Endayin

Ędayin teseigen [ɛ̃ˈⁿdɑjĩn tʰɛˈsɛiɡɛ̃n]
Period	-200 ÷ 200 YP
Spoken in	Western Tuysáfa
Total speakers	c. 200.000
Writing system	unknown
Classification	Leic
Typology
Basic word order	SOV or SVO
Morphology	fusional
Alignment	neutral (nouns), accusative (verbs)
Credits
Created by	Pole, the

Endayin (internally Ędayin teseigen) is one of the Leic languages.

To be more specific, while Ędayin is an endonym describing the people, its language is commonly named Mįdiseįyo among the speakers.

See also: the lexicon.

Background

Internal history

The language is spoken in western Tuysafa, in an area neighbouring Wihəs, a language related to Endayin.

This language is under a reconstruction relay, so details of its history have been confidential.

External history

Endayin was sketched out in May 2015, following a series of failed attempts to reset and improve an earlier related conlang, Arósen tayīgan, created through spring and summer 2014.

Endayin was intended to be used in Conlang Relay 22 in July, but yet another related conlang, Kopoıves, was used instead.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants	labial	dental	alveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
fortis stop	/pʰ/ «p»	/tʰ/ «t»		[cçʰ]	/kʰ/ «k»
lenis stop	/p/ «b»	/t/ «d»	/ts/ «z»	[cç]	/k/ «g»
fricative	/f/		/s~ɕ/ «s»			/h/
nasal stop	/m/	/n/		/ɲ/ «ñ»
glide	/ʋ/ «v»			/j/ «y»
tap		/ɾ/ «r»

Notes:

• /p t ts k f s h/ are realized [b d dz ɡ v z ɦ] between vowels.
• /p t ts k ʋ j ɾ/ are realized as [ⁿb ⁿd ⁿdz ⁿɡ ʋ̃ j̃ ɾ̃] after nasal vowels.
• /kʰ k/ are pronounced [cçʰ cç~ɟʝ] before /i ĩ e iɛ iɛ̃/.
• In the inflection tables, consonants preceded by nasal vowels are marked with «ⁿ».

Vowels

Vowels	front		back
close	/i/	/ĩ/ «į»	/u/	/ũ/ «ų»
mid	/e/ «ə»		/o/
open	/ɛ/ «e»	/ɛ̃/ «ę»	/ɑ/ «a»	/ɑ̃/ «ą»
opening	/iɛ/ «ie»	/iɛ̃/ «ię»	/uɔ/ «ua»	/uɔ̃/ «uą»
closing	/ɛi/ «ei»	/ɛĩ/ «eį»	/ɔu/ «au»	/ɔũ/ «aų»

Notes:

• When followed by /m n ɲ/ the vowels are nasal by default. In the orthography, the ogoneks are omitted in that positions. For example: «pįrin» /pʰĩɾĩn/.
• /e o/ are actually pronounced closer to [ə ɵ] or [ɪ ʊ].

Syllables

The word stress falls on the second-to-last syllable.

The syllable structure is (C)V-, -VCV-, -V(C). No consonant clusters are permitted. Hiatuses are permitted, but not common.

Morphology

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

There are separate pronouns for three persons in singular and plural.

In the third person singular there is additional distinction between pa used for humans, sei used for non-human animates and tem used in inanimates.

	singular	plural
1.	i	iñet
2.	muñ	mįget
3.	pa h sei a tem i	ne

They are inflected as follows:

Direct	i	iñet		muñ	mįget		pa	sei	tem	ne
Possessive	imę	iñę		mįbę	mįgę		pą	į	tį	nę
Genitive	imenę	iñenę		mįbenę	mįgenę		pąrę	įrę	tęrę
Dative	imene	iñene		mįbene	mįgene		pąre	įre	tęre	nęre
Ablative	ivę	iñobę		mųyę	mįgobę		povę	seivę	tęvę	novę
Locative	imu	iñąbu		mųyįbu	mįgąbu		pamu	seimu	tęvųbu	nemu
Allative	eiye	iñəze		mųye	mįgəze		paye	seiye	tęve	niye

Correlatives

Most correlative pronouns are used as determiners as well and retain the animacy and number distinction.

Demonstratives:

• sįba this person, sįdem this thing, sine these people/things;
• sein here, siniso now;
• bįba that person, bitem that thing, bine those people/things;
• bi there, bihə then;
• kinįba that person away, kinitem that thing away, kinine that people/things away;
• kįri away.

Interrogatives:

• kįba who, what person, kitem what, what thing, kine what people/things;
• kįbədi who else, kidi what else, kinədi what people/things else;
• nįri where, te when, kam how.

Existential indefinites:

• pahi some, somebody, temi some, something, nehi some people/things;
• tęgi somebody/something else, other;
• nįrisi somewhere, tehi somewhen, once, kami somehow.

Universal indefinites:

• zame all, everybody, everything;
• tiem everybody/everything else;
• zęvi everywhere, kin always.

