Ayāsthi/Sound changes

• Take Adāta /a e i o u aː eː iː oː uː r/ as [ɑ ɛ i o u ɑː ɛː iː oː uː ɹ].
• Except when otherwise stated, vowel shifts apply to long and nasalised variants; e.g. [i] is taken to mean [i iː ĩ ĩː] unless otherwise stated.

From Adāta to Adhāsth

1. [x h] shifts
   • [x h] → [ɦ] / _V
   • [x h] → [ħ] / otherwise
2. Lenition of other consonants
   • [b d g] → [p t k] / _#, except in monosyllables.
   • [b d g] → [β ð ɣ] / otherwise.
   • [z] → [z̞] / [ɑ ɑː]_
   • [z] → [ɹ] / _#
   • [s] → [h] / V_C, V_#, except V_[s].
   • [s] → [z] / V_V
   • [pʰ tʰ kʰ] → [pf ts kx] / V_, except V_#.
   • [pʰ tʰ kʰ] → [ɸ θ x] / otherwise.
   • [p t k] → [ɸ θ x] / V_, except when part of affricates [pf ts kx] or when word-final in a polysyllabic word.
3. Nasal consonant shifts
   • Vowels are nasalised before [n m].
   • [m] → [ɴ] / [õ ũ õː ũː]_
   • [n] → [ɴ] / [ɑ̃ ɛ̃ ẽ ĩ ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ẽː ĩː]_C
4. Palatalisation
   • [θ ð s z z̞ n] → [ɕ ʑ ʃ ʒ ʒ ɲ] / _[ɛ e i j]
5. Synaeresis of diphthongs
   • [i u] → [j w] / _V or V_, unless stressed or long.
   • [i u] → [ji wu] / V_ otherwise.
   • [ɑ ɛ o u] → [æ e œ ɯ] / _j
   • [ɑ ɛ i] → [ɔ œ y] / _w
   • [ejɛ] → [eɛ]
   • [j] → ∅ / [æ e œ ɯ]_C
   • [w] → ∅ / [ɔ œ y]_C
6. Vowel lowering
   • [i u] → [e o] / V_, when [ɑ æ œ ɔ o] is in the next syllable
7. Vowel reduction / #_#, #_C#, _#, including nasalised forms, but not long forms, and never when stressed.
   • [ɑ ɛ e ɔ o œ] → [ə]
   • [i y] → [ɨ]
   • [u] → [ɯ]
8. Schwa syncope & metathesis
   • [ɹə lə mə nə ɲə] → [əɹ əl əm ən əɲ] / #_#
   • [ə] → ∅ / VC_#, with ɡemination of the preceding consonant.
9. Geminate consonant shifts
   • [pfː tsː kxː] → [pf ts kx]
   • [θː zː ʒː z̞ː] → [sθ sː ʃː ɹː]
10. Rhotacisation
    • [o] → [ɔ] / _[ɹ]C, _[ɹ]#
11. [ħ]-colouring
    • [i ə o] → [e ɑ ɔ] / _[ħ]C, _[ħ]#

From Adhāsth to Ayāsthi

1. [ð ɕ ʑ] shifts
   • [ð ʑ] → [ʝ]
   • [ɕ] → [s]
2. Resyllabification of geminate consonants
   • Cː → CC / V_V
3. Further lenitions
   • [βi ʝu] → [βy ʝy], including long and nasalised forms.
   • [β ʝ ɣ] → [w j ɦ]
   • [z̞] → [ɹ] / _[ɑ æ], _C, _#, [ɹ]_
   • [z̞] → [z] / otherwise.
4. [ɯ ɨ] merger
   • [ɯ] → [ɨ]
5. Delabialisation of [u]
   • [u] → [ɯ] / including nasalised forms, but never long forms, nor when adjacent to [m p pf ɸ w y œ u o ɔ].
6. Second synaeresis of diphthongs
   • [w] → [u] / _C
   • [j] → [i] / _C
   • [wj jw] → [yj yw]
   • [ə] → ∅ / _V, unless the following vowel is also [ə], but never if nasalised or long.
   • [ə] → ∅ / V_V, V_C, except if nasalised or long.
   • [ɨ] → ∅ / _[i y ɨ ɯ u]
   • [wi we] → [wy wœ]
   • [ju] → [jy]
7. Dephonemisation of [j w] after high vowels
   • Note: the phones do not disappear but stop registering as phonemes, and continue to be automatically produced in these environments.
   • /j/ → ∅ / _[i y ɨ], [i]_, [y]_[e œ ɛ æ]
   • /w/ → ∅ / _[y u], [u]_, [y]_[o ɔ ɑ]
8. Centralisation of /u u:/ after coronals
   • [ɯ u] → [ɨ ʉ] / [n t ts θ s z ɹ l ɲ ʃ ʒ]_
9. Geminate consonant simplication
   • Cː → C / C_, _C
   • [sθ] → [θ] / C_, _C
   • [ɴː ɦː] → [ɴə ɦə]
   • [jː wː] → [ij uw] / _V
   • [jː wː] → [i u] / otherwise.
10. Secondary vowel nasalisation
    • Vowels are nasalised before [m n ɲ ɴ].
    • [õ õː] → [ɔ̃ ɔ̃ː]
11. Secondary reduction of vowels
    • [ə] → ∅ / VC_CV, especially when followed by a stressed syllable, including the nasalised form, but never if long.
    • ∅ → [ə] / CC_CC
    • [ʉ] → [ɨ]
    • [ɯː] → [ɨː]
    • [ɨ] → [ə] / _# except when preceded by [n t ts θ s z ɹ l ʃ ʒ k kx x w], and never when nasalised, lonɡ, or stressed.
    • [ɑː] → [ɑ] / _# except when nasalised or stressed.
12. Secondary lenition of [n ɲ]
    • [n ɲ] → [ɴ] / _[x h ɦ ħ]
13. Lenition of [ɴ j w x h ɦ ħ]
    • Whenever more than one copy of any of [ɴ j w x h ɦ ħ] appear consecutively, or when geminate, it is reduced to a single consonant.
    • [ħ] → ∅ / _#
    • [ħ] → [h] / otherwise.
    • [ɦ] → [ʔ] / C_, _C, _#
    • [ʔ] → ∅ / _#
    • [ʔ] → ∅ / _C, geminating the next consonant.
    • [ɴm ɴn ɴɲ] → [mm nn ɲɲ]
    • [ɴ] → ∅ / otherwise.
14. Denasalisation of vowels
    • Vowels are denasalised if followed by [m n ɲ]
15. Consonant cluster assimilation
    • [s z] → [ʃ ʒ] / [ʃ ʒ ɲ]_, _[ʃ ʒ ɲ]
    • [s ʃ] → [z ʒ] / _[z ʒ]
    • [z ʒ] → [s ʃ] / _[s ʃ]
16. Diphthong simplifications
    • [ɛe] → [eː]
    • [ɑ] → [æ] / _[æ]
    • [ɑ] → [ɔ] / _[ɔ]
    • [ɑ] → [ɐ] / _[ɨ]
    • [o] → [ɔ] / _[ɔ]
17. Synaeresis of geminate vowels
    • Geminate vowels become long vowels.
    • Nasalisation spreads when consecutive vowels merge.
    • If the first vowel was stressed before synaeresis, then the resulting long vowel has circumflex accent; otherwise it has acute accent.
    • [ɯː] → [uː]
    • [əː] → [ə]
18. Paragoge
    • ∅ → [ɨ̆] / VːCː_#, VːCC_#

See also

• Adāta
• Ayāsthi