User:Zhen Lin/Vylessa/Sound changes

Sound changes

From PPI to Early

The PPI vowel /a/ will be assumed to have the value [ə] to begin with.

1. • Voiceless consonants adjacent to (voiceless) fricatives become aspirated.
   • Voiceless fricatives adjacent to nasals become voiced; voiceless plosives adjacent to a homorganic nasal become voiced.
   • Voiceless consonants between a (voiceless) fricative and a nasal remain voiceless.
2. • [iː uː] → [ij uw] / _V
3. • [ç̩ x̩ h̩ β̩ z̩] → [eç ax əh uβ iz] / _V
   • [ç̩ x̩ h̩ β̩ z̩] → [e a ə βu zi] otherwise.
4. • [m̩ n̩ ŋ̩ r̩ l̩] → [mə nə ŋə rə lə] when followed by a sequence of a laryngeal and a consonant.
5. • [ə] → [a] when adjacent to [x]
   • [ə] → [e] when adjacent to [ç j]
   • [xu ix ux] → [xo jex wox]
6. • [ə] → [o] when surrounded by labial consonants or a combination of labial and velar consonants or when adjacent to [w]; and in the accusative *am and partitive *hŋ.
   • [ə] → [a] when surrounded by velar consonants
   • [ə] → [e] otherwise
   • If [ə] is in an open syllable, then the preceding consonant counts as "surrounding".
   • If [ə] is in a closed syllable and is after a pause, the following consonant counts as "surrounding".
7. • [ow] → [o] when in a closed syllable.
   • [ow] → [oː] / _#
8. • [ij uw] → [j w] / VC_ (Note: this causes resyllabification and closes the preceding syllable.)
9. • [ç] → [ɕ] / #_V
   • [ç] → [j] / V_, _V
   • [ç] → [h] otherwise.
   • [ʝ] → [ʑ] / #_V, V_V
   • [ʝ] → [j] otherwise.
10. • [x h] → [h]
    • [ɣ ɦ] → [ɦ]
11. • [hs ɦs] → [ss]
    • [h ɦ] before any (non-syllabic) consonant or pause is lost, with compensatory lengthening of a preceding vowel.
12. • Voiceless / aspirated nasals merge with plain nasals.
    • Aspirated fricatives merge with plain fricatives.
    • In a sequence of two syllables starting with an aspirated stop, the first stop loses aspiration.
13. • [r̩ l] → [ar al] when followed by a vowel or [l] or a pause, except when preceded by a vowel.
    • [r̩ l̩] → [ra la] otherwise
14. • [m̩ n̩ ŋ̩] → [ma na ŋu] when preceded by a vowel
    • [m̩ n̩ ŋ̩] → [am en uŋ] when followed by a vowel or laryngeal + vowel or a pause.
    • [m̩ n̩ ŋ̩] → [ab ad ug] when followed by a liquid or glide.
    • [m̩ n̩ ŋ̩] → [a a u] otherwise.
15. • [u] → [o] in final syllables (except if long, or immediately preceded by [e i o]), and in the initial syllable of a 1st augment form.
    • [uj] → [oj] in closed syllables (except if long).
    • [ju] → [jo] (except if long).
16. • [pj pʰj bj mj] → [pt pt dʑ ɲ]
    • [kj kʰj ɡj ŋj] → [tɕ tɕʰ dʑ ɲ]
    • [tj tʰj dj nj] → [tɕ tɕʰ dʑ ɲ]
    • [sj zj rj lj] → [ɕ ʑ rʲ ʎ]
    • A velar consonant before a palatalised liquid also becomes palatalised (e.g. [βuɡrjeː] → [βudʑrʲeː]).
    • A [j] is inserted if resyllabification occurs.
17. • [hr hl hw hj] → [r̥ l̥ w j]
    • [wh wɦ] → [ww]
    • [jh jɦ] → [jj]
    • [rh lh] → [r̥ l̥] with compensatory lengthening if resyllabification occurs.
    • [ɸ h] → [s] when adjacent to [s].
    • [np npʰ nb nm] → [mp mpʰ mb mm]
    • [mt mtʰ md ms] → [nt ntʰ nd ns]
    • [nk nkʰ ng nŋ] → [ŋk ŋkʰ ŋɡ ŋŋ]
    • [mk mkʰ mg mŋ] → [ŋk ŋkʰ ŋɡ ŋŋ]
    • [dl nl] → [ll] / V_V
    • [dl nl] → [l] otherwise, except for the sequence [ndl]
    • [l l̥] → [ɫ ɫ̥] when followed by a velar consonant.
    • [sl sl̥] → [ɬ]
    • [zl] → [ɮ]
18. [h ɦ] → ∅ with compensatory lengthening if resyllabification occurs (e.g. [wo.ten.hen] → [wo.teː.nen] but [wo.te.ne.ra.hoŋ] → [wo.te.ne.ra.oŋ])

