User:Treskro

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Creator of Cednìtıt.


Ehnadhi (tentative)
[ ehnaðʌ ]
Period c. 0 YP
Spoken in Potantrommo Bay, in southeastern Tuysáfa
Total speakers unknown
Writing system unknown
Classification T1 languages
  Cednìtıt
   Cednìtıt Muok
    Ehnadhi
Typology
Basic word order TBD
Morphology agglutinating/polysynthetic with some fusion
Alignment TBD
Credits
Created by Treskro

Genealogy

Sound Changes

Cednìtıt to Cednìtıt Muok

  1. Glottalization of word final stops: p t ʈ k pʰ tʰ ʈʰ kʰ > ʔ /_# (cednìtıt > ehnadhi)
  2. tʰ t > ∅ / _θ (dthet 'bird' > the)
  3. V > ∅ / #[NasalC]_C (muba 'water' > mbı 'flowing water')
  4. Nasal place assimilation: p pʰ t tʰ ʈ ʈʰ k kʰ > m m n n ɳ ɳ ŋ ŋ / _[NasalC] (dokmart 'we eat them' > taŋar); [NasalC] > m n ɳ ŋ / {m n ɳ ŋ}_
  5. Final ɕ-backing: ɕ > ʂ / {o,u}_#; ɕ > h / {ə, ʌ}_#
  6. Intervocalic consonant voicing: [-voiced] > [+voiced] / V_V (bepeŋa 'dry out' > pebvaaı )
  7. Pre-velar vowel lowering: i e o u a ə ʌ > e a a o a a a / _{ŋ g k kʰ} (begì 'flash' > pajı)
  8. jʌ > a/_[+voiced]
  9. Vowel Nasalization: V > Ṽ / _ŋ
  10. Retroflex assimilation of laterals: r l > ɻ / _Retroflex, Retroflex_
  11. Lateral palatalization: r l > ʎ / _{ʃ,j,i}, {ʃ,j,i}_
  12. ʃ/h/#_
  13. Voiced velar palatalization: g ɣ > j / _{i,e}; g ɣ > ∅ / _j
  14. m n ɳ ŋ > mb nd ɳɖ ŋg / V_V

(WIP)


Cednìtıt Muok to Ehnadhi

  1. Glottal loss: ʔ > ∅ /_#; h > ∅ / [VoicedC]_
  2. Initial Voiced Fricativization: ʋ ɻ > v ʐ / #_
  3. Initial glottal metathesis: hV > Vh / #_
  4. θ > {s,ʃ} / _{s,ʃ}, {s,ʃ}_
  5. p t ʈ k pʰ tʰ ʈʰ kʰ > ∅ / #_[-voiced+continuant]
  6. Coronal sibilant metathesis: ʃP ʂP > Pʃ Pʂ / _
  7. nr nl > rr ll / _
  8. j > ʃ / {t,tʰ}_
  9. C > [-voiced-continuant] / _#
  10. Vowel cluster reduction: ʋo ʋu ʋi ʋe ʌʋ əʋ aʋ oʋ uʋ > u u y y o o o o u / _
  11. Final vowel destressing: ə a o h > ∅ ə ə ∅ / _#
  12. ŋ > ∅ / Ṽ_
  13. bʰ dʰ ɖʰ gʰ > β ð ʐ ɣ /_
  14. V > Ṽ: / _[N]#

Phonology

Phoneme inventory

Consonants

labial dental alveolar retroflex palatal velar glottal
nasal m m̥ n n̥ ɳ ɳ̥ ŋ
prenasalized stop mb nd ɳɖ
plosive pʰ p b tʰ t d ʈʰ ʈ ɖ kʰ k g
affricate t͜ʃʰ t͜ʃ
fricative ɸ β (v) θ ð ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɣ h
approximant ʋ l ɻ ʎ

Orthography

labial dental alveolar retroflex palatal velar glottal
nasal m -p n -t nr -tr ŋ
prenasalized stop mb nd ndr
plosive p' p b t' t d tr' tr dr k' k g
affricate tc' tc
fricative f bv (v) th dh c z sr zr gh h
approximant u/w l r j ll

Vowels

front central back
high i ĩː y u ũː
mid e ẽː ə ə̃ː o õː
low a ãː

Orthography

front central back
high i ii y u uu
mid e ee ı ıı o oo
low a aa


Phonotactics

Allophony

Morphology

Nouns

Pronouns

Pronouns are declined for Nominative (Subject), Accusative (Direct Object), and Oblique (other Objects, various functions specified through verbal modification) cases.

