Ronc Tyu/Lexicon

Ronc Tyu	morphology	PoS	gloss	notes
an	pl nan	n.i	amphora, flask (ceramicware for liquids)
ao	pass hao, attr kao	v.tr	want
atáonc	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	history
ban		adv	today
bao	pl mbao	n.i	corner, edge, tip, peak
bao		pp.n	towards, in the direction of; intended for
baon	sgv byaon	n.i.coll	bread
be	sgv bye	n.i.coll	message, news, facts, information
bè	attr kwè	v.it	be drunk, be intoxicated
beanc	attr kweanc	v.it	laugh
beanc nu		svc.tr	make fun of	‘laugh and push’
bei	attr kwei	v.it	boast, exaggerate
bí	pass hpí, attr kwí	v.tr	catch, capture
bìc	attr kwìc	v.it	do once
binc	pl mbinc	n.i	ritual, ceremony
blao	(no pl)	n.a.poss	eclipse
blei	pass hpsei, attr giblei	v.tr	imitate
bli	attr gibli	v.it	be disgusting; be worthless
blo	attr gublo	v.it+	depart, leave, go away (from something)
blóun	pl psóun	n.a	lion
bóc	attr kwóc	v.it	itch
bonc		cj	under the circumstance that	(introduces manner subclauses)
bou	attr kwou	v.it	be wet, be damp
bòu	pass hpòu, attr kwòu	v.tr	be/move perpendicular to	attr ‘perpendicular’
bra	attr gabra	v.it	stay, remain
brec	pl orà	n.a.poss	spirit, soul, personality
bri	attr gibri	v.it	be evil, be malicious
brinc	attr gibrinc	v.it	be secret, be confidential, be hidden
brinc kóan tóc		svc.tr	steal	‘seize and remove secretly’
bronc	pass hpronc attr gubronc	v.tr	regret
bú	attr gú	v.it	be windy (of weather)
bù	attr kù	v.it	swim, float
bún		pron.a	(2pc pronoun)
bùn		pron.a	(relative pronoun: animate)
bwá	pass hpwá, attr gubwá	v.tr	be similar to, be like, resemble
bwác	attr gubwác	v.it	suffer
bwác fwi		svc.it	have a fever	‘suffer and burn’
bwaon	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	dough
bwí	attr gubwí	v.it	be bright
bwíc	attr gubwíc	v.it	be thin (3D)
bwìc	pass hpwìc, attr gubwìc	v.tr	nudge, urge, insist
bwín	pass hpwín, attr gubwín	v.tr	love, be fond of	(non-sexual affection)
bwìn	pass hpwìn, attr gubwìn	v.tr	clean, tidy up
bwóu	pass hpwóu, attr gubwóu	v.tr	come up with, invent
byao	pass hpyao, attr gibyao	v.tr	support, help
byao xònc wa		svc.tr	save sb.’s life	‘support, rescue, and protect’
byen		cj	by doing	(introduces manner subclauses)
byo	pl mbyo	n.i	stick, twig, shaft
byùc	attr gibyùc	v.it	be ambitious
bzèi		cj / pp.v	due to (the fact that), because (of)	(introduces reason subclauses (formal register) when used as a conjunction)
bzìc	attr gibzìc	v.it	be delicate, be fragile
bźec	pass hpśec, attr gibźec	v.tr	greet, welcome
da	attr ksa	v.it	be powerful, be influential
dadào	pl ndadào	n.i	atlatl (spear-thrower)
dagàc	pl ndagàc	n.i	handle (for carrying)
dahsào	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	mixture
dán	pass htán, attr ksán	v.tr	teach (practical skills)
dandáen	pass htandáen, attr glandáen	v.tr	dismiss, reject, repudiate
dandza	attr glandza	v.it	be in trance
danggae	attr glanggae	v.it	be cruel, be bloody
danggan	attr glanggan	v.it	be difficult, be problematic
dao	attr ksao	v.it	fly
dào	pass htào, attr ksào	v.tr	convince, persuade
dàon	attr ksàon	v.it	dare, venture, take a chance
dec	sgv dzec	n.i.coll	barn, stables
dei	pass htei, attr ksei	v.tr	share, distribute
didyèi	attr glidyèi	v.it	be critically ill
didyúc	pl ndidyúc	n.i	topic (of conversation)
diec	pl dac	n.i	box, case
dihmi	pl ndihmi	n.i	clasp, brooch, fibula
dimbléi	attr glimbléi	v.it	be cloudy (of weather)
dinyù	pl ndinyù	n.i	lock
dinggéc	attr glinggéc	v.it	be colorful
dlá	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	glue
dlae	pass htlae, attr klae	v.tr	steer, navigate
dlíe	pl dlác	n.a	fist
dlò	(no attr)	v.it spec	it is possible	(impersonal verb, requires a complement clause as object)
dlu	pl ndlu	n.i	free-standing wall, fortification, barrier, fence
do	attr dlo	v.it+	come, approach (towards something)
dòc		qu	neither, none (of a few)	(+ du/pc)
dóc	attr ksóc	v.it	be heavy, be massive
dou	pass htou, attr ksou	v.tr	indicate, be evidence for	(requires inanimate subject)
drá	pass htrá, attr krá	v.tr	press, poke
drác	pass htrác, attr krác	v.tr	pillage, sack
drac	attr krac	v.it	be holy, be sacred, be magical
drae	attr krae	v.it	do twice
dráo	attr kráo	v.it	be eager, be motivated
drenc		cj	so, therefore	(introduces result subclauses (result of punctual event))
dric	pass htric, attr kric	v.tr	attack
dro	(no attr)	v.it spec	do the same	(proverb, can stand in for any verb phrase with the same object or no object)
dròc	attr kròc	v.it	do three times
dróu	pl ndróu	n.i	field
dru	pass htru, attr kru	v.tr	curse, condemn
drúnc	pl ndrúnc	n.i	ring (jewelry)
drundronc	attr grundronc	v.it	exhaust oneself
dudźoc	pl ndudźoc	n.i	grate, grill
duhrù	pl nduhrù	n.a	talisman
dumbwáo	attr glumbwáo	v.it	be welcoming, be hospitable
dunó	pl ndunó	n.i	chisel
dùonc	attr ksùonc	v.it	be pregnant
dwá	pass htwá, attr gudwá	v.tr	understand
dwao	attr gudwao	v.it	do several times, do every now and then
dwenc	attr gudwenc	v.it	appreciate, be grateful
dwic	sgv diec	n.i.coll.poss	quarrel, strife, conflict, rivalry
dyá	(no attr)	v.it spec	it is required; should	(impersonal verb, deontic necessity)
dyáe	attr gidyáe	v.it	be polite
dyao	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	enemies (as a group)
dye	pl ndye	n.i	rowboat, canoe
dyèi	attr gidyèi	v.it	be sick, be ill
dyen		cj	so that	(introduces purpose subclauses)
dyò	attr gidyò	v.it	be loud, make noise
dyóu	pl tyóc	n.a	knee
dyòun	attr gidyòun	v.it	kneel, squat, crouch
dzá		qu	all (of a few)	(+ pc)
dza	pass htsa, attr ksa	v.tr	dig
dza li		svc.tr	plow	‘dig and pull’
dza ndè		svc.tr	bury	‘dig and keep’
dzac	pass htsac, attr ksac	v.tr	finish, complete
dzèa	attr ksèa	v.it	be creative, have an idea
dzèc	sgv dréi	n.a.coll	swarm of insects
dzéi	pass htséi, attr kséi	v.tr	declare, announce
dzí	pl ndzí	n.i	necklace
dzì	attr ksì	v.it	be full (of food)
dzic	pass htsic, attr ksic	v.tr	go through, pass through
dzó		pron.a	the same one (animate)
dzóc	pass htsóc, attr ksóc	v.tr	disconnect, loosen, untie
dzoc	sgv dźoc	n.i.coll	pine trees
dzòc		qu	either, any (of a few)	(+ du/pc)
dzónc	attr ksónc	v.it	be true, be correct
dzùn	pass htsùn, attr ksùn	v.tr	contain, be filled with	attr ‘containing’
dzùnc		adv	four times	(multiplier)
dzùo	attr ksùo	v.it	be poisonous
dźao	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	leaves
dźaon	pl htśaon	n.a	salmon
dźé		pron.a	(1pc pronoun)
dźea	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	willow trees
dźéc	(no attr)	v.it spec	it is desired; may...!	(impersonal verb)
dźei	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	mushrooms
dźi	attr kśi	v.it+	come, approach (towards someone other than speaker or listener)
dźi syu		svc.tr	visit	‘come and meet’ (also with other directional motion verbs)
dźìc	attr kśìc	v.it	commit incest
dźie	attr kśie	v.it	be sharp
dźoc	pl ndźoc	n.i	oven
e		cj	or	(used with clauses)
ec	attr kec	v.it	return, come back
emàn	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	morning
en	pass hen, attr ken	v.tr	fight
fa		pp.v	with, accompanied by
fae	attr gwae	v.it	fall
