Ɫɑccekkɔmɔ lùk

To Be Continued... Zju is still working on this article. The contents are incomplete and likely to undergo changes.

Closely related varieties are spoken on the islands to the north and on Tuysàfa south-central peninsula.

Ɫɑccekkɔmɔ lùk [ɫɑt̅ʃːekːɔmɔ luː˥˩k]
Period	0 YP
Spoken in	Domemmon peninsula
Total speakers
Writing system
Classification	Leic
Typology
Basic word order	VSO
Morphology	fusional
Alignment	NOM-ACC
Credits
Created by	Zju

Phonology

Consonants

	labial	dental	post-alveolar	velar
nasal	/m/	/n/		/ŋ/
voiceless stop	/p/	/t/	/t̅ʃ/ ‹c›	/k/
voiced stop	/b/	/d/	/d̅ʒ/ ‹cg›	/g/
voiceless fricative	/f/	/s/	/ʃ/	/x/
voiced fricative	/v/		/ʒ/
liquid		/r/ /ɾ/ /l/	/j/	/ɫ/

All consonants can be geminated. Geminated ɾ is r. Geminated cg is ccg. There are no other consonant clusters, except for the type of stop + liquid in the most recent layer of loanwords. Some speakers substitute cg with c and most do the same with ccg and cc respectively.

Vowels

	front	central	back
close	/i/		/u/
close - mid	/e/		/o/ /ɤ/
open - mid	/ɛ/	/ɐ/ ‹ạ›	/ɔ/
open			/ɑ/

Stress is fixed on first syllable. Two vowels never appear in hiatus. All vowels except for ɛ, ɔ and ɑ have long counterparts. Long vowels - and only long vowels - carry one of three tones: rising ó, even ō and falling ò.

Synchronic sound changes

Some sound changes occur when adding affixes.

Consonant gradation

When a prefix is added, it changes the initial cosnonant and there are several patterns of change. Which one is it depends on the prefix, and this is shown with a letter when the prefix is presented. If there is no letter, then the gradation pattern is the second one, which is default. The gradation patterns are mostly named after the gradation of t.

For some consonants more than one gradation pattern is possible, which is marked with superscript in the table - the choice depends on the individual word and is written in the dictionary entry with the corresponding number.

The choice between the two variants of S gradation depends on other factors.

word initial	(def)	T	T n	N	L	S
p	p	pp	pp	mm	vv	vv / v
t	t	tt	tt	nn	ll	ss / s
c	c	cc	cc	nn¹ / jj²	ll	ʃʃ / ʃ
k	k	kk	kk	ŋŋ	ɫɫ	xx / x
b	m	bb	mm	mm	vv	vv / v
d	n	dd	nn	nn	ll	r
cg	n	ccg	nn	nn	ll	ʒʒ / ʒ
g	ŋ	kk	kk	ŋŋ	ɫɫ	ɫɫ / ɫ
m	m	pp	pp	mm	vv	vv / v
n¹	n	tt	tt	nn	ll	ss / s
n²	n	cc	cc	nn	ll	ʃʃ / ʃ
f	f	pp	pp	mm	vv	ff / f
s	s	tt	tt	nn	ll	ss / s
ʃ	ʃ	cc	cc	nn	ll	ʃʃ / ʃ
x	x	kk	kk	ŋŋ	ɫɫ	xx / x
v	v	bb	mm	mm	vv	vv / v
ʒ	ʒ	ccg	nn	nn	ll	ʒʒ / ʒ
ɾ	ɾ	tt	tt	nn	r	r
l	l	tt	tt	nn	ll	ss / s
j¹²	n¹ / j²	jj	nn¹ / jj²	nn¹ / jj²	ll	ʒʒ / ʒ
j³	j	cc	cc	jj	ll	ʃʃ / ʃ
ɫ¹	ŋ	ɫɫ	ŋŋ	ŋŋ	ɫɫ	ɫɫ / ɫ
ɫ²	ɫ	kk	kk	ŋŋ	ɫɫ	xx / x

Suffix allophony

Some suffixes which begin with a consonant upon adding to a consonant final word undergo consonant gradation just like stem initial consonants. In this case, the morpheme before the newly added suffix determines the type of the gradation and if it ends in a consonant, drops it. This type of change is mostly found in verbal morphology.

