User:Zhen Lin/Fmana-hŋ-Talam

Pre-proto-Ehlaut allophony

• Note: /a aː/ are [ɜ ɑː]. /f/ is [ɸ].
• [+labial]: [m p b ɸ β w]
• [+coronal]: [n t d s z r l ç ʝ j]
• [+dorsal]: [ŋ k ɡ x ɣ w]
• [+resonant]: [m n ŋ r l j w]
• [+laryngeal]: [ç x h ʝ ɣ ɦ]

Vowel allophone selection

1. [iː uː] ↦ [jiː wuː] (postvocalic)
2. For short [i u]:
   1. [i u] ↦ [j w] (intervocalic)
   2. [i u] ↦ [j w] (adjacent to any vowel)
3. [iː uː] ↦ [iːj uːw] (prevocalic)
4. Vowels break into diphthongs determined by adjacent consonants, e.g. /sax/ > [sɛ‿ɑx].
   1. [ɜ] ↦ [ɛ] (after [s ç j] or any front vowel, or before [ç j] or any front vowel]
   2. [ɜ] ↦ [ɐ] (adjacent to [+dorsal] or any back vowel)
   3. [ɜ] ↦ [ɛ] (between two [+coronal] segments, or two front vowel segments, or between a [+coronal] and a front vowel segment in any order)
   4. [ɜ ɛ ɐ] ↦ [ɞ œ ɔ] (between [w] or any rounded vowel)
   5. [i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u] ↦ [ɪ ʏ ɘ ɵ ɤ ʊ] (adjacent to [x ŋ], or before [j w] followed by [x ŋ])
   6. [ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ɐ ɔ] ↦ [æ ɶ ɑ ɒ ɑ ɒ] (adjacent to [x ɑ ɒ], or before [j w] followed by [x ɑ ɒ])
5. [ɜ] ↦ Ø (in diphthongs)
6. [ɨ ɘ ə ɜ ɐ ʉ ɵ ɞ] ↦ Ø (in diphthongs with non-central vowels)

Consonant voicing assimilation

1. [p t k ɸ s ç x h] ↦ [b d ɡ β z ʝ ɣ ɦ] (adjacent to nasal consonants)

Sonorant syllabification

1. [j w] are considered always syllabic for the purposes of this section.
2. 1. [+resonant] ↦ [+resonant +syllabic] (preceded by at least two [-syllabic], and followed by a consonant and a word boundary)
   2. [+resonant] ↦ [+resonant +syllabic] (preceded by [+resonant] preceded by at least one [-syllabic], and followed by a word boundary)
   3. [+resonant] ↦ [+resonant +syllabic] (preceded by at least one [-syllabic], and followed by [-syllabic] and at least one more segment)
   4. [+resonant] ↦ [+resonant +syllabic] (preceded by at least one [-syllabic], and followed by a word boundary)
   5. [+resonant] ↦ [+resonant +syllabic] (preceded by at least one [-syllabic] or a word boundary, and followed by [-syllabic] or a word boundary)
3. 1. [+laryngeal] ↦ [+laryngeal +syllabic] (preceded by at least one [-syllabic], and followed by at least one consonant)
   2. [+laryngeal] ↦ [+laryngeal +syllabic] (preceded by at least one [-syllabic], and followed by a word boundary)
   3. [+laryngeal] ↦ [+laryngeal +syllabic] (preceded by at least one [-syllabic] or word boundary and followed by at least one [-syllabic] or a word boundary)

Common Ehlaut

Vowel shifts/mergers

1. [i ɪ e y ʏ ø œ] ↦ [ɨ ɘ ə ʉ ʊ ɵ ɞ] (adjacent to [x])
2. [ɛ æ œ ɶ ɜ ɞ ɐ ɑ ɒ] ↦ [e ɛ ø œ ə ɵ ɜ ʌ ɔ] (followed by [ŋ ç ʝ j])
3. [ɜ ɞ ɐ ʌ ɔ ɑ ɒ] ↦ [ə ɵ ɜ ɤ o ʌ ɔ] (followed by [β w])
4. [æ ɛ ɐ ɜ] ↦ [a æ ɑ ɐ] (when not adjacent to [ɑ])
5. 1. [ɐ] ↦ [ʌ] (adjacent to [ɑ])
   2. [ɐ] ↦ [ɑ] (adjacent to [ʌ])
   3. [ɐ] ↦ [ɒ] (preceded by [ɒ] anywhere in the word and followed by [+labial])
   4. [ɐ] ↦ [ɑ] (preceded by [ɑ] anywhere in the word, or followed by [ɑ] anywhere in the word)
   5. [ɐ] ↦ [æ] (preceded by a front vowel anywhere in the word)
   6. [ɐ] ↦ [ʌ] (preceded by a back vowel anywhere in the word)
   7. [ɐ] ↦ [æ] (followed by a front vowel anywhere in the word)
   8. [ɐ] ↦ [ʌ] (followed by a back vowel anywhere in the word)

