi)
  • Ttl. any vowel


*u

  • Wok. ə, an; u, on (before labials); o, on (← *un, *um)
  • Pot. o; ʉ ‹u› (← *un); ʉn ‹un› (← *um)
  • Kat. u
  • Trin. u
  • JS u; əu (← *uCu); əy (← *iCu, *uCi); ein (← *un#); oun (← *um#)
  • Sw. o, u (?)
  • Tty. u (← *u, *um); ŏ, – (after *uC); o (← *aCu, *uCa); yu (← *un, *uCi, *iCu)
  • Ttl. any vowel


Notes:

  • ‹C› in Jouki Stəy correspondences marks any of *m *n *b *d.
  • ‹C› in Tetey correspondences marks *b or any stop that later changed to /ʔ/ or glottalization.
  • Speaking of Tetlo, any vowel can change to any other:
    • *V → e; a (before a labialized coda consonant);
    • *Vn → i; eu (before a labialized coda consonant);
    • *Vm → o; ou (before a labialized coda consonant); y (between labialized consonants).

Coda

*m

  • Wok. ∅
  • Pot. n; m (before labials)
  • Kat. ∅; ːm (← *-mm-, *-mn-, *-mp-); p (← *-ms-)
  • Trin. ∅; m ~ n (sometimes word-finally)
  • JS ∅; aun (← *-am / in monosyllables); an (← *-am / _#, unstressed); oun (← *-im, *-um / _#, unstressed)
  • Sw. ∅ (?)
  • Tty. a (← *-am); ŏ ~ — (← *-im); u (← *-um)
  • Ttl. o ~ ou ~ y (← *-Vm)


*n

  • Wok. ∅
  • Pot. â (← *-an); e (← *-in); u (← *-un)
  • Kat. ∅; ːn (← *-nm-, *-nn-, *-np-); t (← *-ns-)
  • Trin. ∅; n (sometimes word-finally)
  • JS ∅; an (← *-an / _#); ein (← *-in, *-un / _#, unstressed)
  • Sw. ∅ (?)
  • Tty. o (← *-an); i (← *-in); yu (← *-un)
  • Ttl. i ~ eu (← *-Vn)

Sound changes

Wokatasuto

Vowel shift
iN → e
uN aN → o
u → ə / except adjacent to a labial
a → o / before velars (not always applied?)
Consonant lenition
p t k → pʰ tʰ kʰ → f θ h / _V[+stress]
s → h / _V[-stress]
g → w / _{u o}[-stress]
b d g → w ∅ ∅ / _[-stress]
Nasalization
{i e} {ə a} {u o} → ẽ ã õ / _NV[+stress]
m n → b d / {ẽ ã õ}_
Stress shift
σ → σ[-stress]
σ[-stress] → σ[+stress] / #_
Later changes
θ s → s ʃ
s → ʃ / _i
VV → Vː

Potɑnsʉti

Vowel shift
a an am → a ɑ ɑn
i in im → i ɛ ɛn
u un um → o ʉ ʉn
Apocope
V₁rV₁ → V₁l
b d g r → p t k s / l_
Consonant shift
b → β
d → ð → ɦ
g → ɣ → ɰ
r → ɾ
Allophony
ɰ → j / i_

Kataputi

Initial changes
g → ∅ / V_V
b d g → w z h
p → h
Intervocalic voicing
t k s → d g z / V_V
Cluster simplification
mm nm → mː
mn nn → nː
mh nh → mː nː
mt nt → t
mk nk → k
ms ns → mp nt → p t
Monophthongization
aa ii uu → ā ī ū
ai ia au ua → ē ē ō ō
iu ui → ī ū / the first element is stressed
iu ui → ō ē / the second element is stressed
Apocope
V → ∅ / p_{p s z r w}V[+stress]
V → ∅ / {t d}_{t d s z r w}V[+stress]
V → ∅ / {k g}_{k g s z r w}V[+stress]
V → ∅ / {s z}_{p t d k g s z r w}V[+stress]
hV → ː / V_CV[+stress]
Vh → ∅ / _V[+stress]
Voicing assimilation
C[+voiced] → C[-voiced] / C[-voiced]_
C[-voiced] → C[+voiced] / C[+voiced]_
Geminate omission
C₁C₁ → C₁ː
VCː → VːC
Allophony
r → w / {s z}_

