User:Zhen Lin/Vylessa
Phonology
Consonants
| labial | dental | alveolar | velar | glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stops | nasal | m | n | [ŋ] | ||
| voiced | b | d | d͡z | ɡ | ||
| unvoiced | p | t | k | |||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | |||
| trills | r | |||||
| fricatives | ʍ | s | h | |||
| approximants | l | [ɹ] | (ɦ) | |||
| semivowels | w | |||||
- /h ʍ/ only appeared in initial position.
- /ɦ/ was a marginal phoneme, and was probably pronounced as [ʔ], if at all. It is posited for mostly morphophonological reasons.
- /ɡ/ was pronounced [ŋ] when followed by /n/. /n/ was pronounced [ŋ] when followed by /k kʰ ɡ/.
- /r/ was pronounced [ɹ] in syllable-final position and before other consonants.
- /m n/ were not distinguished in syllable-final position (except in the combination /mn/): [m] before labial consonants, [ŋ] before velar consonants, and [n] in all other cases.
- Only /n r s/ and vowels appeared in word-final position; all other consonants were elided.
Vowels
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Syllabification and timing
A syllable, in Vylessa, comprised a vocalic nucleus with an optional onset and coda. Onsets could consist of up to three consonants, and codas could in exceptional cases have two consonants. In both onsets and codas, /s/ necessarily appeared in the most complex clusters - i.e. in a three-consonant onset, the first consonant must have been an /s/, and in a two-consonant coda, the last consonant must have been an /s/. A syllable without a coda is called open, and a syllable with a coda is called closed.
A consonant followed by an onset glide was almost always counted as part of the same onset. Similarly, /s/ followed by an onset plosive was usually counted as part of the onset.
The metric structure of a Vylessa word was of great importance, at least in the Epic era of poetic literature. In essence, a syllable could either be light (kruirí) or heavy (ábretri): a light syllable was an open syllable with a short vowel; any other kind of syllable was considered heavy.
It seems reasonably safe to assume that actual spoken Vylessa distinguished between closed syllables containing short and long monophthongs and diphthongs, but it appears that the distinction was not of metrical significance. (But note that the case for distinguishing short and long diphthongs is more tenuous.)
Accentuation
Vylessa had pitch accent. Every (content) word was accented on one of its final three syllables (final two if the last syllable was heavy). There were two kinds of accented syllable — acute, which was the most common, and circumflex, which could only occur in syllables containing a long vowel or diphthong.
Accentuation was lexically determined and distinctive: c.f. gýtēs (forest-TOP) vs gytḗs (forest-GEN), kyrā́s (this-SG-GEN) vs kyrâs (this-PL-GEN) . Most words were recessively accented, i.e. accented on the earliest legal syllable, but some endings had dominant accentuation and were accented on the last syllable. Diachronic analysis has revealed that irregular accent placement, in most cases, arises from the presence of an aspirated consonant. For example, the essive ending -thé was always accented, as were many forms of agentive nouns derived using the formant -erá (< PPI *-ar-xa).
Morphophonological alternation
We identify at least two kinds of vowel lengthening in Vylessa, tabulated below:
| short | I long | II long | notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| /i/ | /iː/ | /eː/ | /eː/ as the lengthened form of /i/ was rare. |
| /e/ | /ɛː/ | /eː/ | |
| /a/ | /ɛː/ | /aː/ | Original /aː/ was raised to /ɛː/ except in certain environments, e.g. when part of a diphthong or when after /r/. |
| /o/ | /ɔː/ | /oː/ | |
| /ʉ/ | /ʉː/ | /oː/ | /oː/ as the lengthened form of /ʉ/ was rare. |
Palatalisation also occurred:
| plain | /p/ | /pʰ/ | /b/ | /m/ | /t k/ | /tʰ kʰ/ | /d ɡ/ | /n ŋ/ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| palatalised | /pt/ | /pʰtʰ/ | /dz/ | /n/ | /ss/ | /ss/ | /dz/ | /n/ |
In some cases, a palatal offglide /ɪ̯/ was ejected into the preceding syllable.
