O Ayōndui/Lexicon
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This is a basic lexicon of O Ayōndui.
The morphology column indicates whether the word has an extended stem (with or without associated morphophonological alternations) that is used before enclitics and suffixes (including derivational morphemes). Where two extended stems are given, the first one appears before consonants and the second one appears before vowels. A couple of other details are also listed in this column; in such a case the relevant category is mentioned.
| word | morphology | type | meaning | etymology |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| abo- | v. | give | *abu- | |
| abōñiⁿ- | v. | be generous | *abuiŋi- ‘give regularly’ | |
| abossə- | v. | get, receive, be given sth. | (abo- + -^ssə- ‘pass’) | |
| adāyo | n. | a person from the eastern Lukpanic coast | (a- + UB Daayóo ‘the Doayâu language’) | |
| aduənu | n. | a person from Doanu | *adoanu[b] | |
| ai | ai+, air- | n. | bean | *haəl |
| aigə- | v. | announce, say publicly, promise | *aigba- | |
| aihə | n. | wing | *haisa | |
| aiho- | v. | help, support | PTul. *aisu ‘good’ | |
| ainuⁿ- | v. | walk | PTul. *haignu | |
| aipigə- | v. | dream | *haəpigba- | |
| airai | airai+, airar- | n. | buckwheat | *haəlal ‘mass of small objects’ (via ‘grain’) |
| aīshi | n. | a person from Isi | (a- + UB Íši) | |
| aka | adj. | big, thick, wide, loose | *akpa | |
| akaru | n. | sea, ocean | *akpa lu ‘wide ocean’ | |
| āki | n. | fog, mist | *akpea | |
| akken(i)- | v. | understand | PTul. *apken ‘know’ | |
| anīm(i)- | v. | wear tattoos | *aniəm- ‘colored, painted’ | |
| anīnda | anīndau-, anīndab^- | n. | adult, full member of the community | *aniəm tab ‘one who has been tattoed’ |
| annə | annəⁿ- | n. | neck | *amina |
| anzo- | v. | be sacred | PTul. *anso ‘spirit, god’ | |
| añaⁿ- | v. | exert influence on | *aŋea- ‘push’ | |
| añaigə- | v. | urge, convince, persuade | *aŋeaigba- ‘push (socially)’ | |
| añauhe- | v. | push, shove | *aŋeausi- ‘push (physically)’ | |
| añauheō- | v. | get pushed | (añauhe- + -ō- ‘pass’) | |
| añi | añiⁿ- | n. | tooth | *haŋi |
| āŋu | āŋu-, āŋumb^- | n. | awl, needle | *haŋmoab ‘that which pierces’ |
| āo | āo-, āob^- | n. | wind | *ahub |
| apāji | apāji-, apāz- | n. | root | PTul. *aplek |
| appi | app(i)- | n. | smoke | PTul. *asep |
| āpu | n. | lizard | *apoa | |
| apui | apuə-, apur- | adj. | bad, rotten, damaged, flawed, ugly, wrong | *apul |
| arāmi | arāmiⁿ- | n. | farmer | (a- + rāmi: ‘field-person’) |
| āru | āru-, ārup- | n. | carrot | *aloap |
| atima | atimau-, atīmb^- | n. | old person | *atimab |
| atiu | atiⁿ-, atim- | adj. | old | *atim |
| atta- | v. | spit | *adita- | |
| aube | cj. | so, therefore, as a result | *haubi ‘causing’ | |
| ayōndui | ayōnduə-, ayōndur- | n. | an Ayōndui person | *aeaunutul[ib] |
| ayu | ayuⁿ-, ayum- | n. | night | *haim |
| ayūi- | v. | stay, remain | PTul. *ayo ‘stand’ + *-ai- | |
| ayūishi- | v. | leave, abandon | (ayūi- + -shi-: ‘do not stay’) | |
| āza | āz(a)- | n. | (land) animal | PTul. *halak |
| azōu | azōⁿ-, azōm- | n. | food, meal | *hagaum ‘that which is eaten’ |
| baibə | n. | snow | *baəba | |
| bē | cj. | if | *bib | |
| beho | n. | bug, insect | *bisu ‘woodlouse’ | |
| benji | n. | head | PTul. *benki | |
| bēsso | n. | sword | PCW besògù ‘sharp blade’ | |
| beta | adj. | green, raw, unripe | *bita | |
| biu | num. | zero, no, none | *-biu | |
| bohə | adj. | odd, strange, unusual | *busa ‘crazy’ | |
| bopitu | n. | mead | *bupitu ‘honey‹dim›’ | |
| bott(a)- | v. | stand out; behave weirdly; violate the traditions; make a mistake | *busa t- ‘be crazy’ | |
| botu | n. | honey | *butu | |
| buəmēi- | v. | flow (of tides) | *buimeai- | |
| buəmiⁿ- | v. | return; continue | *buimi- | |
| dā | n. | father | PTul. *dasa (irr.) | |
| dāb(i)- | v. | stand | *dalap- | |
| dai | dai-, daib^- | n. | woman | *daəb |
| daiñə | daiñaⁿ- | n. | tail | *daəŋa |
| dakamo | dakamoⁿ- | n. | spear | PTul. *dakmo |
| dāma | dāmau-, dāmb^- | n. | nose | *damab ‘that which breathes’ |
| damaiⁿ- | v. | live, be alive | *damai- ‘keep breathing’ | |
| dāni | dāniⁿ- | adj. | full, whole, complete | *danisa (irr.) |
| dāra | dāra-, dāb- | n. | situation, circumstances | *dalap ‘stand (vn)’ |
| dasada | dasada-, dasadap- | n. | nonsense, joke | *dakadap |
| daya- | v. | shout, call | UB dáya | |
| dē | ord odē < *u deai ‘of twenty’ | num. | twenty | *deai |