Some other suffixes just lose their initial consonant to the word's final consonant, which geminates.

Tone variation

Rising and falling tones vary between each other - which one of them is used depends solely on the last morpheme. Morphemes are two types - rising tone morphemes and falling tone morphemes. The latter are majority so the former are explicitly marked with +. All changing tones have to be either rising or falling.

Even tones are neutral and do not take part in tone harmony.

Fleet ŋ

In both nominal and verbal morphology some word final ŋ's drop whenever another suffix is added. There's no rule which ŋ's are fleet and which are not, so they have to be learned for every specific case.

Dissimilative denasalisation

Sequences of more than two nasals in a row a prohibited by the following denasalisation rule:

X V N V X → X V D V X

where

• N is a nasal.
• D is the corresponding voiced plosive.
• V is a vowel.
• X is either a nasal, a denasalised nasal or a voiced plosive, but at least one of the two has to be a nasal or a denasalised nasal.

The rule operates for as long as possible, so the sequence NNNNNND would become NDDDDDD. The rules applies for single and geminated consonants alike.

Pronouns

1st and 2nd person nominative

	Singular	Plural
1st excl	ɫạ̀ɫ	ɫạ̀ɾ
1st incl	-	lɛleŋ
2nd	ɫò	bɔŋɑ

3rd person

	NOM	ACC	OBL
H	bɔ	bɔŋ
A	ɫɑni	ɫɤ	ɫɑŋ
I	tɛni	tɛŋ
P	ɫɑ	N or O	ɫɑŋ
Id	nɑ		nɑŋ

Interrogative
which, what

	NOM	ACC	OBL
H	ɫom	ɫomɔŋ
A	ɫoŋ	ɫɤ̀ɫ	ɫɤ́ɫɑŋ
I		ɫɤ̀tɛŋ	ɫɤ́tɛŋ
P	ɫɑŋɑ	N or O	ɫɑŋɑŋ
I	ɫɤ̀n		ɫɤ́nɑŋ

Alternative
other, another

	NOM	ACC	OBL
H	dɔm	dɔmɔŋ
A	dɔŋ	dạ̀ɫ	dạ́ɫɑŋ
I		dạ̀tɛŋ	dạ́tɛŋ
P	dɑŋɑ	N or O	dɑŋɑŋ
I	dạ̀n		dạ́nɑŋ

Elective
any, whichever, whoever

	NOM	ACC	OBL
H	lèvɔŋom	lévɔŋobɔŋ
A	lèvɔŋoŋ	lèvɔŋɤ̀ɫ	lévɔŋɤ́ɫɑŋ
I		lèvɔŋɤ̀tɛŋ	lévɔŋɤ́tɛŋ
P	lèvɔŋạŋɑ	N or O	lévɔŋạgɑŋ
I	lèvɔŋɤ̀n		lévɔŋɤ́dɑŋ

Indefinite
some, someone, something

	NOM	ACC	OBL
H	bòs	bɔn
A	ɫɤ̀ʒʒi	ɫɤ̀s	ɫɑn
I	tɛjje	tɛm	tɛn
P	ɫạ̀t	N or O	ɫɑn
I	nạ̀s		nɑn

Specific interrogative
which one out of a set

	NOM	ACC	OBL
H	ɫomɔs	ɫomɔn
A	ɫɤ̀ɫɤʒi	ɫɤ̀ɫɤs	ɫɤ̀ɫɑn
I	ɫɤ̀tɛjje	ɫɤ̀tɛm	ɫɤ̀tɛn
P	ɫɑŋɑt	N or O	ɫɑŋɑn
I	ɫɤ̀nɑs		ɫɤ̀nɑn

Collective
every, all

	NOM	ACC	OBL
H	lèvɔmòs	lèvɔmɔn
A	lèvɔɫɤ̀ʒʒi	lèvɔɫɤ̀s	lèvɔɫɑn
I	lèvɔtɛjje	lèvɔtɛm	lèvɔtɛn
P	lɛŋɑ	N or O	lɛŋɑŋ
I	lɛn		lɛnɑŋ

