Miwan languages/Lexicon
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Combined Miwan Lexicon
There are four languages represented here:
- Old Eastern Miwan (around 0 YP; the source of loans in Naidda)
- Forest Miwan (loaned into Pencek throughout the first millenium)
The lexemes are given in a near-IPA transcription. The Miwan languages have tone and/or phonation too, but that isn't worked out yet; it probably interacts/correlates with vowel length somehow.
(Asterisks mark roots or affixes that where identified from words which appear to be derived. Question marks indicate uncertain glosses.)
| lexeme | language | part of speech | gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| a:ltiw | Forest | n. | belly |
| a:nda: | Forest | adj. | terrible |
| aʀa: | Southern | v. | to beat, to punch |
| arazja | Forest | n. | birch tree |
| aska:r | Forest | adj. | haunted |
| askini: | Forest | adj. | painful |
| asku | Forest | adj. | polite |
| aspi:ga | Forest | n. | corner |
| asti:sat | Forest | n. | vagina |
| atilka | Forest | adj. | ugly |
| azbu:tal | Forest | n. | toothache |
| bizgi: | Forest | v. | to sacrifice |
| bju:zga | Old Eastern; Southern | n. | a legendary creature that eats people |
| bli:n | Forest | n. | worm |
| blita | Forest | v. | to kneel |
| *bu:r | Old Eastern | v. | to shine |
| bu:rju | Old Eastern | n. | "shine-er", dragonfly |
| *d- | Old Eastern | prefix | derives patientive nouns from verbs |
| dje:zuf | Old Eastern | n. | amber (prob. < Ngauro loan) |
| dje:zuvu | Southern | n. | amber |
| dimbal | Forest | n. | wife (vulgar) |
| di:ndi:n | Forest; Southern | n. | metal |
| ditisu | Forest; Southern | int. | "goodbye" |
| *di: | Forest | ?prep. or adj. | ?away; not present |
| di:za: | Forest | v. | to wilt ("to die away") |
| dre:χurfi: | Old Eastern | n. | "flow-together speech" |
| *dwa | Old Eastern | n. | food, meal |
| dwa:d | Forest | adj. | ready |
| dwa:s | Forest | n. | chest |
| *dwe:su | Old Eastern | v. | to participate |
| dwe:suχati | Old Eastern | n. | "not participating" |
| ezdunda | Old Eastern | n. | splinter |
| farka | Forest | n. | chin |
| fa:lwin | Eastern | n. | meeting place |
| famva | Eastern | n. | rose |
| fa:ʁili | Eastern | n. | bad water; swamp |
| fi:kravwan | Eastern | n. | ceremony |
| fja:ki | Old Eastern | v. | to copulate |
| fli:li: | Forest | int. | (expression of sexual desire) |
| fli:s | Forest | n. | hip |
| flu | Forest | adj. | worthless (vulgar) |
| fra:m | Eastern | n. | berry |
| fu:ftu: | Forest; Southern | n. | evil, abomination |
| fuʃawzu: | Southern | n. | bat |
| *fur | Eastern; Forest | n. | tree |
| furzin | Eastern | n. | "tree-life"; elm tree |
| furzi:n | Forest | n. | "tree-life"; elm tree |
| fwi:k | Forest | n. | vagina; woman (vulgar; cf. 'cunt') |
| fwilja:n | Eastern | n. | cooperation; teamwork |
| fwipju | Eastern | v., n., or adj. | to move; motion; alive |
| grunat | Forest | n. | son |
| guljad | Forest | v. | to defeat |
| gu:s | Forest | v. | to behave, to act |
| gwa: | Forest | v. | to use |
| gwastu | Forest, Old Eastern | n. or v. | dump; to throw away |
| gwa:ʔiti | Old Eastern | adj. | "not important" |
| *-hi | Southern | suffix | unable to be ...-ed |
| ibla | Forest | n. | daisy |
| iki: | Forest | n. | pivot, fulcrum |
| ili: | Forest | n. | groin |
| ilka: | Forest | n. | forearm |
| in | Forest | n. | berry |
| i:nku:na: | Forest | n. | disaster |
| intal | Forest | n. or adj. | violence; violent |
| ipra:f | Forest | adj. | disgusting, disturbing |
| is | Forest | n. | spouse |
| iskefli | Old Eastern | n. | lice |
