Proto-Coastal-Western/Lexicon
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| PCW | IPA | PoS | gloss | etymon | etymon gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dziʔga | /ʣiʔɡa/ | adv | continuously, repetitively | *kiʔka | continuously |
| mìňa | /mìɲa/ | adv | the day before yesterday | *miña | |
| mu | /mu/ | adv | completely | *mu | |
| nadze | /naʣe/ | adv | rarely | *nadže | |
| ňaje | /ɲaje/ | adv | frequently | *ñaye | |
| sèhtì | /sèhtì/ | adv | surprisingly | *sałtĩ | |
| suʔxa | /suʔxa/ | adv | tomorrow | *sudła | |
| tłàʔlà | /tɬàʔɫà/ | adv | repeatedly | *tłãtłã | |
| tshi | /ʦʰi/ | adv | yesterday | *cʰuy | |
| woki | /woki/ | adv | the day after tomorrow | *watya | |
| zedzotsu | /zeʣoʦu/ | adv | quickly | *γedže-cu | run + adverbialiser |
| ʔeľ | /ʔeʎ/ | cj | because | *ʔel | |
| ge | /ɡe/ | cj | but | *kʷe | |
| jege | /jeɡe/ | cj | but not | *yekʷe | |
| jesu | /jesu/ | cj | nor | *yesaw | |
| jetsa | /jeʦa/ | cj | and not | *yeca | |
| su | /su/ | cj | or | *saw | |
| tsa | /ʦa/ | cj | and | *ca | |
| tsatsa | /ʦaʦa/ | cj | moreover | *caca | |
| neğlàgłàma- | /neɣɫàɡɬàma/ | n coll a | mushrooms | (neğla-głàma) | white-berries |
| wopha- | /wopʰa/ | n coll a | beans | *wapʰa | |
| ğaʔle- | /ɣaʔɫe/ | n coll i | salt | *γaʔle | |
| głàma- | /ɡɬàma/ | n coll i | berries | *kłama | |
| ğulzi- | /ɣuɫzi/ | n coll i | millet | *γulši | |
| tiza- | /tiza/ | n coll i | hair | *tyaša | |
| tshehga- | /ʦʰehɡa/ | n coll i | sand | *kʰełka | stone |
| tsheja- | /ʦʰeja/ | n coll i | soil | *kʰeya | |
| tshejegi- | /ʦʰejeɡi/ | n coll i | worthless items, inedible material | *kʰeyakʷi | sand |
| ʔàzè- | /ʔàzè/ | n ip a | wife | *ʔaše | |
| ʔiľsa- | /ʔiʎsa/ | n ip a | hand | *ʔilsa | |
| bľùxa- | /bʎùxa/ | n ip a | meat, flesh, edible organs | *blũła | belly |
| dzaldàjòʔuʔiľsa- | /ʣaɫdàjòʔuʔiʎsa/ | n ip a | wing | *dzaldayãʔu ʔilsa | |
| dzùʔli- | /ʣùʔɫi/ | n ip a | breast | *džũbłi | |
| ğeľzi- | /ɣeʎzi/ | n ip a | neck | *γalši | |
| gluwo- | /ɡɫuwo/ | n ip a | leg | *kluwa | |
| gòdu- | /ɡòdu/ | n ip a | head | *kʷẽdu | |
| gogu- | /ɡoɡu/ | n ip a | tail | *kʷadu | |
| ľa- | /ʎa/ | n ip a | husband | *la | |
| ľahga- | /ʎahɡa/ | n ip a | ear | *lałka | |
| ľòxu- | /ʎòxu/ | n ip a | back | *lãsu | |
| miłi- | /miɬi/ | n ip a | tongue | *mełi | |
| mìna- | /mìna/ | n ip a | mother | *mina | |
| nòğu- | /nòɣu/ | n ip a | foot | *nãγu | |
