Proto-Dumic (reconstructed)/Lexicon

From AkanaWiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Here is the reconstructed lexicon of Proto-Dumic along with the sources of the loanwords appearing in Dumic languages.

Notes:

  • N signifies any of /m n/.
  • V signifies any vowel.
  • [xyz] signifies any of /x y z/.
  • (IP) means that the noun had an obligatory possesion marking in Proto-Dumic.
  • (II), (III) signify inflection patterns in Kataputi.


B

Ba

*baburu — "bear"

  • Kat. wuru, wawuru
  • Trin. wur
  • JS pfuru
  • Tty. ayu


*bada — "door"

  • Wok. baa
  • Kat. waza
  • Trin. wal
  • JS jau
  • Sw. a'mòyr (?)
  • Tty. eze


*badim — "to be old"

  • Kat. wazi (III)
  • Trin. uliz (*badim-ki)
  • JS jikki (*badim-ki)


*bagi — "honey"

  • Wok.
  • Kat.
    • wēmiri "to be sweet" (*bagi-miri)
  • Trin. wai
  • JS jaji


*bampu — "house"

  • Wok. bopu
  • Pot. bâmpo
  • Kat. wāmu
    • wāmuduka "village" (*bampu-tuNka)
  • Trin. wab, ubus
  • JS jappu
  • Sw. ži'yuba (?)
  • Tty. apu
  • Ttl. bouk


*baNka — "ant"

  • Kat. waka
  • Trin. wag
  • JS jakka


*baNtum — "pumpkin"

  • Kat. watu (III)
  • JS jattoun


*banun — "stomach" (IP)

  • Kat. wanu (II)
  • JS voun
  • Tty. -elyu


*bapam — "net"

  • Kat. waha, wā, wa (III)
  • Trin. wap
  • JS jafan


*bari — "to bathe"

  • Kat. wari "swim"
  • Trin. war, uriw
  • JS jari


*batan — "arm" (IP)

  • Pot. batâ
  • Kat. wadata "two arms" (*batan-ta)
  • Trin. wat, utag
  • JS jatan "tool"
    • tatta "arm" (*batan-ta)
  • Tty. -peto "arm", -eto "shoulder"

Bi

*bibugi — "bat"

  • Kat. "bat" (?)
  • JS jəyji "bat" (?)


*bidi — "water"

  • Pot. bihi
  • Kat. wizi
  • Trin. wil, ulik
  • JS jiji
  • Sw. ye'yùm (*bidi-mu)
  • Ttl. zuez


*biki — "apple"

  • Kat. wigi
  • Trin. wik
  • JS jiki


*bima — "baby", "child"

  • Kat. wima
  • Trin. wim, umak
  • JS jei
  • Tty. ve


*bin — "who"

  • Wok. be-
  • Kat. wi
  • Trin. win, wig
  • Tty. i
  • Ttl. zui


*bini — "to be early"

  • Kat. wini
  • Trin. unis (*bini-ki)
  • JS jəiki (*bini-ki)


*binpam — "hare"

  • Kat. wīna (III)
  • Trin. wib
  • JS jippan


*bintan — "to be strange"

  • Pot. betâ "to be gloomy"
  • Kat. wita (II)
  • Trin. udaz (*bintan-ki)
  • JS jittan


*binti — "eye" (IP)

  • Pot. beti
  • Kat. witida "two eyes" (*binti-ta)
  • Trin. udid
  • JS jitti
  • Sw. yétš
    • yé'tšéda "two eyes" (*binti-ta)
  • Tty.


*binun — "moth", "butterfly"

  • Kat. winu (II)
  • JS jəyn


*biri — "to be dirty"

  • Wok. biri, wiri
  • Pot. bil
  • Kat. wiri "to be weak"
  • Trin. uris (*biri-ki)
  • JS riki (*biri-ki)


*bitun — "web"

  • Kat. widu (II)
  • JS pitein "mesh", "netting"

Bu

*budum — "plant"

  • Wok. buo
  • Kat. wuzu (III)
  • Trin. wul
  • JS vuvoun "grass"


*bummi — "penis" (IP)

  • Wok. bomi
  • Tty. -um


*bun — "and"

  • Wok. bu
  • Pot. bu
    • buna "because", "if" (*bun-na?)
  • Kat. wu
  • Trin. wun
  • JS ein
  • Ttl. gui


*buri — "ice"

  • Wok. buri
  • Kat. wuri
  • Trin. wuwur
  • JS vuri

D

Da

*dagi — "to be small"

  • Wok. dē, agi
  • Pot. hayi
  • Kat.
  • Trin. lilis (*dagi-ki)
  • JS đaji "be insignificant"
    • đviki "small" (*dagi-ki)
    • đjei "child" (*dagi-da)


*daka — "to be slow"

  • Wok. doka, oha "to be dumb"
  • Pot. haka "to be tainted"
  • Kat. zaga
  • Trin. kas (*daka-ki)
  • JS đaka
    • đkaki "slow" (*daka-ki)


*dan — "to work", "to do"

  • Wok. do, o
  • Kat. za
    • tipaza, tipsa "to serve" (*tim-ra-dan)
  • Trin. lan, lab
  • JS đan
    • đkasi "effect" (*dan-kasi)


*danka — "to lose"

  • Wok. doka, oha
  • Kat. zaka, zga
    • zgaza, zaksa "slave" (*danka-da)
  • Tty. -zokeze, -tokeze "defeated opponent" (*danka-da)


*danpa — "mushroom"

  • Wok. dopa
  • Kat. zāna
  • Trin. lab
  • JS đappa


*daNta — "to doubt"

  • Wok. dota, osa
  • Kat. zata
  • Trin. lad
  • JS đatta "to fear"


*danu — "clay"

  • Wok. danə
  • Kat. zanu
    • zāmiri "to be grey" (*danu-miri)
  • Trin. lan
  • JS đou "mud", "dirt"
    • đoukein "figurine", "doll" (*danu?-kin)


*dapin — "to drink"

  • Wok. dape, afe
  • Pot. hape
  • Kat. zahi, zi (II)
  • Trin. lap, pib
  • JS đafein


*darum — "to go"

  • Wok. daro, aro
  • Kat. zwūma "road" (*darum-pa)
  • JS đaroun
    • đatrəí "across" (*darum-tini)


*dasi — "to be huge"

  • Trin. las
  • JS đsiki (*dasi-ki)


*data — 4

  • Pot. hata
  • Kat. zada
  • Trin. lat
  • JS đata
  • Sw. lada
  • Tty. zete
  • Ttl. det

Di

*di — "to be"

  • Wok. di, ə
  • Pot. hitaka "to make" (*di-taka)
  • Kat. zi
    • kīmizi "to be low" (*kipam-mi-di)
  • Trin. li
  • JS đi
    • đei "person" (*di-da)
  • Tty. zo
  • Ttl. -z
    • cokicpe "area below" (*tim-kin-di-pa)


*didadu — "fool"

  • Kat. zazu, zizu
  • Trin. lal
  • JS đeivu


*digan — "to follow", "to hunt"

  • Wok. diwo, əgo
  • Kat. (II) "to search"
  • Trin. lên
  • JS đijan


*dimi — "to be young"

  • Wok. dini, andi
  • Pot. himiha "younger sibling" (*dimi-da)
  • Kat. zimi
  • Trin. mis (*dimi-ki)
  • JS đəiki (*dimi-ki)
  • Ttl. zaj


*din — "of"

  • Wok. -Ṽdī (*V-ni-din)
  • Pot. -he
  • Kat. zi
  • Trin. -lin
  • Sw.
  • Tty. zi
  • Ttl. zi


*diNma — "tear"

  • Wok. dema
  • Kat. zīma
  • Trin. lim
  • JS đimma


*dinsi — "to be wide"

  • Wok. dehi, əshi "to be wise"
  • Pot. hesi "to be thick"
  • Kat. ziti, zdi
  • Trin. zis


*dita — "to be late"

  • Wok. dita, əsa "to be slow"
  • Kat. zida
    • zdagu "to capture" (*dita-ku)
  • Trin. tas (*dita-ki)
  • Ttl. -z(e)te

Du

*dubapa — "beetle"

  • Kat. zwaha, zwā, zūwa
  • Trin. wawap
  • JS đoufa


*dubi — "fly"

  • Pot. hobi "fool"
  • Kat. zuwi, zwi
  • Trin. luw, luwik
  • JS đəy
  • Tty. zyu


*duku — "to be healthy"

  • Wok. dəkə, əhu
  • Pot. hoko "to be beautiful"
  • Kat. zugu, zgu
  • Trin. kus (*duku-ki)
  • JS đuku
    • đkuki "healthy" (*duku-ki)


*dum — "next to"

  • Kat. zuta (*dum-ta)
  • Trin. -lun
  • Tty. zu
  • Ttl. duo


*dum — "to be the same"

  • Kat. zu (III)
  • Trin. luz (*dum-ki)
  • JS đun
    • đukki "same" (*dum-ki)
    • đutta "the same one" (*dum-da)
  • Tty. zu, zupe (*dum, dum-ba)
  • Ttl. duok (*dum-ki)


*dumma — "(to) next to"

  • Kat. zūma
  • Trin. -lun
  • Tty. zume


*dumma — "to take"

  • Wok. doma, onba
    • omarire "to steal" (*dumma-riri)
  • Kat. zūma "to carry"
  • JS đumma
  • Tty. zumya (*dumma-ba)
  • Ttl. duom


*dumsi — "from next to"

  • Kat. zupi
  • Trin. -luz
  • Tty. zuso


*dunsa — "to enjoy"

  • Wok. doha, osha
    • oshamu "story" (*dunsa?-mu)
  • Kat. zuta, zda "to like"
  • Pot. husa "to have sex"
  • Trin. luz
  • JS đsou "story" (*dunsa?-mu)


*dupinu — "hornet"

  • Kat. zinu
  • Trin. pin
  • JS đpəy


*dutu — "to seem"

  • Kat. zudu, zdu
  • JS đutu

G

Ga

*ga — "near"

  • Trin. -a
  • Tty. he


*gabam — "to be wet"

  • Wok. gō, obo, ou
  • Kat. hawa (III)
    • hawaku "to seduce" (*gabam-ku)
  • Trin. waz (*gabam-ki)
  • JS vaukki (*gabam-ki)


*gam — "self" (IP)

  • JS jaun "person"
  • Tty. -ha (in personal pronouns)
  • Ttl. -ẏo (in reflexive pronouns)