| isti: | Forest | v. | to have sex |
| i:stje:χu | Old Eastern | n. | cotton |
| i:tul | Forest | n. | petal |
| iz | Forest | n. | head |
| ja:rik | Old Eastern | n. | twine, string |
| ja:seχi | Old Eastern; Southern | n. | treaty, compact, accord |
| jawma | Southern | adj. | light blue |
| *jesk | Old Eastern | v. | to whistle |
| jeskju | Old Eastern | n. | "whistle-er", songbird |
| jeskju | Southern | n. | messenger |
| -ju | Old Eastern | suffix | agent nominalizer |
| jun | Forest | n. | thigh |
| jus | Forest | n. | music |
| ka:fti:w | Forest | adj. | dark |
| kaleste: | Old Eastern | adj. | alive |
| ka:lma: | Forest | adj. | confusing |
| ki: | Forest | int. | "oh!" |
| kim | Forest | n. | recipe, spell, algorithm, prescription |
| ki:mat | Forest | n. | comprehension |
| ki:mul | Forest | n. | branch |
| kimvatri | Eastern | n. | brook, small stream |
| ki:ʁnom | Eastern | n. | robin |
| klu:n | Forest | n. | wind |
| kuda:rm | Forest | adj. | "very bad" |
| kwaχjur | Old Eastern | n. | measles |
| kwintas | Forest | n. | bird |
| kwuli: | Forest | int. | "thank you" |
| la:skurna: | Forest | n. | wasting disease (any) |
| *le:p | Old Eastern | adj. | black |
| le:psuru | Old Eastern | n. | "black water" |
| li | Forest | n. | song |
| li:fku:ti | Forest | v. | to roast |
| lufuk | Forest | n. | pox, skin rash |
| *me | Old Eastern | v. | to boil |
| *me:g | Old Eastern | v. | to be loud, to be rowdy |
| me:gju | Old Eastern | n. | "noise maker" |
| mija: | Eastern | n. | cat, feline |
| minka | Forest | n. | kink |
| mi:ti: | Forest | n. | note, chord (music) |
| miw | Old Eastern; Southern | n. | Miw |
| mul | Forest | adj. | oblivious |
| *ne:s | Old Eastern | v. | ?to walk, to stroll, to amble |
| *ne:sju | Old Eastern | n. | "walker(s)", leg(s) |
| ne:sjuten | Old Eastern | n. | "many legs", centipede |
| nidri: | Forest | v. | to feel warm towards |
| nidri:stu | Forest | v. | to regret |
| nidʀiti | Southern | n. | friendship; support (nidʀi-ti) |
| ni:glu | Forest | adj. | feeble |
| ni:s | Forest | n. | milk |
| *ŋwe: | Old Eastern | v. | to give birth |
| ŋwe:χas | Old Eastern | v. | "not give birth", to miscarry |
| pa:lintu: | Forest | n. | bellybutton |
| *pa:n | Eastern | n. | music |
| pa:ntun | Eastern | n. | "music-red"; guitar |
| pasta | Forest | n. | cloth, fabric |
| pif | Forest | int. | "tsk-tsk" |
| pjaza:r | Eastern | n. | magnolia |
| plaj | Eastern | n. | bead |
| pri:f | Forest | n. | calf (of leg) |
| pru:n | Eastern | v. | to buy |
| pu:ni:m | Eastern | ?n. or v. | burrow, to burrow |
| quχak | Old Eastern | n. | drama, excitement |
| *qwa: | Old Eastern | n. | leaf |
| qwa:meti | Old Eastern; Southern | n. | "leaf-boiling"; tea |
| qwe:san | Old Eastern | n. | "leaf dream", drug trip (especially atropine) |
| ra:fa | Forest | n. | penis (vulgar) |
| ragwi:k | Forest | n. | gravel |
| rak | Forest | n. | ankle |
| rakuri | Forest | n. | oak tree |
| *re: | Old Eastern | v. | to speak |
| re:sti | Old Eastern | n. | "everyone speaking" |
| ru:mu:t | Forest | adj. | rotten |
| ruz | Forest | n. | cold, flu |
| ʁamkuri: | Eastern | n. | oak tree |
| *(i)san | Old Eastern | ?n. or v. | dream; to dream |
| *sa:v | Old Eastern | ? | ?reciprocal particle |
| sa:vre:χati | Old Eastern | n. | "not speaking to each other" |
| *saχu | Old Eastern | adj. | flat |
| saχudwa | Old Eastern | n. | flatbread, tortilla ("flat-food") |
| sja:lan | Old Eastern | adj. | wide |
| sla:m | Forest | n. | crippled person (vulgar; cf. 'retard') |
| sli:nga | Forest | adj. | uncertain |
| *-stu | Forest | suffix | ?cessative |
| *suru | Old Eastern | n. | water |
