Proto-Lukpanic/Lexicon

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This is a lexicon of Proto-Lukpanic.

word class meaning etymology
a v. speak (of divine or proclamatory speech)
abu v. give
adal v. hit
adita v. spit
aəp n. metal
ahub n. wind
akpa adj. wide
akpea n. fog
aloap n. carrot; metaphorically, a skinny woman
ama n. wood
amina n. neck
aniəm adj. colored; painted Tm. ahńǫ "color, dye"
aŋea v. push
aŋi n. blood
apoa n. lizard; reptile
apul adj. bad
atim adj. old
baba n. ear
baəba n. snow
bai adj. thin
-bal quant. some; not all
bib conj. if
bisu n. woodlouse (common food)
bita adj. green
-biu quant. no; none
buəl n. person (esp. a foreigner or stranger)
buimi v. return; continue; flow (of tides)
busa adj. crazy
butu n. honey
bupitu n. mead dim. of "honey"
dada v. swim
daəb n. woman
daəŋa n. tail
dakadap n. nonsense perhaps imit.
dalap v. stand
dam v. breathe
danab n. smoke
danisa adj. full
daŋu n. spear
deab v. ebb
deau num. four
dib adj. good
disi n. husband
diəku v. trade; exchange; barter
doanu n. fat; abundance
Doanu n. a city "Abundance"
du v. come
dudu v. come suddenly; spring forth redup. of du "come"
dui n. fish
dumea n. large leaf; sheet; sail
ea v. cease; stop
eadami n. death "cessation of breath"
eahoana n. tip (of an arrow or spear) Emp. ʔéʔóná "its tooth"
eakaikea n. game; competition Emp. ékayé
eama adj. straight
eatu n. brick
eavusoa v. to spoil; sabotage Emp. éwodzó "to ruin a party"
gaəl n. knee
gai n. large piece; large object
ganam n. milk
gba n. elder; official
gbagba n. people; tribe "the elders" (metonymically, the whole tribe)
gbai v. look (in a hostile way); [with -igba-] confront
gbi v. build
gbital n. forest
gboa n. skin
gbum n. city nom. of "build"
gbunea v. swell
gi pron. you (masc.)
gi n. place; destination; direction of motion possibly related to gi "you"
giba n. rotten onions
gimi v. kill
ginip n. the harvest
gitib n. whale
goa n. day
goa n. origin; source of motion; [as a pronoun] there
goap n. cow; cattle
gu pron. you (fem.)
guəlu adj. dirty
gugu pron. you (pl.)
haəl n. bean
haəlal n. mass of small objects redup. of earlier *hahl "bean"
haəp n. dream
haga v. eat
haim n. night
haimikpani adj. west "facing toward the night"
haisa n. wing
haŋi n. tooth
haŋmoa v. stab
haub v. elicit; cause (of emotions; states)
hiba v. fly
hidib adj. sweet
hiəl v. to enclose; defend; guard
hiəlum n. wall (defensive); barrier; palisade nom. of "defend"
hikpi n. crab
hil n. child
hu n. words; speech
hu v. fall
huəb n. hair (collective)
huəsa v. sing
huita n. cave; grotto
huigu n. lung
hul num. three
hum n. animal
humu adj. dull
huŋmu n. leader
ibida v. float
iəta n. river
iətakaəp n. gold "river-metal"
iəpam n. mountain pass; shortcut Tm. yepę "mountain pass"
Iəvaku n. a city il vaku "sturdy buildings"
igab v. count
ikui v. slit; separate
il adj. strong; sturdy; well-built
ilai n. foot
Isi n. a city  ?