Cluster simplification and assimilation

1. [ʝ] ↦ [j]
2. [ɣ ɦ] ↦ [+long] (preceded by a vowel, and followed by [+resonant])
3. [p t k b d g ɸ s β z r l j w] ↦ [+aspirated] (preceded by [ç x h], or followed by [s ɸ ç x h])
   1. Except geminate fricatives
4. [ç x h] ↦ Ø (preceded by [+aspirated])
5. [wʰ] ↦ [ʍ]
6. [jʰ] ↦ [ç]
7. [βm βn βŋ] ↦ [β̃] (prevocalic)

Pre-Fmana-hŋ-Talam

Consonant vocalisation

1. Syllabic consonant gemination adjacent to vowels or word boundaries:
   1. [+syllabic] ↦ [-syllabic] [+syllabic] (postvocalic or after a word boundary)
   2. [+syllabic] ↦ [+syllabic] [-syllabic] (prevocalic or before a word boundary)
2. 1. [ç̩ j̩] ↦ [ɛ]
   2. [x̩ ɣ̩] ↦ [ɑ]
   3. [h̩ ɦ̩] ↦ [ʌ]
3. 1. [ç̩ j̩] ↦ [ɛ]
   2. [x̩ ɣ̩] ↦ [ɑ]
   3. [h̩ ɦ̩] ↦ [ʌ]
4. 1. [m̩ n̩ ŋ̩] ↦ [ɐ̃ ẽ ũ] (followed by a word boundary)
   2. [m̩ n̩ ŋ̩] ↦ [ũ ɑ̃ ʌ̃] (otherwise)
5. 1. [r̩ l̩] ↦ [ɑ e] (followed by a word boundary)
   2. [r̩ l̩] ↦ [ə ə] (otherwise)

Consonant mergers and cluster simplification

1. [ç x] ↦ [h]
2. [mũ] ↦ [ũ] (not preceded by a vowel)
3. [r] ↦ [ɾ]
4. [l] ↦ [j]
5. [ʍ] ↦ [ɸ]
6. [mʰ nʰ ŋʰ] ↦ [b d ɡ]
7. [+aspirated] ↦ [-aspirated]
8. [-palatalised] ↦ [+palatalised] (followed by [i j])
9. [+velar -labial] ↦ [+velar +labial] (followed by [β w])
10. [h] ↦ [ɸ] (followed by [β w])
11. [j] ↦ Ø (preceded by [+palatalised])
12. [β w] ↦ Ø (preceded by [+labial])
13. [h] ↦ Ø

Vowel mergers and monophthongisation

1. [+nasalised] ↦ [-nasalised]
2. [+long] ↦ [-long]
3. [-back +close] ↦ [i]
4. [+back +close] ↦ [u]
5. [-back +near-close] ↦ [i]
6. [+back +near-close] ↦ [u]
7. [-round +mid-close] ↦ [e]
8. [+round +mid-close] ↦ [o]
9. [ə] ↦ [a]
10. [+front +mid-open] ↦ [ɛ]
11. [-round +mid-open] ↦ [a]
12. [-round +mid-open] ↦ [ɔ] (adjacent to [+labial])
13. [+round +mid-open] ↦ [ɔ]
14. [+front -round +near-open] ↦ [a] (preceded by [-coronal])
15. [+front -round +near-open] ↦ [ɛ] (preceded by [+coronal])
16. [-front -round +near-open] ↦ [a]
17. [+round +near-open] ↦ [ɔ]
18. [-round +open] ↦ [a]
19. [+round +open] ↦ [ɔ]
20. [jɛ] ↦ [ja]
21. [wɔ] ↦ [wa]
22. [ai ae ia ea] ↦ [ɛ]
23. [au ao ua oa] ↦ [ɔ]
24. All other vowel sequences simplify to the most open segment.
25. All remaining triphthongs simplify to the middle segment.
26. All remaining diphthongs simplify to the second segment.
27. [e ɛ] ↦ [e̞]
28. [o ɔ] ↦ [o̞]

Further consonant mergers and cluster simplification

1. [+coronal +palatalised] ↦ [+coronal -palatalised]
2. [kʷ ɡʷ ŋʷ] ↦ [k ɡ m]
3. [ɾ j w] ↦ Ø (adjacent to consonants)
4. [β̃ β] ↦ [w]
5. [mb nd ŋg] ↦ [m d ɡ]
6. [bn dn gŋ] ↦ [m n ɡ]
7. [ŋ] ↦ [m] (followed by a rounded vowel)
8. [ŋ] ↦ [n] (otherwise)
9. [p] ↦ [ɸ]
10. All final consonants disappear.
11. All consonant clusters simplify to the last segment.