Miwan languages/Lexicon
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Combined Miwan Lexicon
There are four languages represented here:
- Old Eastern Miwan (around 0 YP; the source of loans in Naidda)
- Forest Miwan (loaned into Pencek throughout the first millenium)
The lexemes are given in a near-IPA transcription. The Miwan languages have tone and/or phonation too, but that isn't worked out yet; it probably interacts/correlates with vowel length somehow.
(Asterisks mark roots or affixes that where identified from words which appear to be derived. Question marks indicate uncertain glosses.)
lexeme | language | part of speech | gloss |
---|---|---|---|
a:ltiw | Forest | n. | belly |
a:nda: | Forest | adj. | terrible |
aʀa: | Southern | v. | to beat, to punch |
arazja | Forest | n. | birch tree |
aska:r | Forest | adj. | haunted |
askini: | Forest | adj. | painful |
asku | Forest | adj. | polite |
aspi:ga | Forest | n. | corner |
asti:sat | Forest | n. | vagina |
atilka | Forest | adj. | ugly |
azbu:tal | Forest | n. | toothache |
bizgi: | Forest | v. | to sacrifice |
bju:zga | Old Eastern; Southern | n. | a legendary creature that eats people |
bli:n | Forest | n. | worm |
blita | Forest | v. | to kneel |
*bu:r | Old Eastern | v. | to shine |
bu:rju | Old Eastern | n. | "shine-er", dragonfly |
*d- | Old Eastern | prefix | derives patientive nouns from verbs |
dje:zuf | Old Eastern | n. | amber (prob. < Ngauro loan) |
dje:zuvu | Southern | n. | amber |
dimbal | Forest | n. | wife (vulgar) |
di:ndi:n | Forest; Southern | n. | metal |
ditisu | Forest; Southern | int. | "goodbye" |
*di: | Forest | ?prep. or adj. | ?away; not present |
di:za: | Forest | v. | to wilt ("to die away") |
dre:χurfi: | Old Eastern | n. | "flow-together speech" |
*dwa | Old Eastern | n. | food, meal |
dwa:d | Forest | adj. | ready |
dwa:s | Forest | n. | chest |
*dwe:su | Old Eastern | v. | to participate |
dwe:suχati | Old Eastern | n. | "not participating" |
ezdunda | Old Eastern | n. | splinter |
farka | Forest | n. | chin |
fa:lwin | Eastern | n. | meeting place |
famva | Eastern | n. | rose |
fa:ʁili | Eastern | n. | bad water; swamp |
fi:kravwan | Eastern | n. | ceremony |
fja:ki | Old Eastern | v. | to copulate |
fli:li: | Forest | int. | (expression of sexual desire) |
fli:s | Forest | n. | hip |
flu | Forest | adj. | worthless (vulgar) |
fra:m | Eastern | n. | berry |
fu:ftu: | Forest; Southern | n. | evil, abomination |
fuʃawzu: | Southern | n. | bat |
*fur | Eastern; Forest | n. | tree |
furzin | Eastern | n. | "tree-life"; elm tree |
furzi:n | Forest | n. | "tree-life"; elm tree |
fwi:k | Forest | n. | vagina; woman (vulgar; cf. 'cunt') |
fwilja:n | Eastern | n. | cooperation; teamwork |
fwipju | Eastern | v., n., or adj. | to move; motion; alive |
grunat | Forest | n. | son |
guljad | Forest | v. | to defeat |
gu:s | Forest | v. | to behave, to act |
gwa: | Forest | v. | to use |
gwastu | Forest, Old Eastern | n. or v. | dump; to throw away |
gwa:ʔiti | Old Eastern | adj. | "not important" |
*-hi | Southern | suffix | unable to be ...-ed |
ibla | Forest | n. | daisy |
iki: | Forest | n. | pivot, fulcrum |
ili: | Forest | n. | groin |
ilka: | Forest | n. | forearm |
in | Forest | n. | berry |
i:nku:na: | Forest | n. | disaster |
intal | Forest | n. or adj. | violence; violent |
ipra:f | Forest | adj. | disgusting, disturbing |
is | Forest | n. | spouse |
iskefli | Old Eastern | n. | lice |
