Empotle7á/Lexicon
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Abbreviations used in this lexicon:
- mt: monotransitive verb
- it: intransitive verb
- dt ditransitive verb
- n nominal
- ip inalienably possessed nominal
- coll collective nominal
- adv adverb
- pre adjectival prefix
- pp postposition
- par particle
Tm.: Tmaśareʔ
PL: Proto-Lukpanic
PW: Proto-Western
Iŋ.: Iŋomœ́
PTul.: Proto-Tulameya or an unknown Tulameyan language
Sub.: Unknown substrate influence; possibly Wellawi
Lexicon
Etymologies without a citation are directly from Proto-Western. Following the practice in the Tmaśareʔ lexicon, grey indicates an uncertain Proto-Western etymon.
| morpheme | part of speech | gloss | etyma |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7akam | n | wind, gust | cf. PTul. anken |
| 7allá | n | anger, rage | *ʔałpa |
| 7allatla | mt; it | anger; become angry | *ʔałpa-dza |
| 7áló | mt; n | smell | *ʔału |
| 7ámá | pp | with | *ʔama |
| 7ámena | n | deck (of a ship), floor | PL amina 'neck' |
| 7ane | dt | respond, answer | Tm. hani |
| 7ánam | n | death | *adãthã, taboo inverse of *thãda 'cold' |
| 7áŋé | mt | row | PL aŋea 'push' |
| 7aŋom | n | color | Tm. ahńǫ |
| 7áopó | ip; n | weapon; metal | PL aəp 'metal' |
| 7ápé | n | fog, trickery, bad fortune | PL akpea 'fog' |
| 7áposú | n | lizard | PL apoasu 'one lizard' |
| 7ásem | n; ip | woman; wife | *ʔašẽ |
| 7áso | n | sea wind | PL ahub |
| 7atono | n | Lukpani person | PL adoanub 'person from Doanu' |
| 7atlakho | n | epilepsy | [taboo inversion of khatla 'shake'] |
| 7ayé- | pre | frightening [often said as éya7-, its taboo inverse] | *ʔadya |
| 7áyé | mt | fear | *ʔadya |
| 7ayétú | n | fear | *ʔadya-tu |
| 7awo | n; it | rain | *ʔakʷa |
| 7é | pp | if | *ʔey |
| 7ea | pre | slow | *ʔida- |
| 7el | par | because | *ʔel |
| 7ellá | ip | hand (archaic) | *ʔilsa |
| 7ellal | #; n | 2(10₈); dozen, | *ʔilsa-ł 'two hands' (dual) |
| 7emmá | n | lack, absence | *ʔiłma-tu |
| 7empakam | n | a winter month that brings the rains | cf. PTul. enanken 'the wind' |
| 7ená | n | feather | *ʔẽta |
| 7ena | dt | give | *ʔẽda |
| 7étshá | mt | fish | *ʔičʰa |
| 7imé | ip | name | *ʔĩye |
| 7otla | n | five | *ʔudza |
| 7óná | ip | tooth | *ʔũta |
| 7ónallá | mt | bite | *ʔũta-łpa |
| 7wé | n | pain | *ʔuya |
| 7wetla | mt | cause pain | *ʔuya-dza |
| 7wo | n | vomit | *ʔuwa |
| 7wollá | it | vomit | *ʔuwa-łpa |
| ánesi | n;mt | secret, ritual hymns; do id. | [taboo inversion of sená 'sing'] |
| awo | dt | bestow, grant, give | PL abu |
| awokhá | n | tribute, homage, gifts | (awo-khá 'give-thing') |
| é- | n | [anaphoric stem] | *ya- |
| é | par | not [dated] | *ye |
| é7atlo | it | leave | *yeʔadzu |
| e7ellá | it | come | *yeʔiłca |
| é7ellatla | mt | pull | *yeʔiłca-dza |
| é7óná | n | tip (of an arrow or spear) | (é-7óná 'its tooth') |
| ea | pre | old | *yada |
| ealo | n | parent | (ea-lo) |
| éká | it | play | *yaka |
| ékáyé | n | game | (éka-yé) |
| eko | par | but not | *yekʷe |
| ékú | mt | celebrate, eat meat | *yeku |
| élú | n | other | *yelu |
| éma | it; mt | repeat something without seeing the point of the activity; repeat | *yema 'row' |
| émá | n | sun | *yama |
| émáomá | n | east, sunrise, dawn | (émá-7ú-má 'sun-place') |
| emé7á | n | human | *yama-yaʔa 'son of the sun' |
| emo7atlo | it | gossip | emu- 'mouth' + -7atlo 'away from' |
| emollá | mt | suck | *yãbu-łpa 'do with the mouth' |
| empetá | n | gentleness, kindness | Tm. ęʔta 'feathers' |
| emu | ip | mouth | *yãbu |
| emuwu | n | gossip | 'little mouth' |
| éná | n | meat | *yãsa |
| énao | n | sacrifice, offering | *yãsa-du 'meat' (honorific) |
| enaná | pre | wealthy | *yãšãsa < *yãši-yãsa 'own meat' |
| énatla | vt | butcher, prepare meat | *yãsa-dza |
| éní | mt | hold, own, marry | *yãši |
| eolá | ip | brother, cousin, relative | (éo7ú lá 'his man') |
| éŋí | n | stream, creek | *yãki |
| ephákhá | n | custom, tradition | *yupʰa-kʰa (cf. Tm. yoha 'remain, survive') |
| éphé | n | ice, snow, winter | cf. PTul. yepe |
| éthá | mt | tend, garden | *yatʰa |
| ethápá | n | garden | *yatʰapa |
| ethé | n | wandering star, planet | cf. PTul. inte 'star' |
| etla | mt | push, encourage | *ye-dza |