faen	pass hfaen, attr gwaen	v.tr	sing
fao	sgv fyao	n.i.coll	scales (of fish or reptiles)
fào	attr gwào	v.it	be together
faonc	pl honc	n.a	skin
fe	pass hfe, attr gwe	v.tr	keep, raise (domesticated animals)
fec	pl fwéc	n.a	warrior
fi	pass hfi, attr gwi	v.tr	wrap, cover
fi mó śea		svc.tr	cover sth. completely	‘wrap, cover, and hide’
fo	pl mbo	n.i	pan
foc	pl fwóc	n.a	bug, beetle
fou	attr gwou	v.it	pass, move on, go forward
fun	attr gun	v.it	melt
fùn	(no attr)	v.it spec	it is good	(impersonal verb)
fwae	sgv fyae	n.a.coll	landslide
fwanc-swín	(no pl)	n.a.poss	stepchild, child-in-law
fwei	pass hfwei, attr guvwei	v.tr	slap, beat, hit
fwenc	pl mbenc	n.a	river
fwi	attr guvwi	v.it	burn	(intransitive)
fwic	pl mbic	n.i	pole, pillar, column, tree trunk
fwin	sgv fyun	n.a.coll.poss	fate, destiny, luck
fwinc	pass hfwinc, attr guvwinc	v.tr	think, reflect, consider, assume
fwoc	pl mboc	n.i	path, route, road
fyao	pl fwáo	n.a.poss	friend
fyao	pass hfyao, attr givyao	v.tr	pour (of liquids), strew (of granular masses)
fyao bwìn		svc.tr	wash	‘pour and clean’
fyao bwìn soc gónc		svc.tr	take care of, raise (children)	‘pour, wash, give, and feed’
fye	pl fwé	n.a	brother
fyec	attr givyec	v.it	happen, occur
fyei	pl hsèi	n.a	wasp
fyein		qu	5
fyou	attr givyou	v.it	be blind
ga	pl ngga	n.i	earring (jewelry)
gáe	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	respect, social standing
gáo	pl góc	n.i	oar, paddle
gao		pp.n	in the middle of
gé	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	feces
gein	sgv gyein	n.a.coll	hail (weather)
ginggéc	(no pl)	n.a	rainbow
glà	sgv gzà	n.i.coll	firewood
gónc	pass hkónc, attr kyónc	v.tr	feed, nourish
gonc	sgv gyunc	n.i.coll	food; meal (event of eating)
gou	pl hkou	n.a	female dog, bitch
gra	attr gagra	v.it	climb, go up
grac		cj	with the result that	(introduces result subclauses (result of process))
grèa	attr gigrèa	v.it	limp
grec	sgv ksec	n.i.coll	jewellery
gréi	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	bottom (of a river or lake)
gro	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	midden, waste heap
gròn	sgv gyòn	n.i.coll	beach, gravel bank
grunc	attr gugrunc	v.it	fast (abstain from eating)
gu	(no pl)	n.i.poss	death
guc	attr kyuc	v.it	take revenge
gundùn	pass hkundùn, attr gindùn	v.tr	sew
guo	attr kyuo	v.it	be angry
gwae	sgv gyae	n.i.coll	rules, laws, traditions
gwe	pl dà	n.a	spider
gwoc	sgv gwa	n.i.coll	pair of shoes
gyác	pass hkyác, attr gigyác	v.tr	control, manage, rule, govern
gyáe	pass hkyáe, attr gigyáe	v.tr	imagine
gyào		pron.i	(relative pronoun: inanimate)
gyè	attr gigyè	v.it	move sideways, shift one's position
gyè lin		svc.it	lie down	‘shift one's position and lie’
gyè pùn		svc.it	stand up	‘shift one's position and stand’
gyè té		svc.it	sit down	‘shift one's position and sit’
gyoa	pass hkyoa, attr gigyoa	v.tr	count
gyóc	pass hkyóc, attr gigyóc	v.tr	kick
gzo		det / qu	second	(ordinal number)
gzòu	pl nggzòu	n.i	window
ha	pass hxa, attr ká	v.tr	step on
hac		qu	each (member of a collection)	(+ sgv)
hae	attr káe	v.it spec	it is likely, it is probable	(impersonal verb)
han	(no pl)	n.a	moon
hanào	(no pl)	n.i	ritual site
hao	sgv hmáo	n.a.coll	siblings
haon	pl hxon	n.a.poss	widow, widower
he	pl fwé	n.a	mouse, rat
he-ngkun	pl fwé-ngkun	n.a	hedgehog	‘needle-mouse’
heanc	attr kéanc	v.it	feel melancholic, feel nostalgic
hec	pass héc, attr kéc	v.tr	hew (with an axe)
hei		pron.a	(1pl pronoun)
hei	pl hae	n.a.poss	companion, fellow, coworker
hfyáon	attr gihfyáon	v.it	rush, hurry, do sth. hastily
hic	pass híc, attr tśíc	v.tr	realize, become aware of
hihtsea		cj	in the unlikely event that	(introduces conditional subclauses)
hinc	pl fwinc	n.a	jaw, chin
hindzic	(no pl)	n.i	camp
hinggec	(no pl)	n.i	fireplace
hká	(no pl)	n.i	hearth
hka gónc		svc.tr	breastfeed	‘lactate and feed’
hkáe		pron.i	(3i.du pronoun)
hku	pass huhku, attr guhku	v.tr	scream at	attr ‘screaming’
hkwae	pl fwáe	n.a	totem animal
hkwi	pl ngkwi	n.i	blanket
hkwì		cj / pp.v	in the manner of, in such a way that	(introduces manner subclauses when used as a conjunction)
hlán	sgv hlíen	n.i.coll	moonflower
hláo	pass hahláo, attr tláo	v.tr	ask, plead, request (sth.)
hli	pl fwá	n.a	snake
hli-zèi	pl fwá-zèi	n.a	grass snake
hlíc	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	soup, stew
hlin	(no pl)	n.a	worm
hlo	sgv syo	n.i.coll	beans
hlou	pass huhlou, attr tlou	v.tr	smell, perceive a scent
hlou kyá		svc.tr	find intuitively, stumble upon	‘smell and arrive’
hlú	sgv fyú	n.i.coll	poplar trees
hluc	sgv syuc	n.i.coll	sand
hlun	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	late winter / early spring
hmào	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	twilight, red sky (at dawn and dusk)
hmi		cj	for as long as	(introduces duration subclauses)
hmi	pass fwí, attr gwi	v.tr	squeeze, pinch, be tight against
hmóc	(no pl)	n.i	valley
hngoc	(no pl)	n.i	quarry, stone pit
ho	pl fwó	n.a	omen, portent, prophecy
hoa	sgv yóa	n.a.coll	lungs
hoc		adv	twice	(multiplier)
hóu	pass fóu, attr kóu	v.tr	call, shout	attr ‘calling, shouting’
hóu dźi syu		svc.tr	invite	‘call, come, and meet’ (also with other directional motion verbs)
hóu pou nàc		svc.tr	gather, summon (people)	‘call, find, and take’
hpan		cj	when (during the day)	(introduces time subclauses)
hpi		cj / pp.v	while, during (a longer timeframe)	(introduces time subclauses when used as a conjunction)
hpúoc	attr guhpúoc	v.it	lay eggs
hra-tra	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	lightning
hrào	pass hahrào, attr dào	v.tr	participate, join
hréc	(no attr)	v.it spec	(question verb)	(impersonal verb, requires a complement clause as object)
hrèc	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	band, tribe, ethnic group
hríe	attr kríe	v.it	collapse, fall apart, decay, rot
hríe hkú tú		svc.it	break apart	‘collapse, be broken, and be defunct’
hru	(no pl)	n.i	detail, characteristic feature
hrùn	attr dùn	v.it	be whole, be complete, be functional
hśac	attr kśac	v.it	be ready, be finished
htèin		cj	when (in the future)	(introduces time subclauses)
htlanc		cj / pp.v	while, during (a short timeframe)	(introduces time subclauses when used as a conjunction)
htlinc		cj	when finally; as soon as	(introduces time subclauses)
hto		pron.i	the same one (inanimate)
htrenc		cj	when (during the night)	(introduces time subclauses)
htroa	attr gò	v.it	lose, fail; very (when used in a SVC with a negative quality verb)
htsao	pl ntsao	n.i	knife
htséi		cj	when (in the past)	(introduces time subclauses)
htsí		adv	now
htsi	(no pl)	n.a	belly, stomach
htśenc	(no pl)	n.a	carp
hun	attr kún	v.it	be old (of people and animals)
hun	(no attr)	v.it spec	it seems, it is obvious	(impersonal verb)
húnc	sgv ngkwac	n.a.coll	council of elders
huo	attr kúo	v.it	be bad
húoc	pass fúoc, attr kúoc	v.tr	reach out for
húoc bí lóc li soc dźi		svc.tr	pull sb. close	‘reach out, catch, hold, pull, and cause to come’ (also with other directional motion verbs)
hxaenc	sgv hśinc	n.a.coll.poss	mind, thoughts	sgv ‘idea, thought (of sb.)’