isti: | Forest | v. | to have sex |
i:stje:χu | Old Eastern | n. | cotton |
i:tul | Forest | n. | petal |
iz | Forest | n. | head |
ja:rik | Old Eastern | n. | twine, string |
ja:seχi | Old Eastern; Southern | n. | treaty, compact, accord |
jawma | Southern | adj. | light blue |
*jesk | Old Eastern | v. | to whistle |
jeskju | Old Eastern | n. | "whistle-er", songbird |
jeskju | Southern | n. | messenger |
-ju | Old Eastern | suffix | agent nominalizer |
jun | Forest | n. | thigh |
jus | Forest | n. | music |
ka:fti:w | Forest | adj. | dark |
kaleste: | Old Eastern | adj. | alive |
ka:lma: | Forest | adj. | confusing |
ki: | Forest | int. | "oh!" |
kim | Forest | n. | recipe, spell, algorithm, prescription |
ki:mat | Forest | n. | comprehension |
ki:mul | Forest | n. | branch |
kimvatri | Eastern | n. | brook, small stream |
ki:ʁnom | Eastern | n. | robin |
klu:n | Forest | n. | wind |
kuda:rm | Forest | adj. | "very bad" |
kwaχjur | Old Eastern | n. | measles |
kwintas | Forest | n. | bird |
kwuli: | Forest | int. | "thank you" |
la:skurna: | Forest | n. | wasting disease (any) |
*le:p | Old Eastern | adj. | black |
le:psuru | Old Eastern | n. | "black water" |
li | Forest | n. | song |
li:fku:ti | Forest | v. | to roast |
lufuk | Forest | n. | pox, skin rash |
*me | Old Eastern | v. | to boil |
*me:g | Old Eastern | v. | to be loud, to be rowdy |
me:gju | Old Eastern | n. | "noise maker" |
mija: | Eastern | n. | cat, feline |
minka | Forest | n. | kink |
mi:ti: | Forest | n. | note, chord (music) |
miw | Old Eastern; Southern | n. | Miw |
mul | Forest | adj. | oblivious |
*ne:s | Old Eastern | v. | ?to walk, to stroll, to amble |
*ne:sju | Old Eastern | n. | "walker(s)", leg(s) |
ne:sjuten | Old Eastern | n. | "many legs", centipede |
nidri: | Forest | v. | to feel warm towards |
nidri:stu | Forest | v. | to regret |
nidʀiti | Southern | n. | friendship; support (nidʀi-ti) |
ni:glu | Forest | adj. | feeble |
ni:s | Forest | n. | milk |
*ŋwe: | Old Eastern | v. | to give birth |
ŋwe:χas | Old Eastern | v. | "not give birth", to miscarry |
pa:lintu: | Forest | n. | bellybutton |
*pa:n | Eastern | n. | music |
pa:ntun | Eastern | n. | "music-red"; guitar |
pasta | Forest | n. | cloth, fabric |
pif | Forest | int. | "tsk-tsk" |
pjaza:r | Eastern | n. | magnolia |
plaj | Eastern | n. | bead |
pri:f | Forest | n. | calf (of leg) |
pru:n | Eastern | v. | to buy |
pu:ni:m | Eastern | ?n. or v. | burrow, to burrow |
quχak | Old Eastern | n. | drama, excitement |
*qwa: | Old Eastern | n. | leaf |
qwa:meti | Old Eastern; Southern | n. | "leaf-boiling"; tea |
qwe:san | Old Eastern | n. | "leaf dream", drug trip (especially atropine) |
ra:fa | Forest | n. | penis (vulgar) |
ragwi:k | Forest | n. | gravel |
rak | Forest | n. | ankle |
rakuri | Forest | n. | oak tree |
*re: | Old Eastern | v. | to speak |
re:sti | Old Eastern | n. | "everyone speaking" |
ru:mu:t | Forest | adj. | rotten |
ruz | Forest | n. | cold, flu |
ʁamkuri: | Eastern | n. | oak tree |
*(i)san | Old Eastern | ?n. or v. | dream; to dream |
*sa:v | Old Eastern | ? | ?reciprocal particle |
sa:vre:χati | Old Eastern | n. | "not speaking to each other" |
*saχu | Old Eastern | adj. | flat |
saχudwa | Old Eastern | n. | flatbread, tortilla ("flat-food") |
sja:lan | Old Eastern | adj. | wide |
sla:m | Forest | n. | crippled person (vulgar; cf. 'retard') |
sli:nga | Forest | adj. | uncertain |
*-stu | Forest | suffix | ?cessative |
*suru | Old Eastern | n. | water |