Negative indefinites:

• mune nobody, nothing;
• mųdiem nobody/nothing else;
• mięvi nowhere, mukin never.

Noun morphology

The nouns are inflected for number, definiteness and case.

Nouns are divided into two inflectional types: consonantal and vocalic.

• for the consonantal stems, the dictionary form is the singular indefinite direct, ending in a nasal;
• for the vocalic stems, the dictionary form is the singular definite direct, ending in an oral vowel.

In the tables, «+» marks suffixes that are added to the lemma form and «~» marks endings that replace the final part of the stem.

Singular indefinite

	Direct	Genitive	Dative	Ablative	Locative
	consonantal stems
~mų ~nį ~ñį	the same	~ⁿbįdi ~ⁿdįdi ~ⁿgįdi	~ⁿbįde ~ⁿdįde ~ⁿgįde	+muą	+mie
~ⁿbų ~ⁿdį ~ⁿgį
~ⁿvų ~rį ~ⁿyį		~mįdi ~nįdi ~ñįdi	~mįde ~nįde ~ñįde
~bų ~zį		~pįdi ~tįdi	~pįde ~tįde
~vų ~yį		~bįdi ~dįdi	~bįde ~dįde
~pų ~tį ~kį		+ⁿbįdi	+ⁿbįde
~sį
~dį ~gį ~hį
	vocalic stems
~mi ~ne	~mį ~nę	~mitįdi ~netįdi	~mitįde ~netįde	+muą	+mie
~ⁿbi ~re	~ⁿbį ~rę	~ⁿbitįdi ~retįdi	~ⁿbitįde ~retįde
~e ~i ~o ~u	~ę ~į ~ų ~ų	+ⁿbįdi	+ⁿbįde
~a ~ə ~ei	~ą ~į ~eį	+mįdi	+mįde	+ⁿvuą	+ⁿvie

Singular definite

	Direct	Genitive	Dative	Ablative	Locative
	consonantal stems
~mų ~nį ~ñį	~m ~n ~ñ	~ⁿbę ~ⁿdę ~ⁿgę	~ⁿbene ~ⁿdene ~ⁿgene	~mę ~nę ~ñę	~me ~ne ~ñe
~ⁿbų ~ⁿdį ~ⁿgį
~ⁿvų ~rį ~ⁿyį		~mę ~nę ~ñę	~mene ~nene ~ñene	~ⁿvę ~rę ~ⁿyę	~ⁿve ~re ~ⁿye
~bų ~zį	~o ~z B L ~b ~∅ F L	~pę ~tę	~pene ~tene	~bę ~zę	~be ~ze
~vų ~yį	~o ~z B ~b ~∅ F	~bę ~dę	~bene ~dene	~vę ~yę	~ve ~ye
~pų ~tį ~kį	~p ~t ~k L	+ⁿbę	+ⁿbene	~bę ~zę ~sę	~be ~ze ~se
~sį	~s L			~sę	~se
~dį ~gį ~hį	~t ~k ~∅			~yę ~hę ~hę	~ye ~he ~he
	vocalic stems
~mi ~ne	the same	~mitę ~netę	~mitene ~netene	+bę	+ze
~ⁿbi ~re		~ⁿbitę ~retę	~ⁿbitene ~retene
~e ~i ~o ~u		+ⁿbę	+ⁿbene
~a ~ə ~ei		+mę	+mene	+vę	+ye

Notes:

• B — after back vowels
• F — after front vowels
• L — causes lowering of preceding i u to ə o

Plural

	Direct	Genitive	Dative	Ablative	Locative
	consonantal stems
default	+ne	+nę	+nene	+nuą	+nie
	vocalic stems
default	+ne	+nę	+nene	+nuą	+nie
~a ~ə ~ei	+re	+rę	+rene	+ruą	+rie

Prepositions

There is a closed class of adpositions expressing location or movement. Prepositions govern nouns in genitive.

The prepositions are:

• paum on, by, at;
• pinim in, inside, pin into, pįye out from;
• meiy on, on the top, pin meiy onto, pįye meiy off of;
• fumuz on the surface, pin fumuz to the surface, nopauve from the surface;
• tim against, gopin through;
• gofeti across, tųveh along, around;
• bəseįram on the left, bįdįram on the right;
• nopauz up, tovum above;
• zinə down, zinam below.

Verb morphology

Verbs are inflected for the number and animacy of the subject. There are separate active and passive forms.

The dictionary form is the root.

• «+» signifies suffixes added directly to the root;
• «~» signifies endings replacing a part of the root.