| etlakhá | n | encouragement | (etla-khá 'push-thing') |
| etlamo | n | grizzly, largest bear species | [taboo inversion of matle + -o (honorific)] |
| étsá | par | and not | *yeca |
| étsí | n | arrow | *yeči |
| étsílo | n | archer | *yeči-lawa 'arrow-person' |
| éso | par | nor | *yesaw |
| éyotla | mt, dt | debate | Iŋ. éiusata |
| ewi | n | eel | PL ivi 'worm' |
| éwotlo | iv | ruin a party | *yekʷadzu < *yeku-ʔadzu 'away from celebrating' |
| íphó | pp | without | cf. PT. ip 'none' |
| ká | pp | on behalf of | *ka |
| káŋálo | n | merchant | PL kaŋa 'walk' + -lo 'agentive' |
| kámam | it; mt | tremble (< 'hide'), fear | *kamã |
| kámaŋem | n | pit, den, nest, haunt | (kámam-yem 'hiding-place') |
| kampé | pp | towards | *kãʔči |
| kanellá | mt | join a tribe one was not born into | *kana-ʔilca 'towards the group' |
| Kapelu | n | brightest planet in the Akanaran sky | PL kapil 'fire' + -u 'honorific' |
| katsá | it, mt | join, volunteer | Tm. kahca 'shake, stir' |
| katsallá | it | k. 7áma gather together | (katsá-llá) |
| kátshá | mt | soil, make dirty | *kačʰa |
| kátshá7é | it | act immorally | (kátshá-7é 'always make dirty') |
| kátshé | pre | dirty, bad, morally suspect | *kačʰi- |
| katshellú | n | vice, dishonor | *kačʰi-słu 'made by being dirty' |
| káthá | pre | correct, right, true | *katʰa- |
| kathéo | n | soothsayer, shaman, mage | *katʰayawa 'he is true' < *katʰa-ʔaya-wa |
| kawa | n | team, crew, (of a ship) command staff, directors | PL gbagba 'elders' |
| kaya | n | bulk, mass | PL gai 'large piece' |
| ké | pp | to | *ke |
| ke7á | adv | continuously | *kiʔka |
| kekulú | n | saddle | Iŋ. cegujú |
| kemó | n | village | Tm. kmo < PL gbum |
| kénem | n | morning | *kyanẽ (cf. Tm. ćanę) |
| kéŋem | coll | tears | *kyañĩ (cf. Tm. ćeńę) |
| kinípho | n | abundance | PL ginip 'the harvest' |
| kítiwo | n | whale | PL kitib |
| kiwo | n | cabin, cell, bunk | PL kib 'house' |
| ko | par; conj. | no, not; but [archaic] | *kʷe 'but' |
| ko | ip | tail | *kʷadu |
| koko | ip | cock, dick | [reduplication of ko 'tail'] |
| koa | it | sleep | *kuda |
| koakáthallé | n | a drug | *kuda-katʰa-łki 'sleep-truth-stuff' |
| koapá | n | bed | (koa-pá 'sleep-place') |
| kolá | n; ip | nephew, orphan (lit. a child not one's own); child (one's own) | *kʷela |
| konú | ip; n | head; wit, wisdom, knowledge | *kʷẽdu |
| kopo | n | NC2: steer, NC5: cattle, wealth | PL goap |
| kopokim | n | cow | (kopo-kim) |
| kophum | coll | roe | *kʷapʰũ |
| kosá | mt | squeeze, press | *kʷisa |
| kosalláŋé | it | work with animal skin | *kʷisa-kłãke 'press the skin' |
| kotsú | ip | virtue, strength, manliness | *kʷacu |
| kotsútú | ip | ritual purity, value, worth | *kʷacu-tu |
| kotsúlo | ip | penis | *kʷacu-lawa |
| kowu | mt | cook | *kʷekʷu |
| kowukoa | it | to enter a trance | (kowu-koa 'cook sleep') |
| kowuwu | it | to get high, stoned | kowu- 'cook' + -wu diminutive |
| ku- | n | [cataphoric stem] | *kʷi- |
| kulú | n | wolf | *kʷułu |
| kulóká | it | seek enlightenment, self-actualization | kulú- + -ká 'seek to become a wolf' |
| kulólaŋ | pre | wolfish, crafty, sly | (kulú-laŋ 'wolf-manner') |
| kum | n | city | PL gbum |
| kúpe | n | container | Iŋ. cɯ́pœ: 'flasks of water' |
| kutsú | pp | after, behind | *kʷicu |
| kuyem | n | vagina | *kʷiyĩ (cf. Tm. kwiyę 'cave') |
| kwo | ip | leg | *kluwa |
| khákhá | n | grain alcohol, beer | PL kaka 'drink' |
| khákháme | n | area for communal drinking, salon, tavern | PL kakami |
| kháló | mt, it | tie, fasten | *kʰalu |
| khalotlé | n | vulture | *kʰalu-dudže-ʔaye 'sky-hanging' |
| khálotlum | n | rope | *kʰalu-dzũ 'tie-tool' |
| khampá | pre | black | *kʰãʔa- |
| khampalló | n | metal | khampá- + -llÚ |
| khampákhéé | n | arable soil | (khampá-khéé 'black soil') |
| khampátó | n | night | (khampá-tú 'blackness') |
| khápá | n | tree | *kʰapa |
| khápáolallá | n | tree-ear mushroom; any kind of mushroom | khápá-7ú-lallá |
| khápátsom | n | forest | *kʰapacũ |
| khatla | it, mt; n | shake, stir; earthquake | *kʰadza |
| khatlalló | n | cheese, butter | (khatla-llú 'made by stirring') |
| kháwó | it | laugh | *kʰakʷʰa |
| kháwotlá | mt | mock | *kʰakʷʰa-dza |
| khé | n | fire | *kʰaya |