idré	(no pl)	n.i	anus
idric	pass hidric, attr gidric	v.tr	complain about
ihtrìc	pl nihtrìc	n.i	jewel, gemstone
ká	attr gyá	v.it	be crooked, be bent
ka	pass ká, attr gya	v.tr	need, lack, miss
kác	pl kwác	n.a	male dog, hound
kàc	pass hkàc, attr gyàc	v.tr	bear, carry
káe		qu	2
káenc	pl kwáenc	n.a	cat
kan	pass kán, attr gyan	v.tr	resist, ward off
kànc	sgv tśànc	n.i.coll	meat, flesh, muscle
kao		det	middle, intermediate
kào	pass hkào, attr gyào	v.tr	offer, sell, trade away
kào paec		svc.tr	trade	‘offer and acquire’
kàonc	sgv kyùnc	n.i.coll	chalk, limestone
ke		pp.n	at the rear of, behind
kè		cj	but, however	(used with clauses)
kè	sgv kyè	n.i.coll	mountain range
kèa	pass hkèa, attr gyèa	v.tr	hit, strike	(used in SVC to indicate a surprising outcome)
kéc	attr gyéc	v.it	play (music)
kec	sgv tśec	n.a.coll	fire
kèc	sgv kì	n.a.coll	ancestors
kéi	pl nggéi	n.i	shovel, scoop
kèi	attr gyèi	v.it+	depart, leave, go away (from listener)
kein	attr gyein	v.it+	depart, leave, go away (from speaker)
kén	sgv kyén	n.i.coll	task, mission, quest, project
kenc	pass kénc, attr gyenc	v.tr	decide, judge
kenc fwei xanc		svc.tr	punish	‘decide, hit, and injure’
ki		det	this
kinc	pl ngginc	n.i	the space within a hollow tree
ko		adv	only, merely, barely, just, simply
ko	pass kó, attr gyo	v.tr	touch, get in contact with
ko drá		svc.tr	check, test	‘touch and poke’
kò	pass hkò, attr gyò	v.tr	borrow (temporary transfer of possession in either direction)
kò mi		svc.tr	borrow	‘borrow and receive’
kò soc		svc.tr	lend	‘borrow and give’
kóa	pl nggóa	n.i	hole, opening
koa	sgv kyoa	n.i.coll	ash trees
kòa		det	last, final
kóan	pass hkóan, attr gyóan	v.tr	seize, conquer
kóc	sgv ké	n.i.coll	buttocks
kónc	pass hkónc, attr gyónc	v.tr	bite
kóu		qu	18
kòu	pass hkòu, attr gyòu	v.tr	lie to, deceive
koun	pl nggoun	n.i	weapon	(general term)
kòun	attr gyòun	v.it	go nowhere in particular, move around, roam, wander
ksèc	attr gigzèc	v.it	lead, guide
ksùn	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	coast (of the ocean)
kú	pass hkú, attr gyú	v.tr	break, destroy
kù		det	that
kuc		pron.a	(3a.du pronoun)
kun	sgv tśun	n.a.coll	thunder
kúnc	pass hkúnc, attr gyúnc	v.tr	surprise, catch sb. off guard, shock
kwá	attr gugwá	v.it	go down, descend
kwac	pl ngwèi	n.a	woman
kwàe	sgv kyàe	n.i.coll	heap, batch, amount (of sth.)
kwé	sgv kyé	n.i.coll	ground, floor
kwè	(no pl)	n.a	vagina, vulva
kwéi	attr gugwéi	v.it	be warm, be hot (of weather)
kwei	pl nggwei	n.i	club, bludgeon
kwenc	(no pl)	n.a	eel
kwì	sgv kì	n.i.coll	manner, method, way
kwóa	attr gugwóa	v.it	defecate, poo
kyá	pass hkyá, attr gíe	v.tr	reach, arrive at
kyao	pl nggyao	n.i	disease, illness
kyèi	pl kì	n.i	jar, bowl
kyòc	sgv kàe	n.a.coll	twins
kyú	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	moss
kyuc	attr gigyuc	v.it	be straight
lá	pass hlá, attr tlá	v.tr	build, create, manufacture
lá lei		svc.tr	craft, create (artwork)	‘build and decorate’
lá nàc		svc.tr	create for oneself	‘build and take’
la		adv	six times	(multiplier)
la	attr tla	v.it	be female
la yé		qu	36	‘six times six’
lác		qu	12
lae	attr tlae	v.it	be dangerous
làe	attr tlàe	v.it	be calm, be clear, be sunny (of weather)
laláo	pass hlaláo, attr glaláo	v.tr	examine, study
lánc	sgv línc	n.a.coll	time	sgv ‘moment; situation’
láo	pass hláo, attr tláo	v.tr	watch, look at
le	pl hloa	n.a	dove
lea	pass léa, attr tlea	v.tr	go into, enter
léac	(no pl)	n.a.poss	lover, sex partner
léc	pass hléc, attr tléc	v.tr	waste, squander
lec	pass léc, attr tlec	v.tr	learn (practical skills)	(reduplicated habitual lec lec: ‘train, practice’)
léi	sgv yéi	n.a.coll	cloud(s)
lei	pass léi, attr tlei	v.tr	decorate
lenc	sgv yenc	n.i.coll	forest of deciduous trees
lí	sgv yí	n.i.coll	turnips
li	pass lí, attr tli	v.tr	pull
li hmi ... hka		svc.tr	milk (animals)	‘pull, squeeze, and cause to lactate’
li soc tsì		svc.tr	drag	‘pull and cause to come’ (also with other directional motion verbs)
li tào		svc.tr	shoot (arrows)	‘pull and throw’
líc	attr tlíc	v.it	be thin (2D)
lic	sgv yec	n.i.coll	cloth, fabric
ligyèc	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	birch trees
lín	attr tlín	v.it	be honest
lin	attr tlin	v.it	lie, recline
lin kòun		svc.it	crawl	‘lie and move around’
ló		pp.v	for, to (dative)
ló	attr tló	v.it aux	must, should	attr ‘required, obligatory’
lo	attr tlo	v.it aux	become
lóa		adv	there
lóc	pass hlóc, attr tlóc	v.tr	hold, cling to	pass ‘belong to’
lóc sruo		svc.tr	take care of, look after (inanimate things)	‘hold and wait’
loc	attr tloc	v.it	be rough (of weather)
lou	pl ndlou	n.i	drop (of water)
lú	pass hlú, attr tlú	v.tr	bind, tie
lú lóc		svc.tr	attach, fasten	‘tie and hold’
lúc	pl hlúc	n.a	snail
luc	pl hluc	n.a	toe
lulú	pass hlulú, attr tlulú	v.tr	tie down sb.