| thùňàʔà- | /tʰùɲàʔà/ | n ip a | uncle, brother, eldest son of the head of the family | *tʰunyaʔã | |
| thùŋà- | /tʰùŋà/ | n ip a | head of the family, father | *tʰunã | |
| tshulpu- | /ʦʰuɫpu/ | n ip a | arm | *čʰilpu | |
| ʔujadzała- | /ʔujaʣaɬa/ | n ip i | wound, injury | *ʔuyadza-ła | cause pain + nominaliser |
| ʔùka- | /ʔùka/ | n ip i | tooth | *ʔũta | |
| dzijeła- | /ʣijeɬa/ | n ip i | want, wish, desire | *čiye-ła | want + nominaliser |
| dzìňa- | /ʣìɲa/ | n ip i | fingernail | *džiña | |
| jòbu- | /jòbu/ | n ip i | mouth | *yabu | |
| łağa- | /ɬaɣa/ | n ip i | eye | *łaγa | |
| łàğa- | /ɬàɣa/ | n ip i | soul | *łãγa | |
| ľàňała- | /ʎàɲaɬa/ | n ip i | crack, scratch | *laña-ła | scratch + nominaliser |
| màdzà- | /màʣà/ | n ip i | nose | *mãdzã | |
| thùdzù- | /tʰùʣù/ | n ip i | knee | *tʰawdzũ | |
| zuwo- | /zuwo/ | n ip i | guts | *šuwa | |
| ʔàzè- | /ʔàzè/ | n a | woman | *ʔašẽ | |
| bèdzànoʔxuwogaja- | /bèʣànoʔxuwoɡaja/ | n a | relative | *bẽdza-na-tłuwa-daya | lit. “one who carries my blood” |
| dłeʔga- | /dɬeʔɡa/ | n a | tribe | *dłeʔka | |
| dzaldàjà- | /ʣaɫdàjà/ | n a | bird | *dzaldayã | |
| dzehdza- | /ʣehʣa/ | n a | heart | *čełdza | |
| dziphe- | /ʣipʰe/ | n a | water | *kyupʰe | |
| dzuphugoju- | /ʣupʰuɡoju/ | n a | fisherman | *dzupʰu-dayu | gather + nominaliser |
| geľa- | /ɡeʎa/ | n a | child | *kʷela | |
| głàdze- | /ɡɬàʣe/ | n a | skin | *kłãke | |
| głèʔhà- | /ɡɬèʔhà/ | n a | game animal | *kłepʰã | wild animal, game |
| ğogugu- | /ɣoɡuɡu/ | n a | eagle | *γʷekudu | |
| ğohbu- | /ɣohbu/ | n a | prostitute | *γʷełbu | slave |
| ğudzi- | /ɣuʣi/ | n a | fish | *γuči | |
| ğùga- | /ɣùɡa/ | n a | pig | *γũka | |
| ğùgogu- | /ɣùɡoɡu/ | n a | rich person (honorific) | *γũka-du | lit. “great pig” |
| guxu- | /ɡuxu/ | n a | wolf | *kʷułu | |
| jàmajaʔa- | /jàmajaʔa/ | n a | human | *yamayaʔa | |
| jàsa- | /jàsa/ | n a | food | *yãsa | meat |
| jathadaja- | /jatʰadaja/ | n a | slave | *yatʰa-daya | garden + nominaliser |
| jolu- | /joɫu/ | n a | other | *yelu- | |
| ľa- | /ʎa/ | n a | man | *la | |
| łàğlawo- | /ɬàɣɫawo/ | n a | priest | *łãγlawa | |
| ľàtsa- | /ʎàʦa/ | n a | many | *lãca- | |
| ľàtsa- | /ʎàʦa/ | n a | egg | *lãca | |
| ľegi- | /ʎeɡi/ | n a | boy | *la-kʷi | lit. “little man” |
| łèzi- | /ɬèzi/ | n a | horse | *łãši | |
| łija- | /ɬija/ | n a | snake | *łiya | |
| meʔli- | /meʔɫi/ | n a | bear | *madłi | |