Trinesian

Palatalization
k → s / _i
Voicing shift
b → w
d → l
g → ∅
Np → b
Nt → d
Nk → g
Ns → z
Monophthongization
aa ia ua ii uu → aː eː oː iː uː
Apocope
V → ∅ / _CV[+stress], V[+stress]C_
Assimilation
C[-voiced] → C[+voiced] / _C[+voiced]
C₁C₁ → C₁
m → ∅ / #_C, except _l
n r l → ∅ / #_C
w → u / #_C

Jouki Stəy

Common

Post-nasal lengthening
Nm Nn → mː nː
Np Nt Nk Ns → pː tː kː sː
Voiced consonants elision
b m n → ∅ / V_V
b → j / #_a, #_i
b → w / #_u
d → ∅ / V_a
d → j / V_i
d → w / V_u
g → w / in proximity of [k]
g → j / elsewhere
Apocope
a i u → w j w / _VV
V → ∅ / _CV[+stress]
Cː → C / _C, C_
Vowel coalescence
aa → aː
ai ia → eː
ii → iː
au ua → oː
uu → uː
iu ui → ɨː
awa → oː
aja → eː
Nasal merger
am → aːn / _[-stress]#
im um → oːn / _[-stress]#
in un → eːn / _[-stress]#
m → n / _#

Only Western Jouki

SC → CS / S is the consonant of higher sonority
aː eː oː → aʊ ɛɪ ɔʊ
iː uː ɨː → əi əu əɨ
j → ∅ / C_i

Only Eastern Jouki

n → ∅ / _#
eː oː → e o
aː iː uː ɨː → aʊ əi əu əɨ

Allophony

p → f / V_V
pp tt ss kk → pf ts ts ks / #_
w j → v ʝ / #_, V_
s → z / V_V

Swopsoch

Too little information provided.

Tetey

Vowel shift
  • u → i / uC_, except _N
  • a → e / except _N
  • a → o / {p f}_
Consonant changes
  • b d g → β ð ɣ → ∅ θ x
  • r → j
  • m n → β l / V_V
  • p → f / V_V
Lengthening
  • Vm Vn → V Vː (?)
  • aː → o
  • aa ii → aː iː
  • ai ia → eː
  • ui iu → uː
Diphthongization
  • aː eː oː uː → ja je jo ju
  • i iː → ə i
Syncope
  • ə → ∅ / when applicable
  • ə → o / elsewhere
Glottalization
  • kt → tsʼ
  • T + {p t k} → pʼ tʼ kʼ
  • T + s → ts
  • p t k → ʔ / _$
Consonant dissimilation
  • p pʼ f → k kʼ x / _{m β}

Tetlo

Ablaut source
σ → σ[-stress]
σ[-stress] → σ[+stress] / #_
σ[-stress] → σ[+stress] / σ[+stress]σ[-stress]_
Gamma elision
g → ∅ / V_[iu]$
Palatalization
p b m → pʲ bʲ mʲ → cʷ ɟʷ ɲʷ / _i
t d n → tʲ dʲ nʲ → c ɟ ɲ / _i
s r → sʲ rʲ → ç l / _i
Labialization
p b m → pʷ bʷ mʷ → kʷ ɡʷ ŋʷ / _u
t d n → tʷ dʷ nʷ / _u
s r → sʷ rʷ / _u
Uvularization
k g → q ɢ → ʔ ʕ / _a
k g → qʷ ɢʷ → ʔʷ ʕʷ / _u
Further changes
rʷ r → w rʷ → v lʷ
ç → h → ʔ
c ɟ ɲ → ts dz ʝ
Vowel coalescence
Vi Vn → i
Vu Vm → o
V → e / otherwise
e → ∅ / _[-stress]
Umlaut
i e o → ɞ a u / _Cʷ$
u → ʉ / Cʷ_
Allophony
Cʷ → Cw / _V
Cʷ → C / _$
ʔ ʕ → ∅ / _$