Negative
no, none

	NOM	ACC	OBL
H	momòs	mobɔn
A	muɫɤ̀ʒi	muɫɤ̀s	muɫɑn
I	mutɛjje	mutɛm	mutɛn
P	moŋɑ	N or O	mogɑŋ
I	mùn		múdɑŋ

Demonstrative
this, this one

	NOM	ACC	OBL
H	lemòs	lemɔn
A	leɫɤ̀ʒʒi	leɫɤ̀s	leɫɑn
I	letɛjje	letɛm	letɛn
P	leŋạ̀t	N or O	leŋɑn
I	lenạ̀s		lenɑn

The numeral one
1

	NOM	ACC	OBL
H	mòvɔ	móvɔŋ
A	mòʒi	mòxɤ	móxɑŋ
I		mòsɛŋ	mósɛŋ

Distributive
each

	NOM	ACC	OBL
H	lèvɔmòvɔ	lévɔmóvɔŋ
A	lèvɔmòʒi	lèvɔmòxɤ	lévɔmóxɑŋ
I		lèvɔmòsɛŋ	lévɔmósɛŋ

Negative elective
not any, not even one

	NOM	ACC	OBL
H	mumòvɔ	mumóvɔŋ
A	mumòʒi	mumòxɤ	mumóxɑŋ
I		mumòsɛŋ	mumósɛŋ

The demonstrative pronouns are formed by replacing le- with:

le- - this one here

vile- - that one there, visible to the speaker

kạ̀nne- - that one yonder, out of the sight of the speaker

Nouns

Class

There are two classes in the verbal morphology and three classes in the nominal.

Nominal morphology	Verbal morphology
human H	human H
animate A inanimate I	non human N

The class is a semantic rather than lexical division - words occasionally can change their class.

-Pets are usually H class.

-Human can be referred to pejoratively in A class.

-Most plants are A class.

-Trees are A class and their fruits and lumber are I class, with all three using a single word.

-Some natural forces, especially those which move, can be used in A class to emphasize their nature.

-Gasses - air, smoke, steam - are infact usually used in A class.

Nevertheless, the usual class of a word is given in its word entry.

The class distinction is maintained only in singular, in plural and indefinite all three classes are merged.

Number

There are three numbers - singular, plural and indefinite. Indefinite number is used to:

-Specify an indefinite and inexact number of objects - in this usage it contrasts with the plural, which, if used, denotes that the number of objects is known or somehow can be inferred. In this case it's best translated by the word 'some'.

-Extending the above usage, it could even stand for the number one, if the speaker isn't sure if there is one or more isntances of the object in question (paucal indefinite).

-It's used after some quantifiers, but not usually after numbers, where plural is used (and singular after the numeral one).

-When used after number it denotes an approximate quantity: 8 ID.bird 'around eight birds'

Not all nouns however can be used in indefinite number. Those which don't have the indefinite are always used in plural in the cases indefinite would be used. Nouns that can be used in indefinite are:

-Most of the nouns in I class.

-None of the nouns in H class.

-Most fish, trees and birds.

-Cattle, herd and pack animals.

-Mass nouns.

-Bees, wasps, ants and some other insects.

-And in general, all animals that live in large groups.

-The usage can be extended to crowds expressing pejorative connotations.

Mass nouns are almost never used in plural. Instead, they are used in:

-Singular when talking in general.

-Singular to denote lesser quantities and indefinite to denote greater quantities.

-In singular after the numeral one to denote one instance/grain/drop/cup/pair/whatever of the noun.

Case

The cases are:

• H class nouns singular: nominative(direct), oblique(+accusative), connegative, allative, locative, ablative, vocative
• H class nouns plural: nominative(direct), oblique(+accusative), connegative, allative, locative, ablative, vocative

• N class nouns singular: nominative, accusative(direct), oblique, connegative, allative, locative, ablative, vocative
• N class nouns plural&indefinite: direct (nominative+accusative), oblique, connegative, allative, locative, ablative, vocative

The basic, underived caseform of nouns is sometimes called direct case. The only differences between noun classes in plural is that H class nouns use O for accusative, whereas N class nouns use D instead.

