Arósen tayīgan

Arósen tayīgan [əˌɾɑsen təˈjiːɡən]
Period	-200 ÷ 200 YP
Spoken in	Western Tuysáfa
Total speakers	c. 200.000
Writing system	unknown
Classification	Leic
Typology
Basic word order	SOV or SVO
Morphology	fusional
Alignment	neutral (nouns), accusative (verbs)
Credits
Created by	Pole, the

Arósen tayīgan is one of the Leic languages.

See also: the lexicon.

Background

Internal history

This language is spoken in western mainland Tuysáfa, in an area neighbouring two related languages, Wihəs and Endayin. Details of its internal history are a subject of the reconstruction relay.

External history

Arósen tayīgan was created and published in May 2014 as the third member of the Leic language family, after Wihəs and Deraighaw. In 2015 the language was attempted to be reworked several times. The final effect was the creation of Endayin.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants	labial	dental	alveolar	palatal	velar
stop	/p/	/t~d/	[ts~dz] «c~z»		/k~g/
fricative	/β/ «b»		/s/
nasal stop	/m/	/n/			/ŋ/
glide	/w/ /w̃/ «ŵ»			/j/ «y» /j̃/ «ŷ»
tap		/ɾ/ «r»

Notes:

• /p t k/ and [ts] are realized [β d ɡ dz] between vowels.
• [ts dz] are variants of /k g/ before /i iː e eː/.
• /w/ and /j/ are in complementary distribution: /w/ appears before back and /j/ before front vowels. They can be also though of as one phoneme /w/ with a palatalized allophone [j].
• In western dialects /w̃ j̃/ are pronounced [mw ɲ~ɲj], probably because of a Wihəs influence. In many eastern dialects these are merged with their oral counterparts and pronounced [w j].

Vowels

Vowels	front	central	back
close	/i iː/ «i ī»		/u uː/ «u ū»
mid	/e eː/ «e ē»	[ə~ʌ]	[o]
open		/a aː/ «a ā»	/ɑ ɑː/ «o ō»

Notes:

• [ə o] are unstressed allophones of /a ɑ/. In neighbourhood of labial consonants [ə] becomes [ʌ].
• Stressed vowels are marked with an acute. By default, initial syllables are stressed, what is unmarked. Long vowels are always stressed.

Syllables

The word stress is fixed.

The syllable structure is (C)V-, -VCV-, -V(C). No consonant clusters are permitted. Hiatuses are common.

Sandhi

Several morphophonological processes can be observed in Endayin.

Obligatory sandhi

These changes are applied automatically and will not be mentioned in further sections.

Voicing:

• p t k become b d g between vowels.

Palatalization:

• k g w become c z y before front vowels.

Vowel lowering:

• unstressed i u e o become e o a a in closed syllables and preceding ŵ r ŷ.

Virtual consonants

Virtual consonants are elements that are present morphologically, but do not surface in some environments.

Virtual B:

• sequences «aB oB uB» are transformed to «ō ō ū» («o o u» when stressed);
• in sequences «eBo eBu iBo iBu» the virtual consonant is deleted;
• elsewhere, it surfaces as «b».

Virtual S:

• sequences «aS eS iS» are transformed to «ē ē ī» («e e i» when unstressed);
• elsewhere, it surfaces as «s».

Virtual Y:

• before front vowels it surfaces as «y»;
• before back vowels it surfaces as «w»;
• elsewhere it is deleted.

Epenthesis

There are two types of vocalic epenthesis.

Epenthetic high vowel is marked «I» and:

• after «m b ŵ B» it surfaces as «u»;
• after «n d r S» it surfaces as «i» and causes vowel fronting:
  • preceding a o u are changed to e e i;
• after «ŋ g ŷ Y» it surfaces as «i».

Epenthetic mid vowel is marked «E» and:

• after «m b ŵ B» it surfaces as «o»;
• after «n d r S» it surfaces as «e»;
• after «ŋ g ŷ Y» it surfaces as «e».

Soft and hard consonant mutation

These two processes work in opposite directions.

Soft mutation is marked as «^S»:

• ŵ r ŷ are changed to m n ŋ;
  • preceding e o are changed to i u;
• b d g are changed to B S Y (virtual consonants).

Hard mutation is marked as «^H»:

• m n ŋ are changed to ŵ r ŷ;
  • preceding e o i u are changed to a a e o;
• B S Y are changed to b d g.

Morphology

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

There are separate pronouns for three persons in singular and plural.

In the third person singular there is additional distinction between po used for humans, yī used for non-human animates and tam used in inanimates.

	singular	plural
1.	i	iŷat
2.	muŋ	muŋeŷat
3.	po h yī a tam i	na

They are inflected as follows:

Direct	i	iŷat		muŋ	muŋeŷat		po	yī	tam	na
Possessive	iŵan	iŷan		muŋeŵan	muŋeŷan		pon	ān	ten	nan
Genitive	iŵanan	iŷanan		muŋeŵanan	muŋeŷanan		ponan	ānan	tanan
Dative	iŵana	iŷana		muŋeŵana	muŋeŷana		pona	āna	tana	nana
Locative	iŵu	iŷaŵu		muŋeŵu	muŋeŷaŵu		poŵu	yīŵu	tamoŵu	naŵu
Ablative	iban	iŷoan		muŋan	muŋeŷoan		pōan	yīban	taman	nōan
Allative	īa	iŷea		muŋa	muŋeŷea		posa	yīa	tama	nēa

Correlatives

Most correlative pronouns are used as determiners as well and retain the animacy and number distinction.