| khéoasem | n | woman who tends the communal fire, matron, matriarch | *kʰaya-ʔu ʔašẽ 'woman of the fire' |
| khewu | n | worm | *kʰeybu |
| khéé | coll | soil | *kʰeya |
| khééwu | coll | sand | *kʰeya-kʷi |
| khééllom | n | wall, rampart | *kʰeya-słũ |
| khel | par; iv | no, not; negative copula | from the expression *ye...kʰełka 'not a stone' |
| khélátsom | n | ashes | *kʰayała-cũ |
| khéllá | mt | burn | *kʰaya-łpa |
| khellá | coll | stone | *kʰełka |
| khená | n | horn | *kʰelna |
| khéŋá | pre | together | *kʰiña- |
| khéŋam | pre | thin | *kʰiñã- |
| kheŋáthá | mt | build, put together, create | *kʰiñatʰa |
| kheŋanó | pre | cowardly, unmanly | *kʰiñã-tluwa 'thin blood' |
| kheoyem | n | spring, source of water | *kʰiγʷa-yẽ cf. Tm. kiho 'drop of liquid' |
| khetla | pre | dry | *kʰibła- |
| Khetlatle7á | n | the Kipceʔ desert | *kʰibła-dłeʔa 'dry land' |
| khésá | n | dung | *kʰesa |
| khesallá | it | defecate | *kʰesa-łpa |
| khétsí | par | instead | *kʰeči |
| khétotla | mt | place, organize, order | *kʰetu-dza 'cause to lie down' |
| khétú | it | lie down | *kʰetu |
| kho | pre | narrow | *kʰawa |
| khollá | mt | hunt | *kʰulpa |
| khollátlo | it | go on a quest | *kʰulpa-ʔadzu 'hunt away' |
| khotla | n | boat | *kʰułda |
| khótsá | n | womb | *kʷʰeyta (cf. Tm. kwihca 'vagina') |
| khowolé | n | pass | (kho-wolé 'narrow mountain') |
| khúlú | n | anus | *kʰulu |
| khúmú | n; mt | holiness, sanctity; sanctify, make holy | PL kumu, nominal influenced by Emp. sumu |
| khúmúlo | n | Lukpanic-style priest | khúmú + -lo 'agentive' |
| khumópá | n | built temple, Lukpanic-style temple | khúmú + -pá 'place' |
| la7 | pp | under | *lat |
| la7 | n, ip | men, husbands | *lak 'men' |
| la7á | mt | steal | *laʔpa |
| la7áe | n | thief | *laʔpa-daya 'stealer' |
| lá | n; ip | man; husband (plural la7 < *lak) | *la |
| láké | n | mast | PL laki 'finger' |
| laláŋá | mt | dig | *lalaña < *laña |
| lallá | ip | ear | *lałka |
| lálawo | mt | approach | *łałakʷa < *łakʷa 'near' |
| laloné | mt | seize, control, own, enthrall, dominate | *lalawne redup. of *lawne |
| lamá- | pre | warm | *lãma- |
| lamawótsá | pre; n | good-hearted, kind; kindness | *lãma-kʷʰeyta 'warm womb' |
| lamno | n | priest, shaman | *łãγlawa |
| laná | n | egg | *lãca |
| laná | pre | many | *lãca- |
| lané | n | horse | *łãši |
| yetlelané | it; mt | gallop, run away; flee | (lané-yetle 'horse-run') |
| lanéwu | n | pony | *łãši-kʷi |
| lanó | ip; n | back; side, aspect | *lãsu |
| laŋa | n; ip | spirit; soul, core, essence | *łãγa |
| láŋá | it; mt; pre | be empty, hollow (by association with láláŋá 'dig'); scratch [dated]; empty, hollow, shallow (of a person), vain | *laña |
| laŋáolawo | n a | smoked psychedelic used by shamans | (laŋa-7ú lawo 'the spirit's smoke') |
| láola | n | palm | [contraction of 7ellá7ola7 < *ʔilsa-ʔu lat 'under the hand'] |
| lápékí | n | bond, restraint, attachment | PL lapiki 'nail' |
| latlom | par | what | *la-dzũ |
| latloŋa | par | why | *la-dzũ-ka |
| latlonú | par | how | *la-dzũ-cu |
| latséká | mt | ride, mount | *łãši-čeka 'horse-sit' |
| lawae | n | eye | *łaγa-daya |
| lawallá | it; mt | see | *łaγa-łpa 'do with the eye' |
| láwo- | pre | near | *łakʷa- |
| lawo | n | smoke | *laγʷa |
| Lawólé | n | The Smoke Snake, a prominent constellation | *laγʷa-ʔu-łiya |
| lawokhá | pre | hidden | (lawo-khá) |
| lawokhallá | mt | to hide | (lawokhá-llá) |
| le7á | n | valley | *łiʔna |
| léá | par | who | *la-yaʔa |
| lé | n | snake | *łiya |
| léná | n | lake | *łina |
| léllá | mt | heal | *łiya-łpa |
| léphá | mt | wipe | *leypʰa |
| lésá | mt | clean, purify | Tm. liha |
| lí | it;mt | navigate, steer | PL li 'know' |
| li | pre | upper | *łiγi- |
| limpu | it | dislike, be angry | *łĩʔsu cf. Tm. hęʔso |
| linimpu | mt | hate, intensely dislike, despise | *łĩłĩʔsu |
| lipí | n | crab | PL hikpi |
| litla | mt | watch, observe, guard | (lí-tla) |
| lomá | mt | grind, mill | *lũma |
| lomná | dt | share, exchange | *lũkla (cf. Tm. lǫća) |
| lótsó | it | ingratiate, cosy up to | Tm. loćo 'charm, court, persuade' |
| lú | n | ocean | PL lu |
| lu7ómá | n | west, sunset | (lú-7ú má 'ocean-place') |
| lúkhú | mt | bribe, persuade | *lukʰiw (cf. Tm. loćo) |