*gama — "(to) near"

  • Kat. hama
  • Trin. -an
  • Tty. heve
  • Ttl. -em


*gamma — "deer"

  • Pot. yâmma
  • Kat. hāma
  • Trin. am, mak
  • JS jamma


*ganasu — "metal"

  • Wok. ondahə
    • onahətesū "chief" (*ganasu-timtu)
    • onashəta "spear and axe" (*ganasu-ta)
  • Pot. yanaso
  • Kat. hanazu "regalia"
    • hanāzira "smith" (*ganasu-dira?)
    • gēnazu "metal" (back-formed)
    • kīgēnazu "bronze" (*kigu-ki-ganasu)
    • ksigēnazu "copper" (*kidi-ki-ganasu)
    • nēgēnazu "gold" (*niga-ki-ganasu)
  • Trin. nas
    • tipnas "iron" (*tipi-ganasu)
  • JS jausu
    • jausuta "spear and axe" (*ganasu-ta)
    • jausvuji "to be prestigious" (*ganasu-dudi)
    • jausəyri "gold" (*ganasu-niri)
    • jausuta "spear and axe" (*ganasu-ta)


*ganti — "to make"

  • Pot. yâti
    • yâtihira "artisan" (*ganti-dira)
  • Kat. hati "to cause"
  • Trin. ad, diw
  • JS jatti


*gapa — "dust"

  • Kat. haha, hā, ha
  • Trin. ap
  • JS jafa


*gari — "from near"

  • Kat. hari
  • Trin. -ar
  • Tty. hey
  • Ttl. -el


*garun — "crow"

  • Kat. haru (II)
  • Trin. ar, rug
  • JS jarein
  • Tty. heyu

Gi

*gigin — "to sing"

  • Wok. gī, ike
  • Pot. yije
  • Kat. (II)
  • Trin. în
  • JS jijein


*gimi — "to fail", "to be weak"

  • Wok. gini, enbi "to be tired"
  • Pot. yimiru "to die from starvation" (*gimi-run?)
  • Kat himi
  • JS jəi
    • vəiki "weak" (*gimi-ki)


*gimpu — "to store"

  • Kat. hīmu "to own"
  • Trin. ib, buw "to keep"


*gimkun — "to jump"

  • Wok. geko, iho
  • Pot. yenku
  • Kat. hiku (II)
  • Trin. ig, gub
  • JS vikkein "to climb"


*gini — "salt"

  • Pot. yini
  • Kat. hini
  • Trin. in
  • JS jəi


*ginsin — "to be thick"

  • Pot. yese "to be round"
  • Kat. hiti (II) "to be fat"
  • Trin. ziz (*ginsin-ki)
  • JS jissein "to block"
    • sikki "thick" (*ginsin-ki)
    • jisnitta "butter" (*ginsin)


*gintam — "to be green"

  • Pot. yetân
  • Kat. hita (III)
  • Trin. daz (*gintam-ki)
  • JS jittan "to shoot up"
    • tjakki "green" (*gintam-ki)


*gipi — "to boil"

  • Kat. hihi, hī, hi
    • hīzira "cauldron" (*gipi-dira)
  • Trin. ip
  • JS jifi


*giri — "illness"

  • Pot. yil
  • Trin. ris (*giri-ki)
  • JS jiri


*gisi — "future"

  • Pot. yisi
  • Kat. hizi "vision"
  • Trin. is
  • Ttl. geq-, -gqe


*gitin — "to let"

  • Kat. hidi (II)
  • Trin. it, tib
  • JS jitein

Gu

*gudun — "oven"

  • Wok. gə̄
  • Kat. higōzu, higīzu (II) (*piki-gudun)
    • tukōzu "kiln" (*tuNka-gudun)
  • JS juvein


*gumna — "heart" (IP)

  • Kat. hūna
  • Trin. um, mak
  • JS junna "heart", "gathering"
  • Tty. -hune, -kune


*gumu — "to amuse"

  • Kat. humu "to play"
  • Trin. um
  • JS jəu


*guNka — "to sense"

  • Kat. huka "to find"
  • Trin. ug
  • JS vukka "speak with the dead"


*gupum — "wolf"

  • Pot. yopun "brave"
  • Kat. huhu, hu
    • Hūmu "Wolf" (*gupum-bu)
  • Trin. up, pug
  • JS jufoun
  • Tty. hufu


*guru — "to be round"

  • Pot. yol "public circle"
  • Kat. huru
  • Trin. rus (*guru-ki)
  • JS juru "to fatten"
    • rjuki "round" (*guru-ki)
    • rjou "border" (*guru-da)
  • Tty. huy

K

Ka

*kaba — "to destroy"

  • Kat. kawa
  • Trin. kaw "to waste"
  • JS kau "to kill"


*kabasa — "fox"

  • Kat. kwaza, kawasa
  • JS kausa


*kabi — "world"

  • Pot. kabi
  • Kat. hukawi "spirit world" (*pun-kabi)
    • miragawi "material world" (*mira-kabi)
  • Trin. kaw, kwik


*kada — 1

  • Pot. kaha
  • Kat. kaza
  • Trin. kal
  • JS kau
  • Sw. gwara
  • Tty. keze
  • Ttl. ed


*kada — "to be big"

  • Wok. haa, kada
  • Pot. kaha
  • Kat. kaza, ksa
  • JS kauki (*kada-ki)
  • Ttl. ed


*kagam — "raven"

  • Kat. (III)
  • Trin. kân, kâmak


*kagan — 10

  • Pot. kayâ
  • Kat.
  • Trin. kân
  • JS koun
  • Sw. gwawà
  • Tty. keho
  • Ttl. eẏi


*kagana — "to be sad"

  • Pot. kayana
  • Kat. kāna
  • Trin. kânas (*kagana-ki)
  • JS kvau "to mean"


*kagi — "sand"

  • Kat.
  • Trin. kai
  • JS kavi
  • Tty. keho
    • kehok’o "grain of sand" (*kagi-kiki)


*kakam — "to wake"

  • Wok. hoko, koho
  • Kat. kaga (III)
  • Tin. kak, kab
  • JS kakan


*ka[ks]i — "earth"

  • Trin. kas, ksik
  • JS tvaksəý "earthquake" (*tigan-ka[ks]i-bu)


*kakinim — "duck"

  • Kat. kagini (III)
  • Trin. kin, kaknig
  • JS ksəin
  • Tty. kélo


*kami — "axe"

  • Wok. hami
  • Pot. kâni
  • Kat. kami
  • Trin. kam
  • JS kei
  • Tty. kevo


*kamnim — "opposite"

  • Wok. hone
  • Kat. Kānitagu "Trinesian islands" (*kamnim-taku)
  • JS kannoun
  • Tty. kan


*kampa — "to agree"

  • Kat. kāmagu "to mediate" (*kampa-ku)
  • Trin. kab
  • JS kappa
    • kpeitta "agreement" (*kaNpa-ninta)


*kampani — "to be ready"

  • Kat. kāmani "to be wise"
  • Trin. kabnis (*kampani-ki)
  • JS kpei
  • Tty. kapel


*kamsi — "to win", "to defeat"

  • Wok. hohi, koshi
  • Pot. kânsi "to kill"
  • Kat. kapi
  • JS kassi


*kan — 3rd person masculine

  • Wok. hoho
  • Pot.
    • kâta "which" (*kan-ta?)
  • Kat. ka
  • Trin. kan
  • JS kan
  • Sw. gwà
  • Tty. koka (*kan-gam)
  • Ttl. is (*kan-ra?)


*kaniba — "lizard"

  • Kat. kaniwa
  • Trin. kniw
  • JS kvei
  • Tty. kelye


*kankin — "to run"

  • Wok. hoke, kohe
  • Pot. kâke
    • kâkeha "rabbit" (*kankin-da)
  • Kat. kaki (II)
  • Trin. kag, gib
  • JS kakkein


*kansa — "to be firm"

  • Pot. kâsa "belt"
  • Kat. kata
    • katagu "to protect" (*kansa-ku)
    • katsira "shield" (*kansa-dira)
  • Trin. ksas "tight" (*kansa-ki)
  • JS ksakoun "belt" (*kansa-kim)


*kantam — "village"

  • Pot. kâtân "chief"
  • Kat. kata (III) "meeting hall"
    • Katapaki "Katapaki nation" (*kantam-raNki)
    • Kataputi "Kataputi language" (*kantam-sunti)
  • Trin. kad, dag
  • JS kattan
  • Ttl. ito


*kaNtu — "to be black"

  • Pot. kâto "to be ugly"
  • Kat. katu
  • Trin. dus (*kaNtu-ki)
  • JS ktuki (*kaNtu-ki)


*kapam — "to bite"

  • Kat. kaha, ka (III)
  • Trin. kap, kpab
  • JS kafan


*kapi — "to answer"

  • Kat. kahi
  • Trin. kap, kpiw
  • JS kafi


*kapu — "sheep"

  • Pot. kapo
  • Kat. kahu, kā, ku
  • Trin. kap, kpug
  • JS kafu


*kara — "goose"

  • Kat. kara, kra
  • Trin. kakar, krak
  • JS kara


*karan — "trousers"

  • Pot. karâ
  • Kat. kara (II) "clothes"
  • Trin. krad, karda (*karan-ta)
    • kradkal "trouser leg" (*karan-ta-kada)
  • JS kratta (*karan-ta)


*karu — "stone"

  • Pot. karo
  • Kat. karu, kru
  • Trin. kar, kruk
  • JS krəu (*karu-bu)
  • Ttl. ev


*karu — "to be hard"

  • Kat. karu, kru
    • kruza "armor" (*karu-da)
  • Trin. krus (*karu-ki)
  • JS kruki (*karu-ki)


*kasi — "leg" (IP)

  • Pot. kasi
  • Kat. ksida, kasta "two legs" (*kasi-ta)
    • kāzugi, ksīgi "trousers" (*kasi-puki)
  • Trin. kas, ksik "leg", ksid "two legs" (*kasi-ta)
  • JS kasi "leg", ksita "two legs" (*kasi-ta)
  • Tty. -keso


*kata — "to talk"

  • Wok. hata, kasa
    • katohahi "language" (*kata-kasi)
  • Kat. kada
    • kadagazi "oratory" (*kata-kasi)
  • Trin. kat, taw
    • katkas "language" (*kata-kasi)
  • JS kata
    • kteitta "language" (*kata-ninta)
    • katrəí "to chat" (*kata-rini)


