User:Zhen Lin/Sketch

Stage 1

labial dental alveolar velar glottal stops nasal m n ŋ voiced b d ɡ unvoiced p t k aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ fricatives ɸ • β s • z h approximants l ɹ (ɦ) semivowels w j

front central back close i u near-close close-mid mid ə open-mid near-open open a

• /ɦ/ (pronounced [ɦ̞]) automatically appears between vowels, with [ʔ] and [ɰ] as possible allophones. /ɦ/ tends to be silent adjacent to consonants.
• Aspirated and unaspirated unvoiced plosives are not pronounced distinctly in codas.

Phonotactics and morphophonology

Syllables consist of a mandatory onset and nucleus, with an optional coda. Approximants preceding a vowel tend to cluster with a preceding consonant to form a complex onset, which may cause resyllabification. Likewise, sibilants (/s z/) tend to cluster with a following consonant to form a complex onset or coda. A complex onset or coda may have at most three terms, with the restriction that in a three-term onset, the third consonant must be an approximant, and likewise, in a three-term coda, the first must be an approximant. In general, consonant clusters follow the sonority hierarchy, with onsets like /rt/ and codas like /kl/ being illegal. Syllable nuclei consist of at least a vowel, optionally preceded and/or followed by semivowel on/off-glides. It is noted that /ɹl/ does not occur as an onset, and likewise, /lɹ/ does not occur as a coda.

Voicing assimilation occurs in clusters, according to the following rules, which apply across syllable boundaries:

1. Aspirated plosives are immune to voicing assimilation.
2. /h/ adjacent to an unvoiced plosive causes the plosive to become aspirated, and the /h/ itself disappears.
3. Nasals cause adjacent plosives and fricatives to become voiced. Additionally /g/ becomes /ŋ/ when followed by a nasal.
4. Unaspirated plosives followed by another plosive assimilate in voicing to the following plosive.
5. Voiced plosives cause adjacent fricatives to become voiced.
6. Fricatives assimilate in voicing to nearest plosive, with aspirated plosives forcing devoicing; where sandwiched between two unaspirated plosives, fricatives assimilate in voicing to the preceding plosive.

Some suffixes beginning with a sonorant gain an epenthetic vowel when added to a consonant stem:

• /m/ → /ə/ or /əm/
• /n/ → /ə/ or /ən/
• /ŋ/ → /u/ or /uŋ/
• /ɹ/ → /əɹ/ or /ɹə/
• /l/ → /il/ or /li/

Some suffixes of the form /ɦVN/ (where V is the epenthetic vowel associated with the nasal N) change to /NVN/ when added to a vowel stem:

• /ɦən/ → /nən/
• /ɦuŋ/ → /ŋuŋ/

Sample

	*thuriarxa	*thuriarxahr	*fiksa	*fifiksa	*sumnip	*tarun	*sunax	*fŋ-rix	*nax-rix
nominative	ˈtʰuɹjəˌɹ-a	ˈtʰuɹjəˌɹ-ahəɹ	ˈɸikʰs-ə	ɸiˈɸikʰs-ə	ˈsũmn-ip	ˈtaɹ-un	ˈsun-ah	ˈβuɹjəh	ˈnahɹjəh
accusative	-ahəm	-ahəɹhəm	-əhəm	-əhəm	-ipʰəm	-unɦəm	-ahəm	ˈβuŋɦəm	ˈnahəm
genitive	-anən	-ahəɹɦən	-ənən	-ənən	-ipɦən	-unɦən	-ahɦən	ˈβuŋɦən	ˈnahɦən
partitive	-aŋuŋ	-ahəɹɦuŋ	-əŋuŋ	-əŋuŋ	-ipɦuŋ	-unɦuŋ	-ahɦuŋ	ˈβuŋɦuŋ	ˈnahɦuŋ
dative	-aŋi	-ahɹəŋi	-əŋi	-əŋi	-ibŋi	-anŋi	-aɦŋi	ˈβuŋi	ˈnaɦŋi
instrumental	-amdə	-ahɹəmdə	-əmdə	-əmdə	-iˌbədə	-uˌnədə	ˈaˌɦədə	ˈβumdə	ˈnaɦədə
ablative	-alu	-ahɹəlu	-əlu	-əlu	-iplu	-unlu	-ahlu	ˈβulu	ˈnahlu
essive	-atəɹi	-ahɹəˌtaɹi	-əˌtaɹi	-əˌtaɹi	-ipˌtaɹi	-unˌdaɹi	-aˌtʰaɹi	ˈβudaɹi	ˈnatʰaɹi