Oblique case

Its main uses are:

• serving as accusative for H class nouns singular and plural.
• to denote the indirect object (dative case)
• to denote inalienable possession
• it governs most adpositions
• it's used for all direct objects of perfective verbs

Connegative case

It's used to form negative clauses. It replaces the direct (nominative and accusative) case, but the oblique doesn't get replaced.

Declension

Most cases are formed by adding a prefix to the direct case, the least marked form.

	Sg	Id ¹	Pl
Direct	-	nɑ- ²	ɫɑ- T ²
Oblique	bɔ- Tn (H nouns) ɫɑ- Tn (A nouns) tɛ- Tn (I nouns)	nɑ- Tn	ɫɑ- Tn
Connegative	mu- ³	munɑ- ⁴	moŋɑ- T
Allative	lɑ-	lɑnɑ-	lɑŋɑ- T
Locative	bu- ³	bunɑ-	boŋɑ- T
Ablative	lɛ-	lɛnɑ-	lɛŋɑ- T
Vocative	ɛ- nɛ- ɛnɛ-	∅	ɛ ɫɑ- T ɛnɛ ɫɑ- T nɛŋɑ- T (rare)

¹ Only for some A and I nouns.

² Nominative case of A and I nouns merges with direct in indefinite and plural.

Various vocative prefixes have variations in meaning and usage. ɛ and ɛnɛ can also be as stand alone particles, without a noun.

Example

Mountain

	Sg	Id	Pl
Direct	mɔsi	nɑmɔsi	ɫɑppɔsi
Oblique	tɛppɔsi ɫɑppɔsi ¹	nɑppɔsi	ɫɑppɔsi
Connegative	mumɔsi	mudɑmɔsi	moŋɑppɔsi
Allative	lɑmɔsi	lɑnɑmɔsi	lɑŋɑppɔsi
Locative	bumɔsi	bunɑmɔsi	boŋɑppɔsi
Ablative	lɛmɔsi	lɛnɑmɔsi	lɛŋɑppɔsi
Vocative ¹	ɛmɔsi nɛmɔsi ɛnɛmɔsi	∅	ɛ ɫɑppɔsi ɛnɛ ɫɑppɔsi (nɛŋɑppɔsi)

¹ Allowed if the noun is being animated.

Nominative case

A and I class nouns form the nominative from accusative, which is their basic, non derived form. The two most widespread patterns are:

• For nouns ending in a vowel, -ni is added.
• For nouns ending in a consonant, -jje- is infixed before the last consonant.

However, there are many subrules as to how to form the nominative for both stems.

Vowel stems:

• Word final -ɤ -i -u are raised to -ạ -e -o before -ni.
• Sometimes the suffix -jje is used instead.
• Words ending in a long even vowel generally use the suffix -cgi, often changing the last stem consonant.

Consonant stems:

• Some of the nouns end in a fleet ŋ. Therefore they drop it and add -ni.
• There are many infixes which are used, -jje- being the most common one. Nouns ending in a fricative usually use -ʒi- and those ending in ɫ usually use -lli-.
• A number of nouns ending in -f however use the infix -lli- as well.
• Some other infixes are for example -ʒʒi- and -ri-.
• Sometimes the non standard infixes change the quality of the preceding vowel.

In general, all words in nominative change any rising vowels to falling.

All irregular nominative forms are given in the lexicon. Regular nominatives are considered:

• Those formed using -ni after a vowel, changing its quality or not, but not those formed from nouns that have fleet ŋ.
• Those formed using the infix -jje-.
• Those formed using the infix -lli- formed from nouns ending in -ɫ.
• Those formed using the infix -ʒi- formed from nouns ending in fricatives other than -f.
• Any changes to vowels caused by infixes are considered irregular.

Verbs

Verbs have four principal forms:

• imperfective participle
• 3rd person non-human class singular present tense imperfective
• perfective participle
• 3rd person non-human class singular present tense perfective

They usually have the same root and there is a good number of rules of thumb to form them, but none is completely predictable from any other.
Verbs conjugate for person, number, class, tense, aspect, mood and optionally for negation. Imperfective verbs also have polypersonal agreement.