*katam — "animal"

  • Pot. katân
  • Kat. kada (III)
  • Trin. kat, tag

Ki

*kibinu — "snail"

  • Kat. kwinu, kiwinu
  • Trin. kwin
  • JS kjəy


*kidi — "to be red"

  • Pot. kihi
  • Kat. kizi
    • ksigēnazu "copper" (*kidi-ki-ganasu)
  • Trin. klis (*kidi-ki)
  • JS kiki "red" (*kidi-ki)
    • kitjəí "to bleed" (*kidi-timi)
    • kjəyppi "to stop bleeding" (*kidi-mumpi)


*kigu — "to be yellow"

  • Pot. kijo
  • Kat. kī, kō
    • kīgēnazu "bronze" (*kigu-ki-ganasu)
  • Trin. sîs
  • JS kvuki "yellow" (*kigu-ki)
    • kvutəí "to bruise" (*kigu-timi)


*kika — "day"

  • Pot. kika
  • Kat. kiga
  • Trin. sik, skak
  • JS kika
    • ksata "two days" (*kika-ta)
    • ksou "time" (*kika-mu)
    • kseitari "later" (*kika-ni-tari)


*kikatim — "crab"

  • Kat. kigadi (III)
  • JS ksatoun


*kim — "with" (instrumental)

  • Wok. -Ṽdike (*V-ni-kim)
  • Pot. -ken
  • Kat. ki
  • Trin. -sin
  • JS kin
  • Tty. -ló, -nó (*-ni-kim)
  • Ttl. ko


*kim — "to come"

  • Pot. ken
  • Kat. ki (III)
    • mimagi (III) "to enter" (*mima-kim)
  • Trin. sim, sib
  • JS kin
    • kippa "path" (*kim-pa)
    • kitta "guest" (*kim-da)
  • Ttl. ko


*kimi — "not"

  • Kat. kimi "in no way"
  • Trin. sim
  • JS kəi
  • Ttl. kaj


*kimun — "ring"

  • Kat. kimu (II)
  • Trin. sim, smug
  • JS kəyn


*kimuna — "otter"

  • Kat. kimuna
  • JS kjou "sea otter"
  • Tty. kvule


*kimpin — "without"

  • Pot. kepe
  • Kat. kīmi
    • kīmikumi (III) "peasant" (*kimpin-kumim)
  • Trin. sib
  • JS kippein
  • Tty. pʾi
  • Ttl. kocui


*kin — "under"

  • Trin. -sin
  • Tty. ki
  • Ttl. ki


*kini — "to be high"

  • Kat. kini
  • Trin. knis, snis (*kini-ki)
  • JS kəiki (*kini-ki)


*kinma — "(to) under"

  • Kat. kīma
  • Trin. -sin
  • Tty. kime


*kiNmu — "to keep"

  • Wok. hemu, kenbu
  • Kat. kīmu
    • kīmuha "warehouse" (*kiNmu-pa)
  • JS kimmu "pickle"
    • kməuppi "to throw away" (*kiNmu-mumpi)
    • kməytta "pickle" (*kiNmu-ninta)


*kinsa — "to be sure"

  • Trin. zas (*kinsa-ki)
  • JS kissa "to be correct"


*kinsi — "from under"

  • Kat. kiti
  • Trin. -siz
  • Tty. kiso


*kinsi — "to be soft"

  • Kat. kiti
  • Trin. zis (*kinsi-ki)
  • JS ksiki (*kinsi-ki)
  • Tty. kiso


*kipam — "earth"

  • Pot. kipân
  • Kat. kiha (III)
    • kīmizi "to be low" (*kipam-mi-di)
  • Trin. sip, spag
  • JS kifan


*kipidi — "right side"

  • Kat. kizi
  • Trin. spil
  • JS kpiji


*kiputa — "fingernail" (IP)

  • Kat. kuda, kīda
  • Trin. sput, siptak
  • JS kputa
  • Tty. -’fute
  • Ttl. kakte, -kkuet


*kiri — "girl"

  • Pot. kil
  • Kat. kiri, kri
  • Trin. sir, srik
  • JS kiri
  • Ttl. kel


*kisa — "to be cold"

  • Pot. kisa
  • Kat. kiza
  • Trin. sas (*kisa-ki)
  • JS ksaki "cold" (*kisa-ki)
    • ksatjéi "corpse" (*kisa-timi-da)


*kisada — "squirrel"

  • Kat. ksaza, kīsa
  • Trin. ksal
  • JS ksau


*kiti — "to slip"

  • Kat. kidi
  • Trin. sisit
  • JS ktiki "fast", "nimble" (*kiti-ki)


*kitun — "to suffer"

  • Kat. kidu (II)
  • Trin. stuz "poor" (*kitun-ki)
  • JS kitein
  • Tty. c’yu "to be poor"

Ku

*ku — 1st person inclusive

  • Wok. həhə
  • Pot. kota (*ku-ta)
  • Kat. kuda (*ku-ta)
  • Trin. ku
  • JS kuta (*ku-ta)
  • Tty. kuha (*ku-gam)
  • Ttl. qual (*ku-ra?)


*kuba — "wood"

  • Kat. kuwa, kwa
  • Trin. kuw, kwak
  • JS kou
    • kveiriki "wooden" (*kuba-miri-ki)


*kudam — "to give birth"

  • Kat. kuza (III)
  • Trin. kul, klab
  • JS koun
    • kounitta "infant" (*kudam-ninta)
    • koutta "new mother" (*kudam-da)


*kugun — "shadow"

  • Kat. (II)
  • Trin. kûn
  • JS kuvein "demon"


*kuki — "to need"

  • Kat. kugi
  • Trin. kuk, kiw
  • JS kuki


*kuma — "box"

  • Kat. kuma
  • Trin. kum, kmak


*kumim — "shirt"

  • Pot. kome
  • Kat. kumi (III) "bodice"
    • kumīmu "dress" (*kumim-bu)
    • kīmikumi (III) "peasant" (*kimpin-kumim)
  • Trin. kim, kimig
  • Tty. kuvo


*kumpi — "brain" (IP)

  • Wok. -hopi
  • Kat. kūmi
  • Trin. kub
  • JS kuppi
  • Tty. -kú


*kumsi — "to be blue"

  • Pot. kunsi
  • Kat. kupi
  • Trin. gzis (*kunsi-ki)


*kumu — "to be loose"

  • Kat. kumu
  • Trin. kmus (*kumu-ki)
  • JS kəuki "stupid" (*kumu-ki)
    • kəutəí "to loosen" (*kumu-timi)


*kunkum — "tide"

  • Wok. hoko
  • Kat. kuku (III)
  • JS kukkoun "hour"
    • ksuppu "tide" (*kuNkum-bu)
  • Tty. kyuku


*kunsa — "to be wrong"

  • Kat. kuta
  • Trin. gzas (*kunsa-ki)
  • JS kussa
  • Tty. kyuse


*kunta — "to die"

  • Pot. kuta
  • Trin. kud
  • JS kutta
    • kutrəí "to distort" (*kunta-rini)
  • Sw. gú'tá


*kupam — "to be tall"

  • Kat. kuhāmiri, kāmiri (*kupam-miri)
  • Trin. kpaz (*kupam-ki)
  • JS kpakki (*kupam-ki)


*kupan — "tree"

  • Pot. kopâ
  • Kat. kuha, kū, ka (II)
  • Trin. kup, kpag
  • JS kufan
  • Tty. kufyo


*kupi — "to be hollow"

  • Kat. kuhi
  • Trin. kpis
  • JS kpiki
    • kpifa "jar" (*kupi-pa)
  • Tty. kufo


*kupu — "to wound"

  • Kat. kuhu, kū, ku "to kill"
    • kūdiga "spear" (*kupu-tika)
  • Trin. kup, kpuw
  • JS kufu
    • kpəytta "wound" (*kupu-ninta)


*kupun — 8

  • Pot. kopu
  • Kat. kuhu
  • Trin. kup
  • JS kufu
  • Sw. fowk
  • Tty. kufyu
  • Ttl. quekui


*kupun — "night"

  • Kat. kuhu, kū, ku (II)
  • Trin. kupup, kpug
  • JS kufein
    • kupséi "west" (*kupun-raga)


*kura — "to live", "to exist"

  • Pot. koraha "living people" (*kura-da)
  • Kat. kura
  • Trin. kur, kraw
  • JS kura
  • Ttl. qual


*kuri — "to be bent"

  • Kat. kuri
  • Trin. kris (*kuri-ki)
  • JS krifa "bend" (*kuri-pa)


*kuruku — "to thunder"

  • Kat. krugu, kurugu"
  • Trin. kruk
  • JS kruku


*kusam — "neck", "throat"

  • Kat. kuza (III)
    • kuzāmini "necklace" (*kusam-pini)
  • Trin. kus, ksag
  • JS kusan
  • Tty. kusa


*kuti — "moon"

  • Kat. kudi
  • Trin. kut, ktik
  • JS kuti


*kutu — "rod"

  • Kat. kudu "penis"
  • Trin. kut, ktuk
  • JS kutu


*kutum — "month"

  • Kat. kudu (III)
  • JS kutoun

M

Ma

*ma — 2nd person

  • Wok. mama
  • Pot. ma
  • Kat. ma
  • Trin. ma
  • JS ma
  • Sw.
  • Tty. meha (*ma-gam)
  • Ttl. mal (*ma-ra?)


