Mavakhalan/Sound changes

• Take Adāta /a e i o u aː eː iː oː uː/ as [a ɛ i ɔ u aː eː iː oː uː].

From Adāta to Mavakhalan

1. Lenition of aspirated and voiced stops
   • [pʰ tʰ kʰ] → [ɸ θ x]
   • [b d ɡ] → [β ð ɣ]
2. Diphthong shifts
   • [i u] → [j w] / V_V, V_, _V
   • [iu ui] → [ju wi] / except _V
   • [iː uː] → [iːj uːw] / _V
   • [iː uː] → [jiː wuː] / V_
   • [ɛj aj ɛw aw] → [ej ɛj ow ɔw]
   • [ɔa ɔaː ɔɛ ɔe ɔeː] → [ɔ aː ɛ e eː] / C_
   • [ɔa ɔaː ɔɛ ɔe ɔeː] → [wɔ waː wɛ we weː] / V_
   • [ɛa] → [ɛ]
   • [ɛɔ] → [ɛw]
3. Loss of vowel length
   • [i u] → [ɪ ʊ]
   • [iː eː aː oː uː] → [i e ɔ o u]
4. Nasalisation of vowels
   • [i e ɛ a ɔ o u] → [ĩ ɛ̃ ɛ̃ ɑ̃ ɔ̃ ɔ̃ ũ] / ̼[n m]
5. [ɪ ʊ] shifts
   • [j w] → [ɪ ʊ] / C_
   • [ʊ] → [ə] / _[m n l r]
6. Consonant apocope and epenthesis
   • [n m] → [ən əm] / C_
   • [p t k ɸ θ s x h] → ∅ / _C, _#, except as above.
   • [n m] → [ɑ̃] / [ɪ ə ʊ]_C, except when C is one of [l r j w].
   • [n m] → [ɛ̃ ɔ̃] / [ɪ ə ʊ]_#
   • ∅ → [ə] / G_C, where G is any voiced consonant except [l r], and C is not [l r j w].
   • [l r] → [lə rə] / _#
   • [l] → [j] / _C, except when C is one of [j w].
   • [j w] → [ɪ ʊ] / _C, except when C is one of [j w].
7. Nasal vowel reduction and denasalisation
   • [ĩ ũ] → [ɪɛ̃ ʊɔ̃] / C_
   • [ĩ ũ] → [jɛ̃ wɔ̃] / otherwise
   • [ɛ̃ ɑ̃ ɔ̃] → [ɛ a ɔ] / _[n m]
8. Fall of the yers
   • [ə] → ∅ / _V
   • [ɪ ʊ] → [j w] / V_
   • [ɪ] → [ʲ] / C_, whenever the next syllable has a full vowel.
   • [ə ʊ] → ∅ / C_, whenever the next syllable has a full vowel.
   • [ɪ ʊ] → [jɪ wʊ] / #_
   • [ɪ ə ʊ] → [ʲe o o] / whenever the next syllable had a syncopated [ɪ ə ʊ], or in monosyllables.
   • [wj] → [w]
9. Further diphthong shifts
   • [ji wu] → [i u]
   • [eɛ] → [e]
   • [oɔ ɔo] → [o]
10. Regressive voicing assimilation
    • [p pʲ t tʲ k kʲ] → [b bʲ d dʲ ɡ ɡʲ] / _G, where G is voiced and not one of [l r j w].
    • [ɸ ɸʲ θ θʲ s sʲ x xʲ h hʲ] → [β βʲ ð ðʲ z zʲ ɣ ɣʲ ɣ ɣʲ] / _G, where G is voiced and not one of [j w].
    • [b bʲ d dʲ ɡ ɡʲ β βʲ ð ðʲ z zʲ ɣ ɣʲ] → [p pʲ t tʲ k kʲ ɸ ɸʲ θ θʲ z zʲ x xʲ] / _K, where K is unvoiced.
11. Progressive voicing assimilation
    • Any unvoiced consonant will become voiced if preceded by a voiced consonant, usually a nasal.
12. Semivowel fortition and aphaeresis
    • [j w] → ∅ / #_C
    • [w] → [β] / _#, _C
    • [j] → [ʝ] / V_C, V_#
13. Palatalisations
    • Consonants immediately preceding [i] are palatalised, but not those preceding [j].
    • [nʲ tʲ dʲ kʲ ɡʲ θʲ ðʲ sʲ zʲ xʲ ɡʲ hʲ lʲ] → [ɲ tɕ dʑ c ɟ ɕ ʑ ʃ ʒ ç ʝ ç ʎ]
    • [ʝ] → [j] / V_C, where V is not [i] and C is not [j w].
    • [jʝ] → [ʝ]
    • [ji] → [i]

See also

• Adāta
• Mavakhalan