Viziš
From AkanaWiki
| To Be Continued... Zju is still working on this article. The contents are incomplete and likely to undergo changes. |
| Viziš [viziʃ] | |
| Period | 500 YP - 600 YP |
| Spoken in | southwestern Tuysáfa |
| Total speakers | unknown |
| Writing system | none |
| Classification | Leic Viziš |
| Typology | |
| Basic word order | SVO |
| Morphology | TBA |
| Alignment | accusative |
| Credits | |
| Created by | Zju |
Contents
Phonology
Viziš has a moderate consonant inventory and 4 contrastive heights in its vowel inventory.
Consonants
| labial | dental | palatal | velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nasal | /m/ | /n/ | /ɲ/ ‹ň› | /ŋ/ |
| stop | /p/ /b/ | /t/ /d/ | /k/ /g/ | |
| fricative | /v/ | /s/ /z/ | /ʃ/ ‹š› /ʒ/ ‹ž› | |
| sonorant | /w/ | /l/ /ɾ/ ‹r› | /j/ |
Vowels
| front | back | |
|---|---|---|
| close | /i/ | /u/ |
| close-mid | /e/ ‹é› | /o/ ‹ó› (/ɤ/ ‹õ›) |
| open-mid | /ɛ/ ‹e› | /ɔ/ ‹o› |
| open | /a/ | |
- /ɤ/ is marginally phonemic.
Phonotactics
Syllable structure is C(C)V(C), but there is quite big preference for CV syllables. Closed syllables occur only word finally. Vowels never stand next to each other, but all vowels have long counterparts.
Prosody
Viziš is mora timed. Stress is not phonemic and each odd mora has a slight stress.
Allophony
- /o/ is realised as [ɤ] after /v/ in initial syllables and some non-initial. Due to this and its partial phonemicity, it is marked in orthography as ‹õ›.
- /u/ is realised as [ɯ] after most labial consonants, but this allophony is not entirely predictable. Therefore, it is also marked in orthography, as ‹y›.
- Word finally voiced stops are devoiced and further all word-final stops are unreleased.
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
| 1sg | 1pl | 2sg | 2pl | 3sg an | 3pl an | 3sg inan | 3pl inan | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N. | ziňa | ééňa zééňa |
móňa | mooňa | biňa | booňa | ša | na | |||
| A. | za, zi | ééta zééta |
ma | moota | ba, bi | boota | |||||
| G. | zeta | mata | bata | šata | |||||||
| D. | ziwa | ewaa zewaa |
moŋa | mawaa | biwa | bawaa | šama | nawa | |||
| V. | ∅ | ∅ | mjé mjéňa |
mwa mwaňa |
∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
- Accusative pronouns are used instead of nominative in fast speech and also as independantly standing pronouns ("Who wants it?" "Me!"). It may also occasionally be used instead of nominative even in careful speech.
- Second person pronouns have special forms for when calling somebody ("Hey, you!").
- When two forms are given, both are use, depending on the register and other factors.
Correlatives
| demonstrative | era this |
eňu here |
ešoo now |
ewa in this way | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kara that |
kaňu there |
vjé then |
vewa in that way | |||
| interrogative | gwi who |
gira what |
gi which |
ňaňu where |
sa when |
ga how |
| relative | bêwy who |
šawoo what |
móó which |
kaawy where |
vjewy when |
vewoo how |
| indefinite | bizi someone |
šavi something |
gizi some |
ňaňuzi somewhere |
sari somewhen |
gavi somehow |
| alternative | dwi somebody else |
dara something else |
dara other |
dawaňu somewhere else |
data another time |
dawa in another way |
| universal | jawoota everybody |
jaana everything |
ja all |
jami everywhere |
ke always |
java in every way |
| negative | móbizi nobody |
mona nothing |
mó no, none |
mówami nowhere |
móge never |
mówava in no way |
Prepositions
These preposition govern genitive:
- sa near
- sóša around
- se against
- vobe through
- vopó along
There is a set of prepositions which have two forms - one for stative, lative and one for ablative:
| at ~ to | from | |
|---|---|---|
| in, inside | pe | péŋa |
| on, surface | pa | powa |
| above | šoo | šawa |
| below | wêba, wêta | wêlawa |
| front | e | ziwa |
| back | wate | watiwa |
| left | ém | énawa |
| right | žém | žénawa |
vobe can be combined with the stative prepositions to give them perlative meanings, e.g. vobe šoo through the space above.