*maba — "war"

  • Kat. mawa "battle"
    • mawadagu "war" (*maba-taku)
  • Trin. maw
  • JS mau
  • Tty. mya


*madan — "friend"

  • Wok. mao-
  • Kat. maza (II)
  • Trin. mal, mlag
  • JS maukkan (*madan-gam)
  • Tty. -vezo, -mezo
  • Ttl. -mdi


*madi — "to be white"

  • Pot. mahi
  • Kat. mazi
  • Trin. mlis (*madi-ki)
  • JS miki (*madi-ki)


*maga — "to be wise"

  • Kat. māza "shaman" (*maga-da)
  • Trin. mâs (*maga-ki)
  • JS mei "to be careful"
    • mvaki "wise" (*maga-ki)
    • matjəí "to realize" (*maga-timi)


*magin — "to smell"

  • Kat. (II)
  • Trin. main
  • JS majein
    • nvakmajein "to smell good" (*nagan-ki-magin)
    • tsukmajein "to smell bad" (*tutu-ki-magin)


*magu — "to sit"

  • Wok. mā, magu
  • Pot. mayo
  • Kat.
  • Trin. mau
  • JS maju
  • Tty. mehu
  • Ttl. mo


*makan — "grain"

  • Pot. makâ
  • Kat. maga (II)
    • magānu "wheat" (*makan-bu)
    • Magāmiri "Seed" (*makan-miri)
  • Trin. mak
  • JS kmakkein "seed" (*makan-kin)
    • kmammu "grain" (*makan-mu)
  • Tty. meko


*makata — "to be loud", "to make noise"

  • Kat. magada
  • Trin. maktas (*makata-ki)
  • JS kmata
    • maktaki "loud" (*makata-ki)


*mam — "mother" (IP)

  • Pot. mânha, mâmmân
  • Kat. ma (III)
  • Trin. mam
  • JS maun
  • Tty. -va, -ma


*mamun — "to plant"

  • Wok. mamo, manbo
  • Pot. mamu "spring"
  • Kat. mamu (II)
  • Trin. mam
  • JS moun


*manim — "mountain"

  • Wok. mane
  • Kat. mani (III)
  • Trin. man
  • JS meippu (*manim-bu)
  • Tty. mel


*maNka — "to rest"

  • Kat. maka
  • Trin. mag
  • JS makka


*mamki — "root"

  • Wok. moki
  • Kat. maki
  • Trin. mag
  • JS makki
  • Tty. -’yéhvá "shoulderblade" (*tigi-mamki)


*mapam — "sweat"

  • Kat. maha, mā (III)
  • Trin. map
  • JS mafan


*mariru — "field"

  • Pot. mariro "village"
  • Kat. mariru
    • māruda (III) "garden" (*mariru-tam)
  • Trin. rir
  • JS marəú (*mariru-bu)
  • Sw. bwar (?)
    • ma'ro "chief" (?)
  • Tty. meyyu


*masa — "food", "wheat"

  • Pot. masa
  • Trin. mas
  • JS masa


*mata — "ear"

  • Pot. mata
  • Kat. mada
  • JS tmata (*mata-ta)

Mi

*mi — "in"

  • Kat. mi
  • Trin. -mi
  • JS mi
  • Tty. vo
  • Ttl. -jue


*mibam — "boat"

  • Kat. miwa (III)
  • Trin. miw, wag
  • JS mein
  • Tty. mye
  • Ttl. juebo


*mibu — "wind"

  • Kat. miwu
  • Trin. mimiw
  • JS məy
    • mjəyri "breath" (*mibu-niri)


*midan — "to force"

  • Kat. miza (II)
    • Miramaza "Sun-friend" (*mira-madan)
  • Trin. mil, mlib
    • mil "force"
  • JS mein "force"


*midun — "rain"

  • Pot. mihu "early summer"
  • Kat. mizu (II)
  • Trin. milwil (*midun-bidi?)
  • JS mivein


*migu — "sea"

  • Kat.
    • mīgi (II) "lagoon" (*migu-kin)
  • Trin.
  • JS miju


*mika — "lip" (IP)

  • Kat. migada "two lips" (*mika-ta)
  • JS miktatta (*mika-tam-ta)
    • kmeiri "to kiss" (*mika-miri)
  • Tty. -vŏke, -mke


*miki — 2

  • Pot. miki
  • Kat. migi
  • Trin. mis
  • JS miki
  • Sw. wòtš
  • Tty.
  • Ttl. juek
    • juekjuelke "twice" (*miki-niri-ki)


*mima — "into"

  • Pot. homima (*gu?-mima)
  • Kat. mima
    • mimagi (III) "to enter" (*mima-kim)
  • Trin. -min
  • Tty. vove
  • Ttl. -juem


*mimpa — "hole"

  • Pot. mempa
  • Kat. mīma
  • Trin. mib
  • JS mippa
  • Sw. wóypá


*mini — "to have"

  • Pot. mini "to seize"
    • minihira "farmer" (*mini-dira)
    • miniru "harvest" (*mini-run?)
  • Kat. mini
    • minūmi "to release" (*mini-mumpi)
  • Trin. min
  • nis "to leave" (*mini?-sun)
  • JS məi
    • məikasi "grasp"
  • Tty. mol "to hold"
    • mol‘ "coal tongs" (*mini-kim)


*miNki — "to hope"

  • Kat. miki
  • Trin. mig
  • JS mikki


*miNku — "urine"

  • Kat. miku
  • Trin. mimig
  • JS mikku


*minsin — "to be tired"

  • Kat. miti (II)
  • Trin. miziz (*minsin-ki)
  • JS missein
    • mistaka (*minsin-taka)
  • Ttl. juii


*miNta — "group"

  • Kat. mita
  • Trin. mid
  • JS mitta "litter of animals"
    • tmeiri "to assemble" (*miNta-miri)
    • tmou "group" (*miNta-bu)


*minti — "summer"

  • Pot. meti "hot"
  • Kat. miti
  • JS mitti


*mipun — "to grow"

  • Kat. mihu, mu (II)
    • mīku, muku "to raise" (*mipun-ku)
  • Trin. mip
  • JS mifein
    • pmutta "plant" (*mipun-da)
    • miptəí "to sprout" (*mipun-timi)


*mira — "sun"

  • Pot. mira
  • Kat. mira
    • miragawi "material world" (*mira-kabi)
    • Miramaza "Sun-friend" (*mira-madan)
  • Trin. mir, rak
  • JS mira


*miri — "out"

  • Pot. homil (*gu?-miri)
  • Kat. miri
  • Trin. -mir
  • Tty. vyo
  • Ttl. -juel


*miri — "to smile"

  • Kat. miri
  • Trin. mir, riw
  • JS mitrəí (*miri-timi)
    • mriki "happy" (*miri-ki)


*mirun — "to be beautiful"

  • Kat. miru (II)
  • Trin. miruz (*mirun-ki)
  • JS mrukki (*mirun-ki)
  • Ttl. juevi


*miti — "ray"

  • Kat. midi "grace" (?)
  • Trin. mit (?)

Mu

*mu — "that"

  • Kat. mu
    • mumi "like that" (*mu-mi)
  • Trin. mu
  • Tty. mu
  • Ttl. ṅue
    • ṅual "that place" (*mu-ra?)


*mudan — "to stay"

  • Kat. muza (II)
    • muzdaga "to support" (*mudan-taka)
    • muzaksira "tradesperson" (*mudan-ku-dira)
    • muzaku "to support" (*mudan-ku)
  • Trin. mul
  • JS moun "to wait"


*mugan — "bean"

  • Wok. muwo
  • Kat. (II)
  • JS mujan


*muku — "fruit"

  • Pot. moko
  • Kat. mugu
  • Trin. muk, kuk
  • JS muku
    • skəyku "blackcurrant" (*sVki-muku)
  • Ttl. ṅua


*mumma — "and then"

  • Pot. mumma
  • Kat. mūma
    • kūma "neither/nor" (*kimi-mumma?)


*mumsan — "guts" (IP)

  • Kat. mupa (II)
  • Trin. muz
  • JS mussan
  • Tty. -muso


*muni — "shoe"

  • Pot. moni
  • Kat. muni
  • Trin. mun, mnik
  • JS məyta (*muni-ta)
  • Tty. mul


*mupin — "toe" (IP)

  • Kat. muhi, mū, mi (II)
  • Trin. mup
  • JS pmimmu (*mupin-mu)
  • Tty. -vufi, -mufi


*mupum — "owl"

  • Kat. muhu (III)
  • JS pmuppu (*mupum-bu)


*murimi — "to be smooth"

  • Kat. murimi
  • Trin. rims (*murimi-ki)
  • JS mrəi "to be calm"
    • mrəifa "floor" (*murimi-pa)


*musugam — "to be famous"

  • Wok. mushəwo, muhəgo
  • Pot. mosoya
  • Kat. muzō (III) "to be sacred"
  • Trin. musoz (*musugam-ki)
  • JS smujan


*mutun — "son"

  • Wok. muto, -buton
  • Pot. motu
  • Kat. mudu (II)
  • Trin. mut, tug
  • JS mutein

N

Na

*nabi — "to weigh"

  • Kat. nawi "to hold up"
    • nawizu (II) "to be heavy" (*nabi-sun)
  • Trin. naw
  • JS nei


*nadan — "to be sturdy"

  • Kat. naza (II)
    • nazdimi "to freeze" (*nadan-timi)
  • JS naukki "hard" (*nadan-ki)


*nadi — "country"

  • Wok.
  • Kat. nazi
  • Trin. nal


*nagan — "to be good"

  • Kat. (II)
    • nākazi "pleasure" (*nagan-kasi)
    • nāku (II) "to help" (*nagan-ku)
  • Trin. nânas (*nagan-ki)
  • JS nvakki "good" (*nagan-ki)
    • nvakmajein "to smell good" (*nagan-ki-magin)
    • nvaksita "to taste good" (*nagan-ki-sita)
    • njatta "hero" (*nagan-da)


*nakata — "to damage"

  • Kat. nagada
  • Trin. nakat
  • JS knata
    • nakteitta "destruction" (*nakata-ninta)
  • Ttl. nete


*naku — "skin" (IP)

  • Kat. nagu
  • Trin. nak
  • JS naku


*namki — "to hide"

  • Kat. nākizu (II) "to be secret" (*namki-sun)
  • Trin. nag
  • JS nakki intr.
    • naktaka tr. (*namka-taka)
  • Tty.
    • k’inak’o "cover" (*tim-kin-nanka-kim)
  • Ttl. nok


*nampa — "to hear"

  • Pot. nâmpa
  • Kat. nāma
  • Trin. nab
  • JS nappa


*namti — "vagina", "vulva" (IP)

  • Wok. noti
  • Kat. nati
  • Trin. nad
  • Tty. -ná


*nanka — "to be long"

  • Pot. nâka
  • Kat. naka
  • Trin. gas (*nanka-ki)
  • JS knaki (*nanka-ki)


*nanta — "to hate"

  • Pot. nâta
  • Kat. nata
    • natsira "enemy" (*nanta-dira)
  • Trin. nad
  • JS natta
    • tnau "knife" (*nanta-da)


*napa — "to decide"

  • Kat. tipanaha, tipana "to govern" (*tim-ra-napa)
    • nagi, nāgi (III) "custom" (*napa-kim)
    • nāgiru, nagru (III) "lord" (*napa-kim-rum)
  • Trin. nap
  • JS nafa
    • pnaroun "chief" (*napa-rum)
    • pnau "shaman" (*napa-da)