| deāt(a)- | v. | cook | PTul. *dayat ‘cook’ | |
| dēigə- | v. | hear, listen | PTul. *dahe + *-igba- | |
| dendo | n. | fence | PTul. *dendu ‘wall’ | |
| dēni | dēn(i)- | n. | ear | PTul. *dilen |
| detto- | v. | marry | *disi du- ‘become a husband’ | |
| dədauhe- | v. | swim | *dadausi- | |
| dimiru | dimī+, dimir- | n. | child | PTul. *dimlu |
| dīsu- | v. | trade, exchange | *diəku- | |
| dīsund(a)- | v. | be traded, be exchanged (of goods) | *diəkum t- | |
| dīsūñiⁿ- | v. | trade regularly; be a merchant | *diəkuiŋi- | |
| dō | ord odō < *u deau ‘of four’ | num. | four | *deau (irr.) |
| dodo- | v. | appear, emerge | *dudu- ‘come suddenly, spring forth’ | |
| dōni | dōniⁿ- | n. | the world | PTul. *donya |
| duədo- | v. | grow | *dui du- ‘become big’ | |
| duədobo- | v. | raise, keep (of animals) | (duədo- + -(a)bo-: ‘let grow’) | |
| duəguniⁿ- | v. | be bigger than | (dui + -guniⁿ-: ‘big-intens’) | |
| Duənu | Duənuⁿ- | top. | Doanu (a city) | *Doanu |
| duəŋai | duəŋai-, duəŋar- | n. | the mainland | *dui ŋmal ‘big land’ |
| dui | dui-, duip- | adj. | big, large, important | PTul. *doip |
| duīdi- | v. | be smaller than | (dui + -ːdi-: ‘big-atten’) | |
| dūmi | dūmiⁿ- | n. | sail (of a boat) | *dumea |
| Dunūo | Dunūⁿ-, Dunūm- | n. | Dunūo (the god of knowledge and skill) | *Dunoam |
| ēba | ēba-, ēmb^- | n. | bird | *hibab ‘one who can fly’ |
| ebāob(e)- | v. | throw | *hibahaub- ‘cause to fly’ | |
| ebedaigə- | v. | waver, hesitate, have no idea what to do | *ibidaigba- ‘float (mentally)’ | |
| ebedə- | v. | float | *ibida- | |
| edeb(e)- | v. | be sweet | *hidib- | |
| ēfai- | v. | behave properly, be a kind person | PTul. *aisu ‘good’ + -ai- | |
| ēga | ēg(a)- | n. | flour | PTul. *elak ‘dust’ |
| ēhēm(i)- | v. | die | PTul. *aisim | |
| eki | n. | crab | *hikpi | |
| embə | n. | idea, inspiration | PTul. *emba ‘dream’ | |
| ēnd(a)- | v. | be mysterious, be obscure | *haim t- ‘be night’ | |
| enza | n. | hill, mountain | PTul. *henka | |
| enzaŋai | enzaŋai-, enzaŋar- | n. | highlands | (ēnza + -(i)ŋai) |
| ēŋgan(i)- | v. | be to the west of | *haimikpani ‘facing towards the night’ | |
| ēregə- | v. | argue in favor of | *hiəligba- ‘defend (socially)’ | |
| erīre | erīrai- | n. | toe | *hil u ilai ‘child of the foot’ |
| ērohe- | v. | defend, protect | *hiəlusi- ‘defend (physically)’ | |
| ēru | ēruⁿ-, ērum- | n. | wall (defensive), barrier, palisade | *hiəlum |
| eshi | n. | ice | PTul. *etsi | |
| eshita- | v. | freeze | (eshi + -ta) | |
| ēsshimi | ēsshimiⁿ- | n. | nest (of a bird) | PTul. *eipki ‘sit’ + *-mi |
| ēyōnə | ēyōnaⁿ- | n. | tip (of an arrow or spear) | *eahoana |
| ēza | ēzau-, ēzab^- | n. | number, amount | *igab ‘count (vn)’ |
| ēzāpi | ēzāpi-, ēzāpir- | n. | flame, spark | *hil u kapil ‘child of the fire’ |
| ezēgaza- | v. | welcome, entertain, impress (with dubious intentions) | UB eseegaasá ‘seat’ | |
| ezəb(e)- | v. | count | *igab- | |
| ədēndaⁿ- | v. | play a drum | *adal madam- ‘hit repeatedly’ | |
| əŋūⁿ- | v. | stab, pierce | *haŋmoa- | |
| əŋūmi | əŋūmiⁿ- | n. | wound | *haŋmoami ‘stab-place’ |
| əttaigə- | v. | curse, cuss, insult | *aditaigba- ‘spit (socially)’ | |
| fō | pron. | (3rd person plural) | *susu | |
| fuəm(i)- | v. | be curious, investigate | *susam- | |
| gaigə- | v. | confront, oppose, resist | *gbaigba- | |
| gaugu | gauguⁿ-, gaugum- | n. | member of the village council | *gba u gbum ‘elder of the city’ |
| gaugund(a)- | v. | take responsibility | *gba u gbum t- ‘be an elder’ | |
| gāya | gāyau-, gāyab^- | n. | fisherman | *voaeab ‘one who goes fishing’ |
| getai | getai-, getar- | n. | forest | *gbital |
| gīhe- | v. | build, make, create | *gbiusi- ‘build (physically)’ | |
| giəssa- | giəssau-, giəssab^- | v. | rebuild, repair | *gbiusi kab- ‘build again’ |
| goāri | goāri-, goārib^- | n. | tattoo | *gboaleab ‘that which is under the skin’ |
| gōzu | n. | warrior | UB góoju ‘head’ | |
| gōzūmuⁿ- | v. | fight (collectively), be at war with | (gōzu + -(u)muⁿ- ‘use warriors’) | |
| gōzushim(i)- | v. | be brave, show courage | (gōzu + -shim(i)-: ‘be like a warrior’) | |
| gōzushinji- | v. | be shy, be timid | (gōzushim(i)- + -shi-: ‘have no courage’) | |
| guŋgan(i)- | v. | be to the east of | *gbumikpani ‘facing towards the cities’ | |
| gūonə | gūonaⁿ- | n. | tree bark | *gboa u na ‘skin of the tree’ |
| ha | pron. | (3rd person singular masculine) | *sa | |