itim v. hollow out
itimum n. canoe nom. of "hollow"
iub n. seashell
ipiub n. cowrie shell; currency; coin dim. of "seashell"
iutu n. year
ivi n. worm
ka adj. each
ka n. each one
kab v. to do again (once)
kabi adv. again gerund of kab
kaəm n. baby animal
kakaəm n. litter coll. of kaəm
kaka v. drink
kaŋa v. walk; [with -igba-] journey; make one's way
kapil n. fire
kapilutu n. hearth; oven "fire womb"
kasap v. growl
kau adj. near
keasa adj. sharp
ki v. turn
-kim suff. adjective marker
kib n. house; hut
kida n. man
kigu v. wave (of hair; grass; flags, etc.); rock back and forth; wag (of tails)
kikpim n. louse
kipisea n. desert Tm. kipceʔ
koabatoa n. celebration (non-religious) Emp. khampató "night"
kpakpa n. fear redup. of *kpa "fear"
kpakim adj. scary *kpa "fear" + -kim
kpadal n. breast
kpaənu v. sleep
kpal n. bee
kpalutu n. beehive "bee womb"
kpaubu n. rope
kpi pron. what; who (interrogative)
kpim pron. so what; what of it?
kpinal pron. how; in what manner
kpisa pron. when
kpita n. butter
Kpitamoa n. a city "Butter Harbor"
kpugba n. liver
kuea adj. yellow
kul adj. short
kumoab n. priest "one who consecrates"
kumu v. consecrate
kumupum n. shrine; sacred place nom. of "consecrate"
kuŋi n. arm
-la suff. and
lab v. crawl
laəp n. nose
laəpisikui adj. foolish (by nature) "not having a nose"
laki n. finger
lapiki n. nail; peg dim. of "finger"
lamil n. earth; soil
lanaseam n. concern; problem Emp. lánádzém "my worries"
-laŋal quant. many
laŋea n. leather Emp. tlaŋe "animal skin"
lap n. water
latui n. stick
li v. know
lim adj. sour
liŋmi n. wall (of house)
loa n. leg
loakpa v. rub
loasa v. trade Tm. lǫća "to exchange"
lu n. sea; ocean
lui n. meat
luigai n. slab of meat lui + gai
Lukpani adj. autonym of speakers "facing toward the sea"
Lunuəsi adj. the eastern barbarians "facing away from the sea"
ma intj. yes! indeed!
mab adj. big
madam v. do repeatedly
madami adv. over and over gerund of madam
mal adj. blue
maənu v. dig
maəŋisap n. paint "blue mixture"
magoa n. salt
-mea quant. all
mi n. sky
mimi adj. warm
mita n. dog; wolf
mital v. run; flow (of rivers)
mitalum n. stream; process nom. of "flow"
Mitaŋmal n. the world; Akana "dog-world"
moa n. belly; harbor
moakpa n. tower Tm. mǫʔpa "summit, peak"
moap v. blow
mu n. mother
muəp n. ice
mugbi n. wife
mul n. buckwheat
mumu adj. black
mutu n. head
na n. tree
Naəgbum n. a city "New Town"
naəp adj. new
naəpal n. baby related to "new"
naəta n. rib
naib n. roof; terrace
naivu n. intestines
naivusi adj. sturdy; well-built "having intestines"
nal v. vomit
nalal v. lie; recline
naŋi adj. rotten
naŋium n. decay; sin; abomination nom. of naŋi
napila v. tie
navoanu n. knowledge; wisdom Emp. nawonu "intelligence"
neahi n. belt Tm. nęhi
neama n. boat; ship perhaps "clasp" + "wood"
neasal v. think
ni v. hold tightly; clasp
nil v. feel (of emotions)
niəkpa v. fear nil "feel" + *kpa "fear"
nimeam adj. smooth
nimi adj. thick
nipu v. chew; grind (of teeth); [with -igba-] concentrate
nium num. five nom. of "clasp"
noab n. spot; sign; glyph
noabigab v. read "count the glyphs"
nu n. eye
nu pp. from; after
nuəp n. root
nuŋu v. throw
ŋ- v. to not be; negative copula
ŋaisi v. wash
ŋana v. say
ŋap n. seed
ŋasi v. die
ŋau n. club; weapon
ŋaup v. bark prob. imitative
ŋeaseaka n. gem; jewel Emp. ŋésékhá
ŋib n. insect
ŋimib n. cluster of buildings
ŋisap v. blend; mix
ŋisapum n. stew; sauce nom. of "mix"
ŋma pron. I (masc.)
ŋmagu pron. we (incl.) "me [and] you"
ŋmal n. land; realm; world
ŋmam n. sand
ŋmaŋma pron. we (excl.)