*nara — "fire"

  • Wok. nara
  • Kat. nara
  • Trin. nar
  • JS nrou (*nara-bu)


*naram — "to burn"

  • Wok. naro
  • Kat. nara (III)
  • Trin. nar
  • JS natrəí "to burn (intr.)" (*naram-timi)
    • natraka "burn (tr.)" (*naram-taka)
  • Tty. neyávye (*nara-timi-ba)
    • neyávó "kindling wood" (*nara-timi-kim)


*nasim — "to fear"

  • Wok. nahe, nashe "to hate"
  • Kat. nazi (III) "to shake"
    • nazgu "to frighten" (*nasim-ku)
  • Trin. nas
  • JS nasoun "to be surprised"


*nata — "tooth" (IP)

  • Kat. nada
  • Trin. nat
  • JS natkiki (*nata-kiki)
    • tnou "jaw" (*nata-bu)


*natin — "flower"

  • Pot. nate "harvest sacrifice"
  • Kat. nadi (II)
    • Nadzuti "Flower-voice" (*natin-sunti)
  • JS natein

Ni

*niban — "to wash"

  • Kat. niwa (II)
  • Trin. niw, wab
  • JS nein "to dye"
    • neikkoun "color" (*niban-kim)
    • niptaka "to wash" (*niban-taka)


*nida — "fat"

  • Kat. niza
  • Trin. nil
  • JS nei


*nidiri — "to be low"

  • Kat. niziri, nizwi "to be dirty"
  • Trin. nilirs (*nidiri-ki)
  • JS niri "be subordinate"
    • niriki "low" (*nidiri-ki)
  • Tty. nozyo


*niga — "to shine", "to be bright"

  • Pot. niyaha "gold" (*niga-da)
  • Kat. "to be pure"
    • nēgēnazu "gold" (*niga-ki-ganasu)
  • Trin.
    • nês "bright" (*niga-ki)
  • JS nija "to stand out"
    • njautan "star" (*niga-da-tam)
    • nvakréi "east" (*niga-ki-raga)
    • nitjəí "to brighten" (*niga-timi)


*nikan — "to care"

  • Kat. niga (II)
  • Trin. nik
  • JS nikan "to worry"


*nimkan — "to swim"

  • Pot. nenkâ
  • Kat. nika (II)
  • JS nikkan


*nimki — "to love"

  • Pot. nenki
  • Kat. niki "to have sex"
  • Trin. nig
    • gis, nigs "kind" (*nimki-ki)
  • JS nikki
  • Ty.


*nimpi — "to be clean"

  • Kat. nīmi
  • Trin. bis (*nimpi-ki)
  • JS pniki (*nimpi-ki)


*nimtam — "daughter" (IP)

  • Kat. nita (III)
  • Trin. nid, dag
  • JS nittan
  • Tty. -lŏta, -nta


*nimti — "now", "present time"

  • Pot. nenti
  • Kat. nitida (*nimti-ta)
    • nitiri "future" (*nimti-ri)
  • JS tnəita (*nimti-dita)
  • Ttl. joc


*niNtin — "number"

  • Kat. niti (II)
  • JS tnippu (*niNtin-bu)


*nipi — "to sneeze"

  • Kat. nihi, nī, ni
  • Trin. nip
  • JS nifi
    • nipkasi "sneeze" (*nipi-kasi)


*niri — "to get"

  • Kat. niri
  • Trin. nir
  • JS niri
  • Ttl. juekjuelke "twice" (*miki-niri-ki)
    • cualjuelke "thrice" (*pira-niri-ki)

Nu

*nudu — "to look"

  • Pot. noho
  • Trin. nul
  • JS nuvu
    • nutvaka "to attract attention" (*nudu-taka)
    • nusi "therefore" (*nudu?-si)


*numiN — "have sex"

  • Wok. nonbe
  • JS nəyn


*numna — "to eat"

  • Wok. nona, nonda
  • Pot. nunna
  • Kat. nūna
    • nūnaza "food" (*numna-da)
  • JS nunna
    • kəijunna "to starve" (*kimi-numna)
  • Ttl. nuon


*numti — "sister" (IP)

  • Pot. nunti
  • Kat. nuti
  • Trin. nud, dig
  • JS nutti
  • Tty. -lyú, -nyú


*numti — 9

  • Pot. nunti
  • Kat. nuti
  • JS nutti
  • Sw. nótš
  • Tty. nyú
  • Ttl. nuoc


*nupa — "to cook"

  • Pot. nopa
  • Kat. nuha, nū, na
  • Trin. nup
  • JS nuptaka (*nupa-taka)
    • pnakoun "cauldron" (*nupa-kim)
    • pnafa "hearth" (*nupa-pa)
  • Tty. nufe, nufya


*nuri — "peace"

  • Kat. nuri
  • Trin. nur


*nurum — "pleasure"

  • Kat. nuru (III)
  • Trin. nurnur
  • JS nuroun
  • Tty. nuyu "toy"


*nutudu — "hoe"

  • Wok. nəsə̄
  • Pot. notoho
  • Kat. nuduzu
  • Trin. tul
  • JS tnuvu

P

Pa

*pabi — "ribbon"

  • Kat. hawi "belt"
    • hawimiri "to be thin" (*pabi-miri)
  • Trin. paw
  • JS pei
  • Sw. bowtš


*padi — "finger" (IP)

  • Kat. hazi
  • Trin. pal
  • JS pitan (*padi-tam)
    • pjəy "thumb" (*padi-bu)
  • Tty. -fezo, -pezo


*paga — "sky"

  • Pot. paya
  • Kat.
  • Trin.
  • JS. pei


*pagidi — "mussel", "shell"

  • Kat. hawī "clam", "bivalve"
    • hawīni "pearl" (*pagidi-pini)
  • Trin. pail, pailak
  • JS peiji


*pakan — "pain"

  • Kat. haga (II)
    • hagati "wound" (*pakan-kanti)
  • Trin. pak
  • JS pakan "disaster"
  • Tty. peko


*paki — "to break"

  • Kat. hagi
  • Trin. pak, pakiw
  • JS paki


*paku — "to change"

  • Kat. hagu
  • JS pkəytta "transformation" (*paku-ninta)
    • paktəí "to go insane" (*paku-timi)
    • pakutjéi "lunatic" (*paku-timi-da)


*pam — "but"

  • Wok. fo
    • pota "as" (*pam-ta)
  • Pot. pân
  • Kat. ha
  • JS paun
  • Ttl. po


*pamki — "bow"

  • Wok. foki
  • Pot. pâki
  • Kat. haki
  • Trin. pag
  • JS pakki
  • Tty.


*pankam — "drum"

  • Wok. foko
  • Pot. pâkân "to dance"
  • Kat. haka (III)
  • Trin. papag
  • JS pkappu (*pankam-bu)


*pansa — "to be safe", "to be steady"

  • Kat. hata
  • Trin. psas (*pansa-ki)
  • JS psaki "normal" (*pansa-ki)


*pansin — "to be strong"

  • Pot. pâse
  • Kat. hati (II)
    • hatikazi "power" (*pansin-kasi)
  • Trin. bziz (*pansin-ki)
  • JS passein "to win";
  • psikki "strong" (*pansin-ki)
  • Ttl. pii


*paNta — "body"

  • Kat. hata "flesh", "meat"
    • hātugi "shirt" (*paNta-puki)
  • JS pteiri "thing" (*paNta-niri)


*paru — "grass"

  • Pot. paro
  • Kat. haru
  • Trin. par
  • JS prəu (*para-bu)


*patam — "milk"

  • Pot. patân
  • Kat. hada (III)
  • Trin. pat
  • JS patan
  • Tty. peta


*pati — "pig"

  • Pot. pati
  • Kat. hadi
  • Tty. pyé

Pi

*pi — "and", "however"

  • Wok. fipi (*pi-pi)
  • Pot. pi "or"
    • ropi "despite" (*ru?-pi)
  • Kat. hi "if/then"
  • JS pi


*pibam — "to be grey"

  • Kat. hiwa (III) "to be gloomy"
  • Trin. pwaz (*pibam-ki)
  • JS peikki (*pibam-ki)


*pida — "middle"

  • Kat. hiza
  • Trin. pil
  • JS peitan (*pida-tam)
    • pjou "main part" (*pida-bu)


*pigi — 5

  • Pot. piji
  • Kat.
  • Trin.
  • JS piji
  • Sw. boy
  • Tty. poho
  • Ttl. cui


*piki — "bread"

  • Pot. piki
  • Kat. higi
    • higōzu, higīzu "oven" (II) (*piki-gudun)
  • Trin. pik
    • pikit "to bake" (*piki-gitin?)


*pimaru — "turtle"

  • Pot. pimaro
  • Kat. himaru
  • JS peiru


*pimka — "brother" (IP)

  • Pot. penka
  • Kat. hika
  • Trin. pig, gak
  • JS pikka
    • pkata "twin" (*pimka-ta)
    • tapkóu "enemy" (*tam-pimka-bu?)
  • Tty. -foke, -k’e


*pin — "with"

  • Kat. hi
  • JS pin
  • Tty. fi
  • Ttl. cui


*piNkin — "flour"

  • Wok. feke
  • Kat. hiki (II)
  • Trin. pipig


*piNti — "hair"

  • Kat. hiti
  • Trin. pid


*piNtu — "to hang"

  • Kat. hitu
  • Trin. pid
  • JS pittu


*pipidi — "to join"

  • Kat. hizi, hīzi "to build"
  • Trin. pil "to stick"
  • JS pfiji "to adhere"


*pira — 3

  • Pot. pira
  • Kat. hira
  • Trin. pir
  • JS pira
  • Sw. boyra
  • Tty. pye
  • Ttl. cual
    • cualjuelke "thrice" (*pira-niri-ki)


*piran — "bird"

  • Kat. hira (II)
  • Trin. pir
  • JS prakkein (*piran-kin)


*pirata — "to be mixed"

  • Kat. hirada
  • Trin. pirts (*pirata-ki)


*piri — "to think"

  • Pot. pil
  • Kat. hiri
  • Trin. pir
  • JS prəi (*piri-rini)


*pisan — "path"

  • Kat. hizānu (II) "story", "destiny" (*pisan-bu)
  • Trin. pis
  • JS psattan (*pisan-tam)

Pu

*pudu — "to blow", "to breathe"