Nominative

sing. pl.
1 tı idhe
2 ı ende
3 (sg. anim) pot
3 (others) p'ot


Accusative

sing. pl.
1 toop thiip
2 aap nuup
3 (anim) oop
3 (inan)

Oblique

sing. pl.
1 odci idhi
2 ıdci udci
3 (anim) totr
3 (inan) cı


Case & Definiteness

Ehnadhi nouns are divided into a nascent six-class system based on animacy and phonological environment. These classes are declined variably for noun case, definicy, and combinations of the two. Lexical forms of nouns are non-definite & oblique case. Classes I-III correspond to Cednìtıt animate nouns, while Classes IV-VI correspond to Cednìtıt inanimates, though many exceptions exist due to Cednìtıt's tendency for categorizing loaned nouns as animates.

Class I
kubut 'squirrel, forest rodent'
Non-Def. Def., Sg. Def., Pl.
Nom. kubu kubutc'ı kubunzı
Acc. kubudhaat kubutsr'oot kubunzroot
Obl. kubut kubutc'ı kubunzı
Class III
ennergı 'duck, swan'
Non-Def. Def., Sg. Def., Pl.
Nom. ennergı ennergazı ennerganzı
Acc. ennergaat ennergazroot ennerganzroot
Obl. ennergı ennergazı ennerganzı
Class IV
srut 'tree'
Non-Def. Def., Sg. Def., Pl.
Nom. sru srutc'ı srunzı
Acc. srudhaat srutc'aat srunzaat
Obl. srut srutc'ı srunzı
Class IV
llimp 'headcover, top of head'
Non-Def. Def., Sg. Def., Pl.
Nom. lliip llimzı llinzı
Acc. llimbaat llimzaat llinzaat
Obl. llimp llimzı llinzı
Class V
piak 'aromatics (food)'
Non-Def. Def., Sg. Def., Pl.
Nom. piw piatcı piaazı
Acc. piaghaat piatcaat piaazaat
Obl. piak piatcı piaazı
Class VI
anwırı 'animal skin, hide'
Non-Def. Def., Sg. Def., Pl.
Nom. anwır anwırızı anwırınzı
Acc. anwırııt anwırızaat anwırınzaat
Obl. anwırı anwırızı anwırınzı

Verbs

Ehnadhi verbs are declined for a variety of criteria, including tense, number, mood, and class, employing a series of fusional prefixes and suffixes to convey various shades of meaning. Overall, Ehnadhi verbal morphology has a comparably simiplified template compared to its predecessors. Verbal complexes can generally be formed using the following template:

-2 -1 0 +1 +2
number & tense coverb/preverb stem valency mood/evidential

Verbs are roughly grouped into phonological classes based the initial sounds of their roots. Certain roots may be categorized in Classes different from the one that is most apparent, and are noted as such in the lexicon. Each class contains stems exhibiting one or several stem variants which are distributed based on the preceding phonological environment.

Class I: Stop + Fricative clusters, incl. Affricates
Lexical Form Definition Stems
Stem [A] Stem [B]
p'thidhiit win, remove, eliminate p'thidhiit pccidhiit
tc'aghe cook by frying tc'aghe tccaghe
Class II: Non-sonorant consonants
Lexical Form Definition Stems
Stem [A] Stem [B]
srımp wrap, enclose, cover zrımp srımp
tcendhe cut, slice open, separate through incision denthe tcendhe
finde raise, rear, help grow, feed bvinde finde
srı lose, misplace, miss zrı srı
thant learn, teach dhant thant
Class III: Velars
Lexical Form Definition Stems
Stem [A] Stem [B]
kuır disagree, oppose guır kuır
ŋar eat, consume, heal ŋar
ŋuadru follow ⁿuadru (ⁿ indicates lengthening and nasalization of preceding vowel) ŋuadru
Class IV: Assimilated Nasals
Lexical Form Definition Stems
Stem [A] Stem [B]
mıbvoot remember mıbvoot
njı see, view, observe njı
Class V: Regular Nasals
Lexical Form Definition Stems
Stem [A] Stem [B]
mı revere, respect, pay attention to mbı mı
norandhi clean, make level, restore ndorandhi norandhi
Class VI: Sonorants
Lexical Form Definition Stems
Stem [A] Stem [B]
odhı repeat, memorize, regurgitate without thinking odhı
rau drink liquor rau
uut be close friends, share a close, non-familial bond uut
aghi deep fry aghi
yr arrange, write, shape, make form yr