| hagai | hagai-, hagaip- | n. | silver | *savoaəp ‘white metal’ |
| haika- | v. | carry, bring | *saəkpa- | |
| haikasa- | haikasau-, haikasab^- | v. | bring back | *saəkpa kab- ‘bring again’ |
| hāji | hāji-, hāz- | n. | ground, floor, base | PTul. *salik ‘foot’ |
| hamuⁿ- | v. | pull | *samu- | |
| hamuŋguniⁿ- | v. | pull strongly, pull tight | (hamuⁿ- + -guni-: ‘pull-intens’) | |
| hāpi | hāpi-, hāpp- | n. | talisman | *sapip ‘god‹dim›’ |
| happūi | happū+, happūr- | n. | stranger, foreigner | *sapibuəl ‘unknown person from far away’ |
| hashi | n. | lavender | *saki | |
| haudə | n. | shrimp, prawn | PTul. *sabda | |
| hauk(u)- | v. | watch, observe, control | PTul. *sauk ‘see’ | |
| havo | adj. | white, bright | *savu | |
| hebe | n. | eye | PTul. *sibi | |
| hebessu- | v. | be blind | (hebe + -^ssu-: ‘have no eyes’) | |
| hēkkāŋgə- | v. | pray | *[sa]saipikpanigba- ‘mentally face towards the gods’ | |
| hēm(i)- | v. | burn, be on fire | *seam- | |
| hēmōb(e)- | v. | light up, ignite | (hēm(i)- + -ːob(e)-: ‘burn-caus’) | |
| hēŋgə- | v. | be angry | *seamigba- ‘burn (mentally)’ | |
| hēŋgəbo- | v. | annoy, disturb, irritate | (hēŋgə- + -(a)bo-: ‘make angry’) | |
| hēŋgəssə- | v. | get blamed, have anger directed at oneself | (hēŋgə- + -^ssə- ‘pass’) | |
| hepunu | hepun(u)- | n. | egg | PTul. *sepun |
| heta | n. | sand | *sita ‘beach’ | |
| həmmohe- | v. | bite | *saŋimusi- | |
| ho | pron. | (3rd person singular feminine) | *su | |
| hōi | hōi-, hōr- | adj. | small, thin, narrow, tight | *soal |
| homi | homiⁿ- | n. | rain | *sumi |
| homīhe- | v. | be raining (of weather) | *sumiusi- | |
| hōmu | hōmuⁿ- | n. | stuff, things, possessions | *sumoa |
| honda | hond(a)- | n. | day | PTul. *sumat |
| hōre | hōrai- | n. | blood | PTul. *sulai |
| hōrēgə- | v. | hurt (emotionally) | (hōre + -igə-: ‘draw blood by communication’) | |
| hotōgu | hotōg(u)- | n. | horn | PTul. *sotlok ‘horn’ |
| hōvu | hōvuⁿ-, hōvum- | n. | leaf | *suvum |
| i | cj. | and | PTul. *i | |
| īde | īde-, īdeb^- | adj. | proper, real, true, correct | *il dib ‘strong and good’ |
| īdehe | n. | arrow | PCW jidzi | |
| īe | n. | water | PTul. *yihe | |
| iədami | iədamiⁿ- | n. | death | *eadami ‘cessation of breath’ |
| iəffa- | v. | spoil, sabotage | *eavusoa- (irr.) | |
| iəmə | iəmaⁿ- | adj. | high, long, tall | *eama ‘straight’ |
| iətu | n. | brick | *eatu | |
| īhe | īhē-, īhēp- | n. | spirit, god | *il saip ‘great spirit (hon)’ |
| ijīka | n. | politeness; urban manners | UB isiiká ‘honey, sweetness’ | |
| ikīhe- | v. | split, separate | *ikuiusi- ‘split (physically)’ | |
| īmi | īm(i)- | n. | garden | PTul. *yelem |
| īndi | īnd(i)- | n. | heron | PTul. *egnit |
| iŋgīgə- | v. | be headstrong, be stubborn | PTul. *imbak + *-igba-: ‘be like a goat (mentally)’ | |
| īpau | īpaⁿ-, īpam- | n. | path, trail | *iəpam ‘shortcut; mountain pass’ |
| ipiu | ipiə-, ipiəb^- | n. | cowrie shell (used as a currency) | *ipiub |
| īre | īrai- | n. | foot | *ilai |
| irūi | irū+, irūr- | n. | sun | *il uəl ‘the great sun (hon)’ |
| īsaishi | n. | conflict, war | *eakaikea ‘game, competition’ | |
| Īshi | top. | Isi (a city) | UB Íši | |
| isset(i)- | v. | talk to | PTul. *yikket | |
| isuəgə- | v. | share, divide, distribute | *ikuigba- ‘split (socially)’ | |
| īta | n. | river | *iəta | |
| ītasai | ītasai-, ītasaip- | n. | gold | *iətakaəp ‘river metal’ |
| itimu | itimuⁿ-, itimm- | n. | boat (without a sail) | *itimum ‘canoe’ |
| ittoi | adv. | not yet | PTul. *iptoi ‘be not (currently)’ | |
| Īvasu | top. | Iəvaku (a city) | *Iəvaku | |
| ive | n. | worm | *ivi | |
| jiəga | n. | upper-class person from a city | UB jéega ‘clan, lineage’ | |
| jimbuhe- | v. | harvest, reap | *ginipusi- | |
| jimiⁿ- | v. | kill | *gimi- | |
| jimiō- | v. | get killed | (jimi- + -ō- ‘pass’) | |
| kabātu | n. | gathering, celebration | *koabatoa | |
| kādu | n. | beehive | *kpalutu | |
| kai | kai-, kar- | n. | bee | *kpal |
| kainuⁿ- | v. | sleep | *kpaənu- | |
| kainūob(e)- | v. | put to sleep (of children) | (kainu- + -ːob(e)-) | |
| kaite | kaitī-, kaitib^- | n. | beekeeper | *kpaətib ‘bee-person’ |
| karutt(a)- | v. | be busy | *kpalutu t- ‘be like a beehive’ | |
| kashim(i)- | v. | be scary | *kpakim- | |
| katarau | kataraⁿ-, kataram- | n. | fruit | PTul. *katlam |
| kaubo | n. | rope | *kpaubu | |
| kaunau | kaunaⁿ-, kaunam- | n. | meat | PTul. *kabnam |
| kayo | n. | wood | PTul. *kayo | |