From Early to Common

1. • [ea ao] → [aː ɔː]
   • [ae oa] → [ɛː aː]
   • [eo oe] → [oː eː] except when the first element is accented.
   • [iː uː] → [iːj uːw] / _V
   • [i u] → [j w] when adjacent to a vowel.
2. • [s] → [h] except when adjacent to plosives or a pause.
   • [z] → [ɦ] except when before a pause.
   • [z] → [s] / _#
3. • [m n ŋ] → [b d ɡ] when preceded by [ɦ]
4. • [tɕ tɕʰ dʑ ɲ ɕ ʑ rʲ ʎ] → [ts tsʰ dz n s z r l]
5. • [r r̥] → [ɹ] / V_C except when followed by [r r̥]
   • [j w] → [ɪ ʊ] / V_C, V_#
6. • [ts tsʰ] → [ss] / V_V
   • [tsr̥ tsʰr̥ dzr] → [tr̥ tʰr̥ dr̥]
   • [ts tsʰ] → [s] / otherwise.
   • [z] → [dz] except after consonants.
   • [dz] → [z] when after consonants.
   • [l̥ ɫ ɫ̥] → [l]
   • [r̥] → [r] except when initial.

From Common to Epic

1. • [ŋ] → [m] when before any labial consonant.
   • [ŋ] → [n] when before any non-velar consonant or pause.
   • [ŋ] → [ɡ] when word-initial or after another [ŋ]
   • [ŋ] → [ɦ] otherwise.
2. • [mr nr] → [mbr ndr]
   • In a cluster of two plosives, the first assimilates in voicing and aspiration to the second.
3. • [tp tʰpʰ tʰtʰ] → [sp spʰ stʰ]
   • [db dd dɡ] → [lb ld ɹɡ]
   • [tk tʰkʰ] → [kt kʰtʰ]
   • [p pʰ b] → [m] when followed by [m]
   • [t tʰ d] → [n] when followed by [n]
4. • [ɬ ɮ] → [l] / #_, C_, _C
   • [ɬ ɮ] → [s z] otherwise.
5. • [m] → [n] / _#
   • [lj ɫw] → [ɪl ʊl] / V_V
   • [l ɫ] → [ɪ ʊ] when after a vowel and before a non-plosive consonant or a pause.
   • [ns nz] → [s dz] with compensatory lengthening.
   • [eɹs iɹs uɹs oɹs] → [ɛːz eɪz oʊz ɔːz] / _C
   • [ɹs] → [z] / _C otherwise, with compensatory lengthening of a preceding vowel.
   • [eɹs iɹs uɹs oɹs] → [ɛːr eɪr oʊr ɔːr] / _V otherwise.
   • [ɹs] → [ɹ] otherwise, with compensatory lengthening of a preceding vowel.
6. • [β z] → [ɸ s] when adjacent to voiceless consonants.
7. • [ɸ] → [ʍ] / #_
   • [ɸ] → [w] / V_V
   • [ɸ] → ∅ otherwise.
   • [β] → [w]
8. • All word-final plosives are lost.
   • [rs] → [r] when word-final, with compensatory lengthening of a preceding vowel.