| lulomá | mt | seduce, enchant | *lulũpa < *lũpa (cf. Tm. lǫpa 'kiss') |
| lúmem | n | right, east | *lumẽ |
| má | n | place, location | *ma |
| mallá- | pre | sharp | *małka- |
| mallalló | n | blade | (mallá-llú 'sharp thing') |
| malláoméná | n | iron | (mallá-7ú méná 'mother of sharp') |
| maná7 | n | death | taboo inverse of 7ánam, itself a taboo inverse from PW *thãda 'cold' |
| manam | ip | nose | *mãdzã |
| maŋésa | n | paint | PL maəŋisap |
| manó | pre | wide | *mãsu- |
| maŋo | pre; n | sick, ill; sickness, deficit | *makʷa- |
| manóm | n | lie, untruth | [contraction of manómélí < *mãsu-mełi 'wide tongue'] |
| manoná | it | lie, be untrue | (manóm-llá) |
| másé | it | shine | *maše |
| Máseyem | n | moon | *Mašeγẽ |
| matam | it | struggle | PL madam 'do repeatedly' |
| matle | n | bear [archaic] | *madłi |
| matle | n | sea [archaic] | *madže |
| matlekim | n | she-bear | (matle-kim) |
| mayem | par | where | *ma-γẽ |
| mawa | n | salt | PL magoa |
| mawatla | mt | salt, preserve | (mawa-tla) |
| me7 | pp | by means of | *mek |
| me7ú | mt | sew | *meʔšu |
| mé | pre | rotten | *maye- |
| mená | n | four | *mẽca- |
| mélam | pp | along | *melã |
| mélí | n; ip | language; tongue | *mełi |
| meŋu | n | sheep | *mẽγu |
| memno | pre | wet | *mĩkʷa- |
| méná | ip | mother, aunt | *mina |
| méŋá | adv | the day before yesterday | *miña |
| metlao | n | dog (in the sense of 'hunting dog' or 'hound') | *medza-du 'dog' (honorific) |
| mílé | iv, pre | be absent, be alone; alone, solitary, single, first | *mile |
| mimílé | mt | quit, abandon, reject | *mimile redup. of *mile 'be absent' |
| mompá | n | peak | Tm. mǫʔpa |
| mú | adv | completely | *mu |
| ná | n | I | *na |
| na7 | pp | above | *nat |
| ná7ó | pp | up | *naʔu |
| ná7otla | vt | ascend upwards eg. jump, climb | *naʔu-dza |
| nálo | n | ally | *na-lawa 'my man' |
| nalló | n | three | *nałtu- |
| namo | it | think | *nãbu |
| naŋo | ip | foot | *nãγu |
| naom | n | left, evening, sunset, west, ocean | *nadũ |
| natle | adv | rarely | *nadže |
| nátsé | pre | tame, submissive, defeated | *nače- |
| nátséwo | ip | a slave captured in battle | (nátsé-wu 'little defeated one') |
| nawonu | n | intelligence, smarts, wit | *na-kʷẽdu |
| néphá | n | fog | *nipʰa |
| newa | pre | white | *neγla- |
| newawo | pre | pale | (newa-wu 'little white') |
| nó | par | a term of address for listener(s) by the speaker | [contraction of ná7ó] |
| nóló | n | onion | Tm. nolo < PL ŋulu |
| nóké | par | [emphasis; surprise, incredulity (when by itself)] | [contraction of ná7ó ké 'to me'] |
| nopitlum | n | tent | Tm. nopi 'lean on' + -tlum |
| nuné | n | evening [archaic] | *nũčʰe (cf. Tm. nǫće) |
| nunúkhé | n | bonfire | (nuné-7ú khé 'evening-fire') |
| ŋallo | pre | dull, blunt, stupid | *ñałdu- |
| ŋé | adv | frequently, always | *ñaye |
| ŋésí | pre | smooth | *ñeši- |
| ŋésíutle | n | summer, dry season | *ñeši-dudže 'smooth sky' |
| ŋesékhá | n | gem, jewel | *ñeši-kʰa 'smooth thing' |
| ŋesíkhótsá | n | fertile woman | *ñeši-kʷʰeyta 'smooth womb' |
| ŋúwinú | n | ivory | PL ŋuhim 'horn' + -llú 'substance' |
| o7am | n | year | *weʔnã |
| oku | n | lieutenant, right-hand man | PL ugbu 'hand' |
| Olewasi | n | The Warrior (a constellation) | [taboo inversion of sawelo 'warrior'] |
| ollá | mt | hit | *walca |
| olláŋé | mt | beat, lick, discipline | (ollá-ŋé 'hit always') |
| om | mt,it | coo, comfort | *wã cf. Tm. eńo 'again, repeatedly' |
| ompatlo | mt | rock, sway (i.e. a baby) | *wã-ʔadzu 'coo away' |
| oŋópá | n | cradle | *wãyu-pa 'back-and-forth-place' (cf. Tm. eńo 'again') |
| opi | pre | wet | PL oabi |
| ophá | coll | beans | *wapʰa |
| otá | it | turn | *weta |
| otálawa | it, mt | navigate, steer | 'turn with the eye', calque of PL 'pamiki' 'turn and see' |
| oté | part | [future tense marker] | *watya 'the day after tomorrow' |
| otéoté | adv; n | the day after tomorrow | *watya-watya |
| oto7am | n | next year | *wetweʔnã |
| otlá | n; it; mt | hit, strike; id.; séo. otlá = make a good point | *walca |
| otle | it | die | *wadže |
| otletla | mt | kill | *wadže-dza |
| otlotlam | par | a greeting | (otlotlam 'I greet, welcome' < PW *wa-cucã (cf. Tm. cocą 'serve, obey')) |