Nominal morphosyntax
Cases
Most nouns were marked for eight cases: direct, oblique, accusative, partitive, genitive, dative, ablative, and essive. Additionally, certain locative nouns and nominal adverbs could be marked for the circumstantial, allative, and locative-genitive cases.
All common nouns and some proper nouns also had a topical case. The evidence suggests that this case developed in the late Epic era, when the /s/ of the definite pronoun fused on to the end of the noun in the direct case. The true case marker and topic markers, being clitics, instead fused on to the definite pronoun. As such, in Classical Vylessa, a noun in the topical case was always followed by the definite pronoun with the -mē enclitic (possibly with an infixed postposition).
A similar phenomenon is observed for genitive nouns: a noun in the genitive was necessarily followed by the definite article, but unlike the topical case, the definite article was associated with the following noun (i.e. the head of the genitive phrase) rather than the preceding noun. (A definite pronoun could be substituted for the article if the referrent were implicit.)
Pronouns
| 1sg. | 1du. | 1pl. | 2sg. | 2du. | 2pl. | prox. sg. | prox. pl. | dist. sg. | dist. pl | def. | def.-top. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dir. | výdrē | výgre | vȳ́ar | narḗ | naré | nêr | kýrē | kýar | sérē | sêr | hó | hýmē |
| obl. | vydrê | výgrā | vȳ́ara | narê | narê | nêra | kyrê | kýara | serê | sêra | hýa | — |
| acc. | výdrā́n | vygrân | vȳéron | narā́n | narôn | narón | kýrā́n | kyrón | serā́n | serón | hýon | hyómmē |
| part. | vydrā́n | vygréon | vyrôn | narā́n | naréon | narôn | kyrā́n | kyrôn | serā́n | serôn | hýon | hyómmē |
| gen. | vydrā́s | vygrâs | vyrâs | narā́s | narês | narâs | kyrā́s | kyrâs | serā́s | serâs | hyeis | hyémmē |
| dat. | vydrēî | výgrei | výrai | narēî | nareí | naraí | kyrēî | kýrai | serēî | sérai | huî | huímē |
| abl. | vydreló | výgrelo | vyérlo | nareló | nérelo | nḗrlo | kyreló | kyérlo | sereló | sḗrlo | hýlo | hylýmē |
| ess. | vydrēthé | vygrethé | vyrathé | narēthé | narethé | narathé | kyrēthé | kyrathé | serēthé | serathé | hythé | hythémē |
Verbal morphosyntax