ˈhaɹːu ˈpihinih | ˈtʰuɹjəˌɹa ˈlaɹuttʰu ˈsunaɦnih ˈpihinən ˈsuməjh tuˈtʰuɹiˌskakʰu mdə ˈtitiˌskɹi mən ˈɸikʰsəˌhəm mən ˈtʰuɹiˌtʰjələsku ‖

ˈɸikʰsə ˈtkahu ˈkatəˌɹisku ‖ ˈtʰuɹjəˌɹa la ˈβurjəh ˌma ˈtitiˌskɹi mən ˈɸikʰsəˌtaɹi əˈβjaɹi ˌmən ‖ ˈlaɹudˌniɦ ma kəˈkaɹəˌskɹi ɸiˈɸikʰsə ˈplasə əˈβi ˌla ‖ ˈβuŋɦəm ˈɸaɹnahˌslə ma | ˈkaɹəˌmɹinəˌləw makʰa ‖ ˈkaɹəˌmɹihuˌjə ma əˈmuniˌskuhəm ˈmambraˌnələj ˌmakʰa ‖ ˈtaɹilu | ˈβuŋɦəm ˈɸaɹnahˌznə əˈɡutjə ‖

ˈtʰuɹjəˌɹa ma ˈsɹaŋəˌnihəm ˈmihrənˌdiskakʰu ˈtkahu ˈkatəˌɹisku ‖ ˈmənmən | ˈɸikʰsə ˌla ‖ ˈnahrjəɦ ˌma ˈimanih ˈtangəpʰaɹi ‖ ˈnaham ˈɸaɹnahˌsaha ma ˈləŋsuhəm ˈtʰuɹiˌnələj ‖ ˈtaɹilu | ˈnaham ma ˈɸaɹnahˌsanɦi ‖

Stage 2

labial dental alveolar velar glottal stops nasal m n (ŋ) voiced b d ɡ unvoiced p t k aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ fricatives ʍ • β s • z h approximants l ɹ ɰ semivowels w j

front central back close i iː y yː ɨ ɯ̈ː u uː near-close close-mid eː öː mid open-mid ɛ ɜː ɔ̈ near-open ɐ ɑː open ɑ

• /ŋ/ only appears in codas.
• /ɰ/ only appears between vowels.
• /j i y/ palatalise preceding consonants.
• Vowels are nasalised when followed by coda nasals, but not syllable-initial nasals.

Phonotactics and morphophonology

A front-back vowel harmony system is in force:

	[-high] [-round]	[-high] [±round]	[+high] [+round]	[+high] [-round]
Front	ɐ ɜː	ɛ eː	y yː	i iː
Back	ɑ ɑː	ɔ̈ öː	u uː	ɨ ɯ̈ː

Some words may exhibit mixed harmony, e.g. /kɑɹo.mɹi.ne.le.w/ (periods denote morpheme boundaries) has back harmony in the first morpheme, but front harmony in the second, which triggers front harmony the suffixes that follow. In autosegmental terms, we may say that /kɑro/ is [+back], /mɹi/ is [-back], and /ne.le.w/ have no [±back] specification and takes the feature from the nearest preceding morpheme.

Vowels followed by /j w/ are pronounced as falling diphthongs.

/b d ɡ/ → /m n ŋ/ when followed by any nasal consonant.