| otlú | n | liver, emotions, disposition | *wetłu |
| otsí | pre | steep | *wači- |
| otsú | mt | eat vegetables | *wecu |
| otsútleŋáé | n | bear | *wecu-džĩʔĩkʰa-daya 'honey-eater' |
| paka | n; it | hiccup | [onomatopoeia] |
| palokitó | it | sneak | Iŋ. paluceudo 'scout' |
| pampa | n;par. | uncle, grandfather, cousin; address for older male relatives | < Wellawi |
| pamapa | n; mt | nail, peg; fasten, secure | PL paŋmap |
| paná | it | find one's way | *pãta |
| panatlom | n | road, path | *pãta-dzũ |
| pásá | n | copper | PL pasa |
| pásaophétló | n | bronze | (pásá-7ú phétlo 'son of copper') |
| pemí | it, mt | it: hide; mt: cover | *pẽpi (cf. Tm. pępi) |
| pénem | pre | distant, out of touch | Tm. peńę |
| peŋe | dt | give good news to so. | *pẽγe |
| peŋéllá | mt | comfort, reassure | (peŋe-ellá) |
| peŋeí | n | messenger, herald, reporter | (peŋe-í) |
| pétá | n | butter | PL kpita |
| pí | par | maybe | cf. Tm. pińę < *piγĩ |
| pisú | n | dreg, scrap, snack | PL bisu 'woodlouse', a small foodstuff |
| piwa | n | favor, esteem, cool, machismo | Tm. piwa |
| po7wató | mt | abandon | Tm. poʔwaro}} |
| pólí | n | estuary, river mouth | PL poahi 'mouth' |
| polpá | pre | brave | Tm. polpa |
| puŋum | adv | gradually | *pũkʷũ (cf. Tm. pǫkmǫ) |
| pósí | mt, dt | request, ask for sth. from so. | Tm. possi < PL pusa-usi |
| potla | pre | cool, daring, bold | *publa var. of *pulba cf Tm. polpa |
| putholakhé | n | prosperous person | PL butu-laki 'honey-finger' |
| puputhú | n | mead | PL bupitu |
| puwolu | n | mermaid, sea-woman | PL buəlu 'strange woman' |
| phá- | n; pre | anyone, everyone, everything, all; id. | *pʰa- |
| pha7á | mt | throw | *pʰaʔta |
| phála7 | pr | everyone | *pʰa-lak 'all men' |
| phála7tsó | pre | universally, collectively | phála7-tsÚ |
| phálá | it | swell, grow, become painful | *pʰala |
| phálá | pre | far | *pʰala- |
| phálámá | n, pre | north | (phálá-má 'far place') |
| pham | par | then, next | *pʰã |
| phané | n | response in chant, refrain | *pʰãli (cf. Tm. hani 'respond, answer') |
| phápa | mt | shoot, hurl as a weapon | *pʰapʰa |
| phásamé | n | wealth, treasure | PL pasami 'treasury' |
| phatótsá | n |
council, meeting || *pʰa-tuca 'all the houses' | |
| phéé | n | seed | *pʰeyi |
| phélí | n | tree bark | *pʰełi |
| phená | n | cloud | *pʰẽla |
| pheo | it | breathe, blow, be alive, live | *pʰiwa |
| pheollá | it | live, reside, inhabit (+ tawe) | *pheo-llá |
| phéotla | mt | inflate, brag, exaggerate | *pʰiwa-dza |
| phétá | pre | small | *pʰita- |
| phétlo | n | son | *pʰita-lawa 'small man' (cf. Tm. pcaha) |
| phoa | n | chief | *pʰuda |
| phoayem | n | chief's residence; authority | (phoa-yem 'chief-place') |
| phoayeu | n | heir, chief's chosen successor | (phoa-yé-u 'son of the chief' (honorific)) |
| phopo | n | rope, cord, connection, link | PL kpaubu |
| phopowu | ip; n | vein; canal | *phopo- + -wu 'diminutive' |
| phukótsá | n | irritability, suspicion, touchiness | [contraction of máseyempukhótsá < *mašeγẽ-ʔu kʷceyta 'moon womb'] |
| sá | n | we | *sa |
| sákhé | n | lavender | PL saki |
| sákheu | n | large predatory feline | *sakʰe-du 'noble fierce one' |
| sála | n | coin | PL haəlal 'mass of small objects' |
| sallem | adv | surprisingly | *sałtĩ |
| sámo | mt | end, finish | PL haŋmoa 'stab' |
| saŋ | pp | inside | *sãk |
| saŋ | n;par | aunt, grandmother; address for older female relatives | < Wellawi |
| sawe | mt | fight | *sabaya |
| sawelo | n | warrior | (sawe-lo) |
| sawo | n | silver | PL savu |
| sé | pp | down | *še |
| se7atla | it | flow away | *šeʔta-ʔadza |
| se7á7ellá | it | flow towards | *šeʔta-ʔiłca |
| sékam | it | stand | *šikã |
| sékampellá | mt | support | *šikã-ʔiłca 'stand towards' |
| sékana | mt | resist | *šikã-dza 'cause to stand' |
| sená | mt | sing | *šẽta |
| senákhá | n | music | (sená-khá 'sing-thing') |
| sena | ip; n | hand, palm [archaic], side, portion; implication, undertone | *šĩda |
| senallá | mt | count | *šĩda-łpa |
| senálo | n | singer | (sena-lo) |
| senalló | n | song | (sena-llú 'made by singing') |
| senatsó | adv | discretely, quietly | (sena-tsú 'palm-ADVZ') |
| sépam | n | eldest son, heir | *šepã (cf. Tm. śepą) |