su:tra: | Forest | v. | to lose, to misplace |
su:χeflu | Old Eastern | n. | bladder, sack, bag |
swa: | Forest | v. | to burp |
*ʃu:vo | Southern | v. | to cut |
ʃu:voju | Southern | n. | knife; "cutter" |
ʃwada | Southern | n. | oath, vow, promise |
talgu: | Forest | v. | to remember |
tawgu:ju | Southern | n. | storyteller, bard; "remember-er" |
ta:mal | Eastern | n. | cliff, bluff |
-ten | Old Eastern | suffix | "many, much" |
*te:sen | Old Eastern | ?v. | ?to be like a beehive... |
te:senju | Old Eastern | n. | beehive |
-ti | Old Eastern, Southern | suffix | action nominalizer |
ti: | Eastern; Forest | ?adj. | funny |
timpi:za | Eastern | n. | necklace |
ti:nda | Forest | adj. | pleasant |
tindahi | Southern | adj. | unpleasant; not easily satisfied (tinda-hi) |
ti:vur | Eastern; Forest | n. | "funny-tree"; hickory tree |
tiʔak | Old Eastern | n. | spiderweb |
tjerizme | Old Eastern | n. | pine pitch |
*traf | Old Eastern | n. | fire |
traften | Old Eastern | n. | "much fire", bonfire |
tʀaften | Southern | n. | bonfire |
trak | Forest | n. | feast |
*tu | Old Eastern | ?n. or v. | number; to count |
tu:l | Eastern | n. | acorn |
tulka | Forest | n. | cord, cable |
*tun | Eastern | ?adj. | red |
tuntun | Eastern | n. | "red-red"; a cardinal |
tur | Forest | n. | acorn |
tuχas | Old Eastern | n. | "no number", myriad, multitude |
tu:zi | Old Eastern | ? | hearsay particle |
*twa:k | Old Eastern | ?v. | to fall down |
twa:ksuru | Old Eastern | n. | "fall-down-water", waterfall |
twa:na | Forest | v. | to screw over (vulgar) |
twa:nka | Forest | n. | gold |
twe:ʔi | Old Eastern | n. | willow |
*twi | Old Eastern | adj. | hot |
twi:m | Forest | n. | chant |
twiχas | Old Eastern | ?adj. | "not hot" |
twuz | Forest | n. | palm of the hand |
uf | Forest | n. | shit (vulgar) |
upla:f | Forest | v. | to fry |
urti | Forest | n. | wall |
urtim | Forest | n. | yesterday |
uslit | Forest | n. | cheek |
*utaw | Southern | v. | to spot; to see from afar |
utawju | Southern | n. | hawk; "discoverer" |
u:vu | Southern | n. | honor |
u:zbi: | Forest | adj. | sticky |
varja | Eastern | v. | to dance |
varja: | Forest | v. | to dance |
vijaste | Old Eastern | n. | gourd, pumpkin |
vi:ntu: | Forest | n. | shoulder |
vi:zwal | Eastern | n. | pine tree |
vi:zwar | Forest | n. | larch tree |
vuf | Forest | n. | personal honor |
vu:ntuval | Eastern | n. | grove, stand of trees |
vurka | Forest | n. | snake |
vuwan | Eastern | v. | to fall, to drop |
*wa | Old Eastern | v. | to eat |
wifki: | Forest | n. | mouse |
wu: | Forest | int. | "hi" |
-χas | Old Eastern | suffix | negation |
*χurfi: | Old Eastern | ?v. | to flow (together) |
*za- | Forest, Eastern | ? | ?locative prefix (induces lenition on following plosives; possibly ceased to be productive in Proto-Miwan or earlier) |
*za: | Old Eastern | v. | to die |
zafwita: | Eastern | n. | bird's nest; a mess or tangle |
zafwi:ta | Forest | n. | bird's nest |
za:ju | Old Eastern | n. | "die-er": dead, broken (c.f. "lemon") |
za:ska: | Forest | n. | war |
zawozga | Southern | n. | eagle |
zi | Forest | n. | apple |
*zin | Eastern | n. | life |
*zi:n | Forest | n. | life |
zinti: | Forest | n. | taboo |
zugi:r | Forest | v. | to swallow |
*zuka | Eastern | n. | fruit |
zukatun | Eastern | n. | "fruit-red"; tomato |
zuma | Forest | v. | to bite |
zumi: | Forest | v. | to chew |
zwi:ki | Eastern | n. | moon; month |
*-ʔi | Old Eastern | suffix | ?"-less", "un-...-able" |