User:Treskro

Creator of Cednìtıt.

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Ehnadhi (tentative) [ ehnaðʌ ]
Period	c. 0 YP
Spoken in	Potantrommo Bay, in southeastern Tuysáfa
Total speakers	unknown
Writing system	unknown
Classification	T1 languages   Cednìtıt    Cednìtıt Muok     Ehnadhi
Typology
Basic word order	TBD
Morphology	agglutinating/polysynthetic with some fusion
Alignment	TBD
Credits
Created by	Treskro

Genealogy

• Proto-T1 (c. -2000 YP)
  • Cednìtıt (c. 0 YP)
    • Cednìtıt Muok (Coastal Cednìtıt) (c. 700 YP)
      • Ehnadhi (c. 1500 YP)

Sound Changes

Cednìtıt to Cednìtıt Muok

1. Glottalization of word final stops: p t ʈ k pʰ tʰ ʈʰ kʰ > ʔ /_# (cednìtıt > ehnadhi)
2. tʰ t > ∅ / _θ (dthet 'bird' > the)
3. V > ∅ / #[NasalC]_C (muba 'water' > mbı 'flowing water')
4. Nasal place assimilation: p pʰ t tʰ ʈ ʈʰ k kʰ > m m n n ɳ ɳ ŋ ŋ / _[NasalC] (dokmart 'we eat them' > taŋar); [NasalC] > m n ɳ ŋ / {m n ɳ ŋ}_
5. Final ɕ-backing: ɕ > ʂ / {o,u}_#; ɕ > h / {ə, ʌ}_#
6. Intervocalic consonant voicing: [-voiced] > [+voiced] / V_V (bepeŋa 'dry out' > pebvaaı )
7. Pre-velar vowel lowering: i e o u a ə ʌ > e a a o a a a / _{ŋ g k kʰ} (begì 'flash' > pajı)
8. jʌ > a/_[+voiced]
9. Vowel Nasalization: V > Ṽ / _ŋ
10. Retroflex assimilation of laterals: r l > ɻ / _Retroflex, Retroflex_
11. Lateral palatalization: r l > ʎ / _{ʃ,j,i}, {ʃ,j,i}_
12. ʃ/h/#_
13. Voiced velar palatalization: g ɣ > j / _{i,e}; g ɣ > ∅ / _j
14. m n ɳ ŋ > mb nd ɳɖ ŋg / V_V

(WIP)

Cednìtıt Muok to Ehnadhi

1. Glottal loss: ʔ > ∅ /_#; h > ∅ / [VoicedC]_
2. Initial Voiced Fricativization: ʋ ɻ > v ʐ / #_
3. Initial glottal metathesis: hV > Vh / #_
4. θ > {s,ʃ} / _{s,ʃ}, {s,ʃ}_
5. p t ʈ k pʰ tʰ ʈʰ kʰ > ∅ / #_[-voiced+continuant]
6. Coronal sibilant metathesis: ʃP ʂP > Pʃ Pʂ / _
7. nr nl > rr ll / _
8. j > ʃ / {t,tʰ}_
9. C > [-voiced-continuant] / _#
10. Vowel cluster reduction: ʋo ʋu ʋi ʋe ʌʋ əʋ aʋ oʋ uʋ > u u y y o o o o u / _
11. Final vowel destressing: ə a o h > ∅ ə ə ∅ / _#
12. ŋ > ∅ / Ṽ_
13. bʰ dʰ ɖʰ gʰ > β ð ʐ ɣ /_
14. V > Ṽ: / _[N]#

Phonology

Phoneme inventory

Consonants

	labial	dental	alveolar	retroflex	palatal	velar	glottal
nasal	m m̥	n n̥		ɳ ɳ̥		ŋ
prenasalized stop	mb	nd		ɳɖ
plosive	pʰ p b	tʰ t d		ʈʰ ʈ ɖ		kʰ k g
affricate		t͜ʃʰ t͜ʃ
fricative	ɸ β (v)	θ ð	ʃ ʒ	ʂ ʐ		ɣ	h
approximant	ʋ		l	ɻ	ʎ

Orthography

	labial	dental	alveolar	retroflex	palatal	velar	glottal
nasal	m -p	n -t		nr -tr		ŋ
prenasalized stop	mb	nd		ndr
plosive	p' p b	t' t d		tr' tr dr		k' k g
affricate		tc' tc
fricative	f bv (v)	th dh	c z	sr zr		gh	h
approximant	u/w		l	r	j ll

Vowels

	front	central	back
high	i ĩː y		u ũː
mid	e ẽː	ə ə̃ː	o õː
low		a ãː

Orthography

	front	central	back
high	i ii y		u uu
mid	e ee	ı ıı	o oo
low		a aa

Morphology

Nouns

Pronouns

Pronouns are declined for Nominative (Subject), Accusative (Direct Object), and Oblique (other Objects, various functions specified through verbal modification) cases.