| kayōhe- | v. | carve | (kayo + -ohe-: ‘wood-vblz’) | |
| kēmmi | kēmmiⁿ- | n. | bed | *kpaənumi ‘sleep-place’ |
| kī | adj. | yellow | *kuea | |
| ki | pron. | what, who? (interrogative) | *kpi | |
| kida | n. | city-dweller | UB kidá ‘citizen’ | |
| kihə | pron. | when? | *kpisa | |
| kinai | pron. | how, in what manner? | *kpinal | |
| kita | n. | fat, grease, oil | *kpita ‘butter’ | |
| kiu | pron. | so what, what of it? | *kpim | |
| koiri- | v. | come, arrive, accomplish | PTul. *koile ‘come’ | |
| kōppo | n. | yarn, thread | *kpaupibu ‘rope‹dim›’ | |
| kōppoge- | v. | spin | (kōppo + -(i)ge-: ‘make yarn’) | |
| koruəgə- | v. | decide | (UB kólu ‘tie, fasten’ + -igə-) | |
| kuboi- | v. | hurt, injure (physically) | PTul. *kuboi ‘bite’ | |
| kugə | n. | liver | *kpugba | |
| kupuri | kupū+, kupur- | n. | flower | PTul. *kupli ‘flower’ |
| ma | intj. | yes! indeed! | *ma | |
| māgu | māguⁿ-, māgum- | n. | town, city | *mab gbum ‘big city’ |
| mai | mai-, mar- | adj. | blue | *mal |
| mainohe- | v. | dig | *maənusi- | |
| māmbo | māmbo-, māmbob^- | n. | storm | *mab ahub ‘big wind’ |
| mandami | adv. | over and over | *madami | |
| mandau | mandaⁿ-, mandam- | n. | habit, custom, tradition | *madam ‘do repeatedly (vn)’ |
| mānzossu- | v. | taste bland; be boring | (mānzu + -^ssu-: ‘have no salt’) | |
| mānzu | n. | salt | *magoa | |
| māra | māra-, mārap- | n. | high tide | *mab lap ‘big water’ |
| mbeki | n. | lobster | *mab hikpi ‘big crab’ | |
| mbeshim(i)- | v. | be related to | *ŋimibikim- ‘be like a family’ (irr.) | |
| mbīrə- | v. | tie, fasten | *napila- | |
| mbirōu | mbirōⁿ-, mbirōm- | n. | knot | *napilaum ‘that which is tied’ |
| mbīrund(a)- | v. | be attached to, be restrained | (mbīrə- + -und(a)- ‘pass’) | |
| mbūəgə- | v. | concentrate, focus on | *nipuigba- ‘chew (mentally)’ | |
| meādo | n. | military commander | PCW meʔludu ‘warrior (hon)’ | |
| menzu | n. | husband | PTul. *metsu | |
| məppiəni | məppiəniⁿ- | n. | storehouse | *mab peani ‘big basket’ |
| mimbita | n. | puppie, baby dog | *mipita ‘dog‹dim›’ | |
| mimeffu | mimeffuⁿ-, mimeffum- | n. | herbal tea | *mimisuvum ‘hot leaves’ |
| mimiⁿ- | v. | be pleasant, be comfortable | *mimi ‘warm’ | |
| minda | n. | dog | *mita | |
| mō | n. | mother | PTul. *mau | |
| mōndo- | v. | give birth | *mau du- ‘become a mother’ | |
| mosu- | v. | sew | UB mósu | |
| mūmb(i)- | v. | blow, breathe | *moap- | |
| mūnzo | n. | sheep | PCW mòğu | |
| mūnzote | mūnzotī-, mūnzotib^- | n. | shepherd | (mūnzo + -te: ‘sheep-person’) |
| mūŋga | n. | lookout, observation point | *moakpa ‘tower’ | |
| mūoru | n. | port, harbor | *moa u lu ‘harbor of the ocean’ | |
| nai | nēⁿ-, nēmb- | adj. | new, young | *naəp |
| Naibu | Naibuⁿ-, Naibum- | top. | Naəgbum (a city) | UB Naibum |
| naigo | ord unaigo < *u naəp ugbu ‘of six’ | num. | six | *naəp ugbu ‘new hand’ |
| naishi | naishi-, naishib^- | n. | terrace | *naib [u] kib ‘terrace of the house’ |
| naitāmi | naitāmiⁿ- | n. | body | *naətamea ‘all the ribs’ |
| naivo | n. | belly, stomach | *naivu | |
| naivoh(ə)- | v. | be strong, be sturdy | *naivu s- ‘have a stomach’ | |
| nanzanau | nanzanaⁿ-, nanzanam- | n. | yoghurt | *naŋi ganam ‘rotten milk’ |
| narr(i)- | v. | lie, recline | *nalal- | |
| navuəmmuⁿ- | v. | be wise; make a wise decision | *navoanu umu- ‘hold knowledge’ | |
| ndaimi- | ndaimiⁿ- | n. | spring, source (of a river) | *mitaəmi ‘flow-place’ |
| ndārai- | v. | flow (of rivers) | *mitalai- | |
| ndūhe- | v. | fall | *nadulusi- ‘stumble (physically)’ | |
| nēhāgə- | v. | think, consider | *neasaligba- | |
| nēhai | nēhai-, nēhar- | n. | thought, idea, notion, opinion | *neasal ‘think (vn)’ |
| nēi | n. | belt | *neahi | |
| nēmbai | nēmbai-, nēmbar- | n. | baby, toddler | *naəpal |
| nēmbaiha | nēmbaihau-, nēmbaihab^- | n. | pregnant woman | *naəpal sab ‘one who has a baby’ |
| nēmbaih(ə)- | v. | be pregnant | *naəpal s- ‘have a baby’ | |
| nēnda | n. | rib | *naəta | |
| nēndo | n. | headman, chief, leader | PTul. *nayido | |
| niəmə | niəmaⁿ- | n. | ship, boat (with a sail) | *neama ‘boat’ |
| nīgə- | v. | feel (of emotions) | *niligba- | |
| nimbu- | v. | chew | *nipu- | |
| nimīm(i)- | v. | be soft, be smooth | *nimeam- | |
| nimīññ(e)- | v. | be rough, pose obstacles | *nimeam ŋ- ‘be not smooth’ | |
| nīŋga- | v. | fear | *niəkpa- | |
| nōⁿ- | v. | eat | PTul. *nou | |
| nombādi- | v. | be less warm than | (nombə + -ːdi-: ‘be warm-atten’) | |