  • Kat. huzu
  • Trin. pul
  • JS puvu


*puga — "hand" (IP)

  • Pot. poya
  • Kat.
  • Trin.
  • JS pjata (*puga-ta)
  • Tty. -puhe


*puki — "cloth"

  • Pot. poki
  • Kat. hugi
    • kāzugi, ksīgi "trousers" (*kasi-puki)
    • hugīni "loom" (*puki-pini)
    • hātugi "shirt" (*paNta-puki)
  • Trin. puk
  • JS puki
    • pkəy "clothing" (*puki-bu)


*pun — "spirit"

  • Kat. hu (II)
    • hukawi "spirit world" (*pun-kabi)
    • hutagu "god" (*pun-taku)
  • JS pun


*puna — "to be brown"

  • Kat. huna
  • Trin. pnas (*puna-ki)
  • JS pouki "brown" (*puna-ki)
    • pouktəí "to rot" (*puna-ki-timi)


*puNta — "to marry"

  • Kat. huta
  • Trin. pud
  • JS putta
    • ptafa "wedding" (*puNta-pa)


*punu — "table"

  • Pot. pono
  • Kat. hunu
  • Trin. pun
  • JS pəu "flat surface"
    • sanipəu "rice paddy" (*sanin-punu)


*pusun — "leaf"

  • Kat. huzu (II)
  • Trin. pus
  • JS pusein
    • psummu "vegetation" (*pusun-mu)


*putam — "hill"

  • Wok. hoto "village"
  • Pot. potân
  • Kat. huda (III)
    • hudapā "slope" (*putam-saga)
  • JS putan
  • Tty. puta "village"

R

Ra

*ra — "for"

  • Wok. -Ṽdira (*V-ni-ra)
  • Pot. -ra
  • Kat. ra
  • Trin. -ra
  • JS ra
  • Tty. ye
  • Ttl. -lue


*raban — "basket"

  • Kat. rawa (II)
  • Trin. raw, wag
  • JS raun


*radim — "to open"

  • Pot. rahe
  • Kat. razi (III)
  • Trin. ral
  • JS rajoun tr., rissein intr. (*radim-sun)


*radun — "wasp"

  • Kat. razu (II)
  • Trin. ral
  • Tty. yezyu


*raga — "side"

  • Kat.
  • Trin.
  • JS rjata (*raga-ta)
    • kupséi "west" (*kupun-raga)
    • nvakréi "east" (*niga-ki-raga)


*ragibun — "scorpion"

  • Kat. rēwu (II)
  • Trin. rau, raunak
  • JS rjəyn "mythical beast"


*raka — "to be closed"

  • Kat. raga
    • ragagu "to close" (*raka-ku)
    • ragani "to end" (*raka-ni?)
  • Trin. rak
  • JS raka
    • krei "to close" (*raka-ni?)
  • Sw. rdže-


*ram — "what"

  • Pot.
  • Kat. ra
    • rāmi "how" (*ram-mi)
  • Trin. ran, rag
  • JS rakkoun "why" (*ram-kim)
  • Tty. ya
  • Ttl. luo


*rampan — "bridge"

  • Kat. rāma (II)
  • Trin. rab
  • JS rappan
  • Tty. yapyo
  • Ttl. luopi


*ramsa — "woman"

  • Pot. ransa
  • Kat. rapa
  • Trin. raz
  • Tty. yase
  • Ttl. luos


*ramtam — "storm", "hurricane"

  • Wok. roto
  • Pot. rântân "late summer"
  • Kat. rata (III)
  • Trin. rarad
  • JS trappu (*ramtam-bu)


*raNki — "tribe"

  • Kat. rakiwu "nation" (*raNki-bu)
    • Katapaki "Katapaki nation" (*kantam-raNki)
  • Trin. rag
  • JS. rakki
    • krəy "nation" (*raNki-bu)


*raNta — "leather"

  • Kat. rata
  • Trin. rad


*rapam — "to meet"

  • Pot. rapânta "near" (*rapam-ta)
  • Kat. raha, ra (III)
  • Trin. rap
  • JS rapsəí (*rapam-rini)
    • prattaka "to combine" (*rapam-taka)
    • rapmiri "to connect" (*rapam-miri)
  • Tty. yefape (*rapam-ba)


*rapi — "autumn"

  • Pot. rapi
  • Kat. rahi
  • Trin. rap
  • JS rafi
  • Tty. yefo


*rasa — "horn of an animal" (IP)

  • Kat. razada, razda "pair of horns" (*rasa-ta)
  • Trin. ras
  • JS rasa
  • Tty. -yese, -sese


*ratan — "to move"

  • Pot. ratâ
  • Kat. rada (II)
    • rādiri "to return" (*ratan-riri)
  • Trin. rat

Ri

*riban — "to be angry"

  • Pot. rabâ
  • Kat. riwa (II) "to be bad"
  • JS reikki (*riban-ki)


*ribi — "year"

  • Kat. riwi
  • Trin. riw
  • JS rəi


*rida — "powder", "dust"

  • Kat. riza
  • Trin. ril
  • JS rei


*ridin — "to be smooth"

  • Kat. rizi (II)
  • JS rikki (*ridin-ki)


*rika — "to learn"

  • Kat. riga
    • rigini "to teach" (*rika-ni?)
  • Trin. rik
  • JS krəi (*rika-ni?)


*rimpa — "to meet", "to fulfill"

  • Kat. rīma
  • Trin. rib


*rimpun — "lion"

  • Pot. renpu
  • Kat. rīmu
  • Trin. rib, big
  • JS rippein


*rimni — "to laugh"

  • Kat. rīni
    • Rīnidī "Laughing" (*rimni-tipi)
  • Trin. rin
  • JS rinni
  • Tty. yon
    • cuveyon’ "ridiculous feature" (*tim-ruma-rimni-kim)


*rinu — "to be free"

  • Kat. rinu
  • Trin. nus (*rinu-ki)
  • JS rəyku "to release" (*rinu-ku)


*ripa — "meat"

  • Kat. riha, rī, ra "strength"
  • Trin. rip
  • JS rifa


*ripini — "to be secret"

  • Kat. rīnizi (II) "spy" (*ripini-sudim)
  • Trin. ripnis (*ripini-ki)
  • JS prəiki (*ripini-ki)


*rirun — "arrow"

  • Wok. riro
  • Kat. riru (II)
  • Trin. ririr
  • JS rirein
  • Tty. yoyu


*riti — "to be fast"

  • Kat. ridi
  • Trin. tis (*riti-ki)
  • JS riti "to run"
    • triki "fast" (*riti-ki)

Ru

*ru — "on"

  • Kat. ru
  • Trin. -ru
  • JS ru
  • Tty. yu
  • Ttl. -ve


*ruba — "ball"

  • Kat. ruwa
  • Trin. ruw
  • JS rou "bundle"
    • roukein "lump" (*ruba-kin)
    • rouvákki "radish" (*ruba-mamki)


*rudi — "to appear", "to be new"

  • Kat. ruzi
  • Trin. lis "new" (*rudi-ki)
  • JS ruji
    • vriki "new" (*rudi-ki)


*rugun — "sign"

  • Kat. (II)
    • Tiharū "Horse-omen" (*tipan-rugun)
  • Trin. rûn
  • JS rujein "picture"
    • rumiri "to signify" (*rugun-miri)


*rukun — "hook"

  • Kat. rugu
  • Trin. ruk
  • JS rukein
    • kruppu "elbow" (*rukun-bu)


*rum — "man"

  • Wok. rosoka "crowd" (*rum-tuNka)
  • Pot. run
  • Kat. ru (III)
    • nāgiru, nagru (III) "chief" (*napa-kim-rum)
  • Trin. rum
  • JS run
  • Ttl. vo


*ruma — "onto"

  • Kat. ruma
  • Trin. -run
  • Tty. yuve
  • Ttl. -vem


*rumpa — "bee"

  • Kat. rūma
  • Trin. rub
  • JS ruppa
    • prafa "beehive" (*rumpa-pa)


*runi — "tail" (IP)

  • Kat. runi
  • Trin. run
  • JS rəy
  • Tty. -yul, -sul


*runtu — "fog", "mist"

  • Kat. rutu
  • Trin. rud
  • JS ruttu


*rupi — "to smoke", "to burn"

  • Kat. ruhi, rū, ri "to be angry"
  • Trin. rup
  • JS rufi


*ruri — "off"

  • Kat. ruri
  • Trin. -rur
  • Tty. yuy
  • Ttl. -vel

S

Sa

*sadin — "to feel"

  • Kat. sazi (II)
  • Trin. sal, lib
  • JS sajein


*saga — "head" (IP)

  • Kat.
  • Trin.
  • JS sei


*sagina — "to be different"

  • Kat. sēna
  • Trin. sainas (*sagina-ki)
  • JS sjei
    • sjeiki "different"


*saku — "rat"

  • Pot. sako
  • Kat. sagu
  • Trin. sak
  • JS saku


*samsa — "eagle"

  • Kat. sapa, spa
  • Trin. saz
  • JS sassa


*sanin — "rice"

  • Wok. shane
  • Kat. sani (II)
  • Trin. san
  • JS sani
    • sanipəu "rice paddy" (*sanin-punu)


*saNkana — "edge"

  • Kat. skana, sakana
  • Trin. zgan
  • JS skau


*sanpa — "steam"

  • Kat. sāna
  • Trin. sab
  • JS sappa


*santi — "to say"

  • Pot. sâti
  • Kat. sati, sti
    • hitati "to agree with" (*pin-santi)
  • Trin. sad
  • Ttl. sic


*sapi — "to end"

  • Kat. sārini, sirini "to perish" (*sapi-rini)
  • Trin. sap
  • JS spifa "end" (*sapi-pa)
    • sapkasi "end" (*sapi-kasi)


*satun — "to cover"

  • Kat. saduki (III) "blanket" (*satun-kim)
    • satini (II) "to hide" (*satun?-rini)
  • JS stukkoun "blanket" (*satun-kim)

Si

*si — "this"

  • Pot. si
  • Kat. si
    • simi "like this" (*si-mi)
  • Trin. si
  • JS si
    • səikoun "like this" (*si-ni-kim)
    • nusi "therefore" (*nudu?-si)
  • Tty.
  • Ttl. e
    • al "this place" (*si-ra?)
    • aj "thus" (*si-mi)


*siba — "worm"

  • Kat. siwa
  • Trin. siw
  • JS seitan (*siba-tam)


*sidam — "family"

  • Pot. sihân
  • Kat. siza (III)
  • Trin. sil, lag
  • JS sein
  • Tty. sozat’u "relative" (*sidam-timtu)


*sigi — "to sleep"

  • Kat.
  • Trin.