| meʔludu- | /meʔɫudu/ | n a | warrior (honorific) | *madłi-du | lit. “great bear” |
| medza- | /meʣa/ | n a | dog | *medza | |
| mòğu- | /mòɣu/ | n a | sheep | *mẽγu | |
| na- | /na/ | n a | I | *na | |
| pèľogu- | /pʰèʎoɡu/ | n a | fat person, large person, great person (honorific) | *pʰẽladu | lit. “great cloud” |
| pha- | /pʰa/ | n a | everyone, everything, all | *pʰa- | |
| phuga- | /pʰuɡa/ | n a | chief | *pʰuda | |
| sa- | /sa/ | n a | we (distributive) | *sa | we |
| ta- | /ta/ | n a | you | *ta | |
| thìʔpi- | /tʰìʔpi/ | n a | daughter | *tʰẽʔpi | |
| tłuwo- | /tɬuwo/ | n a | blood | *tłuwa | |
| tshophu- | /ʦʰopʰu/ | n a | deer | *čʰepʰu | |
| tsuba- | /ʦuba/ | n a | fruit | *cuba | |
| tupi- | /tupi/ | n a | few | *tupi- | |
| woʔlu- | /woʔɫu/ | n a | liver | *wetłu | |
| ziľzi- | /ziʎzi/ | n a | fat, grease | *γelši | |
| zipa- | /zipa/ | n a | some | *γipa- | |
| ʔahpa- | /ʔahpa/ | n i | anger, rage | *ʔałpa | |
| ʔèta- | /ʔèta/ | n i | feather | *ʔẽta | |
| ʔìje- | /ʔìje/ | n i | name | *ʔĩye | |
| ʔuga- | /ʔuɡa/ | n i | five | *ʔudza- | |
| ʔuja- | /ʔuja/ | n i | pain | *ʔuya | |
| ʔuwo- | /ʔuwo/ | n i | vomit | *ʔuwa | |
| batshe- | /baʦʰe/ | n i | holiness | *bakʰe | |
| besògù- | /besòɡù/ | n i | sharp edge, blade | *besadzũ | knife |
| daʔle- | /daʔɫe/ | n i | here | *dadłe | |
| dłeʔa- | /dɬeʔa/ | n i | land | *dłeʔa | |
| dłùkuka- | /dɬùkuka/ | n i | family; longhouse | *dłũ-tuca | |
| dudze- | /duʣe/ | n i | sky | *dudže | |
| dzìʔì- | /ʣìʔì/ | n i | bee | *džĩʔĩ | |
| dzìʔìkha- | /ʣìʔìkʰa/ | n i | honey, sweetness | *džĩʔĩkʰa | |
| ğàňa- | /ɣàɲa/ | n i | leaf | *γaña | |
| gatsa- | /ɡaʦa/ | n i | lover | *kaca | friend |
| ğeje- | /ɣeje/ | n i | hill | *γʷeye | |
| ğeľi- | /ɣeʎi/ | n i | stone | *γʷeley | mountain |
| ğeľudu- | /ɣeʎudu/ | n i | mountain | *γʷeley-du | mountain + augmentative |
| ğìta- | /ɣìta/ | n i | wind | *γʷĩta | |
| gładze- | /ɡɬaʣe/ | n i | mix | *kłače | |
| ğolga- | /ɣoɫɡa/ | n i | spit | *γʷałka | |
| ğòxu- | /ɣòxu/ | n i | tool | *γʷãsu | bone |
| jàma- | /jàma/ | n i | sun | *yama | |
| jathapa- | /jatʰapa/ | n i | garden | *yatʰapa | |
| jèdzi- | /jèʣi/ | n i | river | *yãki | |
| jidzi- | /jiʣi/ | n i | arrow | *yeči | |
| jolu- | /joɫu/ | n i | other | *yelu- | |
| khaja- | /kʰaja/ | n i | fire | *kʰaya | |
| khajałòkù- | /kʰajaɬòkù/ | n i | ashes | *kʰayałacũ | |