Sound changes

1. Vowel harmony:
   • /a/ → /ɐ ɑ/
   • /ə/ → /e̞ ö̞/
   • /u/ → /y u/
   • /i/ → /i ɯ̈/
2. Consonant lenition:
   • /ɸ/ → /ʍ/
   • /β z ɦ/ → /w ɹ ɰ/ intervocalically (ignoring intervening /j w/).
   • /ɦ/ → Ø elsewhere, lengthening a preceding vowel (ignoring intervening off-glides), especially if resyllabification occurs.
     • /ɑɦ ɐɦ e̞ɦ ö̞ɦ/ → /ɑ̝ː ɜː eː öː/
     • /iɦ yɦ ɯ̈ɦ uɦ/ → /iː yː ɯ̈ː uː/
3. Short vowel shifts:
   • /e̞ o̞ ɯ̈/ → /ɛ ɔ̈ ɨ/
4. Nasal shifts:
   1. /ŋw/ → /m/ (absorbing the on-glide).
   2. /ŋ/ → /n/ before vowels
   3. /b d g/ → /m n ŋ/ when followed by any nasal consonant.

Sample

	*thuriarxa	*thuriarxahr	*fiksa	*fifiksa	*sumnip	*tarun	*sunax	*fŋ-rix	*nax-rix
nominative	ˈtʰuɹjɔˌɹ-ɑ	ˈtʰuɹjɔˌɹ-ɑhɔɹ	ˈɸikʰs-ɛ	ɸiˈɸikʰs-ɛ	ˈsumn-ɨp	ˈtɑɹ-un	ˈsun-ɑh	ˈβuɹjɔh	ˈnɑhɹjɔh
accusative	-ɑhɔ̃m	-ɑhɔɹhɔ̃m	-ɛhɛ̃m	-ɛhɛ̃m	-ɨpʰɔ̃m	-uːnɔ̃m	-ɑhɔ̃m	ˈβuːnɔ̃m	ˈnɑhɔ̃m
genitive	-ɑnɔ̃n	-ɑhoːɹɔ̃n	-ɛnɛ̃n	-ɛnɛ̃n	-ɯːpɔ̃n	-uːnɔ̃n	-ɑːhɔ̃n	ˈβuːnɔ̃n	ˈnɑːhɔ̃n
partitive	-ɑnũŋ	-ɑhoːɹũŋ	-ɛnỹŋ	-ɛnỹŋ	-ɯːpũŋ	-uːnũŋ	-aːhũŋ	ˈβuːnũŋ	ˈnɑːhũŋ
dative	-ɑnɨ	-ɑhɹɔnɨ	-ɛni	-ɛni	-ɨ̃mnɨ	-ɑ̃nnɨ	-ɑːnɨ	ˈβunɨ	ˈnɑːnɨ
instrumental	-ɑ̃mdɔ	-ɑhɹɔ̃mdɔ	-ɛ̃mdɛ	-ɛ̃mdɛ	-ɨˌbɔdɔ	-uˌnɔdɔ	-ɑˌɰɔdɔ	ˈβũmdɔ	ˈnɑɰɔdɔ
ablative	-ɑlu	-ɑhɹɔlu	-ɛly	-ɛly	-ɨplu	-ũnlu	-ɑhlu	ˈβulu	ˈnɑhlu
essive	-ɑtɔɹɨ	-ɑhɹɔˌtɑɹɨ	-ɛˌtɐɹi	-ɛˌtɐɹi	-ɨpˌtɑɹɨ	-ũnˌdɑɹɨ	-ɑˌtʰɑɹɨ	ˈβudɑɹɨ	ˈnɑtʰɑɹɨ

ˈhɑɹːu ˈpihinih | ˈtʰuɹjɔˌɹɑ ˈlɑɹuttʰu ˈsunɑːnɨh ˈpihinɛ̃n ˈsumɔɪh tuˈtʰuɹɨˌskɑkʰu mdɔ ˈtitiˌskɹi mɛ̃n ˈʍikʰsɛˌhɛ̃m mɛ̃n ˈtʰuɹɨˌtʰjɔlɔsku ‖