Copula

The copula is inflected in a suppletive way.

	sg		pl
	anim.	inan.
Present	tegą	tegi	teget
Past	povį	povu	povet
Future	mivį	mivu	mivet
Conditional	mibuą	mibua	mibuat

Present tense

	active			passive
	sg an.	sg inan.	pl	sg an.	sg inan.	pl
	consonantal stems
-m- -ⁿb- -p- -b-	+į	+u	+et	+i	+im	+it
-n- -ⁿd- -t- -d-		+i
-ñ- -ⁿg- -k- -g-	+ą				+am
-ⁿv- -v-	+į	+u			+im
-r- -z- -y-		+i
-ⁿy- -s- -h-	+ą				+am
	vocalic stems
-e- -ie-	~ę ~ię	+si	+t	—	+m	+zit
-ə- -i- -ei-	~į ~į ~eį		~ət ~ət ~it
-a- -ua-	~ą ~uą	+bu	+t			+bit
-o- -u- -au-	~ų ~ų ~aų		~ot ~ot ~ut

Past tense

	active			passive
	sg an.	sg inan.	pl	sg an.	sg inan.	pl
	consonantal stems
-m- -ⁿb- -p- -b-	+uą	+ua	+uat	+ovi	+ovim	+ovit
-n- -ⁿd- -t- -d-
-ñ- -ⁿg- -k- -g-
-ⁿv- -v-	~muą ~buą	~mua ~bua	~muat ~buat	~movi ~bovi	~movim ~bovim	~movit ~bovit
-r- -z- -y-	~nuą ~tuą ~duą	~nua ~tua ~dua	~nuat ~tuat ~duat	~novi ~tovi ~dovi	~novim ~tovim ~dovim	~novit ~tovit ~dovit
-ⁿy- -s- -h-	~ñuą ~kuą ~guą	~ñua ~kua ~gua	~ñuat ~kuat ~guat	~ñovi ~kovi ~govi	~ñovim ~kovim ~govim	~ñovit ~kovit ~govit
	vocalic stems
-e- -ie-	+zuą	+zua	+zuat	+zovi	+zovim	+zovit
-ə- -i- -ei-
-a- -ua-	+buą	+bua	+buat	+bovi	+bovim	+bovit
-o- -u- -au-

Future tense

	active			passive
	sg an.	sg inan.	pl	sg an.	sg inan.	pl
	consonantal stems
all	+ię	+ie	+iet	+ivi	+ivim	+ivit
	vocalic stems
-e- -ie-	+zię	+zie	+ziet	+zivi	+zivim	+zivit
-ə- -i- -ei-
-a- -ua-	+bię	+bie	+biet	+bivi	+bivim	+bivit
-o- -u- -au-

Irrealis

	active			passive
	sg an.	sg inan.	pl	sg an.	sg inan.	pl
	consonantal stems
all	+ibuą	+ibua	+ibuat	+ibovi	+ibovim	+ibovit
	vocalic stems
-e- -ie-	+zibuą	+zibua	+zibuat	+zibovi	+zibovim	+zibovit
-ə- -i- -ei-
-a- -ua-	+bibuą	+bibua	+bibuat	+bibovi	+bibovim	+bibovit
-o- -u- -au-

Numerals

Table covering cardinal and ordinal numerals:

1.	mi • nenim	11.	kimə-mi • kimə-nenim
2.	si • tədam	12.	kimə-si • kimə-tədam	20.	səkim • səkinim
3.	pin • pįrin	13.	kimə-pin • kimə-pįrin	30.	pęgim • pęginim
4.	ti • tįri	14.	kimə-ti • kimə-tįri	40.	tegim • teginim
5.	tąvo • tįrimo	15.	kimə-tąvo • kimə-tįrimo	50.	tąvokim • tąvokinim
6.	tehə • tįrisə	16.	kimə-tehə • kimə-tįrisə	60.	tehəkim • tehəkinim
7.	tabeñ • tabiniñ	17.	kimə-tabeñ • kimə-tabiniñ	70.	tebęgim • tebęginim
8.	ęde • ędįri	18.	kiməs-ęde • kiməs-ędįri	80.	ędegim • ędeginim
9.	ędąvo • ędįrimo	19.	kiməs-ędąvo • kiməs-ędįrimo	90.	ędąvokim • ędąvokinim
10.	kimə • kįrįbə			100.	ihin • ihinin

This system can be extended up to 9,999 ędąvotim-ędąvo ihin ędąvotim-ędąvo (literally: ninety-nine hundred and ninety-nine).

Syntax

Nominal phrase

Cases

There are seven cases in Endayin, with only five having distinct forms in nouns.

Direct is the cause used for subjects and objects of verbs.

Possessive is used as a noun modifier, indicating the possession or relation. Personal pronouns have separate possessive forms while nouns use the genitive form.

Genitive proper (i.e. different from the possessive) is used as indirect object, indicating origin or concern (used mostly with animate referents).

Dative is used to indicate indirect object, expressing purpose or benefit (used mostly with animate referents).

Ablative is used as a verb modifier, to express movement from a place or object.

Locative is used as a verb modifier, to express placement at a place or on an object. For nouns it is merged with the allative case.

Allative is used as a verb modifier, to express movement towards a place or object.