| khapa- | /kʰapa/ | n i | tree | *kʰapa | |
| khapòkù- | /kʰapòkù/ | n i | forest | *kʰapacũ | |
| khulga- | /kʰuɫɡa/ | n i | boat | *kʰułda | |
| khulu- | /kʰuɫu/ | n i | anus | *kʰulu | |
| łàğa- | /ɬàɣa/ | n i | guard, guide | *łãγa | spirit |
| ľağo- | /ʎaɣo/ | n i | smoke | *laγʷa | |
| ľàtsa- | /ʎàʦa/ | n i | many | *lãca- | |
| łìna- | /ɬìna/ | n i | lake | *łina | |
| ľùmè- | /ʎùmè/ | n i | right, east | *lumẽ | |
| ma- | /ma/ | n i | place, location | *ma | |
| madze- | /maʣe/ | n i | sea | *madže | |
| mazèzè- | /mazèzè/ | n i | moon | *Mašeγẽ | |
| mètsa- | /mèʦa/ | n i | four | *mẽca- | |
| nipha- | /nipʰa/ | n i | fog | *nipʰa | |
| nògù- | /nòɡù/ | n i | left, west | *nadũ | |
| nolku- | /noɫku/ | n i | three | *nałtu- | |
| pàtògù- | /pàtòɡù/ | n i | road, path | *pãtadzũ | |
| pha- | /pʰa/ | n i | everyone, everything, all | *pʰa- | |
| phèľa- | /pʰèʎa/ | n i | cloud | *pʰẽla | |
| phiji- | /pʰiji/ | n i | seed | *pʰeyi | |
| phiłi- | /pʰiɬi/ | n i | tree bark | *pʰełi | |
| pľàma- | /pʎàma/ | n i | flower | *plama | |
| seji- | /seji/ | n i | night | *sayi | |
| taga- | /taɡa/ | n i | grass | *taka | |
| tagaʔle- | /taɡaʔɫe/ | n i | grassland, plain | *takadłe | |
| tagala- | /taɡaɫa/ | n i | cloth | *takala | rope |
| tago- | /taɡo/ | n i | one | *takʷa- | |
| thaʔle- | /tʰaʔɫe/ | n i | there | *tʰadłe | |
| thaja- | /tʰaja/ | n i | milk | *tʰaya | |
| thuba- | /tʰuba/ | n i | root | *tʰuba | |
| thula- | /tʰuɫa/ | n i | wool | *tʰula | |
| tshejòhxù- | /ʦʰejòhxù/ | n i | wall, rampart | *kʰeyasłũ | |
| tshèkhà- | /ʦʰèkʰà/ | n i | earth | *čʰekʰã | |
| tsheľna- | /ʦʰeʎna/ | n i | horn | *kʰelna | |
| tshesa- | /ʦʰesa/ | n i | dung | *kʰesa | |
| tshibu- | /ʦʰibu/ | n i | worm | *kʰeybu | |
| tsuphugaja- | /ʦupʰuɡaja/ | n i | louse | *cupʰudaya | |
| tuka- | /tuka/ | n i | house, home | *tuca | |
| tupi- | /tupi/ | n i | few | *tupi- | |
| wèʔnà- | /wèʔnà/ | n i | year | *weʔnã | |
| wetùʔnà- | /wetùʔnà/ | n i | next year | *wetweʔnã | |
| zezewo- | /zezewo/ | n i | star | *šešewa | |
| zi- | /zi/ | n i | two | *ši- | |
| zìda- | /zìda/ | n i | webbing between the fingers, palm | *šĩda | |
| zipa- | /zipa/ | n i | some | *γipa- | |
| zìwo- | /zìwo/ | n i | pine | *γĩwa | |
| zize- | /zize/ | n i | day | *γiše | |
| duʔ | /duʔ/ | par | therefore, in that case; thus, in this way | *duk | therefore |
| dzeʔ | /ʣeʔ/ | par | however | *džet | |