*sikinmi — "flea"

  • Kat. skīni, sikīni
  • Trin. skim
  • JS siknəý
  • Tty. sóno


*sikun — "to sew"

  • Kat. sigu (II) "to stitch"
  • Trin. sik, skub
  • JS sikein
    • skuppa "stitch" (*sikun-pa)


*sima — 6

  • Pot. sima
  • Kat. sima
  • Trin. sim
  • JS sei
  • Sw. že
  • Tty. sve
  • Ttl. em


*simka — "winter"

  • Pot. senka
  • Kat. sika
  • Trin. sig, zgak


*simni — "shrimp"

  • Kat. sīni
  • Tty. sno


*simsimma — "mole"

  • Kat. spīma, sipīma
  • Trin. zim
  • JS tsimma
    • kjeitsimma "hedgehog" (*?-simsimma)


*simu — "to climb"

  • Wok. shimu, henbu
  • Kat. simu


*siNki — "snow"

  • Kat. siki
  • Trin. sisig
  • JS sikki


*sinna — "breast" (IP)

  • Wok. hendata (*sinna-ta)
  • Kat. sīnada "two breasts" (*sinna-ta)
  • JS snata (*sinna-ta)
  • Tty. -sine


*sinni — "to see"

  • Pot. seni
  • Kat. sīni
  • JS sinni "to think", "to remember"
  • Tty. sin, sinye
    • tomsin’ "mirror" (*tim-mi-sinni-kim)
  • Ttl. ij


*sinta — "to be happy"

  • Pot. seta
  • Kat. sita, sta
  • Trin. zdas (*sinta-ki)
  • JS sitta "to succeed"
    • staki "effective" (*sinta-ki)


*sinun — "louse"

  • Pot. sinu
  • Kat. sinu (II)
  • Trin. sinin
  • JS səymmu (*sinun-mu)
  • Tty. slyu


*sipa — "name" (IP)

  • Kat. siha
  • JS sifa
    • spaviki "famous" (*sipa-dudi-ki)
  • Sw. zbawuye "to be famous" (*sipa-dudi)
  • Tty. sofe


*sipin — "to fly"

  • Pot. sipe
  • Kat. sihi (II)
  • Trin. sisip
  • JS sifein
    • sipkasi "journey" (*sipin-kasi)


*sira — "snake"

  • Kat. sira
  • Trin. sisir
  • JS srou (*sira-bu)


*siri — "to be sweet"

  • Kat. siri "to be kind"
  • Trin. sris (*siri-ki)
  • JS sriki (*siri-ki)


*sita — "to taste"

  • Kat. sita
  • Trin. sitit
  • JS sita
    • nvaksita "to taste good" (*nagan-ki-sita)
    • tsuksita "to taste bad" (*tutu-ki-sita)
  • Tty. sotya (*sita-ba)


*siti — "to be sour"

  • Kat. sidi
  • Trin. stis (*siti-ki)


*situm — "knot"

  • Kat. sidu, stu (III)
  • Trin. sit
  • JS sitoun


*situn — "to tie"

  • Kat. sidu, stu (II)
  • Trin. sit
  • JS sitein

Su

*subun — "shore", "river bank"

  • Wok. shū
  • Pot. sobu
  • Kat. suwu, swu (II)
  • Trin. suw
  • JS səun


*sudin — "to give"

  • Wok. shū, hude
  • Pot. sohe
  • Kat. suzi, si (II)
    • suksuzi, sukāzi "to conduct rituals" (*sumka-sudin)
  • Kat. rīnizi (II) "spy" (*ripini-sudim)
  • Trin. sul, slib
  • JS sujein


*sugi — "to be short"

  • Pot. soyi
  • Kat. sū, sē
  • JS siki (*sugi-ki)


*sugun — "shame"

  • Kat. (II)
  • Trin. sûn


*suku — "to fall"

  • Kat sugu, sku
  • Trin. suk, skuw
  • JS suku
  • Tty. suko (*suku-ba)
  • Ttl. sua


*sumin — "spring" (season)

  • Pot. some "flower"
  • Kat. sumi (II)
  • Trin. sum, smig
  • JS səyn


*sumpu — "island"

  • Kat. sūmu "dry land"
  • Trin. sub
    • Zbur, Zubrik "Trinesian islands" (*sumpu-ri)
  • JS spukein (*sumpu-kin)
  • Tty. supo


*sumka — "power"

  • Pot. sunka
  • Kat. suka
    • suksuzi, sukāzi "to conduct rituals" (*sumka-sudin)
  • Trin. sug
  • JS sukka
    • skou "magic" (*sumka-bu)


*sunki — "fish"

  • Pot. suki "disgusting"
  • Kat. suki, ski
  • Trin. susuk
  • JS sukki


*sunti — "voice" (IP)

  • Pot. suti
  • Kat. suti, sti
    • sutiduka "language" (*sunti-tuNka)
    • Kataputi "Kataputi language" (*kantam-sunti)
    • Nadzuti "Flower-voice" (*natin-sunti)
  • Trin. sud
  • JS stəy (*sunti-bu)
  • Tty. -syú


*sura — "mouth" (IP)

  • Kat. sura, swa
  • Trin. sur
  • JS sura
    • srata "ears" (*sura?-ta)
  • Tty. -suye


*surin — "brush"

  • Kat. suri, swi (II)
  • Trin. susur
  • JS surein "reed"


*suru — "time"

  • Pot. sol
  • Kat. suru
  • Trin. surur
  • JS suru
  • Sw. zwor, zo'ror
  • Tty. suy


*susina — "cow", "cattle"

  • Pot. sosina
  • Kat. sina, susina
  • Trin. sin, sunak
  • JS tsei

T

Ta

*ta — "at"

  • Pot. -ta
  • Kat. ta
  • Trin. -ta
  • JS ta
  • Tty. te
  • Ttl. -te


*taba — "bag"

  • Kat. tawa
    • tētawa "winnowing fan" (*tigan-taba)
  • Trin. taw
  • JS tveiri "to hold" (*taba-miri)
    • tveiréi "bag" (*taba-miri-da)


*tabibi — "fish eggs"

  • Kat. twiwi, tōwi
  • JS teijəý (*tabibi-mu)


*tada — "father" (IP)

  • Pot. taha, tata
  • Kat. taza
  • JS tau
    • tauta "parents" (*tada-ta)
  • Tty. -teze
  • Ttl. tde


*tagan — "wall"

  • Kat. (II)
    • tānu "fortification" (*tagan-bu)
  • Trin. tân
  • JS tein
  • Tty. teho


*tagi — "face" (IP)

  • Kat.
  • Trin. tai, tik
  • JS taji "front"
  • Tty. -teho


*takan — "knife"

  • Pot. takâ
  • Kat. taga (II)
  • Trin. tak, tkag
  • JS takan
  • Tty. teko
  • Ttl. tei


*taku — "to be narrow"

  • Pot. tako
  • Kat. tagu
  • Trin. tkus (*taku-ki)


*tam — "not"

  • Wok. so
  • Pot. tân
  • Kat. ta
  • JS taun


*tama — "to"

  • Pot. batama (*ba?-tama)
  • Kat. tama
  • Trin. -tan
  • JS tau
  • Tty. teve
  • Ttl. -tem


*tama — "to be deep"

  • Kat. tama
  • Trin. tmas (*tama-ki)
  • JS tauki (*tama-ki)


*tampa — "hammer"

  • Kat. tāma
  • Trin. tab, dbak
  • JS tappa "hand"
    • tpakoun "hammer" (*tampa-kim)


*tamta — "to put"

  • Pot. tânta
  • Kat. tata
  • Trin. tad, daw
  • JS tatta


*tamu — "past"

  • Pot. tamo
  • Kat. tamu
  • Trin. tam
  • Ttl. taṅ-, -tṅue


*tansa — "to be warm"

  • Kat. tata
  • Trin. dzas (*tansa-ki)
  • JS tsaki (*tansa-ki)


*taNtu — "to be cruel"

  • Kat. tatu "to torture"
  • Trin. dudus (*taNtu-ki)
  • JS tattu


*tapa — "to be flat"

  • Pot. tapapa "field" (*tapa-pa)
  • Kat. taha, tā, ta
  • Trin. tpas (*tapa-ki)
  • JS tpaki (*tapa-ki)
    • tpafa "plains" (*tapa-pa)


*tapam — "to step"

  • Kat. taha, ta (III) "to walk"
  • JS tap
    • tapnitta "footprint" (*tapam-ninta)


*tara — "enemy"

  • Trin. tar
  • JS tara "problem"


*tari — "from"

  • Pot. batari (*ba?-tari)
  • Kat. tari
  • Trin. -tar
  • Tty. tey
  • Ttl. -tel


*tatu — 7

  • Pot. tato
  • Kat. tadu
  • Trin. tat
  • JS tatu
  • Sw. dol
  • Tty. tetu
  • Ttl. tat

Ti

*ti — 1st person exclusive

  • Wok. shishi
  • Pot. ti
  • Kat. ti
  • Trin. ti
  • JS ti
  • Sw. dže
  • Tty. toha (*ti-gam)
  • Ttl. cal (*ti-ra?)