| sepaŋá | n | birthright, inheritance, legacy | (sépam-khá 'heir-thing') |
| sésá | n | oar | PL haisa 'wing (of a boat)' |
| séseo | n | star | *šešewa |
| séwá | it | float | *šiwka |
| sewatla | it | travel, journey | *šiwka-ʔadza 'float downstrem' |
| sewum | par | only | *šekʷũ |
| sí | n | two | *ši- |
| so | par | or | *saw |
| soél | pre | likely | *saw-yelu 'or other' |
| soelútsó | adv | likely | *saw-yelu-cu 'or otherwise' |
| sokomom | mt | dwell, inhabit | Tm. śokmǫ |
| sompatsa | n | a martial art of the Kipce Desert | Tm. sǫʔca |
| soná | pre | round | *sũla- |
| sonatloná | pre; ip | pregnant, pregnancy (NC5) | *sũla-blũla 'round belly' |
| sopam | it; mt; n | itch; scratch; itch | *supã (cf. Tm. sopą) |
| sotla | adv | tomorrow | *sudła |
| sumu | n; par | abundant kotsú, safety, peace, tranquility; a greeting and farewell | *sũbu (cf. Tm. somo 'approve, agree') |
| sumoká | mt | greet, wish good fortune upon, say goodbye | sumu-ká |
| susu | n | willow tree; any medicinal tree (bark is analgesic) | [onomatopoeia] |
| suwom | mt | clear (brush, trees), chop; clean; sé-s. konú understand | *šiwkʷã (cf. Tm. śokmą 'dwell') |
| swéthá | n | cave, grotto | PL huita |
| swo | ip | guts | *šuwa |
| swowu | n | harp | (swo-wu 'little guts') |
| swowolá | n | music exercise, practice, arpeggio | (swowu-lá 'what is done with a harp') |
| tá | n | you | *ta |
| ta- | n | [demonstrative (invisible)] | *da |
| taé | par | expresses agreement, accord, obligation; equivalent to 'yes' | *tãya 'must, should' or PL tai 'it is' |
| talana | n | bird | *dalã-ta 'flying one' |
| talam | it | swim, fly | *dalã- |
| tamo - | pre | thick | *dãbu- |
| táká | n | grass | *taka- |
| tákatle | n | grassland, plain | *takadłe- |
| takálá | n | attachment, affection | *takala 'rope' |
| tákálallá | mt | bind, restrain | *takala-łpa |
| tamotlum | n | sail, canvas | PL dam 'breath' + -tlum |
| taoŋa | n | rudder | PL daəŋa 'tail' |
| tatle | n | here | *dadłe |
| tatsa | pre, par | same, like, similar to | (tatsata < *da-ca-da 'that and that') |
| tawa | it, mt | speak, say | *daγa 'shout' |
| tawe | pp | on, at | *tabe |
| tawatla | mt | call to | *daγa-dza |
| tawo | n | one | *takʷa- |
| tawotsú | ip | yin, feminine energy, 'female kwacu' | *tá-kotsú |
| tésá | coll | hair | *tyaša |
| tewisi | n | sea (poetic) | PL deabisi 'sea foam' |
| teŋú | n | jerky | *tẽku |
| tíku | n; dt | trade, exchange, barter | PL diəku |
| tilem | n | mushroom, fungus | cf. PTul. dilen 'ear' |
| tímom | n | canoe | PL itimum |
| típawo | n | prostitute | PL tuipabu 'huntress' |
| tísí | pre | learned, smart | PL tisi 'to write' |
| tonú | n; pre | treasure; much, a lot of | PL doanu 'abundance' |
| tótlaŋa | coll | ancestors | *tuca-łãγa 'house-spirit' |
| tótsá | ip; n | village; house, home | *tuca |
| tótsatla | mt | found, establish | *tuca-dza 'make a house' |
| topu | pre | stubborn | PCW dopu |
| towa | n; par | good; okay, well, affirm/agree | *duγa |
| towanaŋo | n, pre | respectability, good-standing; respectable, upright | *duγa-nãγu 'good-foot' |
| towatlo | n, pre | health, vigor; healthy, vigorous | *duγa-tłuwa 'good-blood' |
| tu7 | par | therefore, so, because, for this reason | *duk |
| túpí | n | few, little | *tupi- |
| tutle | n | sky | *dudže |
| tuwíwutsí | n | a tasty fish species | PL dui + wutsí 'fish' |
| twatwa | n | dog (negative connotation, 'mutt' or 'stray') | [onomatopoeia] |
| twolláthá | n | scorpion | (tá-7wollá-thá 'it causes vomiting') |
| thá | mt | do, make, create | *tʰa |
| thamo | it | fall | *tʰãbu |
| thana | pre | cold | *tʰãda |
| thanaotle | n | winter, cold months | *tʰãda-dudže 'cold sky' |
| tháosá | n | spear | PL taəsa 'rib' |
| thaowa | it; mt | be good, righteous, upstanding; do good for (+ ká) | *tʰa-duγa |
| thaowakhá | ip | goodness, morality | thaowa-khá |
| tháto | mt | snap | *tʰatʰawa < *tʰawa |
| thatle | n | there | *tʰadłe |
| tháthá | mt | use | *tʰatʰa |
| tho | it; mt | sway; bend [dated] | *tʰawa |
| thotana | pre | numb, unfeeling, unresponsive | *tʰawa-tʰãda 'bend cold' |
| thotlom | ip | knee | *tʰawdzũ |
| thé | ip; n | human milk; vitality, essence, manifestation of tawotsú | *tʰaya 'milk' |
| théllá | mt | nurse | *tʰaya-łpa |