Demonstratives:

• yeŵó this person, yerám this thing, yiná these people/things;
• yīn here, yiniwō now;
• beŵó that person, bidám that thing, biná those people/things;
• bi there, biye then;
• ceneŵó that person away, cenidám that thing away, ceniná that people/things away;
• ceni away.

Interrogatives:

• ceŵó who, what person, cidám what, what thing, ciná what people/things;
• ceŵédi who else, cidi what else, cinédi what people/things else;
• neni where, ta when, kom how.

Existential indefinites:

• poyi some, somebody, taŵi some, something, nayi some people/things;
• taŷí somebody/something else, other;
• neniyi somewhere, tayi somewhen, once, koŵi somehow.

Universal indefinites:

• samá all, everybody, everything;
• teám everybody/everything else;
• sami everywhere, cin always.

Negative indefinites:

• muná nobody, nothing;
• moreám nobody/nothing else;
• miámi nowhere, muzín never.

Noun morphology

Nouns are inflected for seven cases (direct, possessive, genitive, dative, locative, ablative, allative). There are separate forms for singular definite, singular indefinite and plural.

Singular definite direct is the citation form. However, for mixed and consonant stems the form changes when an affix is added and the final fragment of the stem needs to be given as well.

Nouns can be divided into several inflectional patterns:

• vowel stems — the citation form is the same as the stem;
• mixed stems — the citation form ends with a vowel, b or s, the stem ends with a “virtual” consonant: B, S or Y.
• consonant stems — the citation form ends with any of m n ŋ p t k, the stem ends with any of m n ŋ ŵ r ŷ b d g.

Inflection of vowel stems

	sg					pl
	def. anim.	def. inan.	indef. anim.	indef. inan.
Di.	—		-mu		-na
P.	-ŵan	-dan	-ŵeri	-deri	-nan
G.	-ŵanan	-danan	-ŵeran	-deran
D.	-ŵana	-dana	-ŵera	-dera	-nana
L.	-ŵu		-moŵu		-naŵu
Ab.	-Ban		-muan		-noan
Al.	-Sa		-musa		-nea

Inflection of mixed and consonant stems

	sg					pl
	def. anim.	def. inan.	indef. anim.	indef. inan.
Di.	—		-Imu		-Ina
P.	-Eŵan	H-an	-Eŵeri	H-eri	-Inan
G.	-Eŵanan	H-anan	-Eŵeran	H-eran
D.	-Eŵana	H-ana	-Eŵera	H-era	-Inana
L.	-Eŵu		-Imoŵu		-Inaŵu
Ab.	S-an		-Imuan		-Inoan
Al.	S-a		-Imusa		-Inea

Prepositions

Exact location or movement can be expressed using a closed set of adpositions with a noun in possessive.

There are following prepositions:

• mīem at, on;
• pūm by, near;
• pirem in, pin to, into, piŋa from, out from;
• womús on, on the top, pin womús onto, to the top, womúsa off of;
• nobūs on the surface, pin nobūs onto the surface, nobūa from the surface;
• bobín through, tim against;
• boadí across, tuma along, around;
• beyīnam on the left, berínam on the right;
• tō up, tōom above;
• sire down, siram below.

Verb morphology

The canonical form of the verb is the imperative.

The root of the verb can be the same as the canonical form (vowel stems, stems ending with a nasal stop) or slightly different (most consonant stems).

Copula

The copula is inflected in a suppletive way.

	sg		pl
	anim.	inan.
Present	tagam	tazi	tagat
Past	pōem	pōu	pōat
Future	mibem	miu	mibat
Conditional	miboem	mibou	miboat

Finite forms

The inflection pattern depends on the final phoneme of the stem.

	Active				Passive
	sg		pl		sg		pl
	anim.	inan.			anim.	inan.
Present
m b ŵ B	-em	-u	-at	-i	-em	-it
n d r S		-i
ŋ g ŷ Y	-am				-am
e i	-m	-yi	-t	—	-m
a o u		-bu
Past
consonant	H-oem	H-ou	H-oat	H-oi	H-oem	H-oit
vowel	-oem	-ou	-oat	-oi	-oem	-oit
Future
consonant	-Iibem	-Iiu	-Iibat	-Iibi	-Iibem	-Iibit
vowel	-ibem	-iu	-ibat	-ibi	-ibem	-ibit
Conditional
consonant	-Iiboem	-Iibou	-Iiboat	-Iiboi	-Iiboem	-Iiboit
vowel	-iboem	-ibou	-iboat	-iboi	-iboem	-iboit

Numerals

Table covering cardinal and ordinal numerals:

1.	moyi/mē • naním
2.	yē • tedam	20.	yezím • yezínem
3.	pen • penen	30.	paŷím • paŷínem
4.	tayi/tē • teniyi	40.	tazím • tazínem
5.	tomo • tenimo	50.	tomozím • tomozínem
6.	taye • teniye	60.	tayezím • tayezínem
7.	toban • tobenen	70.	tobaŷím • tobaŷínem
8.	ará • aréni	80.	arazím • arazínem
9.	arómo • arénimo	90.	aromozím • aromozínem
10.	ciŵe • cineŵe	100.	iyen • iyinen

This system can be extended up to 9,999 aromozím arómo iyen aromozím arómo (literally: ninety-nine hundred and ninety-nine).

mē tē are shortened variants of moyi tayi.