| nombə- | v. | be warm | PTul. *noba ‘hot’ | |
| nombəguniⁿ- | v. | be hotter than | (nombə- + -guni-: ‘be hot-intens’) | |
| nōmbin(i)- | v. | capture, seize, conquer | PTul. *naubbin ‘take (by force)’ | |
| nōnji- | v. | fast, abstain from eating | (nōⁿ- + -shi-: ‘do not eat’) | |
| nōub(e)- | v. | feed | (nōⁿ- + -ːob(e)-: ‘eat-caus’) | |
| nūniəmə | nūniəmaⁿ- | n. | anchor | *nuəp u neama ‘root of the boat’ |
| nūŋg(e)- | v. | be visible, be obvious | *nuigb[i] ‘touching the eyes’ | |
| nūpumuⁿ- | v. | anchor (a boat) | *nuəp umu- ‘use an anchor’ | |
| nurai | nurai-, nuraip- | n. | face | *nu laəp ‘eyes and nose’ |
| nzoigə- | v. | want, wish, desire | PTul. *nakso + *-igba- | |
| ñaihe- | v. | wash | *ŋaisi- | |
| ñakkə- | v. | be ashamed, be disgraced | *ŋasigba- ‘die (socially)’ | |
| ñanaⁿ- | v. | say, speak | *ŋana- | |
| ñanandaⁿ- | v. | say again, say several times | (ñana- + -ndaⁿ-) | |
| ñaumuⁿ- | v. | hit | *ŋau umu- ‘use a club’ | |
| ñē | aux. | (negative copula; stative non-past) | *ŋai | |
| ñehēsa | n. | attractive person | *ŋeaseaka ‘gem, jewel’ | |
| ñepp(i)- | v. | blend, mix | *ŋisap- | |
| ñeppu | ñeppuⁿ-, ñeppum- | n. | stew | *ŋisapum ‘that which is mixed’ |
| ñettadə- | v. | bathe | *ŋaisidada- ‘wash and swim’ | |
| ñīme | ñīme-, ñīmb^- | n. | family, clan | *ŋimib ‘cluster of buildings’ |
| ñoēndu | n. | beak | *ŋuhim u toa ‘horn of a bird’ | |
| ñū | ord uñū < *u nium ‘of five’ | num. | five | *nium (irr.) |
| ñui | aux. | (negative copula; stative past) | *ŋul | |
| ñumba- | v. | be round | *ŋunupa- | |
| ñuru | ñū+, ñur- | n. | onion | *ŋulu |
| ŋa | pron. | (1st person singular masculine) | *ŋma | |
| ŋāgan(i)- | v. | be to the north of | *ŋmalikpani ‘facing towards the land’ | |
| ŋai | ŋai-, ŋar- | n. | land, region, area | *ŋmal |
| ŋanzo | pron. | (1st person plural inclusive) | *ŋmagu ‘me [and] you’ | |
| ŋau | ŋaⁿ-, ŋam- | n. | dust, dirt | *ŋmam ‘sand’ |
| ŋē | ord otti < *u hiti ‘of two’ < PTul. *het | num. | two | *ŋmib |
| ŋgunīe- | v. | swell, rise (of water), increase, approach, become more important | *mab gbuneai- ‘swell bigger’ | |
| ŋgunīerūi | ŋgunīerū+, ŋgunīerūr- | n. | summer solstice | *mab gbunea [u] il uəl ‘high tide of the sun’ |
| ŋīmb(i)- | v. | fight (individually) | *ŋmeap- | |
| ŋiərə | n. | goat | *ŋmiula | |
| ŋīmbe | ord uŋīmbe < *u ŋmibai ‘of ten’ | num. | ten | *ŋmibai |
| ŋu | pron. | (1st person singular feminine) | *ŋmu | |
| ŋundo | n. | corpse, dead body | *ŋmudu | |
| ŋuŋgo | pron. | (1st person plural exclusive) | *ŋmugbu (variant of *ŋmuŋmu) | |
| o | n. | speech, language | *hu | |
| O Adāyo | n. | the Doayâu language | (o + adāyo) | |
| O Aduənu | n. | the U Bol language | (o + aduənu) | |
| O Aīshi | n. | the Ishoʻu ʻOhu language | (o + aīshi) | |
| O Ayōndui | n. | the O Ayōndui language | *hu aeaunutul[ib] | |
| obe- | v. | cut | *ubi- | |
| ōbimi | ōbimiⁿ- | n. | sky, air | *ahubimi ‘wind-place’ |
| obiu | obīⁿ-, obiəm- | n. | knife | *ubium |
| ōbohe- | v. | be windy, be stormy (of weather) | *ahubusi- | |
| ōbuo | ōbōⁿ-, ōbōm- | n. | fur | *huəb u hum ‘hair of animals’ |
| odau | odaⁿ-, odam- | n. | fish | PTul. *udam |
| odini | adj. | black, dark | PTul. *udin | |
| odōppət(a)- | v. | go fishing | (odau + -^ppət(a)-: ‘take fish’) | |
| ogo | n. | hand | *ugbu | |
| ogōmuⁿ- | v. | touch, handle, take | *ugbu umu- ‘use the hand’ | |
| ogōñai | ogōñai-, ogōñar- | n. | crew (of a ship) | *ugbulaŋal ‘many hands’ |
| ōhaigə- | v. | sing | *huəsaigba- | |
| ohonu | ohon(u)- | n. | tree | PTul. *hoson |
| ōhōu | ōhōⁿ-, ōhōm- | n. | song, tale, legend | *huəsaum ‘that which is sung’ |
| oi | ord ūi < *u hul ‘of three’ | num. | three | *hul |
| oita | n. | cave | *huita | |
| oizo | n. | chest | *huigu ‘lung’ | |
| omeŋgə- | v. | tame, train (of animals) | *humigbigba- ‘touch animals (mentally)’ | |
| omuⁿ- | v. | be lazy | *humu ‘dull’ | |
| ōmūndu | n. | hair | *huəb u mutu ‘hair of the head’ | |
| ōŋgana | ōŋganau-, ōŋgāmb^- | n. | stock breeder | *humukpanab ‘one who is facing towards animals’ |
| oŋu | oŋuⁿ- | n. | captain (of a ship) | *huŋmu ‘leader’ |
| ōpada | ōpadau-, ōpadab^- | n. | albatross | *ahupadab ‘one who is above the wind’ |
| ōre | ord ūre < *u hulai ‘of fifteen’ | num. | fifteen | *hulai |
| ōssu- | v. | be unhappy (about sth.) | *huəsaku[i] ‘not singing’ | |
| pai | pai-, paip- | n. | word | *paip ‘name’ |