Negation

Negative clauses are formed in this way:

• Direct case (nom & acc) is replaced by connegative
• Oblique case is never replaced
• If there is no direct object in connegative (for whatever reason), the verb takes a negative ending, or a negative variant of its usual ending
• Personal pronouns do not have connegative case and never switch case. Indefinite pronouns are replaced with corresponding negative pronouns, e.g. somewhere → nowhere.

Core arguments

Imperfective verbs

N class object

	Subject	Object
Positive	N	A
Negative	Cn	Cn

H class object

	Subject	Object
Positive	N	O
Negative	Cn	O

Perfective verbs

	Subject	Object
Positive	N	O
Negative	Cn	O

Imperfective verbs

Morpheme structure:

	Preverb	STEM	Postverb	Postverbal object	Negation
Intransitive	SUBJ(class, person, number)		SUBJ(class, number).TENSE	∅	NEG
Definite object	SUBJ(class, person, number).OBJ(class, person, number)		SUBJ(class, number).TENSE	∅	NEG
Indefinite object	SUBJ(class, person, number)		SUBJ(class, number).TENSE	OBJ(class, person, number)	NEG

Definiteness is marked only on the verb when it is imperfective. The only affix, which is not obligatory, is the negation suffix.

Thematic vowel

All verbs have a thematic vowel. It is mostly invariable, but there are some changes before a few endings. Some irregular verbs exhibit thematic vowel changes across all of their paradigm. If it is long in the second principal form, length also varies. Any vowel can be thematic.

Some verbs lose their thematic vowel altogether in perfective aspect - this loss is quite widespread and somewhat irregular. In another subset of verbs the last stem consonant is lost or changed as well.

Intransitive preverb

	Sg	Pl	Id
1 ex	li-, le-	le- T n
1 in		gɑle- T n
2	gɑ- S	gɑ- T
3 H	bɔ-	ɫɑ- T	nɑ-
3 N	je-
Generic	mo-

le- is used when the initial root consonant changes, li- is used otherwise.
The same set of endings is used for indefinite object imperfective verbs.

Definite object preverb

Subj / Obj	1 sg	1 pl exc	1 pl inc	2 sg	2 pl	3 H	3 N	3 pl	3 id	same subj and obj
1 sg	-	lile- T n	linne- T n	liŋɑ- S	linne- T n	li- T	li- N	leŋɑ- T	li- N	lenɛ- L
1 pl exc	-	-	-	lekkɑ- S	lekkạ̀- T n	lemmɔ-	lettɛ-	leŋŋɑ- T	lettɑ-	lennɛ- L
1 pl inc	-	-	-	gɑlekkɑ- S	gɑlekkạ̀- T n	gɑlemmɔ-	gɑlettɛ-	gɑleŋŋɑ- T	gɑlettɑ-	gɑlennɛ- L
2 sg	gɑssi-	gɑsse- T n	gɑffù- T n	-	-	gɑvvɔ-	gɑssɛ-	gɑɫɫɑ- T	gɑssɑ-	gɑʒʒɛ- L
2 pl	gɑtti-	gɑtte- T n	gɑppù- T n	-	-	gɑbbɔ-	gɑttɛ-	gɑɫɫɑ- T	gɑttɑ-	gɑjjɛ- L
3 H	bɔ- L	bɔle- T n	bɔnne- T n	bɔŋɑ- S	bɔnne- T n	bɔ- T	bɔ- N	bɔŋɑ- T	bɔ- N	bɔnɛ- L
3 N	je- L	jele- T n	jenne- T n	jeŋɑ- S	jenne- T n	je- T	je- N	jeŋɑ- T	je- N	jenɛ- L
3 pl	ɫɑtti-	ɫɑtte- T n	ɫɑppù- T n	ɫɑkkɑ- S	ɫɑkkạ̀- T n	ɫɑbbɔ-	ɫɑttɛ-	ɫɑɫɫɑ- T	ɫɑttɑ-	ɫɑjjɛ- L
3 id	nɑ- L	nɑle- T n	nɑnne- T n	nɑŋɑ- S	nɑnne- T n	nɑ- T	nɑ- N	nɑŋɑ- T	nɑ- N	nɑnɛ- L
generic	mo- L	mole- T n	monne- T n	moŋɑ- S	monne- T n	mo- T	mo- N	moŋɑ- T	mo- N	monɛ- L

gɑssi-, gɑtti- and ɫɑtti- become gɑsse-, gɑtte-, ɫɑtte- when the first root consonant changes.