Personal pronouns

*ti — 1st person exclusive

  • Wok. shishi; Pot. ti; Kat. ti; Trin. ti; JS ti; Sw. dže; Tty. toha; Ttl. cal


*ku — 1st person inclusive

  • Wok. həhə; Pot. kota; Kat. kuda; Trin. ku; JS kuta; Tty. kuha; Ttl. qual
  • *ta appearing in many translations is a dual marker


*ma — 2nd person

  • Wok. mama; Pot. ma; Kat. ma; Trin. ma; JS ma; Sw. wà; Tty. meha; Ttl. mal


*kan — 3rd person masculine

  • Wok. hoho; Pot. kâ; Kat. ka; Trin. kan; JS kan; Sw. gwà; Tty. koka; Ttl. is


*tum — 3rd person feminine

  • Wok. soso; Pot. tun; Kat. tu; Trin. tum; JS tun; Sw. dò; Tty. tuka; Ttl. tuos

Postpositions

Abstract

*din — genitive

  • Wok. -Ṽdī (← *V-ni-din); Pot. -he; Kat. zi; Trin. -lin; Sw. yì; Tty. zi; Ttl. zi


*ra — dative

  • Wok. -Ṽdira (← *V-ni-ra); Pot. -ra; Kat. ra; Trin. -ra; JS ra; Tty. ye; Ttl. -lue


*kim — instrumental

  • Wok. -Ṽdike (← *V-ni-kim); Pot. -ken; Kat. ki; Trin. -sin; JS kin; Tty. -ló/-nó (← *-ni-kim); Ttl. ko


*pin — comitative

  • Kat. hi; JS pin; Tty. fi; Ttl. cui


*kimpin — abessive

  • Pot. kepe; Kat. kīmi; JS kippein; Tty. pʾi; Ttl. kocui

Spatial

*ta — “at”

  • Pot. -ta; Kat. ta; Trin. -ta; JS ta; Tty. te; Ttl. -te


*mi — “in”

  • Kat. mi; Trin. -mi; JS mi; Tty. vo; Ttl. -jue


*ru — “on”

  • Kat. ru; Trin. -ru; JS ru; Tty. yu; Ttl. -ve


*kin — “under”

  • Trin. -sin; Tty. ki; Ttl. ki


*ga — “near”

  • Trin. -a; Tty. he


*dum — ”next to”

  • Trin. -lun; Tty. zu; Ttl. duo

Venitive orientation

*-ma is added to specific spatial postpositions.


*tama — “to”

  • Pot. batama; Kat. tama; Trin. -tan; JS tau; Tty. teve; Ttl. -tem


*mima — “into”

  • Pot. homima; Kat. mima; Trin. -min; Tty. vove; Ttl. -juem


*ruma — “onto”

  • Kat. ruma; Trin. -run; Tty. yuve; Ttl. -vem


*kinma — “(to) under”

  • Kat. kīma; Trin. -sin; Tty. kime


*gama — “(to) near”

  • Kat. hama; Trin. -an; Tty. heve; Ttl. -em


*dumma — ”(to) next to”

  • Kat. zūma; Trin. -lun; Tty. zume

Andative orientation

*-ri is added to specific spatial postpositions.


*tari — “from”

  • Pot. batari; Kat. tari; Trin. -tar; Tty. tey; Ttl. -tel


*miri — “out”

  • Pot. homil; Kat. miri; Trin. -mir; Tty. vyo; Ttl. -juel


*ruri — “off”

  • Kat. ruri; Trin. -rur; Tty. yuy; Ttl. -vel


*kinsi — “from under”

  • Kat. kiti; Trin. -siz; Tty. kiso


*gari — “from near”

  • Kat. hari; Trin. -ar; Tty. hey; Ttl. -el


*dumsi — ”from next to”