| pam(i)- | v. | see, notice, perceive | *pam- | |
| pamīgə- | v. | recognize, be familiar with | *pamiligba- ‘see and know (mentally)’ | |
| pānji- | v. | sail, navigate | *pamiki- ‘see and turn’ | |
| pāŋa | pāŋa-, pāmb- | n. | fingernail | *paŋmap |
| pāŋaumuⁿ- | v. | scratch | (pāŋa + -(u)mu-: ‘use the fingernails’) | |
| papar(i)- | v. | squeeze, put pressure on | *papal- | |
| papata- | v. | shoot, throw (as a weapon) | PCW phaphaʔta- | |
| passai | passai-, passaip- | n. | copper | *pasakaəp ‘copper metal’ |
| pata | n. | forehead | PTul. *pata ‘roof’ | |
| paugə- | v. | be surprised | *pauigba- (irr.) | |
| paushim(i)- | v. | be loud, make noise | *paukim- ‘be like an animal's cry’ | |
| pazui | pazuə- | n. | door | *pagui |
| pēhə | n. | tongue | *peasa | |
| pende | n. | skin | PTul. *pente | |
| pi | pron. | which one? (interrogative) | *pi | |
| pībaigə- | v. | say the truth, have a point | *piəbaigba- ‘be correct (in communication)’ | |
| pida- | v. | be weak, be sick | UB pída ‘weak, small’ | |
| piəni | piəniⁿ- | n. | basket | *peani |
| pimə | pimaⁿ- | n. | laurel tree | *pima |
| Pitomo | top. | Kpitamoa (a city) | UB Pítomo | |
| pōe | n. | mouth | *poahi | |
| pōessu- | v. | be silent | *poahisiku[i] ‘have no mouth’ | |
| Puərubu | Puərubuⁿ-, Puərubum- | top. | Poalugbum (a city) | UB Polubum (reconnected with Puəru) |
| Puəru | n. | Puəru (the goddess of the sea) | *Poalu | |
| puhə- | v. | meet, gather | *pusa- | |
| puhəŋai | puhəŋai-, puhəŋar- | n. | village square | (puhə- + -(i)ŋai) |
| puka | n. | wine | *pukpa | |
| pūma | pūmau-, pūmb^- | n. | teenager, adolescent | *pumab ‘one who grows’ |
| puŋgə- | v. | learn, collect experience | *pumigba- ‘grow (mentally)’ | |
| pūra | n. | gift | *pulaha | |
| pūrauhe- | v. | give (as a gift) | (pūra + -ohe- ‘gift-vblz’) | |
| pūva | pūvau-, pūvab^- | n. | star | *puvab |
| puvo | n. | road | *puvu | |
| puzuə- | v. | clean, tidy up | *pugui- ‘wipe’ | |
| rab(e)- | v. | crawl | *lab- | |
| raino | n. | arm | PTul. *lagno | |
| rairavo | n. | sorcerer, magician (evil) | PCW łàğlawo ‘priest’ | |
| rāmi | rāmi-, rāmir- | n. | field, arable land | *lamil ‘earth, soil’ |
| ranahēu | ranahēⁿ-, ranahēm- | n. | concern, problem, issue | *lanaseam |
| rāñi | rāñiⁿ- | n. | leather | *laŋea |
| rāñēhe | n. | armor | *laŋeasi ‘made from leather’ | |
| raŋgə- | v. | imitate, pretend | PTul. *lam ‘exist’ + *-igba- | |
| rapimi | rapimiⁿ- | n. | water well (artificial) | *lapimi ‘water-place’ |
| rapishi | n. | nail, peg | *lapiki ‘finger‹dim›’ | |
| rappada | rappadau-, rappadab^- | n. | bridge | *lapipadab ‘that which is above the water’ |
| rashi | n. | finger | *laki | |
| rashīmuⁿ- | v. | point at | *laki umu- ‘use the finger’ | |
| ratui | ratuə- | n. | pole, column, mast | *latui ‘stick’ |
| regə- | v. | be friends with sb. | *ligba- ‘know (socially)’ | |
| regədo- | v. | get to know sb. | (regə- + -(i)do-: ‘come to be friends with’) | |
| rēhe | n. | horse | PCW łèzi | |
| retta | rett(a)- | n. | beach | PTul. *lisat ‘sand’ |
| reveti | revet(i)- | n. | link, connection | PTul. *lewet ‘neck’ |
| riəmuⁿ- | v. | know, remember | *liumu- ‘know and hold’ | |
| rim(i)- | v. | be sour | *lim- | |
| riŋi | riŋiⁿ- | n. | wall (of a house) | *liŋmi |
| roād(a)- | v. | sink, dive | *loali t- ‘be below the ocean’ | |
| rojimi | rojimiⁿ- | n. | islet, rock in the water (too small to be inhabited) | *lugimi |
| rondi | rond(i)- | n. | hole, opening, gap | PTul. *lomet ‘mouth’ |
| rū | n. | rack, frame | *loa ‘leg’ | |
| rūde | n. | heart | PTul. *lubde | |
| ruəka- | v. | rub, wipe | *loakpa- | |
| rukana | rukanau-, rukāmb^- | n. | a person of Lukpanic ethnicity | *lukpanab ‘one who is facing towards the sea’ |
| rumi | rumiⁿ- | n. | island | *lumi |
| runūha | runūhau-, runūhab^- | n. | a person of Western ethnicity | *lunuəsab ‘one who is facing away from the sea’ |
| sa | ord oppu < *u supu ‘of one’ | num. | one | *ka ‘each one’ |
| sabe | adv. | again (once) | *kabi | |
| sañēŋgə- | v. | travel | *kaŋaigba- | |
| sāpi | sāpi-, sāpir- | n. | fire | *kapil |
| sāpihe | sāpiQ°- | n. | ashes | (sāpi + -^(e)he: ‘made from fire’) |
| sapīdu | n. | hearth, oven | *kapilutu ‘fire womb’ | |
| sapp(i)- | v. | scream, cry | *kasap- ‘growl’ | |
| sasa- | v. | drink | *kaka- | |
| sasau | sasauⁿ-, sasaum- | n. | litter (of animals) | *kakaəm |
| sau | sauⁿ-, saum- | n. | baby animal | *kaəm |