| théllú | n | a ritual alcohol made from human breast milk | *tʰayałcu 'made from milk' |
| thempí | n | daughter | *tʰẽʔpi |
| théuséseo | n | Milk Star (brightest star in night sky) | *tʰayaʔu šešewa |
| thítú | it | pass away, die | *tʰuytu |
| thowa | n | root | *tʰuba |
| thunu | mt | have sex with | *tʰũdu |
| thólá | n | wool | *tʰula |
| thónam | ip | head of the family, father, uncle [archaic] | *tʰunã |
| thóno | ip | grandfather | *tʰunã-du |
| thóŋem | ip | uncle (maternal or paternal), heir | *tʰunyaʔã |
| thwé | mt | become | *tʰuya |
| tla | pp | for | *dła |
| tlakom | pre | important, serious | *cakũ- |
| tlalam | mt | stab | *dzalã |
| tlallempellá | ip | wing | *dzaldayãʔu ʔilsa |
| tlamá | it | fart | *błama |
| tlamá | pre | red | *dzama |
| tlanátlam | par | once upon a time, narrative particle that introduces a story | *tłã-ca-tłã 'again and again' (with *tłã- 'again' backderived from *tłãtłã) |
| tlanem | adv | suddenly | *dłanẽ |
| tlanotletá | n | bird of prey, falcon | *dalã-dudže-ta 'sky-flyer' |
| tle | pp | through | *dže |
| tle | n | [demonstrative (visible)] | *dže- |
| tle7á | n | land | *dłeʔa |
| tle7á | ip | tribe | *dłeʔka |
| tle7átó | ip | tribe-ness, solidarity, unity, zeal, fanatic loyalty | (tle7á-tú) |
| tle7á7ellá | it | be initiated, become a member of | *dłeʔka-ʔiłca 'towards the tribe' |
| tle7 | par | however | *džet |
| tlemé | it; mt | dream, have a vision; dream of so. | *dzẽpe (cf. Tm. ńępe 'sleep') |
| tlempená | n | feather | [contraction of tlallempená < *dzałdayãʔẽta] |
| tlená | mt | dance | *džẽsa |
| tlenáphá | n | communal dance rituals | (tlená-phá 'all dance') |
| tlénam | it | freeze | *dzaynã |
| tlénanó | n | ice, snow | *dzaynã-słu |
| tleŋá | ip | fingernail | *džiña |
| tletsam | mt | surprise | *džecã |
| tliní | pre | straight | *dzĩči- |
| tlimpúwulú | n | bear | džĩ-ʔu-kʷułu 'bee-wolf' < *džĩ < *džĩʔĩ |
| tlím | n | bee | *džĩ < *džĩʔĩ |
| tlimpeŋá | n | honey, sweetness | *džĩʔĩ-kʰa |
| tloʔólo | n, pre | vigor, manliness, strength; vigorous, manly, strong | * tluwa-ʔu-lawa 'blood of a man' |
| tloŋéŋí | n | river | *dłũ-yãki 'long river' |
| tloná | ip | belly | *blũła |
| tlonátsé | dt | promise, swear, vow | *dłũ-dzači 'long-say' |
| Tlonaone7á | n | Tlonaone'a, the Coastal Corridor | *dłũ-nadũ-dłeʔa 'land of the long sunset' |
| tlonatsékhá | n | promise, oath, vow | (tlonátsé-khá 'promise-thing') |
| tlunótsá | n | hall of the chief | *dłũ-tuca 'long house' |
| tlum | pre | long | *dłũ- |
| tlumni | ip | breast | *džũbłi |
| tluphú | mt | gather, hunt, collect, fish | *dzupʰu |
| tlutlowó | mt | calm, soothe | *dzudzukʷa < *dzukʷa |
| tlhámá | n | flower | *plama |
| tlhámá | coll | berries | *kłama |
| tlhanam | adv | repeatedly | *tłãtłã |
| tlhaŋá | pre | new | *plãka- |
| tlhaŋé | n | skin | *kłãke |
| tlhaótlo | it; mt | walk away; abandon | *pławaʔadzu |
| tlatsé | mt | say | *dzači |
| tlhátsé | mt | mix | *kłače |
| tlhawé | n | gorge, ravine, gully | *kłaγle (cf. Tm. ćale) |
| tlhépam | n | wild animal, game, prey, quarry | *kłephã |
| tlhétlé | it; mt | rub, prepare leather, masturbate | *tletle |
| tlhétlellú | n | cum, semen | (tlhétlé-llú 'made by rubbing') |
| tlho | it | walk | *pława |
| tlhó | n | blood, essence, family, virtue | *tłuwa |
| tlhókhá | n | lineage | (tlhó-khá) |
| tlhollá | it | bleed | (tlhó-llá) |
| tlhollú | n | relative | *tłuwa-słu |
| tlhothá | pre | short | *kłutʰa- |
| tlhótsinetá | pre | simple, uncomplicated | *tluwa-dzĩčita 'straight blood' |
| tlhúphé | mt | find, discover | *tłupʰe |
| tlhuyem | n | bay | *tluγẽ (cf. Tm. cońę) |
| tsal | par | also | *cał |
| tsallo | n | hill, knoll | *calkʷa (cf. Tm. calkwa 'pile, heap') |
| tséé | mt | want | *čiye |
| tséká | it | sit | *čeka |
| tsékatla | mt | seat | *čeka-dza |
| tsékhullú | n | thicket, grove | *čekʰusłu < *čewkʰ-słu |
| tsetla | n | heart | *čełdza |
| tsínú | pre | full | *činu |
| tsíyu | ip | sister | < Wellawi |
| tso7 | n | leaf [dated], tea leaf | *čewkʰ |
| tsomá | n | sayings, stories, fables, idiom | *cũpa (cf. Tm. cǫpa 'language') |
| tsómom | n | package, bag | Tm. comǫ 'contents (of a bag)' |
| tsopenem | n | refuge, rest, haven | Tm. ćopńę 'oasis' |