| phà | /pʰà/ | par | then, next, and | *pʰa | then, next |
| su | /su/ | par | or | *saw | |
| tsah | /ʦah/ | par | also, and | *cał | also |
| tsatsa | /ʦaʦa/ | par | because | *caca | moreover |
| tshidzi | /ʦʰiʣi/ | par | instead | *kʰeči | |
| ʔàma | /ʔàma/ | pp | with | *ʔama | |
| ʔi | /ʔi/ | pp | if | *ʔey | |
| ʔihma | /ʔihma/ | pp | without, if not | *ʔiłma | without |
| dła | /dɬa/ | pp | for | *dła | |
| dze | /ʣe/ | pp | across, through | *dže | through |
| dze | /ʣe/ | pp | to | *ke | |
| ga | /ɡa/ | pp | on behalf of | *ka | |
| gèʔdzi | /ɡèʔʣi/ | pp | towards | *kãʔči | |
| ğu | /ɣu/ | pp | outside | *γaw | |
| guku | /ɡuku/ | pp | after, behind | *kʷucu | |
| jeʔogu | /jeʔoɡu/ | pp | away from | *yeʔadzu | leave |
| ľaʔ | /ʎaʔ/ | pp | under | *lat | |
| meʔ | /meʔ/ | pp | by means of | *mek | |
| mèľà | /mèʎà/ | pp | along | *melã | |
| naʔ | /naʔ/ | pp | above | *nat | |
| noʔu | /noʔu/ | pp | up towards | *naʔu | up |
| sàʔ | /sàʔ/ | pp | inside, during, while | *sãk | inside |
| tabe | /tabe/ | pp | on, at, when | *tabe | on, at |
| ze | /ze/ | pp | down towards | *še | down |
| gòdu | /ɡòdu/ | pp prep | on top of | *kʷẽdu | head |
| zuwo | /zuwo/ | pp prep | through, into the middle of | *šuwa | guts |
| ʔida- | /ʔida/ | pre | slow | *ʔida- | |
| dłù- | /dɬù/ | pre | long | *dłũ- | |
| dòbu- | /dòbu/ | pre | thick | *dãbu- | |
| duğa- | /duɣa/ | pre | good | *duγa- | |
| dzàma- | /ʣàma/ | pre | red | *dzama- | |
| dzìdzi- | /ʣìʣi/ | pre | straight | *dzĩči- | |
| dziga- | /ʣiɡa/ | pre | yellow | *čika- | |
| dzùnu- | /ʣùnu/ | pre | full | *činu- | |
| ğàdze- | /ɣàʣe/ | pre | big | *γãdže- | |
| gatha- | /ɡatʰa/ | pre | correct | *katʰa- | |
| gatsha- | /ɡaʦʰa/ | pre | soil, make dirty | *kačʰa | |
| getshi- | /ɡeʦʰi/ | pre | dirty | *kačʰi- | |
| głukha- | /ɡɬukʰa/ | pre | short | *kłutʰa- | |
| ğłùŋa- | /ɣɬùŋa/ | pre | green | *γłuna- | |
| ğogu- | /ɣoɡu/ | pre | quick | *γʷeku- | |
| ğuje- | /ɣuje/ | pre | heavy | *γʷuye- | |
| jada- | /jada/ | pre | old | *yada- | |
| khàʔa- | /kʰàʔa/ | pre | black | *kʰãʔa- | |
| khawo- | /kʰawo/ | pre | narrow | *kʰawa- | |
| łago- | /ɬaɡo/ | pre | near | *łakʷa- | |
| ľàma- | /ʎàma/ | pre | warm | *lama- | |
| mahga- | /mahɡa/ | pre | sharp | *małka- | |
| maje- | /maje/ | pre | rotten | *maye- | |
| mìgo- | /mìɡo/ | pre | wet | *mĩkʷa- | |
| mòxu- | /mòxu/ | pre | wide | *mãsu- | |