| sāwa | sāwau-, sāwab^- | n. | neighbor | *kaoab ‘one who is near’ |
| seda- | v. | show, guide, explain | UB sída ‘teach’ | |
| sedaigə- | v. | teach, explain (knowledge) | (seda- + -igə-: ‘show (mentally)’) | |
| sedauhe- | v. | teach, show (how to do sth.) | (seda- + -ohe-: ‘show (physically)’) | |
| sēhə | adj. | sharp, hard, solid | *keasa ‘sharp’ | |
| sendou | sendōⁿ-, sendom- | n. | village | PTul. *kentom |
| sembu | semb(u)- | n. | edge, corner | PTul. *kenop ‘knee’ |
| seti | n. | grape | PTul. *ketye | |
| seyēgi- | v. | be broken, be useless, be unwanted | UB seyeegí ‘junk, rubbish’ | |
| shī | dem. | this | *kib ‘house; here’ | |
| shidə | n. | man | *kida | |
| shigə- | v. | change one's mind | *kigba- ‘turn (mentally)’ | |
| shīhe- | v. | turn around, shift one's position | *kiusi- ‘turn (physically)’ | |
| shiəno | shiənoⁿ- | n. | seed | PTul. *kedno |
| shiəto | n. | shovel | UB šéto | |
| shīgāza- | v. | claim (as a possession); establish | UB síigaasa ‘stick in the ground’ | |
| Shimeshita | top. | Siŋmeasita (a city) | UB Šiméšita | |
| shindaⁿ- | v. | dance | *kimadam- ‘turn repeatedly’ | |
| shinēⁿ- | v. | be dry, be barren | PTul. *kinai | |
| shippada | shippadau-, shippadab^- | n. | roof | *kibipadab ‘that which is above the house’ |
| shīrə | n. | year | PTul. *kikla | |
| shizo- | v. | go, move, be in motion | *kigu- ‘wave, wag’ | |
| sō- | v. | be there, be present | *kau ‘near’ | |
| sūhe | aux. | (negative; eventive non-past) | *[tu]kusip ‘does not do at all (physically)’ | |
| sui | suə-, sur- | adj. | small, short | *kul ‘short’ |
| sūmbu | sūmbuⁿ-, sūmbum- | n. | shrine, sacred place | *kumupum |
| Sūmi | Sūmiⁿ- | n. | Sūmi (the god of fate and of the weather) | *Kulami |
| summi | summiⁿ- | n. | shoulder | *kuŋimi ‘arm-place’ |
| sūnde | sūndī-, sūndib^- | n. | priest | *kumutib ‘consecrate-person’ |
| suñāwi | suñaō+, suñaur- | n. | octopus | *kuŋi [u]eahul ‘eight arms’ |
| suñi | suñiⁿ- | n. | oar (of a boat); handle (of a tool); branch (of a tree) | *kuŋi ‘arm’ |
| sūshi | aux. | (negative; eventive past) | *[tu]kuəki ‘did not do’ | |
| tābe | tābe-, tamb^- | n. | throat | *tabib |
| Tāgabuŋai | Tāgabuŋai-, Tāgabuŋar- | top. | the Western steppe | (UB taagábue + -ŋai: ‘grassland area’) |
| taihə | n. | back (of the body) | *taəsa | |
| taira | taira-, tairap- | n. | wave (of water) | *taəl [u] lap ‘hill of water’ |
| tambega | tambegau-, tambegab^- | n. | collar, leash | *tabibigbab ‘that which is touching the throat’ |
| tamuⁿ- | v. | be heavy, weigh (as much as) | *tamu- | |
| tamūŋgə- | v. | be worried | *tamuigba- ‘be heavy (mentally)’ | |
| tanarə | tanā+, tanar- | n. | lake | PTul. *tanla |
| tañño | taññoⁿ- | n. | club (weapon) | *tamu ŋau ‘heavy club’ |
| tapa | dem. | other | *tapa | |
| Tarīnə | Tarīnaⁿ- | n. | Tarīnə (the goddess of fire and emotion) | *Taliəlina |
| tatto | n. | sign, symbol | PTul. *takto | |
| tau | taⁿ-, tam- | n. | parsley | *tam |
| tauhe- | v. | sit | *tausi- | |
| tazai | tazai-, tazar- | n. | shirt | PCW tagala ‘cloth’ |
| tazēppət(a)- | v. | get dressed | (tazai + -^ppət(a)-: ‘take the shirt’) | |
| tē- | pst tui (t-); irr/vol ta- | v. | (copula) | *t- ‘copula’ + *ta- ‘sit’ |
| Tēdai | Tēdai+, Tedair- | n. | Tēdai (the god of fertility and agriculture) | *Taəlitaəl |
| tēi | n. | cow, cattle | PTul. *tehi | |
| tēŋau | tēŋaⁿ-, tēŋam- | n. | dune | *taəl u ŋmam ‘hill of sand’ |
| teppo | n. | leg | PTul. *teppo | |
| tī | tī-, tib^- | n. | person | *tib |
| tibe- | v. | play | *tibi- | |
| tibiu | tibīⁿ-, tibiəm- | n. | toy | *tibium ‘that which is played with’ |
| tige- | v. | be located at | *tigbi- ‘live’ (by association with *-igbi- ‘touching’) | |
| tigīe- | v. | dwell at | *tigbeai- ‘live (permanently)’ | |
| tihe- | v. | draw, sketch | *tisi- ‘scratch’ | |
| tikkə- | v. | invent, come up with, design | *tisigba- ‘draw (mentally)’ | |
| tīzai | tīzai-, tīzaip- | n. | tin | *tilakaəp ‘tin metal’ |
| tō- | v. | be cold | *tau- | |
| tu | n. | bone | *tu | |
| tuəbə | n. | cloud | *toaba | |
| tuədo | n. | stone, rock | PTul. *togdu | |
| tuədumi | tuədumiⁿ- | n. | cliff | PTul. *togdu + *-mi: ‘rock-place’ |
| tuəp(i)- | v. | hunt | *tuip- | |
| tuəpīñi | tuəpiñī-, tuəpiñīmb^- | n. | hunter | *tuipiŋeab ‘one who hunts regularly’ |
| tuəpu | tuəpuⁿ-, tuəpum- | n. | game animal, prey | *tuipum ‘that which is hunted’ |
| tuəru- | v. | laugh | *tuilu- | |
| tuərūdi- | v. | smile (just a little bit) | (tuəru- + -ːdi-: ‘laugh-atten’) | |