lunc	attr tlunc	v.it	be thick (2D)
lùo	pass hlùo, attr tlùo	v.tr	be worried about
má	sgv myá	n.i.coll	ditch, moat, trench, furrow
ma	attr ba	v.it	die
mà	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	sunset, sundown, late afternoon
mác		det / qu	first	(ordinal number)
màc	sgv myèc	n.i.coll	village	sgv ‘house’
mae	pl mfwáe	n.a	deer
màen	sgv myàen	n.i.coll	fruit
maenc	pass máenc, attr baenc	v.tr	like, consider attractive
mahtsao	(no pl)	n.i	blade
mamaenc	pass hmamaenc, attr babaenc	v.tr	fall in love with
man	(no pl)	n.a	day
man-honc	(no pl)	n.a	winter solstice
manc	attr banc	v.it	be tired
manc	sgv moun	n.a.coll	lips
mandaoc	pl mindźinc	n.a	foal (horse offspring)
manggác	pl manggwác	n.a	puppy (dog offspring)
mao		cj	if	(introduces conditional subclauses)
mao	sgv myao	n.i.coll	strawberries
mào	attr bào	v.it	be yellow
màonc	attr bàonc	v.it	stop, cease
mba		qu	(singulative particle)
mbà	pl nambà	n.i	yard, enclosed area
mbàc	pass hpàc, attr bàc	v.tr	replace, substitute, switch with
mbàn	attr gambàn	v.it	be long
mbèc		adv	maybe, possibly
mbèin	pl nimbèin	n.i	nest (of birds or other animals)
mbenc	pl mbíenc	n.a	creek, brook, small river
mbí	(no pl)	n.a	sun
mbí	attr gimbí	v.it	be lonely
mbì	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	spring (season)
mbíc	pass himbíc, attr gimbíc	v.tr	turn, rotate, twist, knead, mold
mbíc ec		svc.tr	revert, undo	‘twist and return’
mbíc kòu bí		svc.tr	trap	‘twist, deceive, and capture’
mbìn	attr mìn	v.it	be small
mblóc	sgv mbléac	n.i.coll	lily (type of flower)
mbò	pl mpwò	n.a	baby
mbóun	pl numbóun	n.i	headgear, hat
mbràe	pl mpràe	n.a	bull (male bovine)
mbré	pl nimbré	n.i	tube; tunnel (of a cave); sleeve (of clothes)
mbrinc	attr gimbrinc	v.it	be brave, be courageous
mbùn	attr mùn	v.it	be good; do well
mbyè	pl mpyè	n.a	maternal uncle
mbyo	attr gimbyo	v.it	err, be mistaken
mbyu	attr gimbyu	v.it	be coarse, be rough
mbza	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	clay
mbzac	pl mpsac	n.a	duck, goose
mbze	pl mpse	n.a	grasshopper
me	pass mé, attr be	v.tr	tell, say towards
mè		cj	(complementizer, mirative)	(indicates unexpected information)
méc	sgv myéc	n.i.coll.poss	events, instances, occurrences, repetitions
mèc	sgv myèc	n.a.coll.poss	religion, culture
mei	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	flour
mèi	sgv myèi	n.i.coll	grain, seed(s)
mí	attr bí	v.it	be separate, be on one's own
mi	pass mí, attr bi	v.tr	get, receive
mì	attr bì	v.it	be skilled
mic	attr bic	v.it	turn around
mìc		adv	once	(multiplier)
mimbíc	attr bimbíc	v.it	turn the tables; change a situation completely
minc		pron.a	(2du pronoun)
mìnc	pass pìnc, attr bìnc	v.tr	sacrifice
mindzín	pl mandźá	n.a	lamb (sheep offspring)
mindzìnc	pl mandràenc	n.a	calf (bovine offspring)
mó	pass fwó, attr bó	v.tr	cover, protect
mò	pl ndò	n.a.poss	descendant, offspring
móc	pass fwóc, attr bóc	v.tr	kill
moc	pass móc, attr boc	v.tr	confuse, mix up, fail to distinguish
moc-tóun	pl mboc-tóun	n.i	millstone
mònc	attr bonc	v.it	be lazy
móu	attr bóu	v.it	be tame (of animals)
mou	sgv myou	n.i.coll	flowers
mpa	pass dwá, attr glàc	v.tr	destroy, devastate
mpao	pass twao, attr gampao	v.tr	single out, point at
mpúo	(no pl)	n.a	trunk (of an elephant or anteater)
mú	sgv myú	n.i.coll	nuts
mumbùn	attr gumbùn	v.it	be very good, be perfect, do really well
mun		pron.a	(2sg pronoun)
muo	sgv myuo	n.i.coll	apple(s)
mwác	sgv myéc	n.i.coll	egg(s)
mwei	sgv myei	n.i.coll	wheat
mwinc	pl hmúnc	n.a	squirrel
mwòu	sgv myòu	n.i.coll	roof
mya	attr bya	v.it+	come, approach (towards listener)
myae	pl mfwáe	n.a	leader, guide, scout
myào	pl pyáo	n.a	horn (of an animal)
myaon	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	earth, soil
myè	pl pyé	n.a	father, paternal uncle
myéc	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	star(s)
myei	pass myéi, attr byei	v.tr	pray to
myèi	pass pyèi, attr byèi	v.tr	hint, suggest
myein	pass myéin, attr byein	v.tr	plot, conspire
myen	attr byen	v.it	look	(intransitive)
myen mic ndźù		svc.tr	search intensively	‘look, turn around, and search’
myèn	attr byèn	v.it	be usual, be ordinary, do habitually
myóa	pass fyóa, attr byóa	v.tr	order, command, instruct
myòu	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	sky, weather
myù	pl myùc	n.a	hand
myuc		pp.n	among, in reach of, connected to
myun	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	underwear
ná	sgv nyá	n.i.coll	pear(s)
na		cj	and	(used with non-subject phrases)
na		qu	all (of many)	(+ pl)
nà	pl twá	n.a	mother, maternal aunt
nac		pron.a	(1du pronoun)
nac		qu	both	(+ du)
nac	sgv nic	n.i.coll	teeth
nàc	pass tàc, attr dàc	v.tr	choose, take, use
nàc fi yo		svc.tr	put on (clothes)	‘take, wrap, and wear’
nàc kàc tsì		svc.tr	bring	‘take, carry, and come’ (also with other directional motion verbs)
nàc rò		svc.tr	adopt (children)	‘take and embrace’
nàe	attr dàe	v.it	be fragrant
nàenc	attr dàenc	v.it	be intelligent, be clever
nànc	pl twánc	n.i	name
nanda	attr gananda	v.it	gain power, rise to glory
náo	sgv nyáo	n.i.coll	temple	sgv ‘altar’
nào	pass tsào, attr dzào	v.tr	perform (a ceremony)
naonc	pass náonc, attr daonc	v.tr	be characterized by
ndà	pass handà, attr gandà	v.tr	strike down, slay, kill
ndà móc		svc.tr	massacre, kill brutally (multiple victims)	‘slay and kill’
ndàc	pass handàc, attr gandàc	v.tr	extinguish, put out (fire)
ndàe	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	summer
ndán	pl pyán	n.a	new moon
ndáo		pron.i	(3i.pc/pl pronoun)
ndè	pass hindè, attr gindè	v.tr	store, keep, retain
ndèin	attr gindèin	v.it aux	be about to
ndlíc	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	magical herbs
ndòu	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	wall(s) (of a house)
ndra	pl ntśwá	n.a	tiger
ndrác	pl nandrác	n.i	mark, symbol
ndrí	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	thorns, pricks, spikes
ndrì	pass trì, attr gindrì	v.tr	rub
ndro		pron.i	(3i.sgv pronoun)
ndroa	attr gundroa	v.it	be irrelevant, don't matter
ndrún	pl ntrún	n.i	hill fort
ndù	pass syù, attr gundù	v.tr	admit, confess
ndúc	pass hundúc, attr gundúc	v.tr	obey, be ruled by	attr ‘obedient, subordinate’
ndùc	pl nundùc	n.i	battle, skirmish
ndùo	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	apple trees
ndwin	pl nundwin	n.i	shirt
ndza	attr gandza	v.it	be successful, hit the target
ndzáo	pass handzáo, attr gandzáo	v.tr	learn (mental knowledge)
ndzei	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	fingernail(s)
ndzì		pron.a	(3a.pc/coll pronoun)
ndzu	attr gundzu	v.it	rise, get up
ndzu kein tyòu yenc do		svc.it+	travel (to)	‘rise, go from here, eat, sleep, and come to there’ (also with other directional motion verbs)
ndźác	pass handźác, attr gandźác	v.tr	defeat