ˈʍikʰsɛ ˈtkɑhu ˈkɑtɔˌɹɨsku ‖ ˈtʰuɹjɔˌɹɑ lɑ ˈβurjoː ˌmɑ ˈtitiˌskɹi mɛ̃n ˈʍikʰsɛˌtɐɹi ɛˈwjɐɹi ˌmɛ̃n ‖ ˈlɑɹũnˌnɯː mɑ kɔˈkɑɹɔˌskɹɨ ʍiˈʍikʰsɛ ˈplɐsɛ ɛˈwi ˌlɑ ‖ ˈβuːnɔ̃m ˈʍɑɹnɑhˌslɔ mɑ | ˈkɑɹɔˌmɹinɛˌlɛw mɑkʰɑ ‖ ˈkɑɹoˌmɹihyˌjɛ mɑ ɔˈmunɨˌskuhɔ̃m ˈmɑ̃mbrɑˌnɔlɔɪ ˌmɑkʰɑ ‖ ˈtɐɹily | ˈβuːnɔ̃m ˈʍɑɹnɑhˌzŋɔ ɔˈɡutjɔ ‖

ˈtʰuɹjɔˌɹɑ mɑ ˈsɹɐnɐˌnihɛ̃m ˈmihrɛ̃nˌdiskɐkʰy ˈtkɑhu ˈkɑtɔˌɹɨsku ‖ ˈmɛ̃nmɛ̃n | ˈʍikʰsɛ ˌlɑ ‖ ˈnɑhrjoː ˌmɑ ˈimɐnih ˈtɑ̃ngɔpʰɑɹɨ ‖ ˈnɑhɑ̃m ˈʍɑɹnɑhˌsɑhɑ mɑ ˈlɔ̃ŋzuhɔ̃m ˈtʰuɹɨˌnɔlɔɪ ‖ ˈtɐɹily | ˈnɑhɑ̃m mɑ ˈʍɑɹnɑhˌsɑːnɨ ‖

Stage 3

		labial	dental	alveolar	alv.-pal.	palatal	velar	glottal
stops	nasal	m • mʲ	n		ɲ
	voiced	b • bʲ	d		dʑ	ɟ	ɡ
	unvoiced	p • pʲ	t		tɕ	c	k
	aspirated	pʰ • pʰʲ	tʰ		tɕʰ	cʰ	kʰ
fricatives		β • vʲ		s • ɕ	ʃ • ʑ	ç		h
approximants		ʍ • f̞ʲ	l	ɹ	ɹ̠ʲ	ʎ	ɰ
semivowels		w • ɥ				j

front central back close i iː ɨ ɨː u uː near-close close-mid eː o oː mid əː open-mid ɛ ɜ near-open open ä äː

front central back close iʊ̯ iːʊ̯ yɪ̯ yːɪ̯ ɨʊ̯ ɨːʊ̯ üɪ̯ üːɪ̯ near-close close-mid eɪ̯ eːɪ̯ øːɪ̯ øːʊ̯ oʊ̯ oːʊ̯ mid open-mid ɛːɪ̯ œɪ̯ œʊ̯ ɔʊ̯ ɔːʊ̯ near-open æɪ̯ open