*tigan — "to shake"

  • Wok. shiwo, tigo
  • Kat. (II) "to sort"
    • tētawa "winnowing fan" (*tigan-taba)
    • tēku "to shock" (*tigan-ku)
  • Trin. tên
  • JS tijan
    • tvaksəý "earthquake" (*tigan-ka[ks]i-bu)


*tigi — "wing" (IP)

  • Kat. tīda "two wings" (*tigi-ta)
  • Trin.
  • JS tita (*tigi-ta)
  • Tty. -’oho, -ího
    • -’ohvá, -íhvá "shoulderblade" (*tigi-maNki)


*tika — "stick"

  • Kat. tiga
    • kūdiga "spear" (*kupu-tika)
  • Trin. tik
  • JS tika
    • tkari "tripod" (*tika-ri)


*tiki — 100

  • Pot. tiki
  • Kat. tigi 100
    • tigiwu 1000 (*tiki-bu)
  • Trin. tis
  • JS tiki
  • Tty. kezyekˀo (*kada-tiki)
  • Ttl. cek


*tikidi — "to be sharp"

  • Kat. tigizi, tigzi
    • tigzigi, tigizgi (III) "sword" (*tikidi-kim)
  • Trin. tiklis (*tikidi-ki)


*tikun — "frog"

  • Kat. tigu (II)
  • JS tikein


*timka — "bug"

  • Pot. tenka
  • Kat. tika
  • Trin. tig
  • JS tikka


*timpa — "music"

  • Kat. tīma
  • Trin. tib
  • JS tippa


*timpama — "left side"

  • Kat. tama, tīma
  • Trin. tpam
  • JS tpau


*timtu — "person"

  • Wok. shetə
  • Pot. Tento
  • Kat. titu "citizen"
    • tituniri "social rank" (*timtu-niri)
  • Trin. tid, duk
  • JS. tsuta "couple" (*timtu-ta)
    • tsuri "three people" (*timtu-ri)
  • Tty. sozat’u "relative" (*sidam-timtu)


*timun — "tick (bug)"

  • Kat. timu (II)
  • Trin. tim
  • JS təykkein "flea" (*timun-kin)


*tinadam — "spider"

  • KAt. tinaza (III)
  • Trin. tnal
  • JS tjaun


*tinmi — "to join"

  • Kat. tīmi "to fix"
  • Trin. tin
  • Tty. tim
    • tomtim’ "rowlock" (*tim-mi-tinmi-kim)


*tinpan — "excrement"

  • Wok. shepo
  • Kat. tīna (II)


*tinsi — "to be awake"

  • Kat. titi
  • Trin. dzis (*tinsi-ki)
  • JS tissi
    • tistəí "to wake up" (*tinsi-timi)


*tipan — "horse"

  • Pot. tipâ
  • Kat. tiha (II)
    • Tiharū "Horse-omen" (*tipan-rugun)
  • Trin. tip, tpag


*tipi — "star", "point"

  • Pot. tipi "god"
  • Kat. tīwu (*tipi-bu)
    • tīmiri, timiri "be important"
    • Rīnidī "Laughing" (*rimni-tipi)
  • Trin. titip
    • tipnas "iron" (*tipi-ganasu)
  • JS tifi
  • Tty. fo
  • Ttl. cac


*tipin — "mouse"

  • Pot. tipe
  • Kat. tihi, tī, ti (II)
  • JS tpikkein (*tipin-kin)
  • Tty. fi


*tiraki — "to be quiet"

  • Kat. tragi, tiragi
  • Trin. tirkis (*tiraki-ki)


*tiri — "to pull"

  • Kat. tiri, tri
  • Trin. tir


*tirun — "needle"

  • Kat. tiru, tru (II)
  • JS tirein


*tisan — "knee" (IP)

  • Kat. tsata, tizda "two knees" (*tisan-ta)
  • Trin. tis, tsag
  • JS tisan
  • Tty. -’oso, -ico


*tisu — "roof"

  • Wok. shihə
  • Kat. tizu
  • Trin. titis
  • JS tisu
  • Sw. džez


*titaru — "crawfish"

  • Kat. tidaru, tidru
  • JS tsaru

Tu

*tuban — "egg"

  • Pot. toba
  • Kat. tuwa, twa
  • Trin. tuw, twag
  • JS toun


*tubiNta — "testicle" (IP)

  • Wok. tubeta
  • Kat. twita, tuwita
  • JS təytta


*tubira — "swallow"

  • Pot. tobira "bird"
  • Kat. twira, tuwira
  • Trin. twir, twirak
  • JS təyra


*tuda — "cloud"

  • Kat. tuza, tsa
  • Trin. tul
  • JS tou
    • tvou "bad weather" (*tuda-bu)


*tudun — "mosquito"

  • Kat. tuzu, tsu (II)
    • tuzduka "swarm" (*tudun-tuNka)
  • JS tuvein


*tuganta — "to be dark"

  • Pot. toyâta
  • Kat. tōta
  • Trin. tôdas
  • JS tutjaki "dark" (*tuganta-ki)
    • tutjəí "to grow dark" (*tuganta-timi)


*tugi — "dog"

  • Pot. toyi
  • Kat.
    • tūda (III) "puppy" (*tugi-tam)
  • Trin.
  • JS tuji
  • Tty. tuho
  • Ttl. tui


*tugun — "nose" (IP)

  • Pot. toyu
  • Kat. (II)
  • Trin. tûn
  • JS tujein
  • Tty. -tuhyu


*tuku — "topic"

  • Kat. tugu
  • Trin. tuk
  • JS tuk
    • tkəu "discussion" (*tuku-bu)
    • tkufa "meeting" (*tuku-pa_


*tukugu — "to be true"

  • Pot. tokoyo
  • Kat. tugû
  • Trin. tukus (*tukugu-ki)
  • JS tkuvu


*tum — "to be dead"

  • Pot. tunha "ancestor" (*tum-da)
  • Kat. tu (III)
    • tutawu "ancestor" (*tum-da-bu)
  • Trin. tuz
  • JS tukki "dead" (*tum-ki)
    • tuttəí "to die" (*tum-timi)


*tum — 3rd person feminine

  • Wok. soso
  • Pot. tun
  • Kat. tu
  • Trin. tum
  • JS tun
  • Sw.
  • Tty. tuka (*tum-gam)
  • Ttl. tuos (*tum-ra?)


*tumpa — "nut"

  • Kat. tūma
  • Trin. tub
  • JS tpatan (*tumpa-tam)


*tuNka — "pot"

  • Kat. tuka
    • tukōzu "kiln" (*tuNka-gudun)
  • Trin. tug


*tunti — "to use"

  • Pot. tuti
  • Kat. tuti
  • Trin. tud
  • JS tutti
    • tutrəí "to perform poorly" (*tunri-rini)
  • Tty. tyutye (*tunti-ba)
  • Ttl. tuic


*tupa — "hat"

  • Kat. tuha
  • Trin. tup
  • JS tufa


*tupi — "soul" (IP)

  • Kat. tuhi, tū, ti "person"
  • Trin. tutup
  • JS tufi
  • Tty. -tufo


*tutu — "to be bad"

  • Pot. toto
  • Kat. tudu "to be ill"
  • Trin. tus (*tutu-ki)
  • JS tsuki (*tutu-ki)
    • tsukmajein "to smell bad" (*tutu-ki-magin)
    • tsuksita "to taste bad" (*tutu-ki-sita)


*tutu — "tree trunk"

  • Kat. tudu "body", "torso"
  • Trin. tut
  • JS tutu
    • tsukein "tree stem" (*tutu-kin)
  • Tty. tuto

Unknown formants

Wokatasuto

  • -doki "hair"
  • aku "only"
  • heshire, hehire "to fear"
  • ufu "small settlement"

Potɑnsʉti

  • pihi "flat"
  • mal "few"
  • poso "several"
  • taso "to listen"
  • mire "clean"
  • kâsa "to admire"
  • kuno "to shun"
  • sopipa "spirit world"
  • tal "therefore"
  • mapâ "alcohol"
  • ba-, ho- (elements of adpositions)
  • hukosa "to abandon"
  • kijâ "but"
  • niti "to save"
  • sopani "captors"
  • talta "surprisingly"
  • teku (?)

Kataputi

  • hizi "to starve"
  • hitu "to bake"
  • "or"
  • higada "city"
  • hakrita "commerce"
  • Hawuhū "Anatolionesians"
  • Hazāka "Hazāka plains"
  • titi "cake"
  • (II) "to be full"
  • kātagi "leech"
  • Kukōha "Kukōha inlet in Tagimī
  • Tagimī "Tagimī Great Bay"
  • tatuzi "to cut"

Trinesian

  • rûk "frog"
  • kid "ear"
  • sisik "to starve"
  • kuguk "to imprison"

Jouki Stəy

  • đtəy "hair"
  • kjei "spine", "quill"
  • mjəiri "tingle", "itch"
  • tsəy "feast"
  • nukvissi "roof opening", "chimney"
  • jikka "to reciprocate"
  • mjəy "apparently"
  • miji "maybe"
  • pifein "to tell"
  • pummu "to spare one's life"
  • Jouki "Jouki nation"
  • Prousoun "Prousoun island"
  • Təisi "Təisi capital"

Tetey

  • ute "person"

Internal loanwords

Wokatasuto

Wohata "Wohata coast"

  • Kat. Wēhata

Potɑnsʉti

Tento "Tento people"

  • Kat. Tētu

Kataputi

higada "city"

  • JS jikađa
    • kjatta "village"


nākiru "chief"

  • JS naukiru "mayor"


tukōzu "kiln"

  • JS tkousu "oven"

Jouki Stəy

Jouki "Jouki nation"

  • Kat. Gōki

External loanwords

These words were probably not a part of the Proto-Dumic vocabulary and were introduced later.

Macro-Anatolionesian

cwocwo "shoal of fish"

  • JS kvouku


hmahma "dune"

  • Kat. mimi


kakant "windstorm"

  • Kat. kigita "hurricane"


kañshra "iron"

  • Kat. kēnasa
  • JS keinasa


khwa "river"

  • JS Ku "Ku river"


kniŋ "silver"

  • Kat. haki (II)
  • JS jaki


kret "to fish"

  • Wok. kokirete "fishing season"
    • kokirefono "fisherboat"


ksas sim "grass island"

  • Kat. Kōsima "Kyosshin island"


ktam "head"

  • JS kutan "forehead"


nwa "rope"

  • Kat. wuna


ñok "peninsula", "cape"

  • Kat. nuka "shore"


paryun "sailor"

  • Kat. piru (II)


puhk "storm", "rough seas"

  • Kat. pōka
  • JS pukka


pyun "boat"

  • Wok. kokirefono "fisherboat"


pyupyun "flotilla"

  • Wok. pufono "fisherman"
  • Kat. pupuna "fleet"


sam "shark"

  • Kat. si (III)


sim "island"

  • JS sin "small island"


sisim "archipelago"

  • Kat. sisi (III)
    • sizgigi "island" (*-kiki)


tahp "noble", "precious"

  • Kat. tēputa "nobility"


tatak "mountain range"

  • Kat. Tidika "Tidika mountains"


tko "octopus"

  • Kat. haku


tmats "otter"

  • JS tmauta


twuk "winter"

  • JS təuka


wath "coast", "beach"

  • Kat. wita
  • JS jatta


wan "strait"

  • Kat. wi (II) "channel"


woh sim "big island"

  • Kat. Wōsima "Ōshin island"