Tense & Number (-2)

Intransitive verbs take a single tense prefix, which agrees with the subject. Distinctions between animate and inanimate subjects present in Cednìtıt have largely been lost.

The following prefix charts are notated as follows:

  • prefixes without notation should be understood as the default form, applicable to all verb classes using Stem [A], unless otherwise marked
  • marked notation indicates the associated verb class for each allomorph
  • entries marked with a darker background employ stem type [A], light gray backgrounds employ stem type [B], unless otherwise noted.

Person Markers

Present, Recent Past
Sub\Obj Ø 1 2 3
sg. pl. sg. pl. anim. inan.
1 sg. e- eCc- (I) (C=init. cons)
ec- (II,III)
ezeⁿ- (IV)
ez- (V,VI) 		jı-
a- (II,VI)
ja- (III)
aeⁿ- (IV)		 eCc- (I) (C=init. cons)
ec- (II,III)
ezeⁿ- (IV)
ez- (V,VI) 		eⁿ- (IA,IIA,IVB)
m-(IIIB)
m(o)-(VA,VIA)		 edha-
enⁿ- (III,V,VI)
pl. tce- tce-
ta- (III)
teⁿ- (IV,V)		 tcı-
ta- (II,V,VI)
tca- (III)
taeⁿ- (IV) 		c(e)-
ca- (III)
ceⁿ- (IV)		 tro-
ta- (III)		 tcı-
ta- (II,V,VI)
tca- (III)
taeⁿ- (IV)
2 sg. vı- ve-
va-(III)
veⁿ- (IV,V)		 jıCc- (I)
jıc- (II)
az- (III,IV,V,VI)		 vıⁿ-
pl. tci- tce-
ta- (III)
teⁿ- (IV,V)		 c(e)-
ca- (III)
ceⁿ- (IV)		 tcı-
ta- (II,V,VI)
tca- (III)
taeⁿ- (IV) 		c(e)-
ca- (III)
ceⁿ- (IV)		 tcı-
ta- (II,V,VI)
tca- (III)
taeⁿ- (IV)
3 sg. anim. o- ne-(V,VI)
eⁿ-(I,II,III,IV) 		sro-
tha- (III)
sroⁿ- (IV)		 o-
a- (III)
oⁿ- (IV) 		sro-
tha- (III)
sroⁿ- (IV)		 oⁿ-
om- (VI) 		odha-
onⁿ- (III,V,VI)
others odhe-
odha- (III)
odheⁿ- (IV) 		vı-
va- (III)
vıⁿ- (IV)		 oc-
oz- (III,IV,V,VI)		 eⁿ- (IA,IIA,IVB)
m-(IIIB)
m(o)-(VA,VIA)		 ob(a)-


Remote Past
Sub\Obj Ø 1 2 3
sg. pl. sg. pl. anim. inan.
1 sg. tr'u-
pl. u-
2 sg. a-
pl. t'u-
3 sg. anim. p'o-
others


Proximal Future (-sr- is voiced to -zr- preceding vowels and voiced consonants)
Sub\Obj Ø 1 2 3
sg. pl. sg. pl. anim. inan.
1 sg. esr- esr- asr- esr- ensr- dasr-
pl. tcesr- tcesr- tasr- cisr- trosr- casr-
2 sg. vısr- vesr- vesr- vısr- asr- vınsr- vısr-
pl. cisr- cesr- cesr- tasr- cisr- tasr- casr-
3 sg. anim. osr- osr- srosr- sro- srosr- onsr- sro-
others ensr- sro- vısr- sr- ensr- basr-