Sample
Declension
| fish | fruit | man | forest | 1sg | 2sg | def.top. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sg. | col. | sg. | col. | sg. | col. | sg. | col. | ||||
| dir. | fík.se → fíxe |
fik.sé.ar → fíksêr |
súm.nip → hýmni |
sum.ni.phár → hymniphér |
wó.ten → vóten |
wo.tén.ar → votḗnar |
ŋú.tā → gýtē |
ŋu.ta.ár → gytḗr |
vú.ǰřē → výdrē |
na.řhḗ → narḗ |
sú.mā → hýmē |
| obl. | fík.se.a → fíxē |
fik.se.á.rha → fixḗra |
súm.ni.pa → hýmnipa |
sum.ni.phá.rha → hymniphéra |
wó.te.na → vótena |
wo.tén.a.ra → votḗnara |
ŋu.tā́.a → gytê |
ŋu.ta.á.rha → gytḗra |
vu.ǰřé.a → vydrê |
nā.řé.a → nērê |
— |
| top. | fík.se_s → fíxes |
fík.se.ar_s → fíksēr |
súm.nip_s → hýmnips |
sum.ni.phár_s → hymníphḗr |
wó.ten_s → vóteis |
wo.tén.ar_s → votḗnēr |
ŋú.tā_s → gýtēs |
ŋu.ta.ár_s → gytḗr |
— | — | — |
| acc. | fik.sá.am → fixên |
fik.se.rhóm → fixerón |
sum.ní.pom → hymnípon |
sum.ni.phá.rom → hymniphéron |
wo.té.nom → voténon |
wo.ten.á.rom → votēnéron |
ŋu.ta.ám → gytḗn |
ŋu.ta.á.rhom → gytḗron |
vu.ǰře.ám → výdrā́n |
na.řhe.ám → narā́n |
su.wóm.mā → hyómmē |
| part. | fik.sé.uŋ → fixeûn |
fik.se.rhá.oŋ → fixerôn |
sum.ní.poŋ → hymnípon |
sum.ni.phrá.oŋ → hymniphrôn |
wo.té.noŋ → voténon |
wo.ten.rá.oŋ → votendrôn |
ŋu.ta.áŋ → gytḗn |
ŋu.tā.rhá.oŋ → gytērôn |
vu.ǰre.áŋ → výdrā́n |
na.řhe.áŋ → narā́n |
su.óŋ.mā → hyómmē |
| gen. | fik.sé.en_s → fixês |
fik.se.rhá.en_s → fixerâs |
sum.ní.pen_s → hymnípeis |
sum.ni.phrá.en_s → hymniphrâs |
wo.té.nen_s → voténeis |
wo.ten.rá.en_s → votendrâs |
ŋu.ta.án_s → gytḗs |
ŋu.tā.rhá.en_s → gytērâs |
vu.ǰře.án_s → vydrā́s |
na.řhe.án_s → narā́s |
su.én.mā → hyémmē |
| dat. | fík.se.ŋi → fíxei |
fik.sé.rha.ŋi → fixérai |
sum.níp.ŋi → hymnī́pi |
sum.ni.phrá.ŋi → hymniphraî |
wo.téŋ.ŋi → voténgi |
wo.tén.ra.ŋi → voténdrai |
ŋu.tā́.ŋi → gytāî |
ŋu.tā.rhá.ŋi → gytēraî |
vu.ǰřḗ.ŋi → vydrēî |
nāŋi → nāî |
su.ŋí.mā → huímē |
| abl. | fík.se.lo → fíxelo |
fik.se.ár.lo → fixḗrlo |
sum.níp.lo → hymníplo |
sum.ni.phár.lo → hymniphérlo |
wo.tél.lo → votéllo |
wo.ten.ár.lo → votēnérlo |
ŋu.tā.lhó → gytēló |
ŋu.tā.ár.lo → gytḗrlo |
vu.ǰře.lhó → vydreló |
na.řhe.lhó → nareló |
su.lú.mā → hylýmē |
| ess. | fik.se.thé → fixethé |