| su:tra: | Forest | v. | to lose, to misplace |
| su:χeflu | Old Eastern | n. | bladder, sack, bag |
| swa: | Forest | v. | to burp |
| *ʃu:vo | Southern | v. | to cut |
| ʃu:voju | Southern | n. | knife; "cutter" |
| ʃwada | Southern | n. | oath, vow, promise |
| talgu: | Forest | v. | to remember |
| tawgu:ju | Southern | n. | storyteller, bard; "remember-er" |
| ta:mal | Eastern | n. | cliff, bluff |
| -ten | Old Eastern | suffix | "many, much" |
| *te:sen | Old Eastern | ?v. | ?to be like a beehive... |
| te:senju | Old Eastern | n. | beehive |
| -ti | Old Eastern, Southern | suffix | action nominalizer |
| ti: | Eastern; Forest | ?adj. | funny |
| timpi:za | Eastern | n. | necklace |
| ti:nda | Forest | adj. | pleasant |
| tindahi | Southern | adj. | unpleasant; not easily satisfied (tinda-hi) |
| ti:vur | Eastern; Forest | n. | "funny-tree"; hickory tree |
| tiʔak | Old Eastern | n. | spiderweb |
| tjerizme | Old Eastern | n. | pine pitch |
| *traf | Old Eastern | n. | fire |
| traften | Old Eastern | n. | "much fire", bonfire |
| tʀaften | Southern | n. | bonfire |
| trak | Forest | n. | feast |
| *tu | Old Eastern | ?n. or v. | number; to count |
| tu:l | Eastern | n. | acorn |
| tulka | Forest | n. | cord, cable |
| *tun | Eastern | ?adj. | red |
| tuntun | Eastern | n. | "red-red"; a cardinal |
| tur | Forest | n. | acorn |
| tuχas | Old Eastern | n. | "no number", myriad, multitude |
| tu:zi | Old Eastern | ? | hearsay particle |
| *twa:k | Old Eastern | ?v. | to fall down |
| twa:ksuru | Old Eastern | n. | "fall-down-water", waterfall |
| twa:na | Forest | v. | to screw over (vulgar) |
| twa:nka | Forest | n. | gold |
| twe:ʔi | Old Eastern | n. | willow |
| *twi | Old Eastern | adj. | hot |
| twi:m | Forest | n. | chant |
| twiχas | Old Eastern | ?adj. | "not hot" |
| twuz | Forest | n. | palm of the hand |
| uf | Forest | n. | shit (vulgar) |
| upla:f | Forest | v. | to fry |
| urti | Forest | n. | wall |
| urtim | Forest | n. | yesterday |
| uslit | Forest | n. | cheek |
| *utaw | Southern | v. | to spot; to see from afar |
| utawju | Southern | n. | hawk; "discoverer" |
| u:vu | Southern | n. | honor |
| u:zbi: | Forest | adj. | sticky |
| varja | Eastern | v. | to dance |
| varja: | Forest | v. | to dance |
| vijaste | Old Eastern | n. | gourd, pumpkin |
| vi:ntu: | Forest | n. | shoulder |
| vi:zwal | Eastern | n. | pine tree |
| vi:zwar | Forest | n. | larch tree |
| vuf | Forest | n. | personal honor |
| vu:ntuval | Eastern | n. | grove, stand of trees |
| vurka | Forest | n. | snake |
| vuwan | Eastern | v. | to fall, to drop |
| *wa | Old Eastern | v. | to eat |
| wifki: | Forest | n. | mouse |
| wu: | Forest | int. | "hi" |
| -χas | Old Eastern | suffix | negation |
| *χurfi: | Old Eastern | ?v. | to flow (together) |
| *za- | Forest, Eastern | ? | ?locative prefix (induces lenition on following plosives; possibly ceased to be productive in Proto-Miwan or earlier) |
| *za: | Old Eastern | v. | to die |
| zafwita: | Eastern | n. | bird's nest; a mess or tangle |
| zafwi:ta | Forest | n. | bird's nest |
| za:ju | Old Eastern | n. | "die-er": dead, broken (c.f. "lemon") |
| za:ska: | Forest | n. | war |
| zawozga | Southern | n. | eagle |
| zi | Forest | n. | apple |
| *zin | Eastern | n. | life |
| *zi:n | Forest | n. | life |
| zinti: | Forest | n. | taboo |
| zugi:r | Forest | v. | to swallow |
| *zuka | Eastern | n. | fruit |
| zukatun | Eastern | n. | "fruit-red"; tomato |
| zuma | Forest | v. | to bite |
| zumi: | Forest | v. | to chew |
| zwi:ki | Eastern | n. | moon; month |
| *-ʔi | Old Eastern | suffix | ?"-less", "un-...-able" |