Postverb

	Present tense	Past tense	Future tense
H class ¹	-ŋ	-veŋ	-meŋ
N class ²	-ɫ S, -f S	-f S, -vif S	-m N, -mif S
Plural & Indefinite	-∅ T +	-vi T +	-mi T +

¹ All instances of ŋ are fleet.

² Whether the ending is -ɫ or -f depends on the individual verb. ɫ verbs take -f ending in past tense, f verbs take -vif. All verbs take -mif in future tense, however ɫ verbs shorten it to -m if there are no other endings.

Long thematic vowels are shortened and sometimes raised in H class and plural present tense. ɤ u i become ạ o e in H class present.

There are some more changes in past tense. Some verbs that have a nasal before their thematic vowel raise the vowel before the nasal from ɤ u i to ạ o e. Verbs that have v ɫ l before their thematic vowel geminate those consonants to vv ɫɫ ll.

Postverbal object

Consonant gradation applies whenever the last morpheme ends in a consonant other than fleet ŋ.

	Sg	Pl	Id
1 exc	-li	-leŋ +
1 inc		-gɑleŋ
2	-gɑɫ	-gɑ +
3 H	-bɔ	-ɫɑ +	-nɑ
3 N	-tɛŋ
Reflexive	-jɛɫ

Negation

The negative suffix is -m after vowels and fleet ŋ and -mù after consonants. In the later case m never surfaces as it is subject to consonant gradation.

Thematic vowel ablaut patterns

Major patterns are:

• ɑ in both present participles and ò elsewhere.
• i in present tense and ɔ in past and future. (marked as ɔ)
• i in present tense, ɔ in past and u in future. (marked as ɔ u)
• ɤ in present tense plural and u elsewhere. (marked as ɤ)
• ɤ in present imperfective participle, ɤ̀ in present tense plural and ù elsewhere.

Perfective verbs

Morpheme structure: STEM - SUBJ(person, class, number).TENSE.NEG

Some verbs are defective in that they do not distinguish between aspect and conjugate only as perfective verbs.

If the verb stem ends in a vowel(i.e. the 4th principal form does not end in -itạ̀k or -etạ̀k), the endings drop their initial vowel, which causes some syncretism.

Positive endings:

Present tense

	Sg	Pl	Id
1 exc	-itạ̀ŋ	-ettạ́
1 inc		-ɑlettạ́
2	-ɑsạ̀ŋ	-ɑttạ́
3 H	-ɔtạ̀ŋ	-ɑttạ́	-ɑtạ́
3 N	-itạ̀k
Generic	-otạ̀ŋ

Past tense

	Sg	Pl	Id
1 exc	-ipòŋ	-eppó
1 inc		-ɑleppó
2	-ɑfòŋ	-ɑppó
3 H	-ɔpòŋ	-ɑppó	-ɑpó
3 N	-ipòf
Generic	-opòŋ

Future tense

	Sg	Pl	Id
1 exc	-imìŋ	-eppí
1 inc		-ɑleppí
2	-ɑfìŋ	-ɑppí
3 H	-ɔmìŋ	-ɑppí	-ɑmí
3 N	-imìf
Generic	-omìŋ

Negative endings:

Present tense

	Sg	Pl	Id
1 exc	-innạ̀m	-eppạ́m
1 inc		-ɑleppạ́m
2	-ɑfạ̀m	-ɑppạ́m
3 H	-ɔnnạ̀m	-ɑppạ́m	-ɑnnạ́m
3 N	-innạ̀p
Generic	-onnạ̀m