ŋmeap v. fight
ŋmib num. two
ŋmiula n. goat
ŋmu pron. I (fem.)
ŋmuŋmu pron. we (excl., var.form)
ŋmudu n. corpse
ŋuhim n. horn
ŋulu n. onion
ŋunupa adj. round
oabi adj. wet
pagui n. door
paip n. name
pam v. see
pamiki v. sail; navigate "see and turn"
paŋmap n. nail
papal v. squeeze
pasa n. copper
pasagai n. copper ingot; coin "copper slab"
pau v. to cry out (of animals); [with -igba-] to be startled prob. imitative
peani n. Kipceʔ-style basket Tm. peńi "basket"
peasa n. tongue
pi pron. what; which (interrogative)
piəbai adj. correct
pigba n. lake
pima n. laurel tree
pium n. egg
poahi n. mouth
poahisikui adj. boring, tasteless, taciturn (by nature) "not having a mouth"
Poalu n. name of a sea goddess
Poalugbum n. a city "city of Poalu"
pum v. grow
pugui v. wipe
pukpa n. wine; alcohol
pulaha n. gift Tm. polaha
pusa v. gather
puvab n. star
puvu n. road
s- v. have (of inalienable possessions)
-sa suff. and (var. form)
sa pron. he
-sab suff. one who possesses X agentive of s-
sadab v. freeze
saəkpa v. bring in great quantity Tm. calkwa "pile, heap"
sagau v. split
saip n. spirit; god
saki n. lavender
samu v. pull
saŋim v. bite
sap adj. far
sasa n. father
sasaip n. the gods (coll.) redup. of saip
savu adj. white
savoaəp n. silver "white metal"
seab v. hear
seam v. burn
seanalu n. song; folktale Emp. senállú "song"
si pp. in; at; to; into
siəm n. flower
sim conj. now; so; therefore
simip n. spleen
siŋi adj. long
Siŋmeasita n. a city "Heron Beach"
siŋmea n. heron
sita n. beach
soal adj. narrow
su pron. she
sumi n. rain
sumoa n. stuff; possessions Tm. comǫ "content (of a bag)"
supu num. one
susam v. be curious about; investigate Tm. ćosą "to be curious about"
susu pron. they
suvum n. leaf
t- v. to be; the copula
ta v. sit
tabib n. throat
taəl n. mountain
taəsa n. back
tam n. parsley
tamikim adj. bitter tam + -kim
tamu adj. heavy
tapa adj. other
tau adj. cold
teabi v. sow
tealu n. an alcoholic drink made from milk Emp. théllú
tib n. person
tibi v. play
tiəl n. fruit
tila n. tin
tigbi v. live
tisi v. scratch; write
tisip n. cheek
tisium n. writing "scratchings"
toa n. bird
toaba n. cloud
tu n. bone
tuəm n. buckwheat porridge
tuilu v. laugh
tuip v. hunt
tukpu v. suck
tuku n. stone; rock
tuku v. make; do; perform
tugim n. grape
tuvi n. feather
u pp. of; from
ub adj. small
ubi v. cut
ubium n. knife; any sharp tool "cutter"
uəl n. sun
uəvu v. smell
ugbu n. hand
uhub n. grass
uita adj. right
umu v. hold (loosely)
una adj. difficult
uŋa conj. and; and then
-usi quant. few
usi n. heart
utasa n. dust
utu n. womb
vaku n. house; building
vakupadab n. story; floor (of building) "what is on top of the building"
val adj. dry
vam n. moon
vaŋi adj. red
vau n. snake
veaka n. duty; obligation Emp. wékhá "weight; burden"
vi v. plant
Vilavi n. the Wellawi people
vili adj. good; fine; beautiful
vileaəp n. bronze "fine metal"
vinita n. ceremony
viŋal v. gather insects to eat
viŋma n. hibiscus
vip- pref. [with adjectives] not; [with nouns] lacking
vipikau n. desert "not near"
vipuŋa adj. easy "not difficult"
vipuita adj. left "not right"
voai v. fish
vula v. gesture; make a sign
vusai n. fig
vuveasum n. liquor; booze Emp. wuwédzum "alcohol"