ndźáo	pass handźáo, attr gandźáo	v.tr	cook
ndźéan	pl nindźéan	n.i	bay
ndźec	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	asters (type of flower)
ndźei	pass hindźei, attr gindźei	v.tr	know, be acquainted with	cf. French connaître
ndźí		pron.a	(3a.pl pronoun)
ndźi		qu	much, a lot, a large amount of	(+ coll)
ndźìc	sgv ndźèc	n.a.coll	snow
ndźù	pass hundźù, attr gundźù	v.tr	search for
né	pl mfwé	n.a	tail
ne		pron.a	(1sg pronoun)
nè		qu	every	(+ sg)
nèa	pl ndèa	n.i	chimney
nèan	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	smoke
nec	pl mfwéc	n.a	young animal	(general term)
nèc	pl ndèc	n.i	torch
nèi		cj	(complementizer, inferred evidential)	(indicates information based on physical evidence)
nenc	pass nénc, attr denc	v.tr	smile at	attr ‘smiling’
ni		qu	many	(+ pl)
nì	pl kwí	n.a	thrush
nic		pp.n	at, on	(also used to form ordinal numbers)
níe	attr díe	v.it	sink; dive
nin	pl mfwín	n.a	goat
nínc	sgv nyénc	n.i.coll	beard
ninc	pl ndinc	n.i	bed
nó	pl ndó	n.i	notch, indentation
no	pl hno	n.a	bird	(general term)
nóa	pl ndóa	n.i	cliff, rocky slope
nòa	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	bandage
nóc	sgv nyóc	n.i.coll	pants, trousers
nòc		adv	three times	(multiplier)
nòn	pass tòn, attr dòn	v.tr	match, be equal to	attr ‘equal, equivalent’
nonc	pl mfwónc	n.a	girl, daughter
nóu	sgv nyóu	n.i.coll	brick
nou	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	steam
nòu	attr dòu	v.it	go downstream, follow the flow
nrà	attr drà	v.it	can, be able
nrèn	pl hnrèn	n.a	stranger, foreigner
nrenc		pp.n	to the south of
nrènc	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	sunrise, daybreak, early morning
nrìn	sgv nyèn	n.i.coll	arrow(s)
nro	(no pl)	n.i	river crossing, ford
nròc	pl hnròc	n.a	hunter
nrù		cj	(complementizer, sensory evidential)	(indicates information based on sensory evidence)
nrùnc	attr drunc	v.it	be thick (3D)
ntào	pass ntsào, attr gantào	v.tr	dance	(usually with dummy object źwi)
ntòc		det / qu	third	(ordinal number)
ntrae	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	harvest season
ntrèc		adv	long ago
ntronc	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	winter
ntú	(no pl)	n.a	owl
nú		det	the other one(s)
nu	pass nú, attr du	v.tr	push, have an impact on
nu	sgv nyu	n.i.coll	clothes
nù		adv	really, indeed
nuc	attr duc	v.it	be available, be sufficient, be suitable
nudróu	pass hnudróu, attr gunudróu	v.tr	cultivate, grow (crops)
nùn	(no pl)	n.a	sea, ocean
nwa	pass nwá, attr dwa	v.tr	exceed, surpass
nwao	attr dwao	v.it	cry, weep
nwì	pass twì, attr dwì	v.tr	receive (as a gift)
nya	(no pl)	n.i.poss	dwelling, home
nyac	attr dźac	v.it	win, be victorious; very (when used in a SVC with a positive quality verb)
nyào	pl kyáo	n.a	chick, baby bird
nye	attr dźe	v.it	be safe
nyec	pl tśinc	n.a	female horse, mare
nyèn	attr dźen	v.it	be new, be young
nyoun	attr dźoun	v.it	play, enjoy oneself, have fun
nyu	pass nyú, attr dźu	v.tr	see
nyu fou ngglóc		svc.tr	ignore, look away from, turn a blind eye towards	‘see, walk by, and forget’
nyu ndźei		svc.tr	recognize	‘see and know’
nyù	pl ndźù	n.i	door, gate
ngá	pl mfwá	n.a	frog
nga	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	milk
ngà	pl kíe	n.a	magpie
ngàe		qu	several, some, a few	(+ pl)
ngan	pl mfwán	n.a	nose
ngànc	pass kànc, attr gànc	v.tr	give birth to	pass ‘be born’
ngào	sgv nyào	n.i.coll	branches (of a tree)
ngàoc	sgv tśòa	n.i.coll	network of caves
ngé	pl mfwé	n.a	heron
nge		pp.n	before, in front of, across from, facing
ngèa-kàc	pl ngào-kàc	n.i	bucket
ngèa-póu	pl ngào-póu	n.i	barrel
ngec	sgv nyec	n.i.coll	nipples
ngèc	sgv ngì	n.a.coll	parents	sgv also: ‘same-sex parental sibling’
ngéi	attr géi	v.it	be popular
ngei		qu	a little, a small amount of	(+ coll)
ngèi	pl nggèi	n.i	color	(general term)
ngèn	attr gèn	v.it	be different, be unusual, be foreign
nggá	pl ngkwá	n.a	forest elephant
nggà	pass hxà, attr ganggà	v.tr	approve, agree
nggàc	pl nanggàc	n.i	basket
nggae	(no pl)	n.a	beak (of a bird)
nggao	pl nanggao	n.i	bellybutton
nggaon	pl ngkwáon	n.a	turtle
ngge	attr gingge	v.it	flow (of liquids)
nggèa	sgv nggyèa	n.i.coll	rowan trees
nggéc	pl ninggéc	n.i	speckle, stain, colored spot
nggèi	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	autumn, fall
nggí	attr ginggí	v.it	be soft, be smooth
ngglì	(no pl)	n.a	head
ngglóc	pass ksóc, attr klóc	v.tr	forget, neglect, lose sight of
ngglónc	pl ngglúnc	n.a	firefly
nggò	attr gunggò	v.it	be precious, be valuable, be of high quality
nggóa	pass hxóa, attr gunggóa	v.tr	dislike
nggóu	sgv tśù	n.a.coll	hips
nggòun	attr gunggòun	v.it	stumble
nggráon	attr ganggráon	v.it	speed up
nggren	(no pl)	n.a	womb, uterus
nggruc	attr gunggruc	v.it	slow down
nggù	attr gunggù	v.it	be distant, be far away
nggùc	attr gunggùc	v.it	stink
nggùn	attr gunggùn	v.it	prepare oneself, get ready
nggùnc	attr gunggùnc	v.it	grow up, become an adult
nggwi	pass hunggwi, attr gunggwi	v.tr	burn, set on fire
ngi-swín	pl ngec-swín	n.a.poss	stepparent, parent-in-law
ngì-tóun	(no pl)	n.i	mortar, grinding bowl
ngká	pl nangká	n.i	spider web
ngkùc	(no pl)	n.a	penis
ngkun	pl nungkun	n.i	sewing needle
ngò	sgv nyò	n.i.coll	hills
ngòc	sgv ngè	n.a.coll	eye(s)
ngónc	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	evening
ngóu	(no attr)	v.cop	be (copula)
ngòu	sgv nyòu	n.i.coll	beads, pearls
ngoun		pp.n	in, inside
ngòun	sgv nyòun	n.i.coll	drums
ngù		pp.n	to the east of
ngunc	attr gunc	v.it	fade, wither
ngunc ma kànc		svc.it	pass (of a year or other long period)	‘fade away, die, and be born again’
ngùnc	sgv ngìnc	n.i.coll	grease, fat
ngunggóa	pass hngunggóa, attr gunggóa	v.tr	hate
ngùo	attr gùo	v.it	be blue, be green
ngúoc	pass hxúoc, attr gúoc	v.tr	collect, gather
ngwae	attr gwae	v.it	do properly, do well
ngwi	attr gwi	v.it	be kind, be gentle
ngwìn	attr gwìn	v.it	be open
ngwou	sgv nyou	n.a.coll	waves (of water)
o		cj	and, also	(used with clauses)
oc	sgv moc	n.i.coll	rock(s), stone(s)
oc-mu	sgv moc-mu	n.i.coll	quartz
oc-ngòa	sgv moc-ngòa	n.i.coll	flint
oc-pè	sgv moc-pè	n.i.coll	granite
odzac		pp.n	to the north of
odzao	pl nodzao	n.i	sword
ogá	pl ohká	n.a	raven
ohán	pl ufwán	n.a	full moon
omàc	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	large village, town
onc	attr konc	v.it	do the right thing, guess correctly, be suitable
pá	pass hpá, attr gwá	v.tr	row
pa		pp.v	as, like
pàc	sgv pyàc	n.i.coll	feather(s), coat of feathers
pàc	pass hpàc, attr gwàc	v.tr	kiss
paec	pass páec, attr gwaec	v.tr	acquire, buy
pàn	sgv mpàn	n.i.coll	rope
páon	pass hpáon, attr gwáon	v.tr	bake
pàonc	attr gwàonc	v.it	be white, be pale
pe	sgv pye	n.i.coll	beer
pè	attr gwè	v.it	be male
pec	attr gwec	v.it aux	not, be not
pei	pl pwéi	n.a	boy, son