  • Kat. zupi; Trin. -luz; Tty. zuso

Numerals

*kada — 1

  • Pot. kaha; Kat. kaza; Trin. kal; JS kau; Sw. gwara; Tty. keze; Ttl. ed


*miki — 2

  • Pot. miki; Kat. migi; Trin. mis; JS miki; Sw. wòtš; Tty. mó; Ttl. juek


*pira — 3

  • Pot. pira; Kat. hira; Trin. pir; JS pira; Sw. boyra; Tty. pye; Ttl. cual


*data — 4

  • Pot. hata; Kat. zada; Trin. lat; JS đata; Sw. lada; Tty. zete; Ttl. det


*pigi — 5

  • Pot. piji; Kat. hī; Trin. pî; JS piji; Sw. boy; Tty. poho; Ttl. cui


*sima — 6

  • Pot. sima; Kat. sima; Trin. sim; JS sei; Sw. že; Tty. sve; Ttl. em


*tatu — 7

  • Pot. tato; Kat. tadu; Trin. tat; JS tatu; Sw. dol; Tty. tetu; Ttl. tat


*kupun — 8

  • Pot. kopu; Kat. kuhu; Trin. kup; JS kufu; Sw. fowk; Tty. kufyu; Ttl. quekui


*numti — 9

  • Pot. nunti; Kat. nuti; JS nutti; Sw. nótš; Tty. nyú; Ttl. nuoc


*kagan — 10

  • Pot. kayâ; Kat. kā; Trin. kân; JS koun; Sw. gwawà; Tty. keho; Ttl. eẏi


*tiki — 100

  • Pot. tiki; Kat. tigi; Trin. tis; JS tiki; Tty. kezyekˀo (← *kada-tiki); Ttl. cek

Nominal morphology

-1 0 +1 +2 +3
possessive root number case postposition

Possessive

The possessive prefixes are the same as appropriate personal pronouns.

Some nouns are inherently possessed and thus the prefix is obligatory. For others, it is optional.

Number

Nouns can be inflected for number: singular, dual, trial and plural.


(—) — singular


*-ta — dual

  • Wok. pronouns: shita, mata
  • Pot. -ta (plural of some nouns, dual of pronouns)
  • Kat. pronoun: kuda
  • JS pronoun: kuta
  • Sw. -da (plural of some nouns)
  • Tty. -te, -tʾe
  • Ttl. -t(e)


*-ri — trial

  • Wok. pronouns: shiri, həri, mari
  • Kat. -ri, -pi, -ti (paucal)
  • Sw. -(V)r (plural)
  • Tty. -yŏ, -sŏ
  • Ttl. -l(e), -Q(e)


*-mu — plural

  • Wok. pronouns: shimu, humu, mamu, homu, somu
  • Pot. -mo
  • Kat. -mu, -nu
  • Trin. -m
  • JS pronouns: təy, kəu, mou, kammu, tummu
  • Sw. -m (uncountable)
  • Tty. -vu, -mu
  • Ttl. -ṅue, -ʷṅ

Case

The language has an ergative-absolutive alignment.

There are three cases: absolutive, ergative and postpositional (oblique).


(—) — absolutive


*-kan — ergative

  • Wok. -ko
  • Kat. -ga, -ka
  • Trin. -k, -g
  • JS pronouns, e.g. ti, tun → tikan, tukkan
  • Tty. -ko, -kʾo
  • Ttl. -Qi


*-ni — postpositional / oblique

  • Wok. -ni, -Ṽdi-
  • Kat. -ni, -mi
  • Trin. -n-
  • JS pronouns, e.g. ti, tun → təi, tunni
  • Tty. -lŏ, -nŏ
  • Ttl. -j(e)-

Postposition

Postpositions are added to the nouns in the postpositional case.

Verbal morphology

-1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4
applicative root aspect mood voice deverbal

Applicative

Applicatives are made by adding a prefix *tim- and then appending the appropriate postposition.