fik.se.rha.thé → fixerathé |
sum.niph.thé → hymniphthé |
sum.ni.phra.thé → hymniphrathé |
wo.ten.thé → votenthé |
wo.ten.ra.thé → votendrathé |
ŋu.tā.thé → gytēthé |
ŋu.tā.rha.thé → gytērathé |
vu.ǰřē.thé → vydrēthé |
na.řhē.thé → narēthé |
su.thé.mā → hythémē |
Conjugation
| active | accusative | reflexive | causative | potential | anticausative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pres. | ká.te.r-o, -i, -e → káter-o, -i, -e |
ka.te.rip.s-ó, -í, -é → katerips-ó, -í, -é |
ka.tér.ra.s-o, -i, -e → katérr-ō, -ai, -ē |
ka.tē.rhá.s-o, -i, -e → katēr-ô, -aî, -ê |
ka.tér.l-ō, -ei, -ā → katérl-ō, -ei, ē |
ka.te.rár.l-o, -i, -e → katerárl-o, -i, -e |
| aor. | ka.te.ri.skh-ó, -í, -á → kateriskh-ó, -í, -á |
ka.te.rip.skh-ó, -í, -á → kateripskh-ó, -í, -á |
ka.ter.ra.skh-ó, -í, -á → katerraskh-ó, -í, -á |
ka.tē.rha.skh-ó, -í, -á → katēraskh-ó, -í, -á |
ka.ter.le.skh-ó, -í, -á → katerleskh-ó, -í, -á |
ka.te.rar.la.skh-ó, -í, -á → katerarlaskh-ó, -í, -á |
| pf. | ka.te.ra.vie.ro, ri, re → kateráver-o, -i, -e |
ka.te.ra.vie.rip.s-ó, -í, -é → kateraverips-ó, -í, -é |
ka.te.ra.viér.ra.s-o, -i, -e → kateravérr-ō, -ai, -ē |
ka.te.ra.viē.rhá.s-o, -i, -e → kateravēr-ô, -aî, -ê |
ka.te.ra.viér.l-ō, -ei, -ā → kateravérl-ō, -ei, ē |
ka.te.ra.vie.rár.l-o, -i, -e → kateraverarl-o, -i, -e |
| plupf. | ka.té.ra.d-o, -i, -e → katérad-o, -i, -e |
ka.te.ra.dip.s-ó, -í, -é → kateradips-ó, -í, -é |
ka.te.rá.dra.s-o, -i, -e → katerédr-ō, -ai, -ē |
ka.te.ra.thá.s-o, -i, -e → katerath-ô, -aî, -ê |
ka.te.rál.l-ō, -ei, -ā → kateráll-ō, -ei, -ē |
ka.te.ra.dár.l-o, -i, -e → kateradérl-o, -i, -e |
| prog. | ka.te.ra.ǰe.-ó, -í, -á → kateraz-ṓ, -eí, -ḗ |
ka.te.rá.ǰe.ip.s-ó, -í, -é → katerazeips-ó, -í, -é |
ka.te.ra.ǰe.rhá.s-o, -i, -e → katerazer-ô, -aî, -ê |
ka.te.ra.ǰē.á.s-o, -i, -e → kateraze-ô, -aî, -â |
ka.te.ra.ǰe.lh-ṓ, -eí, -ā́ → katerazel-ṓ, -eí, ḗ |
ka.te.ra.ǰe.ár.l-o, -i, -e → katerazḗl-o, -i, -e |
| impf. | ka.te.ra.ǰē.skh-ó, -í, -á → katerazēskh-ó, -í, -á |
ka.te.ra.ǰe.ip.skh-ó, -í, -á → katerazeipskh-ó, -í, -á |
ka.te.ra.ǰe.rha.skh-ó, -í, -á → katerazeraskh-ó, -í, -á |
ka.te.ra.ǰē.a.skh-ó, -í, -á → katerazēskh-ó, -í, -á |
ka.te.ra.ǰe.lhe.skh-ó, -í, -á → katerazeleskh-ó, -í, -á |