Remote Future
Sub\Obj Ø 1 2 3
sg. pl. sg. pl. anim. inan.
1 sg. ezroⁿ-, edhn- eccoⁿ-, eccn- azroⁿ-, adhn- eccoⁿ-, eccn- enzroⁿ-, endh- dazroⁿ-, edhn-
pl. tcezroⁿ-, tcedhn- tcezroⁿ-, tcedhn- tazroⁿ-, tadhn- cizroⁿ-, cidhn- trozroⁿ-, trodhn- cazroⁿ-, cadhn-
2 sg. vızroⁿ-, vıdhn- vezroⁿ-, vedhn- vezroⁿ-, vedhn- vızroⁿ-, vıdhn- accoⁿ-, accn- vınzroⁿ-, vındhn- vızroⁿ-, vıdhn-
pl. cizroⁿ-, cidhn- cezroⁿ-, cedhn- cezroⁿ-, cedhn- tazroⁿ-, tadhn- cizroⁿ-, cidhn- tazroⁿ-, tadhn- cazroⁿ-, cadhn-
3 sg. anim. zroⁿ-, odhn- sroⁿ-, othn- srozroⁿ-, srodhn- zroⁿ-, odhn- srozroⁿ-, srodhn- onzroⁿ-, ondh- zroⁿ-, odhn-
others enzroⁿ-, endh- sroⁿ-, othn- vızroⁿ-, vıdhn- coⁿ-, occn- enzroⁿ-, endh- bazroⁿ-, obvm-

Modality & Evidentiality (+2)

Evidentials

-(a)gı
speculative (spec)
inherent knowledge with a degree of hesitancy and uncertainty
  • p'odragıgı
    p'o-dragı-gı
    3.RMPST-die-SPEC
    I think he might have died.


-(a)ghaa
epistemic (epis)
knowledge based on past experiences with a high degree of certainty
  • p'odragıghaa
    p'o-dragı-ghaa
    3.RMPST-die-EPIS
    He's probably dead (given the circumstances).


-(o)mı
sensory (ev.sens)
knowledge gained from direct sensory interaction (visual, auditory, etc)
  • p'odragımı
    p'o-dragı-mı
    3.RMPST-die-EV.SENS
    I saw him die.


-uut
reported (ev.rep)
hearsay from a specified source, but may be refuted by sensory evidence
  • adragıuut
    a-dragı-uut
    2s.RMPST-die-EV.REP
    I heard that you'd died.


v(ı)--(a)dhe
habitual, assumptive <hab><ev.asp>
inalienable truths that are a foregone conclusion based on socio-cultural presuppositions (functions as a circumfix)
  • p'ovdragıdhe
    p'o-<v>dragı<dhe>
    3.RMPST-die<EV.ASP>
    He's dead (it's a given).


Other Modalities

-naaı
volitional (vol)
expressing the desire that an event should occur, can also be directly attached to nouns with possessive prefixes to express a desire of ownership
  • ozdragınaaı
    osr-dragı-naaı
    3.PXFUT-die-VOL
    I want him dead.


Syntax

Noun Phrases

Numerals

1. ı/jı 11. odhandı
2. enni* 12. endhandı 20. nant
3. thı 13. thandı 30. nandhı
4. tce 14. tcebvandı 40. naae
5. ve 15. vendı 50. nany
6. tı 16. taghandı 60. nanuı
7. vı 17. vındı 70. nanuı
8. fe 18. fendı 80. nambe
9. olı 19. olandı 90. nandolı
10. andı 100. ende
  • Suppletive form ultimately from Cednìtıt tnir' create, put together'

Numbers from 21-99 are formed by compounding the units digit with the corresponding tens digit.

21

ı-
one-
nant
twenty
ı nant

75

ve-
five-
nanuı
seventy
ve nanuı

Values greater than 100 are formed in a similar manner, with the multiplier for the 100s digit following ende hundred.

111

odhandı-
eleven-
ende
hundred
odhandı ende

825

ve-
five-
nant-
twenty-
ende-
hundred-
fe
eight
venant endebve


Ordinals and Cardinals

Basic Clauses

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