Abstract:

  • Kat. tipaza ("to serve"; ← *tim-ra-dan "to work for")
  • Tty. tʾi+ (*tim-din-), ce- (*tim-ra-), kʾo+ (*tim-kim-), pʾi+ (*tim-pin-), kʾopi+ (*tim-kimpin-)
  • Ttl. coci+ (*tim-din-), cos- (*tim-ra-), coko+ (*tim-kim-), cocui+ (*tim-pin-), cokocui+ (*tim-kimpin-)


Spatial:

  • Wok. terə- (*tim-ru-)
  • Tty. tʾe- (*tim-ta-), tom- (*tim-mi-), cu- (*tim-ru-), kʾi+ (*tim-kin-), kʾe- (*tim-ga-), tʾu+ (*tim-dum-)
  • Ttl. cot- (*tim-ta-), couj- (*tim-mi-), cous- (*tim-ru-), coki+ (*tim-kin-), coQ- (*tim-ga-), cotuo+ (*tim-dum-)

Aspect

(—) — imperfective aspect


*-ba — perfective aspect

  • Wok. -wa
  • Pot. -ba
  • Kat. -wa, -ːna, -ːma
  • Trin. -w, -b
  • Sw. -mò (past tense)
  • Tty. ~ye, -pe
  • Ttl. -b(e), -p(e)

Mood

(—) — indicative


*-kim — imperative

  • Pot. -ken
  • Kat. -gi, -ki
  • Trin. -s, -z
  • JS ~koun, ~kkoun
  • Sw. -tš
  • Tty. -/ʔ/, -kʾo
  • Ttl. -ko


*-san — subjunctive

  • Kat. -za, -ta, -pa
  • Trin. -was, -bas (← *-ba-san; perfective subjunctive)
  • JS ~san, ~ssan
  • Sw. -za (past subjunctive)
  • Tty. -so, -co


*-di — optative

  • Kat. -zi, -ti
  • JS -ji, -tti


*-si — potential

  • JS ~si, ~ssi
  • Sw. -š (non-past subjunctive)


*-mu — inferred evidentiality

  • Kat. -mu, -ːnu, ːmu (conditional)
  • Trin. -m, -n
  • JS ~u, ~mmu (conditional)
  • Tty. -vu, -mu


*-ka — hearsay evidentiality

  • Trin. -k, -g
  • Tty. -ke, -kʾe

Unknown formants

  • Pot. -ri (irrealis) ← *-ri (?)
  • Trin. -t (subjunctive) ← *-tV (?)

Voice

(—) — active voice


*-danta — antipassive voice

  • Pot. -hâta
  • Kat. -zda, -tata
  • Trin. -lad
  • JS ~vatta, ~tatta
  • Sw. -á (?)
  • Tty. -zote, -tote
  • Ttl. -dit

Deverbal

*-kin — gerund

  • Tty. -ki, -kʾi
  • Ttl. -ki


*-ki — attributive / subordinator

  • Wok. -ki
  • Pot. -ki
  • Kat. -gi, -ki
  • Trin. -lis (← *di-ki?)
  • Tty. -/ʔ/, -kʾo
  • Ttl. -k(e)


*-tini — imperfective participle

  • Kat. -dini, -tini
  • JS ~təi


*-kaga — perfective participle

  • Kat. -gā, -kā
  • JS ~kou

Derivation

Verb to verb

*-taka — causative

  • Pot. hitaka "make" (← *di- "be")
  • Trin. -tak
  • JS prattaka "combine" (← *rapam "meet"); mistaka "tire, bore" (← *minsin- "be tired")
  • Tty. -teke, -tekya (← *-taka-ba)


*-ku — antipassive causative

  • Kat. muzaku "support" (← muza "stay"); ragagu "close" (← raga "be shut")
  • JS rəyku "release" (← *rinu- "be free")
  • Tty. -ku, -ko (← *-ku-ba)


*-sun — anticausative

  • Kat. nawizu "be heavy" (← nawi "hold up") [?]
  • JS rissein "open" intr. (← *radim "open" tr.)
  • Tty. -syu+, -syupe (← *-sun-ba)


*-riri — habitual, continuative

  • JS ksiri frequentative auxiliary (← *kin- "come")
  • Tty. -yoy
  • Ttl. -lel


*-timi — inchoative

  • Pot. -timi
  • Kat. nazdimi "freeze" (← naza "be fixed in place")
  • Trin. -tim
  • JS tuttəí "die" (← *tum- "be dead")
  • Tty. -ʔvye~-tʾvye (← *-timi-ba)