| tūmmui | tūmmuə-, tūmmur- | n. | porridge | *tuəm u mul ‘porridge of buckwheat’ |
| tuku- | v. | kiss | *tukpu- ‘suck’ | |
| turai- | v. | shine, glow | PTul. *tula ‘sun’ + -ai-: ‘do as the sun does’ | |
| tusu- | v. | do | *tuku- | |
| tusubo- | v. | allow, permit | (tusu- + -(a)bo-: ‘let do’) | |
| tusuboshi- | v. | deny, forbid | (tusubo- + -shi-: ‘let not do’) | |
| tusuəgə- | v. | perform (of rituals) | *tukuigba- | |
| tuve | n. | feather | *tuvi | |
| tuyōn(u)- | v. | fly | PTul. *tuyon | |
| ūdo | n. | peak | PTul. *ugdo ‘mountain’ | |
| uəbe- | v. | be wet | *oabi- | |
| ūgan(i)- | v. | be to the south of | *uəlikpani ‘facing towards the sun’ | |
| ūgai- | v. | smell (emit scent) | *uəvoai- | |
| ūma | ūma-, ūmb^- | adj. | middle-sized | *ub mab ‘small and big’ |
| umuⁿ- | v. | use, hold, be equipped with | *umu- | |
| ūnda | n. | wife | PTul. *wenta ‘woman’ | |
| undiəbe- | v. | ebb away, recede, decrease, become less important | *ub deabai- ‘ebb smaller’ | |
| undiəbirūi | undiəbirū+, undiəbirūr- | n. | winter solstice | *ub deab [u] il uəl ‘low tide of the sun’ |
| uñə | cj. | and then, next | *uŋa | |
| ūo | ūo-, ūob^- | n. | grass | *uhub |
| ūra | ūra-, ūrap- | n. | ebb, low tide | *ub lap ‘small water’ |
| utu | n. | womb | *utu | |
| ūvohe- | v. | smell (perceive scent) | *uəvusi- | |
| ūze | ūzai- | n. | thing, item, piece | *ub gai ‘small piece’ |
| uzubui | uzubuə- | n. | breast | UB usubúi |
| vai | vai-, var- | adj. | empty, hungry, clean, lacking usual conditions | *val ‘dry’ |
| vañi | vañiⁿ- | adj. | red, brown | *vaŋi |
| vañīhe- | v. | paint sth. red | *vaŋiusi- | |
| vasu | n. | house, building | *vaku | |
| vasuəga | vasuəgau-, vasuəgab^- | n. | inhabitant (of a house) | *vakuigb[e]ab ‘one who is in the house’ |
| vau | vaⁿ-, vam- | n. | moon | *vam |
| veri | vē+, ver- | adj. | good, nice, beautiful, valuable, useful | *vili |
| vēyai | vēyai-, vēyaip- | n. | bronze | *vileaəp ‘fine metal’ |
| viəsa | n. | task, duty | *veaka | |
| viəsassu- | v. | have fun, enjoy oneself | (viəsa + -^ssu-: ‘have no duties’) | |
| vīhe- | v. | cultivate (of crops) | *viusi- | |
| viñar(i) | v. | collect, gather | *viŋal- | |
| vinda | n. | ritual, ceremony | *vinita | |
| viŋə | viŋaⁿ- | n. | hibiscus | *viŋma |
| vīu | vīⁿ-, viəm- | n. | seedling (of plants) | *vium ‘that which is planted’ |
| vō | n. | snake | *vau | |
| vōhe | vōhai- | n. | fig | *vusai |
| voraigə- | v. | gesture, make a sign | *vulaigba- | |
| vove- | v. | be drunk, be intoxicated | (back-formed from vovēhe-; reanalysed as containing -ohe-) | |
| vovēhe- | v. | drink alcohol, take drugs | *vuveasi- (back-formed from *vuveasum) | |
| vovēho | vovēhoⁿ-, vovēhom- | n. | liquor | *vuveasum |
| yādo | ord uyādo < *u [u]eadu ‘of nine’ | num. | nine | *[u]eadu |
| yāŋe | ord uyāŋe < *u [u]eaŋmib ‘of seven’ | num. | seven | *[u]eaŋmib |
| yassau | yassaⁿ-, yassam- | n. | people, ethnic group | PTul. *yatkam ‘tribe’ |
| yatādai | n. | captive, hostage | UB iataadáya ‘slave’ | |
| yauhe- | v. | stop, cease, halt | *eausi- | |
| yaunuⁿ- | v. | rest, relax | PTul. *yabnu ‘sleep’ | |
| yē | adv. | finally | *eai ‘stopping’ | |
| yēzaigə- | v. | threaten, force, oblige | (UB ieesá ‘push’ + -igə-: ‘push (socially)’) | |
| yēzauhe- | v. | attack, strike | (UB ieesá ‘push’ + -ohe-: ‘push (physically)’) | |
| yōi | ord uyōi < *u [u]eahul ‘of eight’ | num. | eight | *[u]eahul |
| Yōndui | Yōnduə-, Yōndur- | n. | the Yōndui islands | *eaunutul < PTul. *yabnu-tula ‘bed of the sun’ |
| yoti- | v. | lift, raise | PTul. *yotye ‘hold’ | |
| yūga | n. | pig | UB iúuga | |
| yuru | yū+, yur- | n. | name | PTul. *yulu |
| zai | zai+, zair- | n. | knee | *gaəl |
| zabau | ord ombau < *u gabam ‘of twenty-five’ | num. | twenty-five | *gabam |
| zanāŋge- | v. | milk | *ganam gbi- ‘make milk’ | |
| zanau | zanaⁿ-, zanam- | n. | milk | *ganam |
| ze | pron. | (2nd person singular masculine) | *gi | |
| zēdo- | v. | ride | PCW ğeľudu- ‘mount (of horses)’ | |
| zēhēmi | zēhēmiⁿ- | n. | torch | *gai seami ‘burning thing’ |
| zēte | zētī-, zētib^- | n. | whale | *gitib |
| zo | pron. | (2nd person singular feminine) | *gu | |
| zorehe | n. | millet | PCW ğulzi | |
| zozo | pron. | (2nd person plural) | *gugu | |
| zū | dem. | that | *goa ‘origin; there’ | |
| zūnzo | n. | eagle | PCW ğogugu | |
| zūru- | v. | be dirty, be unordered | *guəlu- |
582 words.