pei	attr gwei	v.it+	depart, leave, go away (from someone other than speaker or listener)
pèin	pass hpèin, attr gwèin	v.tr	be/move diagonal to	attr ‘diagonal’
pí	pass hpí, attr gwí	v.tr	go between
pi	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	peas
pì	attr gwì	v.it	grow
pìc		qu	1
pie	attr gwie	v.it	be determined, be strict
piec	attr gwiec	v.it	be wild, be fierce	(used in SVC to indicate strong motivation)
pienc	(no pl)	n.a	orphan
pín	attr gwín	v.it	be innocent, be peaceful
pínc	sgv pyénc	n.i.coll	oak forest
pìnc	sgv pyènc	n.i.coll	acorns
ploc	attr gubloc	v.it	be round (3D)
po-tóun	(no pl)	n.i	pestle
poc	attr gwoc	v.it	be hard, be solid
pòc	pass hpòc, attr gwòc	v.tr	give (as a gift)
pòc nwì		svc.tr	donate, give gifts to	‘give and receive (as a gift)’
póu	pl mbóu	n.i	hammer
póu	attr gwóu	v.it	be closed
pou	pass póu, attr gwou	v.tr	find, discover
poun		pp.n	over, above, on top of
pòun	attr gwóun	v.it	be important, be relevant, be prominent
prec	attr gibrec	v.it	be surprising, do suddenly
prei	pass hprei, attr gibrei	v.tr	guess
pric	attr gibric	v.it	be salty
psòn	pass hpsòn, attr gubzòn	v.tr	be less than
pùn	attr gùn	v.it	stand, be upright
pùnc	pass hpùnc, attr gùnc	v.tr	be/move parallel to	attr ‘parallel’
púo	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	midday, noon
pwae	attr gèi	v.it	be red
pwanc	pl dànc	n.a	child
pwaon	attr gubwaon	v.it	be fertile
pwec	attr gubwec	v.it	be heroic, be famous, be noble
pwì	pass hpwì, attr gubwì	v.tr	try, attempt, strive
pwo	pass pwó, attr gubwo	v.tr	answer
pya	pass pyá, attr gibya	v.tr	go out of, exit
pyáo		qu	4
pyè	(no pl)	n.a	grandfather
pyec	attr gibyec	v.it	keep happening; continue
pyei	attr gibyei	v.it	be round (2D)
pyó	pass hpyó, attr gibyó	v.tr	face, be oriented towards; take aim at
pyo	pass pyó, attr gibyo	v.tr	predict
pyonc	attr gibyonc	v.it	be black, be dark
pyu		cj	because	(introduces reason subclauses)
pyù	pl hpyù	n.a	knuckle, wrist, joint
rà		pp.n	due to; made by
rae		pp.n	at the edge of	(but still inside the relevant area)
rae	sgv rie	n.a.coll	bee(s)
ràe	pass hràe, attr kràe	v.tr	wish, hope
radźáo	pass hradźáo, attr gradźáo	v.tr	heat up, keep warm	(can only be used within SVC)
ragá	pass hragá, attr gragá	v.tr	bend	(can only be used within SVC)
ranào	(no pl)	n.i	religious festival
rao		cj	in order to, with the goal of	(introduces purpose subclauses)
ráon	attr tráon	v.it	be fast, be quick
raonc	pl hrunc	n.a	lizard
ravae	pass hravae, attr gravae	v.tr	drop, cause to fall	(can only be used within SVC)
re		pp.v	without
rè	attr krè	v.it	starve
reanc	pass hreanc, attr kreanc	v.tr	please, make sb. happy	(can only be used within SVC)
réc	pass hréc, attr tréc	v.tr	offend, insult, humiliate
rec	pl hroac	n.a	wing
rei		cj	(complementizer, quotative)	(introduces reported speech; may also indicate information based on hearsay)
rèi	sgv yèi	n.i.coll.poss	juice, sap
rèi-rae	sgv yèi-rae	n.i.coll	honey
rén	(no attr)	v.it spec	be what?
rèn	pass hrèn, attr krèn	v.tr	have sex with	(usually used in a dual-to-dual reflexive construction)
ri	pl ndri	n.i	knot
ric	(no pl)	n.i.poss	type, kind, variety, species
ric	sgv yoc	n.i.coll	salt
ridźí	pass hridźí, attr gridźí	v.tr	hollow out	(can only be used within SVC)
rie		pp.n	around
rigéi	(no pl)	n.a	mask
rimyuc	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	saliva
rinc	pass rínc, attr trinc	v.tr	wake up, rouse; warn
ró	attr kró	v.it	be special, be unique
ro		cj	or	(used with phrases, appears before each conjoined element)
rò	pass hrò, attr krò	v.tr	embrace; accept
roa	attr troa	v.it	feel comfortable, be at ease
ròc	sgv yèac	n.i.coll	gravel
ron	pass rón, attr tron	v.tr	recite, tell (a story); hand down (a tradition)
ronc	pl raonc	n.a.poss	language
róu	(no attr)	v.it spec	be who?
ròu	attr kròu	v.it	be thirsty
roun	sgv youn	n.i.coll	plain, lowlands
ròun	(no pl)	n.i	waist, small of the back
rù	pass hrù, attr krù	v.tr	bless
rubóu	pass hrubóu, attr grubóu	v.tr	close	(can only be used within SVC)
ruc	pl hruc	n.a	mouth, throat
rùc		pp.n	through, between, surrounded by
rudwó	pass hrudwó, attr grudwó	v.tr	strengthen	(can only be used within SVC)
ruguo	pass hruguo, attr gruguo	v.tr	annoy, bother	(can only be used within SVC)
ruhrùn	pass hruhrùn, attr gruhrùn	v.tr	fix, repair	(can only be used within SVC)
runc		pp.n	near, beside, close to
rùo	attr krùo	v.it	be dry, be barren
rúoc	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	livestock, domesticated animals
ruoc	(no pl)	n.i	megalith
rúon	pl koc	n.a.poss	spouse, partner, husband, wife	pl ‘couple’ (non-possessed)
ruzruo	pass hruzruo, attr gruzruo	v.tr	lift, raise	(can only be used within SVC)
sa	pl swá	n.a	sister, parallel cousin (female)
sáe	sgv syáe	n.i.coll	shores (of a river or lake)
sae	pl syoc	n.a	elbow
saen		cj	where (stative)	(introduces place subclauses; stative)
saen	sgv śin	n.a.coll	embers
saenc	pl ndzaenc	n.i	wound, injury
san		pp.n	socially related to
san	sgv śein	n.i.coll	forest of coniferous trees
sao	attr gzao	v.it	go upstream, go against the flow, push through
sao-wa	(no pl)	n.a	shepherd
se		qu	no, none (of many)	(+ sg/pl/coll/sgv)
sec	pl swéc	n.a	shooting star
sei	sgv śei	n.i.coll	words, statement, utterance	sgv ‘word’
sen	sgv śen	n.i.coll	war
sie	pl ndzie	n.i	loop, noose, lug
sin	sgv śin	n.i.coll	music
so	pass hso, attr gzo	v.tr	follow, accompany
soc	sgv śoc	n.i.coll.poss	material, constituent, ingredient
soc	pass hsoc, attr gzoc	v.tr	give (in general)	(used in SVC as a causative auxiliary)
sonc	pl swónc	n.a	tongue
srae	pass hsrae, attr grae	v.tr	reap, harvest
sran	coll hunc	n.a	elder, experienced person	(suppletive "plural" takes collective agreement)
sréc	sgv śéc	n.i.coll	crime, misbehavior
srec	pl śwéc	n.a	flea
sri	pass hsri, attr gri	v.tr	pierce, stab
sró	(no attr)	v.cop	(interrogative copula)	(used with VSO word order)
sro	pass hsro, attr gro	v.tr	chase, pursue, hunt
sru		det.a	(animate indefinite)	‘one who is...’
sruc	attr gruc	v.it	be slow
srùn	pl ndrùn	n.i	scar
sruo	attr gruo	v.it	wait
sruo ndźei		svc.tr	expect, anticipate, wait for	‘wait and know’
sruo tsáo		svc.it	be patient, be resilient	‘wait and be wise’
su	attr gzu	v.it	be present, be in reach
suc	pass hsuc, attr gzuc	v.tr	bump into, collide with	attr ‘obstructing’
sun	sgv mou	n.i.coll	water
sunc	(no pl)	n.a	face
suo		pp.v	at, on	(stative locative)
swec	sgv syec	n.i.coll	frost, dew
swi	pl ndzwi	n.i	coat, cloak
swín	(no pl)	n.a.poss	marriage
syéi	(no attr)	v.it spec	has been done already	(defective verb)
syu	pass syú, attr tśa	v.tr	meet
syu tonc ndźei		svc.tr	get to know sb.	‘meet, talk to, and be acquainted with’
śac	pass hśac, attr gźac	v.tr	do, make	(generic proverb)
śae	pass hśae, attr gźae	v.tr	ask (sb.)