ka.te.ra.ǰe.ar.la.skh-ó, -í, -á → katerazērlaskh-ó, -í, -á |
| active | accusative | reflexive | causative | potential | anticausative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pres. | thui.ř-o, -i, -e → thuír-o, -i, -e |
thu.ri.ip.s-ó, -í, -é → thyrīps-ó, -í, -é |
thui.řór.s-o, -i, -e → thyrôr-o, -i, -e |
thu.řés.s-o, -i, -e → thyréss-o, -i, -e |
thu.rí.l-ō, -ei, -ā → thyríl-ō, -ei, ē |
thu.rír.l-o, -i, -e → thyrírl-o, -i, -e |
| aor. | thu.ri.skh-ó, -í, -á → thyriskh-ó, -í, -á |
thu.ri.ip.skh-ó, -í, -á → thyrīpskh-ó, -í, -á |
thui.řor.skh-ó, -í, -á → thuirōskh-ó, -í, -á |
thu.řes.si.skh-ó, -í, -á → thyressiskh-ó, -í, -á |
thu.ri.le.skh-ó, -í, -á → thyrileskh-ó, -í, -á |
thu.rir.la.skh-ó, -í, -á → thyrirlaskh-ó, -í, -á |
| pf. | to.thui.ř-o, -i, -e → tothuír-o, -i, -e |
to.thu.ri.ip.s-ó, -í, -é → tothyrīps-ó, -í, -é |
to.thui.řór.s-o, -i, -e → tothuirôr-o, -i, -e |
to.thu.řés.s-o, -i, -e → tothyréss-o, -i, -e |
to.thu.rí.l-ō, -ei, -ā → tothyríl-ō, -ei, -ē |
to.thu.rír.l-o, -i, -e → tothyrírl-o, -i, -e |
| plupf. | thu.ri.čh-ó, -í, -é → thyriss-ó, -í, -é |
thu.ri.čip.s-ó, -í, -é → thyrissips-ó, -í, -é |
thu.ri.thrá.s-o, -i, -e → thyrithr-ô, -aî, -ê |
thu.ri.the.á.so, -i, -e → thyrith-ô, -āî, -ê |
thu.ri.thl-ṓ, -eí, -ā́ → thyrithl-ṓ, -eí, -ḗ |
thu.ri.thár.l-o, -i, -e → thyrithérl-o, -i, -e |
| prog. | thu.rín.ǰe.-o, -i, -a → thyrîz-ō, -ei, -ē |
thu.rin.ǰe.ip.s-ó, -í, -é → thyrīzeips-ó, -í, -é |
thu.rin.ǰe.rhá.s-o, -i, -e → thyrīzer-ô, -aî, -ê |
thu.rin.ǰē.á.s-o, -i, -e → thyrīze-ô, -aî, -â |
thu.rin.ǰe.lh-ṓ, eí, -ā́ → thyrīzel-ṓ, -eí, -ḗ |
thu.rin.ǰe.ár.l-o, -i, -e → thyrīzḗl-o, -i, -e |
| impf. | thu.rin.ǰē.skh-ó, -í, -á → thyrīzēskh-ó, -í, -á |
thu.rin.ǰe.ip.skh-ó, -í, -á → thyrīzeipskh-ó, -í, -á |
thu.rin.ǰe.rha.skh-ó, -í, -á → thyrīzeraskh-ó, -í, -á |
thu.rin.ǰē.a.skh-ó, -í, -á → thyrīzēskh-ó, -í, -á |
thu.rin.ǰe.lhe.skh-ó, -í, -á → thyrīzeleskh-ó, -í, -á |
thu.rin.ǰe.ar.la.skh-ó, -í, -á → thyrīzērlaskh-ó, -í, -á |
| active | accusative | reflexive | causative | potential | anticausative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pres. | fér.n-ō, -ei, -ē → férn-ō, -ei, -ē |
fer.neip.s-ó, -í, -é → ferneips-ó, -í, -é |