Past tense

	Sg	Pl	Id
1 exc	-immòm	-eppóm
1 inc		-ɑleppóm
2	-ɑfòm	-ɑppóm
3 H	-ɔmmòm	-ɑppóm	-ɑmmóm
3 N	-immòf
Generic	-ommòm

Future tense

	Sg	Pl	Id
1 exc	-immìm	-eppím
1 inc		-ɑleppím
2	-ɑfìm	-ɑppím
3 H	-ɔmmìm	-ɑppím	-ɑmmím
3 N	-immìf
Generic	-ommìm

Passive mood

Imperfective verbs form the passive mood by changing the postverb to N class for H class subjects and to H class otherwise.

Perfective verbs form the passive by adding another suffix immediately after the stem.

Copula

The copula inflects for tense and subject's person, number and class. To form negative clauses with the copula, a suppletive form is used and only the predicate changes its case to connegative.

Present

	Sg	Pl	Id
1 ex	lèŋ	lettạ́
1 in		gɑlettạ́
2	gɑssòŋ	gɑttạ́
3 H	bòŋ	ɫɑttạ́	nɑtạ́
3 N	jèk
Generic	motòŋ

Past

	Sg	Pl	Id
1 ex	lìŋ	leppó
1 in		gɑleppó
2	gɑffèŋ	gɑppó
3 H	bèŋ	ɫɑppó	nɑpó
3 N	jèf
Generic	mopèŋ

Future

	Sg	Pl	Id
1 ex	limìŋ	leppé
1 in		gɑleppé
2	gɑffìŋ	gɑppé
3 H	bɔmìŋ	ɫɑppé	nɑmé
3 N	mìf
Generic	mobìŋ

Negative present

	Sg	Pl	Id
1 ex	linnòm	leppạ́m
1 in		gɑleppạ́m
2	gɑffòm	gɑppạ́m
3 H	bɔnnòm	ɫɑppạ́m	nɑddạ́m
3 N	jennạ̀p
Generic	moddòm

Negative past

	Sg	Pl	Id
1 ex	limmèm	leppóm
1 in		gɑleppóm
2	gɑffèm	gɑppóm
3 H	bɔmmèm	ɫɑppóm	nɑbbóm
3 N	jemmòf
Generic	mobbèm

Negative future

	Sg	Pl	Id
1 ex	limmìm	leppém
1 in		gɑleppém
2	gɑffìm	gɑppém
3 H	bɔmmìm	ɫɑppém	nɑbbém
3 N	jemmìf
Generic	mobbìm

Syntax

Word order is VSO. The verb starts the sentence in most cases. The focused word or noun phrase, if present, comes before the verb. The verb can also be preceeded by the particle bòɫ, which adds mediopassive meaning - doing something for oneself or to oneself.

Numerals

1.	mòsɛŋ¹	11.	cemɛm	10.	cem
2.	lɛ	12.	cemɛɫ	20.	lɛcem
3.	pɛŋ	13.	cemɛpɛŋ	30.	pɛjem
4.	dạ̀s	14.	cemɛnɑs	40.	dɑʃʃem
5.	dòm	15.	cemɛdɔm	50.	dɔjjem
6.	dạ̀ɫ	16.	cemɛnɑɫ	60.	dɑllem
7.	dòffɛŋ	17.	cemɛnɔfɛŋ	70.	dɔffɛjem
8.	lɛnạ̀ɫ	18.	cemɛlɛnɑɫ	80.	lɛnɑllem
9.	lɛnòfɛŋ	19.	cemɛlɛnɔfɛŋ	90.	lɛnɔfɛjem
10.	cem	20.	lɛcem	100.	lìleŋ

¹ Mòsɛŋ is the default word used for counting. For humans mòvɔ is used and for animals - mòxɤ. All these forms further decline in case.

Derivational morphology

Ɫɑccekkɔmɔ lùk uses prefixes as well as suffixes to derive new words from existing ones. Suffixes usually have two allomorphs - one used after consonant and one used after vowels. Derivational prefixes trigger consonant gradation just like inflectional ones.

Lexicon

Ɫɑccekkɔmɔ lùk/Lexicon