śao	pl śwao	n.i	dead body
śea	pass hśea, attr gźea	v.tr	hide, conceal
śec	pl síec	n.a	animal
śenc	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	night
śenc	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	ashes
śi	pl ndźi	n.i.poss	meal, portion (of edible things)
śic	pl kwóu	n.a	leg
śie	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	louse
śin	pl ndźin	n.i	song
śo	pl ndźo	n.i	platform, terrace, shelf
śo-gonc	pl ndźo-gonc	n.i	table
śoc	attr gźoc	v.it	rest, relax, take a break
śou	pl ndźou	n.i.poss	place, location, area	(mainly as first part of compounds)
śoun	pl śwóun	n.a	centipede
śu	pl ndźu	n.i	string, thread; sinew
śun	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	light
tá	sgv tsá	n.i.coll	butter
ta		adv	(imperative particle)
ta		pp.v	by	(demoted agent)
tà	pl twá	n.a	grandmother
tác	pass htác, attr glác	v.tr	have, hold, own, possess
tac		pp.n	to the left of
táe	pl twáe	n.a	story, legend
tàe	pass htàe, attr glàe	v.tr	paint, color, dye
táen	pass htáen, attr gláen	v.tr	doubt
taenc	sgv tsaenc	n.a.coll	ants
tan	pass tán, attr glan	v.tr	show, demonstrate, explain
táo	pl ndáo	n.i	thing, item
táo	(no attr)	v.it spec	it is planned; it has been decided; shall; will	(impersonal verb)
tao	pl mwì	n.a	man
tào	pass htào, attr glào	v.tr	throw
tào zò zò		svc.tr	stack, pile up	‘throw put put’
taoc	pl tśinc	n.a	male horse, stallion
té	attr glé	v.it	sit
té fi mó radźáo		svc.tr	breed (of birds)	‘sit, wrap, cover, and keep warm’
te	pl nde	n.i	bridge
tè		qu	any (of many)	(+ sg/pl/coll/sgv)
tea	sgv tśìc	n.a.coll	bones
téc		pp.v	near, around	(dynamic locative)
téi	sgv tséi	n.i.coll	coal
tei	pass téi, attr glei	v.tr	say, speak
tei ndè		svc.tr	promise	‘say and keep’
tei nu		svc.tr	challenge, provoke, tease	‘say and push’
tei tonc móc		svc.tr	talk without end, blather, prattle, filibuster, talk sb's ear off	‘say, talk, and kill’
tei twè		svc.tr	interrupt sb. (through speaking)	‘say and split’
tei zò		svc.tr	teach (mental knowledge)	‘say and put’
tèi	pl twéi	n.a	thumb
tèin		adv	then (in the future)
tenc		cj	(complementizer)	(introduces complement clauses)
tí		cj	although, even if	(introduces concessive subclauses)
tlec	pl tlíec	n.a	liver
tléi	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	fog, mist
tlin	pass tlín, attr glin	v.tr	threaten
tlú	pl ndlú	n.i	axe
tlu	pl tlúo	n.a	paternal aunt
tlúnc	pl ndlúnc	n.i	party, celebration, social gathering
tó	attr gló	v.it	be significant, have a hidden meaning
to		pron.i	(3i.sg/coll pronoun)
tò	attr glò	v.it	be calm, be silent
tò kòun		svc.it	sneak	‘be silent and move around’
tóc	pass htóc, attr glóc	v.tr	take away, remove
toc	sgv tsoc	n.i.coll	wood (material)
tòc		qu	3
tòc	attr glòc	v.it	watch out, be vigilant
tòc wa		svc.tr	herd (animals), watch over (children)	‘watch out and guard’
tonc	pass tónc, attr glonc	v.tr	talk to, chat with	attr ‘talking’
tou	sgv tsou	n.i.coll	land
tou	pass tóu, attr glou	v.tr	start, begin
tóun	pass htóun, attr glóun	v.tr	crush, grind
trá		adv	(question particle)	(used with VSO word order)
trá	sgv níc	n.a.coll	feet
tra		pp.n	under, at the bottom of
trà	attr grà	v.it spec	exist	(’there is...’; used with VS word order)
tráe	(no attr)	v.it spec	it is preferable; would rather	(impersonal verb)
trae	attr grae	v.it	be cold (of weather)
traen	pl ndraen	n.i	room (of a house)
tre	attr gre	v.it	do never
tréa	attr gréa	v.it	shiver
tréc	pl htréc	n.a	planet, wandering star
trén		det.i	which? (interrogative inanimate)
trí	pl tśwí	n.a	scorpion
trìc	pass htrìc, attr grìc	v.tr	shake, shove, stir
tró	pl ndró	n.i	pot, cauldron
troc	sgv tsac	n.a.coll	shoulder(s), upper back
tronc	attr gronc	v.it	struggle, toil, strain oneself
tróu		det.a	which? (interrogative animate)
trou	pl ndrou	n.i	island
tróun		qu	24
trùc	pl htrùc	n.a	priest, shaman
tsa	attr gza	v.it	work
tsáo	attr gzáo	v.it	be wise, be experienced
tsao	attr gzao	v.it	be cold (of things); feel cold (of people)
tsao	pass tsáo, attr gzao	v.tr	cut (into), carve
tsao bwìn		svc.tr	peel	‘cut and clean’
tsào	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	grape(s)
tséa	pl tác	n.a	ear
tsèa	attr gzèa	v.it	be simple, be easy
tséc	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	rapids
tsec	pl tyéc	n.a	rabbit
tsèi	(no pl)	n.i	reason, explanation, motivation
tsí		adv	already
tsì	attr gzì	v.it+	come, approach (towards speaker)
tsìc	sgv tsèc	n.i.coll	petals
tsíe	pl htsíe	n.a	guest, visitor
tsie	pl trac	n.a	arm
tsín	pl dźá	n.a	female sheep, ewe
tsin	pass tsín, attr gzin	v.tr	believe, trust
tsìn	sgv tsèn	n.i.coll	wool
tsoc	pl tsic	n.i	tent
tsóu	pl htsóu	n.a	captive, hostage, slave
tsu		det.i	(inanimate indefinite)	‘something which is...’
tswi	attr gudzwi	v.it	jump, leap
tswi pei		svc.it+	escape (from)	‘jump and leave’ (also with other directional motion verbs)
tsyú	sgv tsóu	n.i.coll	hair
tsyún	pl twín	n.a	person
tśa	pass tśá, attr gźa	v.tr	dwell at, live in
tśáo	attr gźáo	v.it	be warm, be hot (of things); feel warm (of people)
tśao	pl kyáo	n.a	bear
tśe	pl kíe	n.a	male sheep, ram
tśèa	pl kíe	n.a	falcon
tśec		pp.n	near, alongside; with, containing
tśèin	attr gźèin	v.it	hang, be suspended
tśí	attr gźí	v.it	be hollow
tśi		pron.a	(3a.sgv pronoun)
tśic	pass tśíc, attr gźic	v.tr	drink
tśic nyu		svc.tr	taste, try (liquids)	‘drink and see’
tśòa	pl ndźòa	n.i	cave, cavern
tú	attr glú	v.it	be unusable, be defunct (of tools etc.)