Nominative

	sing.	pl.
1	tı	idhe
2	ı	ende
3 (sg. anim)	pot
3 (others)	p'ot

Accusative

	sing.	pl.
1	toop	thiip
2	aap	nuup
3 (anim)	oop
3 (inan)

Oblique

	sing.	pl.
1	odci	idhi
2	ıdci	udci
3 (anim)	totr
3 (inan)	cı

Case & Definiteness

Ehnadhi nouns are divided into a nascent six-class system based on animacy and phonological environment. These classes are declined variably for noun case, definicy, and combinations of the two. Lexical forms of nouns are non-definite & oblique case. Classes I-III correspond to Cednìtıt animate nouns, while Classes IV-VI correspond to Cednìtıt inanimates, though many exceptions exist due to Cednìtıt's tendency for categorizing loaned nouns as animates.

Class I
kubut 'squirrel, forest rodent'
	Non-Def.	Def., Sg.	Def., Pl.
Nom.	kubu	kubutc'ı	kubunzı
Acc.	kubudhaat	kubutsr'oot	kubunzroot
Obl.	kubut	kubutc'ı	kubunzı

Class III
ennergı 'duck, swan'
	Non-Def.	Def., Sg.	Def., Pl.
Nom.	ennergı	ennergazı	ennerganzı
Acc.	ennergaat	ennergazroot	ennerganzroot
Obl.	ennergı	ennergazı	ennerganzı

Class IV
srut 'tree'
	Non-Def.	Def., Sg.	Def., Pl.
Nom.	sru	srutc'ı	srunzı
Acc.	srudhaat	srutc'aat	srunzaat
Obl.	srut	srutc'ı	srunzı

Class IV
llimp 'headcover, top of head'
	Non-Def.	Def., Sg.	Def., Pl.
Nom.	lliip	llimzı	llinzı
Acc.	llimbaat	llimzaat	llinzaat
Obl.	llimp	llimzı	llinzı

Class V
piak 'aromatics (food)'
	Non-Def.	Def., Sg.	Def., Pl.
Nom.	piw	piatcı	piaazı
Acc.	piaghaat	piatcaat	piaazaat
Obl.	piak	piatcı	piaazı

Class VI
anwırı 'animal skin, hide'
	Non-Def.	Def., Sg.	Def., Pl.
Nom.	anwır	anwırızı	anwırınzı
Acc.	anwırııt	anwırızaat	anwırınzaat
Obl.	anwırı	anwırızı	anwırınzı

Verbs

Ehnadhi verbs are declined for a variety of criteria, including tense, number, mood, and class, employing a series of fusional prefixes and suffixes to convey various shades of meaning. Overall, Ehnadhi verbal morphology has a comparably simiplified template compared to its predecessors. Verbal complexes can generally be formed using the following template:

-2	-1	0	+1	+2
number & tense	coverb/preverb	stem	valency	mood/evidential

Verbs are roughly grouped into phonological classes based the initial sounds of their roots. Certain roots may be categorized in Classes different from the one that is most apparent, and are noted as such in the lexicon. Each class contains stems exhibiting one or several stem variants which are distributed based on the preceding phonological environment.

Class I: Stop + Fricative clusters, incl. Affricates
Lexical Form	Definition	Stems
		Stem [A]	Stem [B]
p'thidhiit	win, remove, eliminate	p'thidhiit	pccidhiit
tc'aghe	cook by frying	tc'aghe	tccaghe

Class II: Non-sonorant consonants
Lexical Form	Definition	Stems
		Stem [A]	Stem [B]
srımp	wrap, enclose, cover	zrımp	srımp
tcendhe	cut, slice open, separate through incision	denthe	tcendhe
finde	raise, rear, help grow, feed	bvinde	finde
srı	lose, misplace, miss	zrı	srı
thant	learn, teach	dhant	thant