Sound changes

1. /ɨ/ → Ø after /ɹ l/ when word-final.
2. Palatalisation
   • /nʲ dʲ tʲ tʰʲ/ → /ɲ dʑ tɕ tɕʰ/
   • /ɡʲ kʲ kʰʲ/ → /ɟ c cʰ/
   • /ʍʲ βʲ wʲ sʲ zʲ ɰʲ hʲ / → /f̞ʲ vʲ ɥ ɕ ʑ ɰ ç/
   • /ɹʲ lʲ/ → /ɹ̠ʲ ʎ/
3. Diphthong shifts
   • /ɐj ɜːj ɑj ɑ̝ːj/ → /æɪ̯ ɛːɪ̯ æɪ̯ ɛːɪ̯/
   • /ɐw ɜːw ɑw ɑ̝ːw/ → /ɔʊ̯ ɔːʊ̯ ɔʊ̯ ɔːʊ̯/
   • /ɛj eːj ɔ̈j öːj/ → /eɪ̯ eːɪ̯ œɪ̯ øːɪ̯/
   • /ɛw eːw ɔ̈w öːw/ → /œʊ̯ øːʊ̯ oʊ̯ oːʊ̯/
   • /iw iːw ɨw ɯ̈ːw/ → /iʊ̯ iːʊ̯ ɨʊ̯ ɨːʊ̯/
   • /yj yːj uj uːj/ → /yɪ̯ yːɪ̯ üɪ̯ üːɪ̯/
4. Great vowel shift I (monophthongs only)
   1. /ɐ ɜː/ → /ɜ ɘː/
   2. /ɔ̈ öː/ → /ɐ ɜː/
   3. /u uː/ → /o oː/
   4. /y yː/ → /u uː/
5. Great vowel shift II (monophthongs only)
   1. /ɨ ɯ̈ː/ → /i iː/
   2. /ɜ ɘː/ → /ɨ ɨː/
   3. /ɐ ɜː/ → /ɜ əː/
   4. /ɑ ɑ̝ː/ → /ä äː/
6. Lenition of nasals
   • /n m/ → Ø except when prevocalic.
   • /ŋ/ → Ø in all positions.
7. Cluster simplification
   • /s/ → /ɕ/ before palatalised consonants.
   • /pt ptɕ ptɕʰ/ → /ɸt ɸtɕ ɸtɕʰ/ intervocalically.
   • Other clusters of plosives assimilate in POA to the last consonant and become geminate consonants.
   • /dɹ dl/ → /ɹː lː/
   • /ɹs ɹɕ/ → /sː ɕː/
   • /h/ → Ø after fricatives.
   • /h/ → Ø before consonants postvocalically, with compensatory lengthening.
   • /sp ɕpʲ st ɕtɕ ɕc sk/ → /isp iɕpʲ ist iɕtɕ iɕc isk/ in word-initial position.
   • /spʰ ɕpʰʲ stʰ ɕtɕʰ ɕcʰ skʰ/ → /ispʰ iɕpʰ istʰ iɕtɕʰ iɕcʰ iskʰ/ in word-initial position.

Sample

	*thuriarxa	*thuriarxahr	*fiksa	*fiksahr	*sumnip	*tarun	*sunax	*fŋ-rix	*nax-rix
nominative	ˈtʰoɹʲɜˌɹ-a	ˈtʰoɹʲɜˌɹ-ahɜɹ	ˈfʲikʰs-ɛ	ˈfʲikʰs-ɛhɛɹ	ˈsõn-ip	ˈtaɹ-õ	ˈson-aː	ˈβoɹʲəː	ˈnaːɹʲəː
accusative	-ahɜ̃	-ahɜɹhɜ̃	-ɛhɛ̃	-ɛhɛɹhɛ̃	-ipʰɜ̃	-oːnɜ̃	-ahɜ̃	ˈβoːnɜ̃	ˈnahɜ̃
genitive	-anɜ̃	-ahəːɹɜ̃	-ɛnɛ̃	-ɛheːɹɛ̃	-iːpɜ̃	-oːnɜ̃	-aːhɜ̃	ˈβoːnɜ̃	ˈnaːhɜ̃
partitive	-anõ	-ahəːɹõ	-ɛɲũ	-ɛheːɹʲũ	-iːpõ	-oːnõ	-aːhõ	ˈβoːnõ	ˈnaːhõ
dative	-ani	-aːɹɜni	-ɛɲi	-eːɹɛɲi	-ĩni	-õni	-aːni	ˈβoni	ˈnaːni
instrumental	-ãdɜ	-aːɹɜ̃dɜ	-ɛ̃dɛ	-eːɹɛ̃dɛ	-iˌbɜdɜ	-oˌnɜdɜ	-aˌɰɜdɜ	ˈβõdɜ	ˈnaɰɜdɜ
ablative	-alo	-aːɹɜlo	-ɛʎu	-eːɹɛʎu	-iplo	-õlo	-aːlo	ˈβolo	ˈnaːlo
essive	-ataɹ	-aːˌɹɜtɜɹ	-ɛˌtɨɹʲi	-eːˌrɛtɛɹʲi	-iɸˌtaɹ	-õˌdaɹ	-aˌtʰaɹ	ˈβodaɹ	ˈnatʰaɹ

ˈhaɹːo ˈpʲiçiˌɲitʰɨɹʲi | ˈtʰoɹʲɜˌɹɑ ˈlaɹotːʰo ˈsonaːˌnitʰɜɹ ˈpʲiçinɛ̃ ˈsomøːɪ ˈtʰoɹiˌskakʰõdɜ ˈtɕitɕiˌskɹʲi mɛ̃ ˈfʲikʰsɛˌhɛ̃ mɛ̃ ˈtʰoɹiˌtɕʰɜlɜsko ‖

