User:Pole, the/Hamoluan

Hamoluan language (séŋuŋa ŋalmólu language of the Hamolu) is one of the languages spoken in Southern Tuysafa.

Phonology

Consonants

	labial	alveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
nasal	/m/	/n/	/ɲ/	/ŋ/
plosive	/p/	/t/	/c/	/k/
fricative		/s/			/h/
sonoric		/l/	/j/	/w/

Notes:

• /ɲ j/ are written ‹ñ y›.
• No clusters are permitten in onsets and codas. Syllable-finally only nasals and semivowels are permitted.
• /p t c k/ are realized as [b d ɟ ɡ] ‹b d j g› after nasals; it happens also at word boundaries, e.g. linin + táŋ → linin dáŋ.

Vowels

	front	central	back
close	i	(ɨ)	u
mid	e	ə	o
open		a

Notes:

• [ɨ] is the stressed allophone of /i/ in some dialects. It is not contrastive, though.
• Only /i e a o/ can be stressed. If so, they are written ‹í é á ó›.
• Initial schwa is elided after another word-final vowel, unstressed /i u/ become [j w], e.g. əndé + əlŋé → əndé ’lŋé.

Morphology

The most characteristic feature of Imiluan morphology is lack of any definite division between nouns, adjectives and verbs. The largest open word class will be therefore just named ‘nominals’.

Among nominals one actual distinction can be drawn: they can be divided into stative and dynamic nominals. ‘Stative’ covers mostly what we would call nouns, adjective and stative intransitive verbs. ‘Dynamic’ covers dynamic and transitive verbs.

Subject person and number

person		singular	plural
1st		əl- ~ l-	lən- ~ əln-
2nd		əŋ- ~ ŋ-	ŋən- ~ əŋn-
3rd	fem.	ñə-	ŋa-
	masc.	mo-
	neut.	i- ~ y-	ən- ~ n-

Notes:

• ŋa- and ən- ~ n- are used commonly to denote number, e.g. ŋaén women = they are women.
• i- ~ y- can also show definiteness, e.g. yén that woman.
• The rest of these are used only in predicative context, e.g. én woman → ñəén she is a woman.
• hamó human and its derivatives have an irregular plural: ŋalmó.

Negation

Nominals are negated by prefixing əm- ~ m-. Often, for emphasis, each word in the clause is negated:

• Əlnóni ’lló yéŋ.

  I see the sun now.

• Məlnóni məlló ’myéŋ.

  I see no sun now.

Aspect

Stative nominals

All stative nominals are inherently imperfective.

Appropriate dynamic inchoative nominals are created by adding -so to the stem, e.g. əndé mother → əndéso to become a mother = to give birth.

Another, less often used, suffix is -semə denoting delimitatives, e.g. naél to eat → naélsemə to eat for a given time.

Dynamic nominals

Dynamic nominals are perfective by default, e.g. kéha to cut (once).

These can be turned into imperfective, by:

• most often, reduplicating the first syllable of the nominal (é á í ó change into e e ə ə), e.g. kéha → kekéha;
• reduplicating the first consonant before initial schwa, e.g. ənsó → nənsó;
• adding w y u i əl before initial u i w y l, e.g. lóy → əllóy;
• adding ñ before initial stressed vowel, e.g. éne → ñéne.

Both perfective and imperfective dynamic nominals can be transformed into their passive (stative) counterparts. It is done by adding -u ~ -w.

Genitive/object

A nominal can be marked for the person and number of its secondary argument. It can be a genitive or possessive argument (for stative nominals) or an object (for dynamic nominals), e.g. əndé mother → əndélən our mother; moteó he hates → moteólən he hates us.

person		singular	plural
1st		-əl ~ -l	-lən
2nd		-əŋ ~ -ŋ	-ŋən
3rd	fem.	-ñə	-ŋa
	masc.	-mo
	neut.	-i ~ -y	-ən ~ -n

These affixes can be used to create an attributive phrase, e.g. séŋuŋa their language + ŋalmólu the Hamolu → séŋuŋa ŋalmólu language of the Hamolu.

Numerals

1.	óse
2.	yá
3.	táŋ
4.	nóse
5.	nóm
6.	nomó
7.	nomyá
8.	nomdáŋ
9.	nomnóse
10.	əmjéna
11.	əmjena ó
12.	əmjena yá
20.	icéna
30.	tañéna
40.	nocéna
50.	nomjéna
60.	noməmjéna
70.	nomicéna
80.	nomdañéna
90.	nomnocéna
100.	léin
101.	linde ó
200.	yá léin
1000.	léyñena
1001.	liñenade ó
2014.	yá liñenade mjena nóse
9999.	nomnóse liñenade nomnóse linde nomnocena nomnóse