Viziš

To Be Continued... Zju is still working on this article. The contents are incomplete and likely to undergo changes.

Viziš [viziʃ]
Period	500 YP - 600 YP
Spoken in	southwestern Tuysáfa
Total speakers	unknown
Writing system	none
Classification	Leic  Viziš
Typology
Basic word order	SVO
Morphology	TBA
Alignment	accusative
Credits
Created by	Zju

Phonology

Viziš has a moderate consonant inventory and 4 contrastive heights in its vowel inventory.

Consonants

	labial	dental	palatal	velar
nasal	/m/	/n/	/ɲ/ ‹ň›	/ŋ/
stop	/p/ /b/	/t/ /d/		/k/ /g/
fricative	/v/	/s/ /z/	/ʃ/ ‹š› /ʒ/ ‹ž›
sonorant	/w/	/l/ /ɾ/ ‹r›	/j/

Vowels

	front	back
close	/i/	/u/
close-mid	/e/ ‹é›	/o/ ‹ó› (/ɤ/ ‹õ›)
open-mid	/ɛ/ ‹e›	/ɔ/ ‹o›
open	/a/

• /ɤ/ is marginally phonemic.

Phonotactics

Syllable structure is C(C)V(C), but there is quite big preference for CV syllables. Closed syllables occur only word finally. Vowels never stand next to each other, but all vowels have long counterparts.

Prosody

Viziš is mora timed. Stress is not phonemic and each odd mora has a slight stress.

Allophony

• /o/ is realised as [ɤ] after /v/ in initial syllables and some non-initial. Due to this and its partial phonemicity, it is marked in orthography as ‹õ›.
• /u/ is realised as [ɯ] after most labial consonants, but this allophony is not entirely predictable. Therefore, it is also marked in orthography, as ‹y›.
• Word finally voiced stops are devoiced and further all word-final stops are unreleased.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

	1sg	1pl		2sg	2pl		3sg an	3pl an		3sg inan	3pl inan
N.	ziňa	ééňa zééňa		móňa	mooňa		biňa	booňa		ša	na
A.	za, zi	ééta zééta		ma	moota		ba, bi	boota
G.	zeta			mata			bata			šata
D.	ziwa	ewaa zewaa		moŋa	mawaa		biwa	bawaa		šama	nawa
V.	∅	∅		mjé mjéňa	mwa mwaňa		∅	∅		∅	∅

• Accusative pronouns are used instead of nominative in fast speech and also as independantly standing pronouns ("Who wants it?" "Me!"). It may also occasionally be used instead of nominative even in careful speech.
• Second person pronouns have special forms for when calling somebody ("Hey, you!").
• When two forms are given, both are use, depending on the register and other factors.

Correlatives

demonstrative			era this	eňu here	ešoo now	ewa in this way
			kara that	kaňu there	vjé then	vewa in that way
interrogative	gwi who	gira what	gi which	ňaňu where	sa when	ga how
relative	bêwy who	šawoo what	móó which	kaawy where	vjewy when	vewoo how
indefinite	bizi someone	šavi something	gizi some	ňaňuzi somewhere	sari somewhen	gavi somehow
alternative	dwi somebody else	dara something else	dara other	dawaňu somewhere else	data another time	dawa in another way
universal	jawoota everybody	jaana everything	ja all	jami everywhere	ke always	java in every way
negative	móbizi nobody	mona nothing	mó no, none	mówami nowhere	móge never	mówava in no way

Prepositions

These preposition govern genitive:

• sa near
• sóša around
• se against
• vobe through
• vopó along

There is a set of prepositions which have two forms - one for stative, lative and one for ablative:

	at ~ to	from
in, inside	pe	péŋa
on, surface	pa	powa
above	šoo	šawa
below	wêba, wêta	wêlawa
front	e	ziwa
back	wate	watiwa
left	ém	énawa
right	žém	žénawa

vobe can be combined with the stative prepositions to give them perlative meanings, e.g. vobe šoo through the space above.