ˈfʲikʰsɛ ˈkaho ˈkatɜˌɹisko ‖ ˈtʰoɹʲɜˌɹa la ˈβorʲəː ˌma ˈtɕitɕiˌskɹʲi mɛ̃ ˈʍikʰsɛˌtɨɹʲi ɛˈɥɨɹi ˌmɛ̃ ‖ ˈlaɹõˌniː ma ˈβotʰɜ kaɹɜˌskɹi ˈfʲikʰsɛhɛɹ ˈplɨsɛ ɛˈɥi ˌla ‖ ˈβoːnɜ̃ ˈʍaɹnaːˌslɜma | ˈkaɹɜˌmɹʲinɛˌlœʊ makʰa ‖ ˈkaɹɜˌmɹʲiçuˌjɛma ɜˈmoniˌskohɜ̃ ˈmãbraˌnɜlœɪ ˌmakʰa ‖ ˈtɨɹʲiʎu | ˈβoːnɜ̃ ˈʍaɹnaːˌznɜ ɜˈɡotɕɜ ‖

ˈtʰoɹʲɜˌɹa ma ˈsɹɨnɨˌɲihɛ̃ ˈmʲiːrɛ̃ˌdʑiskɨcʰu ˈkaho ˈkatɜˌɹisko ‖ ˈmɛ̃mɛ̃ | ˈfʲikʰsɛ ˌla ‖ ˈnaːrʲəː ˌma ˈimɨɲiː ˈtãgɜpʰaɹi ‖ ˈnahã ˈʍaɹnaːˌsahama ˈlɜ̃zohɜ̃ ˈtʰoɹiˌnɜlœɪ ‖ ˈtɨɹʲiʎu | ˈnahã ma ˈʍaɹnaːˌsaːni ‖

Stage 4

		labial	dental	alveolar	postalv.	palatal	velar	glottal
stops	nasal	m	n		ɲ
	voiced	b	d	dz	dʒ		ɡ
	unvoiced	p	t	ts	tʃ		k
fricatives		f	θ	s	ʃ			h
		v		z
approximants		ʍ • ɥ̥	l	ɹ
semivowels		w • ɥ				j	ɰ

front central back close i ɨ u near-close close-mid e ø o mid ə open-mid ɛ • ɛ̃ œ • œ̃ (ɜ) ʌ ɔ • ɔ̃ near-open open ä • ã

front central back close iʊ̯ yɪ̯ uɪ̯ near-close close-mid eɪ̯ øɪ̯ oɪ̯ oʊ̯ mid open-mid ɛɪ̯ • ɛ̃ɪ̯̃ œɪ̯ • œ̃ɪ̯̃ ʌɪ̯ ʌʊ̯ ɔɪ̯ • ɔ̃ɪ̯̃ near-open æɪ̯ open aɪ̯ • ãɪ̯̃ aʊ̯ • ãʊ̯̃