From Epic to Classical

1. • [ɛː] → [aː]
   • [eː oː] → [ɛː ɔː]
   • [eɪ oʊ] → [eː oː]
2. • [e o] → [ɛ ɔ] in closed syllables.
3. • [j] → [w] after [u uː ʊ]
   • [w] → [j] after [i iː ɪ]
4. • [h] → ∅ except when initial, with compensatory lengthening.
   • [ɦ] → ∅ except when initial, with compensatory lengthening.
   • [r] → [r̥] / #_
5. • [aɛ ae ea eaː] → [aː]
   • [aeː] → [aːɪ]
   • [ɛːa ɛːo aɛː oɛː] → [ɛː]
   • [ɛːe eːa oeː] → [eː]
   • [aɔ aɔː ao aoː aːɔ aːo eɔː ɔːa oa oːa oɔː] → [ɔː]
   • [eɔ eo eoː oɛ oe oʉ ou ɔːo] → [oː]
   • [oy oːy] → [oɪ oːɪ]
   • Other diphthongs are re-formed, including the "spurious" diphthongs [eː oː].
6. • [a] → [e] when accented, except when word-final or when after [r i iː e eː ɛː] or before [ɛː e eː].
   • [aɹ] → [ɛɹ] when accented, except when when after [r i iː e eː ɛː] or before [ɛː e eː].
   • [aː] → [ɛː] except after [r j ɪ i iː e eː ɛː] or before [ɛː e eː] or when part of a diphthong.
7. • [w] → ∅ when between any vowel and [ɔː o oː u uː].
   • [w ʍ] → [ɦ h] when followed by [u uː]
   • [w] → ∅ / C_V with compensatory lengthening of a preceding vowel if resyllabification occurs.
   • [j] → ∅, inserting a [ɪ] offglide in the preceding syllable if resyllabification occurs.
8. • A long vowel (other than [eː]) directly followed by another vowel is shortened (and [ɛː ɔː] → [e o]); if the next vowel is short and in an open or word-final syllable, it becomes long. (In particular, [aːe aːo] → [aɛː aɔː], but otherwise [e o] → [eː oː].) This change is blocked for the sequences [ɛːeː ɔːoː oːɔː].
9. • [u uː] → [ʉ ʉː] except when adjacent to (other) vowels.
   • [uɪ] → [yː] in open syllables.
   • [uɪ uːɪ] → [y yː] otherwise.

From Classical to Late

1. • [ɦ] → [ʔ] / #_
   • [ʍ] → [ʔ] / #_ except before [a aː]
   • [w] → ∅ otherwise, except before [a aː]
2. • [ɛːʊ ɔːɪ oɪ] → [œː œːɪ øɪ]
   • [ae ea eaː] → [aː]
   • [aeː] → [aːɪ]
   • [ɛːa ɛːo aɛː oɛː] → [ɛː]
   • [ɛːe eːa] → [eː]
   • [ao aɔː aoː aːo eɔː ɔːa oa oːa oɔː] → [ɔː]
   • [eo eoː oe ɔːo] → [oː]
   • [oeː] → [øːɪ]
   • [oy oːy] → [øː]
   • Other diphthongs are re-formed, including the "spurious" diphthongs [eː oː].
3. • A long vowel in a superheavy (closed by two or more consonants) is shortened (but only in quantity).
   • A long vowel directly followed by another vowel is shortened (and [ɛː ɔː] → [ɛ ɔ] this time); if the next vowel is short and in an open or word-final syllable, it becomes long. This change is blocked for the sequences [eːɛː oːɔː].
   • A long diphthong loses its off-glide when in a closed syllable.
4. • [ʉ ʉː] → [y yː] (Note: this causes a split between /u uː/ and /y yː/.)
   • [oː] → [uː]
5. • [w h ɦ ʔ] → ∅
   • [b d ɡ] → [β ð ɣ]
   • [dz] → [z]