| nadze- | /naʣe/ | pre | tame | *nače- | |
| neğla- | /neɣɫa/ | pre | white | *neγla- | |
| ňizi- | /ɲizi/ | pre | smooth | *ñeši- | |
| ňolgu- | /ɲoɫɡu/ | pre | dull, blunt | *ñałdu- | |
| phala- | /pʰaɫa/ | pre | far | *pʰala- | |
| phita- | /pʰita/ | pre | small, weak | *pʰita- | small |
| pľàga- | /pʎàɡa/ | pre | new | *plãka- | |
| sùla- | /sùɫa/ | pre | round | *sũla- | |
| thàda- | /tʰàda/ | pre | cold | *tʰãda- | |
| tshiʔla- | /ʦʰiʔɫa/ | pre | dry | *kʰibła- | |
| tshìňa- | /ʦʰìɲa/ | pre | together | *kʰiña- | |
| tshìňà- | /ʦʰìɲà/ | pre | thin | *kʰiñã- | |
| wedzi- | /weʣi/ | pre | steep | *wači- | |
| zèma- | /zèma/ | pre | bad | *γema- | |
| -da- | /da/ | pron | that near you | *da- | |
| -dze- | /ʣe/ | pron | this near me | *dže- | |
| -gi- | /ɡi/ | pron | cataphoric stem | *kʷi- | |
| -ja- | /ja/ | pron | anaphoric stem | *ya- | |
| -tha- | /tʰa/ | pron | that over there (invisible) | *tʰa- | |
| -tshe- | /ʦʰe/ | pron | that over there (visible) | *čʰe- | |
| ʔèda- | /ʔèda/ | v dt | give | *ʔẽda | |
| tshihta- | /ʦʰihta/ | v dt | teach | *čʰiłta | |
| ʔago- | /ʔaɡo/ | v it | rain | *ʔakʷa | |
| ʔujaʔaja- | /ʔujaʔaja/ | v it | be in pain (source indicated with meʔ PP) | *ʔuya-ʔaya | |
| ʔuwolpa- | /ʔuwoɫpa/ | v it | vomit | *ʔuwałpa | |
| błàma- | /bɬàma/ | v it | fart | *błama | |
| dağa- | /daɣa/ | v it | shout | *daγa | |
| dàlà- | /dàɫà/ | v it | swim, fly | *dalã | |
| dzega- | /ʣeɡa/ | v it | sit | *čeka | |
| gisa- | /gisa/ | v it | make felt | *kʷisa | |
| ğiwo- | /ɣiwo/ | v it | live, be alive | *γʷiwa | |
| ğolgahpa- | /ɣoɫɡahpa/ | v it | spit | *γʷałkałpa | |
| guga- | /ɡuɡa/ | v it | sleep | *kuda | |
| jaga- | /jaɡa/ | v it | play | *yaka | |
| jeʔogu- | /jeʔoɡu/ | v it | leave | *yeʔadzu | |
| jèma- | /jèma/ | v it | row | *yema | |
| jiʔihtsa- | /jiʔihʦa/ | v it | come | *yeʔiłca | |
| khajaʔaja- | /kʰajaʔaja/ | v it | burn | *kʰaya-ʔaya | fire + verbaliser |
| khakho- | /kʰakʰo/ | v it | laugh | *kʰakʷʰa | |
| khakhoku- | /kʰakʰoku/ | v it | amusingly | *kʰakʷʰa-cu | laugh + adverbialiser |
| ľaʔpa- | /ʎaʔpa/ | v it | insult | *laʔpa | steal |
| maze- | /maze/ | v it | shine | *maše | |
| pàta- | /pàta/ | v it | find one's way | *pãta | |
| phala- | /pʰaɫ a/ | v it | swell, grow, become tumescent | *pʰala | |
| phiwo- | /pʰiwo/ | v it | breathe, blow | *pʰiwa | |
| pławo- | /pɬawo/ | v it | walk | *pława | |