Sound changes

1. Vowel shifts
   • /ʊ̯/ → Ø after rounded vowels.
   • /iʊ̯ ɥiʊ̯ wiʊ̯/ → /ju ɥu ɥu/
   • /yɪ̯/ → /ɥi/
   • /ɨʊ̯ ɨːʊ̯/ → /u uː/
   • /üɪ̯ üːɪ̯/ → /wi uːɪ̯/
   • /ɜ/ → /ʌ/ when stressed.
   • /ɨ ɨː ɜ əː/ → /i iː ɛ eː/ after palatal or palatalised consonants.
2. /h/ → Ø
3. Loss of vowel length.
4. Vowel reduction and monophthongisation
   • /e i o u/ → /j j w w/ before vowels, unless stressed.
   • /e i o u/ → /ɪ̯ ɪ̯ ʊ̯ ʊ̯/ after vowels, sporadically, but especially after stressed vowels.
   • /ɜɪ̯ əɪ̯ ɜʊ̯ əu̯/ → /ɛɪ̯ eɪ̯ ʌʊ̯ oʊ̯/
   • The second or third syllable of a trisyllabic foot is shortened.
   • /ɜ ə ɨ/ → /ɜ̆ ə̆ ɨ̆/ in the first syllable of a word-final bisyllabic foot.
   • /ɜ̆ ə̆ ɨ̆/ tends to be syncopated.
   • Other diphthongs are reduced to one of the segments.
5. Nasal vowel shifts
   • /jɛ̃ jẽ ɛ̃ ẽ/ → /jɛ̃ jɛ̃ ã ã/
   • /ʌ̃ ɜ̃ ə̃ ɨ̃ æ̃ɪ̯ ɛ̃ɪ̯/ → /ã ã ã ã ãɪ̯̃ ãɪ̯̃/
   • /ỹɪ̯ œ̃ ø̃ œ̃ɪ̯ ø̃ɪ̯/ → /œ̃ɪ̯̃ œ̃ œ̃ œ̃ɪ̯̃ œ̃ɪ̯̃/
   • /ɔ̃ õ ũ ũɪ̯/ → /ɔ̃ ɔ̃ ɔ̃ ɔ̃ɪ̯̃/
   • /ĩ/ → /ɛ̃/
6. Palatalised consonant shifts
   • /dʑ tɕ tɕʰ ɕ ʑ ɹ̠ʲ ʎ/ → /dzʲ tsʲ tsʰʲ j ɹʲ lʲ/
   • /ɟ c cʰ ç f̞ʲ/ → /dʒ tʃ tʃʰ hʲ ɥ̥/
7. /pʰ pʰʲ tʰ tsʰʲ tʃʰ kʰ/ → /ɸ fʲ θ sʲ ʃ x/
8. Loss of phonemic palatalisation:
   • /i/ → /ɰi/ (after non-palatal/palatalised consonants, except velar consonants including /ʍ w/)
   • /mʲ bʲ pʲ fʲ vʲ hʲ/ → /mj bj pj fj vj hj/ before vowels.
   • /dzʲ tsʲ sʲ zʲ ɹʲ lʲ/ → /dzj tsj sj zj ɹj lj/ before vowels.
   • /ʲ/ → Ø
   • /ji/ → /i/
9. Other consonant shifts
   • /ɰj/ → /ɰ/
   • /ɸ β/ → /f v/
   • /fɰ vɰ hɰ/ → /ʍ w k ɡ x/
   • /hw xw/ → /ʍ/
   • /ɹj lj/ → /j/ between vowels.
   • /xs sts stɕ ɕtɕ/ → /sː sː ɕː ɕː/
   • /x/ → /h/

Sample

	*thuriarxa	*thuriarxahr	*fiksa	*fiksahr	*sumnip	*tarun	*sunax	*fŋ-rix	*nax-rix
nominative	ˈθojɛˌɹ-a	ˈθojɛˌɹ-aɹ	ˈʍisː-ɛ	ˈʍis:-ɛɹ	ˈsɔ̃n-ɰip	ˈtaɹ-ɔ̃	ˈson-a	ˈβoje	ˈnaje
accusative	-ã	-aɹã	-ã	-ɛɹã	-ɰifã	-onã	-ã	ˈβonã	ˈnã
genitive	-anã	-aɹã	-ɛnã	-ɛɪ̯ɹã	-ɰipã	-onã	-ã	ˈβonã	ˈnã
partitive	-anɔ̃	-aɹɔ̃	-ɛɲɔ̃	-ɛɪ̯jɔ̃	-ɰipɔ̃	-onɔ̃	-ãʊ̃	ˈβonɔ̃	ˈnɑ̃ʊ̃
dative	-anɰi	-aɹnɰi	-ɛɲi	-eɹɛ̆ɲi	-ɛ̃nɰi	-ɔ̃nɰi	-anɰi	ˈβonɰi	ˈnanɰi
instrumental	-ãdɜ	-aɹãdɜ	-ãdɛ	-eɹãˌdɛ	-ɰiˌbdɜ	-oˌndɜ	-aˌɰɜ̆dɜ	ˈβɔ̃dɜ	ˈnaɰɜ̆dɜ
ablative	-alo	-aɹlo	-ɛju	-eɹɛju	-ɰiplo	-ɔ̃lo	-alo	ˈβolo	ˈnalo
essive	-aˌtaɹ	-aɹˌtɜɹ	-ɛˌtɹi	-eˌrɛtɹi	-ɰifˌtaɹ	-ɔ̃ˌdaɹ	-aˌθaɹ	ˈβodaɹ	ˈnaθaɹ