| tsósam | it, mt | interfere, impede, block | Tm. ćosą 'be curious about' |
| tsotsú | par | maybe, hopefully | *čewcʰu |
| tsotwa | n | pot, vessel | Tm. ćotwa |
| tsowa | n | fruit | *cuba |
| tsowá | it | be silent, quiet | *dzukʷa (cf. Tm. sokwa) |
| tsowallá | it | pass away, die ('fall silent') | (tsowá-llá) |
| tsumé | n | axe | *cũme |
| tsuŋé | adv | skillfully, artfully | *tyũkʰe |
| tsuŋeí | n | master, maestro, sage, artist | (tsuŋé-í) |
| tsúphé | n | water | *kyupʰe |
| tshámáwo | n | tilled land, farm | (tshámá-wu 'little land' < *cʰama) |
| tshéká | pre | yellow | *čʰeka |
| tshékham | n | earth, ground, soil | *čʰekʰã |
| tshellá | dt | teach | *čʰiłta |
| tshenem | n | value, price | *čʰẽdłẽ |
| tshéphú | n | wild animal, deer | *čʰepʰu |
| tshetlena | mt | initiate | *čʰiłta-džẽsa 'teach to dance' |
| tshillú | ip | arm | *čʰilpu |
| tshinúkótsá | n | compassion, motherly love | *činu-kʷʰeyta 'full womb' |
| tshú | adv | yesterday | *cʰuy |
| tshumem | n | dawn | *cʰũbẽ |
| tsúphú | mt | annoy, irritate | *cupʰu |
| tsúphué | n | louse | *cupʰudaya |
| tshútlim | n | cliff | *čʰiwdłĩ (cf. Tm. ćohcę) |
| yámá | par | but | *ye ʔama 'not with' |
| yáthá | n | current | PL iəta 'river' |
| yé | mt | hear | *γiya |
| yellá | mt | listen to | *γiya-łpa |
| yellí | n | fat, grease | *γelši |
| yemó | n | pine | *γĩwa |
| yemá | pre | bad, evil | *γema- |
| yemátó | n | evil | *γema-tu |
| yepá | n | some | *γipa- |
| yépem | n | pass, solution, fix | Tm. yepę 'mountain pass' |
| yisé | n | day | *γiše |
| yetle | it | run | *γedže |
| yetlelá | n | race | *γedže-la |
| yetlelallá | mt | race | *γedže-łpa |
| yetle7atlo | it | retreat, run away | *γedže-ʔadzu |
| yetsa | n | trial, test, difficulty | PCW yetsa |
| yewetle | it | hurry | *γebedže < *γeγedže |
| yómá | n | gold | Tm. yoma 'sun' |
| wakhe | n | holiness, abundance of kotsú | *bakʰe |
| wa7á | mt | milk animals | *γlaʔta |
| wa7álá | n | milk (from animals) | *γlaʔta-la |
| wa7atlom | n | udder | (wa7á-tlum 'milk-thing') |
| walápem | mt | oust, exile, overthrow | *γlalãpi < *γlãpi |
| wallé | ip | neck | *γalši |
| walléwu | ip | shoulder | (wallé-wu 'little neck') |
| wane | pre | big, great, important | *γãdže- |
| Wanelo | n | a mythical hero who taught the secrets of the earth | *γãdželawa cf. Gezoro |
| waŋá | n | leaf | *γaña |
| we | pre | heavy | *γʷuye- |
| wekhá | n | weight, burden | *γʷuye-kʰa |
| wekhá7é | iv | burden, weigh down | (wekhá-7é) |
| wemena | mt | understand | *bẽbẽdza |
| wena | mt | know | *bẽdza |
| weothú | mt | erase | *wewetʰu < *wetʰu (cf. Tm. weto 'fade, wither') |
| wesa | mt | cut | *besa |
| wesalawae | mt | to feel ashamed, guilty | (wesa-lawae 'cut the eye') |
| wesatlom | n | knife | *besa-dzũ |
| wesatliní | n; pre | middle | *besa-dzĩči 'cut straight' |
| wewesá | mt | split | *bebesa |
| wílí | pre | pretty, charming, cute | PL vili 'good' |
| wilimú | mt | promote, elevate, honor, educate | *γlilĩpu < *γlĩpu (cf. Tm. lępo 'lift') |
| wiŋásé | n | tea | PL viŋmasi 'hibiscus tea' |
| wo | pp | outside | *γaw |
| wolaŋ | pre | apparent, accessible, exoteric | (wo-laŋ 'outside-ish') |
| wo | it | live, be alive | *γʷiwa |
| woé | n | hill | *γʷeye |
| wokú | pre | quick | *γʷeku- |
| wokuwoná | n | winter | *γʷeku-γʷĩta 'quick wind' |
| wolé | n | mountain | *γʷeley |
| wolúwoku | n | eagle | *γʷeley-ʔu-γʷekudu 'mountain eagle' |
| wollá | n | spit | *γʷałka |
| wollallá | it | spit | *γʷałka-łpa |
| wollé | mt | wash | *γʷałki |
| wollu | n | slave | *γʷełbu |
| wollotla | vt | enslave | *γʷełbu-dza |
| wóna | pre | green | *γłuna- |
| woná | n | wind | *γʷĩta |
| woŋá | n | pig | *γũka |
| wone | n | island | *γʷẽdle |
| wonó | n | bone | *γʷãsu |
| wonotótsá | n | grave; láwonotótsá - graveyard | *γʷãsu-tuca 'bone-house' |
| wotla | mt | give birth to | *γʷiwa-dza |
| wotlakhá | n | midwife | (wotla-khá 'birth-giver') |
| woyem | n | Akana, the physical world | (wo-yem 'live-place') |
| wullí | coll | millet | *γulši |
| wutsí | n | fish | *γuči |
| wutsupho | n | net | [contraction of wutsetsuphotá < *γuči-dzupʰu-ta 'fish-catcher'] |
| wuwe | mt | drink | *γʷibe |
| wuwekhá | n | fruit alcohol | (wuwé-khá 'drink-thing') |