| pławoʔogu- | /pɬawoʔoɡu/ | v it | walk away | *pławaʔadzu | |
| thòbu- | /tʰòbu/ | v it | fall | *tʰãbu | |
| tľetľe- | /tʎetʎe/ | v it | prepare leather | *tletle | |
| tshesahpa- | /ʦʰesahpa/ | v it | defecate | *kʰesałpa | |
| tshotu- | /ʦʰotu/ | v it | lie down | *kʰetu | |
| weta- | /weta/ | v it | turn | *weta | |
| weteʔihtsa- | /weteʔihʦa/ | v it | meet | *weta-ʔiłca | turn + towards |
| wodze- | /woʣe/ | v it | die | *wadže | |
| zeʔtaʔadza- | /zeʔtaʔaʣa/ | v it | flow away | *šeʔtaʔadza | |
| zeʔteʔihtsa- | /zeʔteʔihʦa/ | v it | flow towards | *šeʔtaʔiłca | |
| zedze- | /zeʣe/ | v it | run | *γedže | |
| zedzeʔogu- | /zeʣeʔoɡu/ | v it | run away | (zedze-ʔogu) | run + away from |
| zìgà- | /zìɡà/ | v it | stand | *šikã | |
| zuga- | /zuɡa/ | v it | float | *šiwka | |
| zugaʔadza- | /zuɡaʔaʣa/ | v it | float downstream | *šiwkaʔadza | |
| ʔadi- | /ʔadi/ | v mt | fear | *ʔadya | |
| ʔahpadza- | /ʔahpaʣa/ | v mt | anger | *ʔałpadza | |
| ʔitsha- | /ʔiʦʰa/ | v mt | fish | *ʔičʰa | |
| ʔoxu- | /ʔoxu/ | v mt | smell | *ʔału | |
| ʔujadza- | /ʔujaʣa/ | v mt | cause pain | *ʔuyadza | pain + verbaliser |
| ʔùkahpa- | /ʔùkahpa/ | v mt | bite | *ʔũtałpa | |
| ʔùkalpa- | /ʔùkaɫpa/ | v mt | eat vegetables, eat non-meat (humans and non- herbivorous animals) | *ʔũta-łpa | tooth + verbaliser |
| bebesa- | /bebesa/ | v mt | split | *bebesa | |
| bèdza- | /bèʣa/ | v mt | have, carry, possess | *bẽdza | know |
| besa- | /besa/ | v mt | cut | *besa | |
| dağadza- | /daɣaʣa/ | v mt | call to | *daγadza | |
| dzàlà- | /ʣàɫà/ | v mt | stab | *dzalã | |
| dzedzi- | /ʣeʣi/ | v mt | say | *dzači | |
| dzegadza- | /ʣeɡaʣa/ | v mt | seat | *čekadza | |
| dzeľda- | /ʣeʎda/ | v mt | see; know | *čelda | see |
| dzèsa- | /ʣèsa/ | v mt | dance | *džẽsa | |
| dzije- | /ʣije/ | v mt | want | *čiye | |
| dzuphu- | /ʣupʰu/ | v mt | gather, hunt, n collect, fish | *dzupʰu | |
| gàmà- | /ɡàmà/ | v mt | fear | *kamã | |
| ğehdzi- | /ɣehʣi/ | v mt | wash | *γʷałki | |
| ğibe- | /ɣibe/ | v mt | drink | *γʷibe | |
| gisa- | /ɡisa/ | v mt | squeeze, press | *kʷisa | |
| ğiwoga- | /ɣiwoɡa/ | v mt | give birth to, engender | *γʷiwadza | |
| ğlaʔta- | /ɣɫaʔta/ | v mt | milk | *γlaʔta | |
| gogu- | /ɡoɡu/ | v mt | cook | *kʷekʷu | |
| ğoguʔlawoʔogu- | /ɣoɡuʔɫawoʔoɡu/ | v mt | escape from, run away from | *γʷeku-pławaʔadzu | walk away from + quick |