ˈaɹːo ˈpiɲiθɹi | ˈθojɛˌɹɑ ˈlaɹoθo ˈsonaˌnɰiθɜɹ ˈpinã ˈsomøɪ ˈθoɹɰiˌskahɔ̃dɜ ˈtsitsiˌskɹi mã ˈɥ̥isːã mã ˈθoɹɰiˌsjɛlɜsko ‖

ˈɥ̥isːɛ ˈkaʊ ˈkatɜˌɹɰisko ‖ ˈθojɛˌɹa la ˈβoje ˌma ˈtsitsiˌskɹi mã ˈɥ̥isːɛˌtɹi ɛˈɥiɹi ˌmã ‖ ˈlaɹɔ̃ˌni ma ˈβoθɜ kaɹɜˌskɹi ˈɥ̥isːɛɹ ˈplɨsɛ ɛˈɥi ˌla ‖ ˈβonã ˈʍaɹnaˌslɜma | ˈkaɹɜˌmɹinɛˌlœ maha ‖ ˈkaɹɜˌmɹihjuˌjɛma ɜˈmonɰiˌskwã ˈmãbraˌnɜlœɪ ˌmaha ‖ ˈtɨɹiju | ˈβonã ˈʍaɹnaˌznɜ ɜˈɡotsjɛ ‖

ˈθojɛˌɹa ma ˈsɹɨnɨˌɲɛ̃ ˈmirãˌdziskɨʃu ˈkaʊ ˈkatɜˌɹɰisko ‖ ˈmãmã | ˈʍisːɛ ˌla ‖ ˈnaje ˌma ˈimɲi ˈtãgɜfaɹɰi ‖ ˈnã ˈʍaɹnaˌsama ˈlãzwã ˈθoɹɰiˌnɜlœɪ ‖ ˈtɨɹiju | ˈnã ma ˈʍaɹnaˌsanɰi ‖

	*thuriarxa	*thuriarxahr	*fiksa	*fiksahr	*sumnip	*tarun	*sunax	*fŋ-rix	*nax-rix
nominative	thouier-a	thouier-ar	fiss-e	fiss-er	soumn-yip	tar-oun	soun-a	vouiê	naiê
accusative	-am	-aram	-em	-erem	-yiphom	-ounom	-am	vounam	nam
genitive	-anon	-aron	-enen	-eïren	-yipon	-ounon	-on	vounon	nan
partitive	-anoun	-aroun	-eniun	-eïun	-yipoun	-ounoun	-aoun	vounoun	naoun
dative	-anyi	-arnyi	-eni	-êreni	-yinnyi	-ounnyi	-anyi	vounyi	nanyi
instrumental	-amdo	-aromdo	-emde	-êremde	-yibodo	-onodo	-ayodo	voumdo	nayodo
ablative	-alou	-arlou	-eïu	-êreïu	-yiplou	-ounlo	-alo	voulou	nalou
essive	-atar	-artor	-etri	-êretri	-yiphtar	-oundar	-athar	voudar	nathar

arrou pinithri, thouiera larouthou sounanyithor pinen soumoi thouryiscachoumdo titiscri-men fissem-men thouryithieloscou.

fisse caou catoryiscou. thouiera la, vouiê ma titiscri-men fissetri eüiri-men. larounni ma voutho caroscri fisser plyse eüi la. vounom farnasloma, caromrineleu macha? caromrihiuiema omounyiscuom mambranoloi macha? tyriju, vounom farnazno ogoutie!

thouiera ma srynyniem mirandiscychiu caou catoryiscou. men-men, fisse la. naiê ma imyni tangopharyi. nam farnasama lanzuam thouryinoloi. tyriju, nam ma farnasnyi.