These prepositions govern accusative-nominative:
- dwi with, coactor
- ža with, instrument
- žamó without
Dwi and ža have long variants dwiwi and žara, which are used with single monosyllabic nouns and pronouns.
Nouns
Nouns have two numbers and four cases - nominative, genitive, dative and vocative. Nouns do not have seperate accusative case, so nominative is used in its place.
Articles
Viziš has a definite article, which inflects for case. Both the article and the word have to be marked for case. The vocative has no article.
- wi nom
- wa gen
- we dat
Declension
Regular vowel stems
| Nom | Gn | Dt | Voc | Nom Pl |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | -wa | -bó | -ňé | -ňa |
- Some -i stems change i to u in gen sing.
- Some -ni stems change final n to ň in gen sing and plural caseforms.
- Gen sing is given when either of these changes occur.
- In nominative plural word-final -ó, -u, -i change to -o, -é, -é.
- If Nom Sg ends in a single illabial consonant followed by a rounded vowel, that vowel is deleted in Gen Sg. In this case w may or may not behave as a labial consonant, depending on the speaker; if the vowel is dropped, -wwa is simplified to -wa.
Irregular vowel stems
| Nom | Gn | Dt | Voc | Nom Pl |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | -n -wa |
-bó | -ňé | ˣ-ňa |
- Nominative plural has irregular changes in its stem vowel and is always given, even if there are several rough patterns.
- Either genitive or dative (or both) singular may also be irregular, in which case it is also given.
- -wa is considered the irregular genitive singular ending for this class.
Nasal stems
| Nom | Gn | Dt | Voc | Nom Pl |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -n | -mon | -mobó | -ňé | -mooňa |
| -nan | -nabó | -neeňa |
- Gen Sg is also given.
- The final vowel sometimes changes for all wordforms except nom sg.
Consonantal stems
| Nom | Gn | Dt | Voc | Nom Pl |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | -wa | -wó | -jé | -éňa |
- p t k š become b ž ž ž in plural caseforms and also genitive and dative singular and optionally in vocative singular.
- Other consonants do not undergo changes.
- maš 'water' has an irregular gen sg maja.
Summary
| Nom | Gn | Dt | Voc | Nom Pl | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rvs | - | -wa | -bó | -ňé | -ňa |
| ivs | - | -n -wa |
ˣ-ňa | ||
| -n | -n | -mon | -mobó | -mooňa | |
| -nan | -nabó | -neeňa | |||
| cs | - | -wa | -wó | -jé | -éňa |
Other plural cases
- Genitive plural is formed by replacing Nom Pl -ňa with -na.
- Dative plural is formed by replacing Nom Pl -oňa -éňa -ňa with -abó -ebó -bó. Long vowels, however, are never replaced.
- Vocative plural is formed by adding -ma to genitive plural.
Examples
| Nom | Gn | Dt | Voc | Nom Pl | meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rvs | mena | menawa | menabó | (menaňé) | menaňa | town, village |
| poni | poňuwa | ponibó | (poniňé) | poňéňa | land | |
| jató | jatwa | jatóbó | (jatóňé) | jatoňa | mirror | |
| miwy | miwywa miwa |
miwybó | miwyňé | miwyňa | candidate, contestant | |
| ivs | jaluzi | jaluzuwa | jaluzibó | (jaluziňé) | jalweňa | glass |
| meto | meton | metabó | (metoňé) | metooňa | butterfly | |
| maba | maban | mababó | (mabaňé) | mabeeňa | limb | |
| niwa | niwan | niwabó | (niwaňé) | niweeňa | sunrise | |
| ka | kon | kabó | (kaňé) | kóóňa | rabbit | |
| ke | kén | kebó | (keňé) | kjéňa | stone, pebble | |
| ni | niwa | nibó | niňé | nwéňa | friend | |
| voni | voniwa | vonibó | (voniňé) | vonwéňa | fish | |
| bi | biwa | bibó | biňé | bwéňa | orphan | |
| -n | gon | gamon | gamobó | (goňé) | gamooňa | bull |
| bén | bénan | bénabó | (béňé) | béneeňa | eyelid | |
| cs | sak | sažwa | sažwó | (sakjé) | sažéňa | neck |
| katat | katadwa | katadwó | katadjé | katadéňa | teacher, master |