tu	pl túo	n.a	fin (of a fish)
túc	(no pl)	n.a	heart
tùc	pass htùc, attr glùc	v.tr	know (how to do sth.)	cf. French savoir
tún	attr glún	v.it	be full
tun	pl túon	n.a	male goat, buck
túnc	(no pl)	n.a	finger
tùnc	attr glùnc	v.it	be edible; be nourishing
tuo		pp.n	to the west of
twè	pass htwè, attr gudwè	v.tr	cut apart, split, cleave
twéc	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	gold
twí	pl ndwí	n.i	spear
twi	pass twí, attr gudwi	v.tr	allow, let, permit
twíc	pass htwíc, attr gudwíc	v.tr	disagree, protest, argue
twic	pass twíc, attr gudwic	v.tr	whisper
twinc		adv	here
twó	attr glúo	v.it	be strong
twou	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	urine
tyá	pl tíe	n.a	crow
tyaen		cj	where (dynamic)	(introduces place subclauses; dynamic)
tyáon	attr gidyáon	v.it	do too much, do excessively
tyéi	(no pl)	n.i	fishhook
tyein	attr tśein	v.it spec	it is necessary	(impersonal verb, epistemic necessity)
tyòc	(no pl)	n.a	painting, image
tyòu	pass htyòu, attr gidyòu	v.tr	eat
tyòu nyu		svc.tr	taste, try (solid food)	‘eat and see’
tyu	sgv tśou	n.a.coll	villager(s), sedentary people	(also used as an ethnonym for the speakers of Ronc Tyu)
tyuc	pass tyúc, attr gidyuc	v.tr	talk about
tyuc pyec pwo		svc.tr	discuss, negotiate	‘talk about, continue, and answer’
udlúnc	(no pl)	n.i	meeting of villages
udou	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	world
udzéin	pl nudzéin	n.i.poss	promise, oath, pledge
ugei	pl uhkei	n.a	chieftain, leader
ugou	pl nugou	n.i	shield
ugwac	pl uhkwac	n.a	queen, matriarch
urìc		pp.n	to the right of
uvyèc	pl mbyèc	n.i	representative building; house of the chieftain
va	attr ba	v.it	be sweet
vaen	pl mbaen	n.i	flute, ocarina
vei		pp.n	coming from; made of
venc		pp.n	corresponding to, depending on, modeled on, in the style of
vìc	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	secret
vòc	sgv vyòc	n.i.coll.poss	price, value
vòc-swín	sgv vyòc-swín	n.i.coll	brideprice
vùnc	attr bunc	v.it	be old, be ancient (of things)
vyei	pl zwei	n.i	spring, well
wa	pass wá, attr kwa	v.tr	protect, guard
wae		pron.a	(2pl pronoun)
wàe	sgv yàe	n.a.coll.poss	life
wan	sgv wìen	n.i.coll	strength, force, pressure
wáo	sgv yáo	n.i.coll	dust, dirt
waon	sgv yàon	n.i.coll	arable land
we		intj	oh, hey
wec	pl ufwéc	n.a	god
wei	sgv yèi	n.i.coll	air
wèi		pp.n	outside of; apart from; without
wein		adv	five times	(multiplier)
wì	sgv mwì	n.a.coll	rain
wic	attr kwic	v.it	blow
wie	attr kwie	v.it	slide, slip
wín	pass fwín, attr kwín	v.tr	marry
wínc	pl nwínc	n.i	pond
wo		pp.v	with, by, using	(instrumental)
wò	attr kwò	v.it	be big, be large, be tall
wóc	attr kwóc	v.it	be free, be unrestricted
won	attr kwon	v.it	do a little bit, do partly
wonc		pp.v	for the benefit of	(benefactive)
wóu	sgv yóu	n.i.coll	bow and arrow	sgv ‘bow’
wòu	pass fwòu, attr kwòu	v.tr	swallow
wù	pl hú	n.a	wind, storm
wuc	pass huc, attr kuc	v.tr	hear, listen
wuo	attr kuo	v.it	breathe; be alive
wùo	pass fùo, attr kùo	v.tr	deserve, be worthy of
wùo mi		svc.tr	earn	‘deserve to receive’
wùo soc		svc.tr	owe	‘deserve to give’
xa	pl hxa	n.a	breast, chest
xae	sgv xèi	n.i.coll	blood
xàe	(no pl)	n.a	bat
xan	pl hxan	n.a	fox
xanc	pass hxanc, attr kanc	v.tr	hurt, injure, harm
xaon	pl hxín	n.a	mosquito
xàon	(no pl)	n.a.poss	birth
xe	pl nae	n.i	adze
xéa	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	knowledge, insight, intuition, wisdom
xèanc	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	peace, prosperity
xei	attr kei	v.it	be pretty, be beautiful
xie	pl hxáe	n.a	fish	(general term)
xiec	pl niec	n.i	idea, situation, concept, notion, purpose
xo	pass hxo, attr ko	v.tr	forbid, ban, disallow, refuse, deny
xòac		qu	the entirety of, all (of a collection)	(+ coll)
xon	attr kon	v.it	be healthy
xònc		pp.n	on, next to, touching
xònc	pass hxònc, attr kònc	v.tr	save, rescue
xu	sgv xào	n.i.coll.poss	shadow, shade
xù	attr kù	v.it	call out, cry, roar, bark (of animals)
xùon	sgv màon	n.i.coll	root
ya		det	previous, preceding
yàc	(no pl)	n.i.poss	end; culmination; result
yàc-ntrae	(no pl)	n.a	fall equinox
yàe	pl nyàe	n.i	tool
yàe-kàc	pl nyàe-kàc	n.i	travois, sledge
yàe-ngge	pl nyàe-ngge	n.i	raft
yàe-pin	pl nyàe-pin	n.i	broom
yàe-sin	pl nyàe-sin	n.i	musical instrument	(general term)
yàec	sgv yìec	n.i.coll	obsidian
yao		adv	too, also, as well
yaon	pl yáon	n.a	lake
yé		qu	6
yéa	pass syéa, attr tśéa	v.tr	feel, sense
yèanc	attr kyèanc	v.it	be sad
yec	pl ifwéc	n.a	neck
yec pou		svc.tr	remember	‘think and find’
yec prei		svc.tr	suspect, suppose	‘think and guess’
yec táen sruo		svc.it	hesitate	‘think, doubt, and wait’
yéi		adv	then (in the past)
yei	attr kyei	v.it	yawn
yèi	sgv myèi	n.i.coll.poss	surface, pattern, texture, rhythm, cycle
yein	attr kyein	v.it	be naked
yein	sgv myein	n.a.coll	ice
yen		det	next, subsequent
yenc	attr tśenc	v.it	sleep
yenc gyáe nyu		svc.tr	dream	‘sleep, imagine, and see’
yenc-wie	(no pl)	n.a	summer solstice
yì		pp.n	instead of, in contrast to, rather than
yic	pass hic, attr tśic	v.tr	praise, worship
yie	pass hie, attr tśie	v.tr	fall on, crash on, hit from above	attr ‘crashing down’
yin	attr tśin	v.it	be short
yinyèanc	pass hinyèanc, attr tśinyèanc	v.tr	grieve, mourn
yo	pass yó, attr tśo	v.tr	wear (clothes)
yoc	attr tśoc	v.it	be hungry; be empty
yon	pl yàon	n.a.poss	game animal, prey
yonc	attr tśonc	v.it	be happy
yóu	sgv láo	n.i.coll	mud
yòu	attr kyòu	v.it	be deep
yu		cj	(complementizer, affirmative)	(indicates information judged to be certain)
yu		pp.n	of, belonging to, associated with
yunc	attr tśunc	v.it	be awake, be alert, pay attention, concentrate
yùo	pass syùo, attr kyùo	v.tr	chew
zac	pl hsac	n.a	wolf
zàe	pl syàe	n.a	year
zamblá	pl damblá	n.a	craftsman
zandźa	pl dandźa	n.a.poss	inhabitant
zào	pass hsào, attr dzào	v.tr	add, mix in
zea		cj	with the goal that	(introduces purpose subclauses with emotional commitment)
zèc	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	herd (of animals)
zei	pl ndzei	n.i	competition, contest
zèi	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	grass
zèn	(no sgv)	n.a.coll	swarm of fish
zènc	attr dzènc	v.it	joke, be playful; be funny
zènc móc		svc.tr	make sb. laugh	‘joke and kill’
zihtric	pl dihtric	n.a	victim
zimí	pl dimí	n.a	unmarried young adult
zìnc	pl zràenc	n.a	cow (female bovine)
zinggéc	pl dinggéc	n.a	musician
zinggrèa	pl dinggrèa	n.a	cripple, disabled person
zò	pass hsò, attr dzò	v.tr	put, place
zò nàc tóc		svc.tr	unload, take out	‘put take remove’
zò soc dzùn		svc.tr	load, fill	‘put give contain’
zoc	pl hsoc	n.a	eagle
zomae	pl domae	n.a	stag
zrà	sgv źà	n.i.coll	pear trees
zrein	sgv źein	n.i.coll.poss	leftovers
zrénc	attr drénc	v.it	be welcome
zrin		cj	(complementizer, hypothetical)	(indicates speculative information)
zròc	attr dròc	v.it	be weak
zróu	pass hsróu, attr dróu	v.tr	change, convert, turn into
zrou	sgv źou	n.i.coll.poss	size, quantity	sgv ‘subset’
zrou-mbì	(no pl)	n.a	spring equinox
zúc	attr dzúc	v.it	walk
zúc dyòun gyè		svc.it	waddle	‘walk, squat, and move sideways’
zúc kòun fae fae		svc.it	learn how to walk (of children)	‘walk, move around, and keep falling’
zudźòa	(no pl)	n.i	prayer cave
zuhxònc	pl duhxònc	n.a	survivor
zumbron	pl dumbron	n.a	storyteller
zuo	sgv zwea	n.i.coll	ladder	sgv ‘rung’
zwà	sgv zwìe	n.i.coll	vegetation, plants
zwì	pl htúo	n.a	family, clan
źao	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	marshland, bog
źec	(no sgv)	n.a.coll.poss	group
źi	attr dźi	v.it	urinate, pee
źíc	(no sgv)	n.i.coll	footprints, trace
źindlíc	(no pl)	n.i	the shaman's garden
źiźenc	(no pl)	n.i	wind burial platform
źù	attr dźù	v.it	be fearful, be afraid
źùn	attr dźùn	v.it	shine, glow
źundúc	(no pl)	n.i	battlefield
źwi	sgv źu	n.i.coll	dance; celebration

1177 entries.