Class III: Velars
Lexical Form	Definition	Stems
		Stem [A]	Stem [B]
kuır	disagree, oppose	guır	kuır
ŋar	eat, consume, heal	ŋar
ŋuadru	follow	ⁿuadru (ⁿ indicates lengthening and nasalization of preceding vowel)	ŋuadru

Class IV: Assimilated Nasals
Lexical Form	Definition	Stems
		Stem [A]	Stem [B]
mıbvoot	remember	mıbvoot
njı	see, view, observe	njı

Class V: Regular Nasals
Lexical Form	Definition	Stems
		Stem [A]	Stem [B]
mı	revere, respect, pay attention to	mbı	mı
norandhi	clean, make level, restore	ndorandhi	norandhi

Class VI: Sonorants
Lexical Form	Definition	Stems
		Stem [A]	Stem [B]
odhı	repeat, memorize, regurgitate without thinking	odhı
rau	drink liquor	rau
uut	be close friends, share a close, non-familial bond	uut
aghi	deep fry	aghi
yr	arrange, write, shape, make form	yr

Tense & Number (-2)

Intransitive verbs take a single tense prefix, which agrees with the subject. Distinctions between animate and inanimate subjects present in Cednìtıt have largely been lost.

The following prefix charts are notated as follows:

• prefixes without notation should be understood as the default form, applicable to all verb classes using Stem [A], unless otherwise marked
• marked notation indicates the associated verb class for each allomorph
• entries marked with a darker background employ stem type [A], light gray backgrounds employ stem type [B], unless otherwise noted.

Person Markers

Present, Recent Past
Sub\Obj		Ø	1		2		3
			sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.	anim.	inan.
1	sg.	e-		eCc- (I) (C=init. cons) ec- (II,III) ezeⁿ- (IV) ez- (V,VI)	jı- a- (II,VI) ja- (III) aeⁿ- (IV)	eCc- (I) (C=init. cons) ec- (II,III) ezeⁿ- (IV) ez- (V,VI)	eⁿ- (IA,IIA,IVB) m-(IIIB) m(o)-(VA,VIA)	edha- enⁿ- (III,V,VI)
	pl.	tce-	tce- ta- (III) teⁿ- (IV,V)		tcı- ta- (II,V,VI) tca- (III) taeⁿ- (IV)	c(e)- ca- (III) ceⁿ- (IV)	tro- ta- (III)	tcı- ta- (II,V,VI) tca- (III) taeⁿ- (IV)
2	sg.	vı-	ve- va-(III) veⁿ- (IV,V)		jıCc- (I) jıc- (II) az- (III,IV,V,VI)		vıⁿ-
	pl.	tci-	tce- ta- (III) teⁿ- (IV,V)	c(e)- ca- (III) ceⁿ- (IV)	tcı- ta- (II,V,VI) tca- (III) taeⁿ- (IV)	c(e)- ca- (III) ceⁿ- (IV)	tcı- ta- (II,V,VI) tca- (III) taeⁿ- (IV)
3	sg. anim.	o-	ne-(V,VI) eⁿ-(I,II,III,IV)	sro- tha- (III) sroⁿ- (IV)	o- a- (III) oⁿ- (IV)	sro- tha- (III) sroⁿ- (IV)	oⁿ- om- (VI)	odha- onⁿ- (III,V,VI)
	others			odhe- odha- (III) odheⁿ- (IV)	vı- va- (III) vıⁿ- (IV)	oc- oz- (III,IV,V,VI)	eⁿ- (IA,IIA,IVB) m-(IIIB) m(o)-(VA,VIA)	ob(a)-

Remote Past
Sub\Obj		Ø	1		2		3
			sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.	anim.	inan.
1	sg.	tr'u-
	pl.	u-
2	sg.	a-
	pl.	t'u-
3	sg. anim.	p'o-
	others

Proximal Future (-sr- is voiced to -zr- preceding vowels and voiced consonants)
Sub\Obj		Ø	1		2		3
			sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.	anim.	inan.
1	sg.	esr-		esr-	asr-	esr-	ensr-	dasr-
	pl.	tcesr-	tcesr-		tasr-	cisr-	trosr-	casr-
2	sg.	vısr-	vesr-	vesr-	vısr-	asr-	vınsr-	vısr-
	pl.	cisr-	cesr-	cesr-	tasr-	cisr-	tasr-	casr-
3	sg. anim.	osr-	osr-	srosr-	sro-	srosr-	onsr-	sro-
	others		ensr-	sro-	vısr-	sr-	ensr-	basr-