These prepositions govern accusative-nominative:

• dwi with, coactor
• ža with, instrument
• žamó without

Dwi and ža have long variants dwiwi and žara, which are used with single monosyllabic nouns and pronouns.

Nouns

Nouns have two numbers and four cases - nominative, genitive, dative and vocative. Nouns do not have seperate accusative case, so nominative is used in its place.

Articles

Viziš has a definite article, which inflects for case. Both the article and the word have to be marked for case. The vocative has no article.

• wi nom
• wa gen
• we dat

Declension

Regular vowel stems

Nom	Gn	Dt	Voc	Nom Pl
-	-wa	-bó	-ňé	-ňa

• Some -i stems change i to u in gen sing.
• Some -ni stems change final n to ň in gen sing and plural caseforms.
• Gen sing is given when either of these changes occur.
• In nominative plural word-final -ó, -u, -i change to -o, -é, -é.
• If Nom Sg ends in a single illabial consonant followed by a rounded vowel, that vowel is deleted in Gen Sg. In this case w may or may not behave as a labial consonant, depending on the speaker; if the vowel is dropped, -wwa is simplified to -wa.

Irregular vowel stems

Nom	Gn	Dt	Voc	Nom Pl
-	-n -wa	-bó	-ňé	ˣ-ňa

• Nominative plural has irregular changes in its stem vowel and is always given, even if there are several rough patterns.
• Either genitive or dative (or both) singular may also be irregular, in which case it is also given.
• -wa is considered the irregular genitive singular ending for this class.

Nasal stems

Nom	Gn	Dt	Voc	Nom Pl
-n	-mon	-mobó	-ňé	-mooňa
	-nan	-nabó		-neeňa

• Gen Sg is also given.
• The final vowel sometimes changes for all wordforms except nom sg.

Consonantal stems

Nom	Gn	Dt	Voc	Nom Pl
-	-wa	-wó	-jé	-éňa

• p t k š become b ž ž ž in plural caseforms and also genitive and dative singular and optionally in vocative singular.
• Other consonants do not undergo changes.
• maš 'water' has an irregular gen sg maja.

Summary

	Nom	Gn	Dt	Voc	Nom Pl
rvs	-	-wa	-bó	-ňé	-ňa
ivs	-	-n -wa			ˣ-ňa
-n	-n	-mon	-mobó		-mooňa
		-nan	-nabó		-neeňa
cs	-	-wa	-wó	-jé	-éňa

Other plural cases

• Genitive plural is formed by replacing Nom Pl -ňa with -na.
• Dative plural is formed by replacing Nom Pl -oňa -éňa -ňa with -abó -ebó -bó. Long vowels, however, are never replaced.
• Vocative plural is formed by adding -ma to genitive plural.

Examples

	Nom	Gn	Dt	Voc	Nom Pl	meaning
rvs	mena	menawa	menabó	(menaňé)	menaňa	town, village
	poni	poňuwa	ponibó	(poniňé)	poňéňa	land
	jató	jatwa	jatóbó	(jatóňé)	jatoňa	mirror
	miwy	miwywa miwa	miwybó	miwyňé	miwyňa	candidate, contestant
ivs	jaluzi	jaluzuwa	jaluzibó	(jaluziňé)	jalweňa	glass
	meto	meton	metabó	(metoňé)	metooňa	butterfly
	maba	maban	mababó	(mabaňé)	mabeeňa	limb
	niwa	niwan	niwabó	(niwaňé)	niweeňa	sunrise
	ka	kon	kabó	(kaňé)	kóóňa	rabbit
	ke	kén	kebó	(keňé)	kjéňa	stone, pebble
	ni	niwa	nibó	niňé	nwéňa	friend
	voni	voniwa	vonibó	(voniňé)	vonwéňa	fish
	bi	biwa	bibó	biňé	bwéňa	orphan
-n	gon	gamon	gamobó	(goňé)	gamooňa	bull
	bén	bénan	bénabó	(béňé)	béneeňa	eyelid
cs	sak	sažwa	sažwó	(sakjé)	sažéňa	neck
	katat	katadwa	katadwó	katadjé	katadéňa	teacher, master