| jàsahpa- | /jàsahpa/ | v mt | eat meat | *yãsa-łpa | meat + verbaliser |
| jatha- | /jatʰa/ | v mt | tend, garden | *yatʰa | |
| jedza- | /jeʣa/ | v mt | push | *yedza | |
| jezi- | /jezi/ | v mt | hold, own, marry | *yaši | |
| jiʔihtsadza- | /jiʔihʦaʣa/ | v mt | pull | *yeʔiłcadza | |
| jòbulpa- | /jòbuɫpa/ | v mt | suck | *yabułpa | |
| jogu- | /joɡu/ | v mt | perform rituals | *yeku | eat meat |
| khajahpa- | /kʰajahpa/ | v mt | burn | *kʰayałpa | |
| khakhoga- | /kʰakʰoɡa/ | v mt | mock | *kʰakʷʰadza | |
| kholu- | /kʰoɫu/ | v mt | tie, fasten | *kʰalu | |
| khulpa- | /kʰuɫpa/ | v mt | hunt, catch | *kʰulpa | hunt |
| ľaʔpa- | /ʎaʔpa/ | v mt | attain, win; take by raiding | *laʔpa | steal |
| ľàlàňa- | /ʎàɫàɲa/ | v mt | dig | *lalaña | |
| ľàňa- | /ʎàɲa/ | v mt | wound, hurt | *laña | scratch |
| łijahpa- | /ɬijahpa/ | v mt | heal | *łiyałpa | |
| ľipha- | /ʎipʰa/ | v mt | wipe | *leypʰa | |
| ľùma- | /ʎùma/ | v mt | grind, mill | *luma | |
| moʔzu- | /moʔzu/ | v mt | sew | *meʔšu | |
| nòbu- | /nòbu/ | v mt | think | *nãbu | |
| phaʔta- | /pʰaʔta/ | v mt | throw | *pʰaʔta | |
| phaphaʔta- | /pʰapʰaʔta/ | v mt | shoot, hurl as a weapon (DO = weapon) | *pʰapʰaʔta | |
| phiwoga- | /pʰiwoɡa/ | v mt | inflate | *pʰiwadza | |
| sabaja- | /sabaja/ | v mt | fight | *sabaya | |
| tha- | /tʰa/ | v mt | do, make | *tʰa | |
| thatha- | /tʰatʰa/ | v mt | use | *tʰatʰa | |
| thawo- | /tʰawo/ | v mt | bend | *tʰawa | |
| thòbuga- | /tʰòbuɡa/ | v mt | fell, chop down | *tʰãbu-dza | fall + causative |
| thùgu- | /tʰùɡu/ | v mt | have sex with | *tʰũdu | |
| thuja- | /tʰuja/ | v mt | become | *tʰuya | |
| tľetľe- | /tʎetʎe/ | v mt | rub | *tletle | |
| tłuphe- | /tɬupʰe/ | v mt | find, discover | *tłupʰe | |
| tshìňatha- | /ʦʰìɲatʰa/ | v mt | build, put together, create | *kʰiñatʰa | |
| tshotuga- | /ʦʰotuɡa/ | v mt | place | *kʰetudza | |
| tsuphu- | /ʦupʰu/ | v mt | itch, irritate | *cupʰu | |
| wodzedza- | /woʣeʣa/ | v mt | kill | *wadžedza | |
| wolka- | /woɫka/ | v mt | hit | *walca | |
| wotsu- | /woʦu/ | v mt | eat (of herbivorous animals) | *wecu | eat vegetables |
| zedzeʔogùbèdza- | /zeʣeʔoɡùbèʣa/ | v mt | steal | (zedzeʔogu-bèdza) | run away from + carry |
| zèta- | /zèta/ | v mt | sing | *šẽta | |
| zìdahpa- | /zìdahpa/ | v mt | count | *šĩdałpa | |
| zìgàdza- | /zìɡàʣa/ | v mt | stick in the ground | *šikãdza | |
| zija- | /zija/ | v mt | hear | *γiya |