fer.nṓr.s-o, -i, -e → fernôr-o, -i, -e |
fer.nás.s-o, -i, -e → fernáss-o, -i, -e |
fer.né.l-ō, -ei, -ā → fernél-ō, -ei, -ē |
fer.nér.l-o, -i, -e → fernérl-o, -i, -e |
| aor. | fer.ne.skh-ó, -í, -á → ferneskh-ó, -í, -á |
fer.neip.skh-ó, -í, -á → ferneipskh-ó,-í, -á |
fer.nōr.skh-ó, -í, -á → fernōskh-ó, -í, -á |
fer.nas.si.skh-ó → fernassiskh-ó, -í, -á |
fer.ne.le.skh-ó, -í, -á → ferneleskh-ó, -í, -á |
fer.ner.la.skh-ó, -í, -á → fernerlaskh-ó, -í, -á |
| pf. | fo.fér.n-ō, -ei, -ē → fovérn-ō, -ei, -ē |
fo.fer.neip.s-ó, -í, -é → foverneips-ó, -í, -é |
fo.fer.nṓr.s-o, -i, -e → fovernôr-o, -i, -e |
fo.fer.nas.s-ó, -í, -é → fovernass-ó, -í, -é |
fo.fer.né.l-ō, -ei, -ā → fovernél-ō, -ei, -ē |
fo.fer.nér.l-o, -i, -e → fovernérl-o, -i, -e |
| plupf. | fer.né.-u.yo, -wī, -u.ye → fern-eûvo, -évī, -eûve |
fer.ne.wīp.s-ó, -í, -é → fernevīps-ó, -í, -é |
fer.ne.wír.s-o, -i, -e → ferneveîr-o, -i, -e |
fer.ne.oi.yá.s-o, -i, -e → fernōi-ô, -aî, -ê |
fer.ne.oí.l-ō, -ei, -ā → fernōíl-ō, -ei, -ē |
fer.ne.wír.l-o, -i, -e → fernevírl-o, -i, -e |
| prog. | fer.n-ā.lū, -ā.loi, -āł.wo → fern-ḗlȳ, -ḗloi, -āûlo |
fer.nāł.wip.s-ó, -í, -é → fernāulips-ó, -í, -é |
fer.nā.lúr.s-o, -i, -e → fernēloûr-o, -i, -e |
fer.nāł.wós.s-o, -i, -e → fernāulóss-o, -i, -e |
fer.nā.lú.l-ō, -ei, -ā → fernēlýl-ō, -ei, ē |
fer.nā.lúr.l-o, -i, -e → fernēlýrl-o, -i, -e |
| impf. | fer.nā.lu.skh-ó, -í, -á → fernēlyskh-ó, -í, -á |
fer.nāł.wip.skh-ó, -í, -á → fernāulipskh-ó, -í, -á |
fer.nā.lur.skh-ó, -í, -á → fernēlouskh-ó, -í, -á |
fer.nāł.wos.si.skh-ó, -í, -á → fernāulossiskh-ó, -í, -á |
fer.nā.lu.le.skh-ó, -í, -á → fernēlyleskh-ó, -í, -á |
fer.nā.lur.la.skh-ó, -í, -á → fernēlyrlaskh-ó, -í, -á |
The fisherman and the fish
(tentative)
árro phī́nī, thuirerá lerysthó hynḗnī phíōn hyméon thyrīzēskēkhôte títiri mḗ fixên mḗ thyrithlṓ.
fíxes hýmē iktṓ katériskho. “thuirerá lḗ, vydrḗmē títiri mḗ fixethé mḗ áveri. léros hynī́mē kakḗreri fíxe plê ávī lḗ. vúon fernassḗmē, kērembrílei makhḗ? kērembriúvemē ábyni ommombérlei makhḗ? térilo, oumernásse akuísse!”
thuirerás hýmē rhāínen mīradēkhó iktṓ katériskho. “anamnḗ, fíxe lḗ. narḗmē imónī tenkaphéri. oumernassḗmē lā́ni onthyrílēkhi mḗ zadílei. térilo, narā́n fernássēkhi mḗ tassí.”