Remote Future
Sub\Obj		Ø	1		2		3
			sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.	anim.	inan.
1	sg.	ezroⁿ-, edhn-		eccoⁿ-, eccn-	azroⁿ-, adhn-	eccoⁿ-, eccn-	enzroⁿ-, endh-	dazroⁿ-, edhn-
	pl.	tcezroⁿ-, tcedhn-	tcezroⁿ-, tcedhn-		tazroⁿ-, tadhn-	cizroⁿ-, cidhn-	trozroⁿ-, trodhn-	cazroⁿ-, cadhn-
2	sg.	vızroⁿ-, vıdhn-	vezroⁿ-, vedhn-	vezroⁿ-, vedhn-	vızroⁿ-, vıdhn-	accoⁿ-, accn-	vınzroⁿ-, vındhn-	vızroⁿ-, vıdhn-
	pl.	cizroⁿ-, cidhn-	cezroⁿ-, cedhn-	cezroⁿ-, cedhn-	tazroⁿ-, tadhn-	cizroⁿ-, cidhn-	tazroⁿ-, tadhn-	cazroⁿ-, cadhn-
3	sg. anim.	zroⁿ-, odhn-	sroⁿ-, othn-	srozroⁿ-, srodhn-	zroⁿ-, odhn-	srozroⁿ-, srodhn-	onzroⁿ-, ondh-	zroⁿ-, odhn-
	others		enzroⁿ-, endh-	sroⁿ-, othn-	vızroⁿ-, vıdhn-	coⁿ-, occn-	enzroⁿ-, endh-	bazroⁿ-, obvm-

Modality & Evidentiality (+2)

Evidentials

-(a)gı

speculative (spec)

inherent knowledge with a degree of hesitancy and uncertainty

• p'odragıgı
  p'o-dragı-gı
  3.RMPST-die-SPEC
  I think he might have died.

-(a)ghaa

epistemic (epis)

knowledge based on past experiences with a high degree of certainty

• p'odragıghaa
  p'o-dragı-ghaa
  3.RMPST-die-EPIS
  He's probably dead (given the circumstances).

-(o)mı

sensory (ev.sens)

knowledge gained from direct sensory interaction (visual, auditory, etc)

• p'odragımı
  p'o-dragı-mı
  3.RMPST-die-EV.SENS
  I saw him die.

-uut

reported (ev.rep)

hearsay from a specified source, but may be refuted by sensory evidence

• adragıuut
  a-dragı-uut
  2s.RMPST-die-EV.REP
  I heard that you'd died.

v(ı)--(a)dhe

habitual, assumptive <hab><ev.asp>

inalienable truths that are a foregone conclusion based on socio-cultural presuppositions (functions as a circumfix)

• p'ovdragıdhe
  p'o-<v>dragı<dhe>
  3.RMPST-die<EV.ASP>
  He's dead (it's a given).

Other Modalities

-naaı

volitional (vol)

expressing the desire that an event should occur, can also be directly attached to nouns with possessive prefixes to express a desire of ownership

• ozdragınaaı
  osr-dragı-naaı
  3.PXFUT-die-VOL
  I want him dead.

Syntax

Numerals

1.	ı/jı	11.	odhandı
2.	enni*	12.	endhandı	20.	nant
3.	thı	13.	thandı	30.	nandhı
4.	tce	14.	tcebvandı	40.	naae
5.	ve	15.	vendı	50.	nany
6.	tı	16.	taghandı	60.	nanuı
7.	vı	17.	vındı	70.	nanuı
8.	fe	18.	fendı	80.	nambe
9.	olı	19.	olandı	90.	nandolı
10.	andı			100.	ende

• Suppletive form ultimately from Cednìtıt tnir' create, put together'

Numbers from 21-99 are formed by compounding the units digit with the corresponding tens digit.

21

ı-

one-

nant

twenty

ı nant

75

ve-

five-

nanuı

seventy

ve nanuı

Values greater than 100 are formed in a similar manner, with the multiplier for the 100s digit following ende hundred.

111

odhandı-

eleven-

ende

hundred

odhandı ende

825

ve-

five-

nant-

twenty-

ende-

hundred-

fe

eight

venant endebve

Ordinals and Cardinals