*-mumpi — cessative

  • Pot. -mumpi
  • Kat. minūmi "release" (**min-mūmi ← mini "hold")
  • Trin. -mub
  • JS kməuppi "throw away" (← *kimmu- "keep")
  • Tty. -vupye~-mupye (← *-mumpi-ba)


*-rini — resumptive

  • Kat. satini "hide" (**sad-tini ← sadu "cover") [?]
  • Trin. -rin
  • JS katrəí "talk", "converse" (← *kata- "talk")
  • Tty. -y(o)lye~-slye (← *-rini-ba)

Unknown formants

  • Pot. -sa (intensive, habitual) ← *-sa (?)
  • Pot. -ha (various uses) ← *-da (?)
  • Pot. -ru (resultative) ← *-run (?)

Noun to verb

*-kanti — "to make X" (?)

  • Pot. -kâti
  • Kat. hagati "wound" (**hag-kati ← *pakan- "pain")
  • Trin. -kad
  • Sw. -'gótš non-past tense [?]


*-miri — "to be X", "to resemble X"

  • Pot. -miri
  • Kat. wēmiri "be sweet" (← wē "honey"); kuhāmiri "be tall" (← kuha "tree")
  • JS rapmiri "connect" (← rappan "bridge")
  • Trin. -mir


*-dudi — "to have X" (?)

  • Pot. -hu
  • Trin. -lul
  • JS jausvuji "to be prestigious" (*ganasu-dudi)

Verb to noun

*-da — patient noun

  • Pot. -ha
  • Kat. nūnaza "food" (← nūna "eat")
  • Trin. -l


*-dira — agent noun

  • Pot. -hira
  • Kat. hīzira "cauldron" (← hihi "boil")


*-kim — instrument

  • Pot. -ken
  • Kat. tigzigi "sword" (← tigizi "be sharp")
  • Trin. -s
  • JS pnakoun "cauldron" (← *nupa- "cook")
  • Tty. -kʾo ~ -/ʔ/


*-pa — location

  • Pot. -pa
  • Kat. kīmuha "store-room" (← kīmu "keep")
  • Trin. -p
  • JS pnafa "hearth" (← *nupa- "cook")


*-ninta — result

  • Pot. -neta
  • Trin. -nid
  • JS nakteitta "destruction" (← *nakata- "damage")


*-kasi — action noun

  • Wok. katohahi "language" (← *kata- "talk")
  • Kat. nākazi "pleasure" (← nā "be good"); kadagazi "speech" (← *kata- "talk")
  • Trin. -kas
  • JS nipkasi "sneeze" (← nifa "sneeze" v)

Unknown formants

  • Pot. -noyo (goal) ← *-nugu (?)

Noun to noun

*-kin — diminutive

  • Kat. -ki
  • Trin. -s
  • JS tsukein "stem" (← tutu "trunk"); roukein "node" (← rou "bundle")


*-tam — diminutive, endearment marker

  • Kat. -ta
  • JS tpatan "nut" (← *tumpa- "nut")


*-taku — augmentative

  • Kat. -tagu
  • Trin. -tak


*-bu — augmentative, respect marker

  • Pot. -bo
  • Kat. tutawu "ancestor" (← *tum-da- "dead person")
  • JS pmuppu "owl" (← **mupum- "owl")


*-niri — "a kind of", "a rank of"

  • Kat. -niri
  • Trin. -nir
  • JS jausəyri "gold" (← jausu "metal"); mjəyri "breath" (← *mibu- "wind")


*-pini — "a thing related to"

  • Pot. -pini
  • Kat. hugīni "loom" (**hugi-hini ← hugi "cloth")
  • Trin. -pin


*-tuNka — mass noun, collective noun

  • Kat. wāmuduka "village" (← wāmu "house"); sutiduka "language" (← suti "voice")
  • Trin. -tug


*-kiki — singulative

  • Trin. -sis
  • JS natkiki "tooth" (← *nata- "tooth", "teeth")
  • Tty. kehokʾo "grain of sand" (← keho "sand")
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