arːo pʰiːniː | tʰyːrera lerʉstʰo hʉnɛːniː pʰiːon hʉmeon tʰʉriːd͡zɛːskɛːkʰɔːte titiri mɛː ʍiksɛːn tʰʉritʰlɔː ‖
ʍikses hʉmɛː iktɔː kateriskʰo ‖ tʰyːrera lɛː | ɦʉdrɛːmɛː titiri mɛː ʍiksetʰe mɛː aweri ‖ leros hʉniːmɛː kakɛːreri ʍikse plɛː awiː ‖ ɦuon ʍeɹnasːɛːmɛː | kɛːrembrileː makʰɛː ‖ kɛːrembriuwemɛː abʉni ommomberleː makʰɛː ‖ terilo | oːmernasːe akysse ‖
tʰyːreras hʉmɛː r̥aːɪnen miːradɛːkʰo iktɔː kateriskʰo ‖ anamnɛː | ʍikse lɛː ‖ narɛːmɛː imoniː teŋkapʰeri ‖ oːmernassɛːmɛː laːni ontʰʉrilɛːkʰi mɛː zadileː ‖ terilo | naraːn fernassɛːkʰi mɛː tasːi ‖
ar-r-o phī-nī, thuirera lerys-tho hynē-nī phī-on hymej-on thyrī-zēskh-ēkh-o=ate titi-r-i mē fixa-an mē thyri-th-l-ō.
fixe-s hy-mē ikt-ō kater-iskh-o. “thuirera lē, vydrē=mē titi-r-i mē fixe-the mē aver-i. lero-s hy-nī-mē kakēre-r-i fixe plē avi-i lē. vu-on ferna-ss-ē-mē, kērembri-l-ei ma-khē? kērembri-uv-e-mē abyn-i om-momber-le-i ma-khē? terilo, om-verna-ss-e aku‹i›ss-e!”
thuirera-s hy-mē rhā-inen mīr-ad-ēkh-o ikt-ō kater-iskh-o. “anamnē, fixe lē. narē=mē imo-nī tenkapher-i. om-verna-ss-ē-mē lān-i on-thyri-l-ēkh-i mḗ zadi-l-ei. terilo, nare-an ferna-ss-ēkh-i mḗ tass-i.”
be-PTCP-EVT day-CIRC, fisherman sea-LOC.GEN beach-CIRC day-PART whole-PART fish-IMPF-GER-EVT=INST small-PTCP-STA NEG fish-ACC NEG fish-PLUPF-POT-EVT.
fish-TOP DEF-TOP thus-EVT speak-AOR-EVT. fisherman VOC, 1SG=TOP small-PTCP-STA NEG fish-ESS NEG be-STA. sea-TOP DEF-CIRC-TOP fish many live-STA EXCL. 1SG-ACC return-CAUS-COND-TOP, become.bigger-POT-EVT NEG-QU? grow.big-PLUPF-COND-TOP good-STA ACC-eat-POT-STA NEG-QU? therefore, ACC-return-CAUS-SBJV give-IMP.
fisherman-TOP DEF-TOP sky-ALLAT look-PLUPF-EVT thus-EVT speak-AOR-EVT. no, fish VOC. 2SG=TOP now-CIRC be.caught-STA. ACC-return-CAUS-COND-TOP again-STA ACC-fish-POT-GER-STA NEG become-POT-STA. therefore, 2SG-ACC return-CAUS-GER-STA NEG do-STA.
ἄρρο φινι, θυιρερά λερυσθό ὑνήνι φίων ὑμέον θυριζησκηχῶτε τίτιρι μή ἱξῆν μή θυριθλώ.
ἵξες ὕμη ἰκτώ κατέρισχο. «θυιρερά λή, ὐδρήμη τίτιρι μή ἱξεθέ μή ἄερι. λερος ὑνίμη κακηρερι ἵξε πλῆ ἄι λη. ὔον ἑρνασσήμη, κηρεμβρίλει μαχή; κηρεμβριύεμη ἄβυνι ομμομβερλει μαχή; τέριλο, οὐμερνάσσε ακυἰσσε!»
θυιρεράς ὕμη ῥᾴνεν μιραδηχό ἰκτώ κατέρισχο. «ἀναμνή, ἵξε λή. ναρήμη ἱμόνι τενκαφέρι. οὐμερνασσήμη λάνι ονθυρίληχι μή ζαδίλει. τέριλο, ναράν ἑρνάσσηχι μή τασσί.»