User:Pole, the/preę

Pre-Numəsūr is the reconstructed precedessor of Numəsūr, spoken around -500 ÷ 0 YP.

Phonology

Consonants
*m	*n
	*t	*k
	*th	*kh
		*x [ɣ]
	*l

Vowels
*i		*u
*ia		*ua
	*a

The syllable structure is CV(X), with X = {*n *x *l}

Uncertain reconstructions are written as follows:

• *ï = *i ~ *u
• *mä = *ma ~ *mua
• *nä = *na ~ *nia
• *tä = *ta ~ *kia
• *kä = *ka ~ *tua
• *thä = *tha ~ *khia
• *khä = *kha ~ *thua
• *xä = *xa ~ *xua
• *lä = *la ~ *lua

Sound changes

1. /n t tʰ/ become retroflexive [ɳ ʈ ʈʰ] before /u/.
2. /k kʰ/ become labialized [kʷ kʰʷ] before /u/.
3. /k kʰ ɣ/ become palatalized [kʲ kʰʲ ɣʲ] before /i/.
4. /l/ becomes velarized [ɫ] everywhere except before /i/.
5. [ɳ ʈ ʈʰ] shift towards [ŋ k kʰ].
6. [kʷ kʰʷ] become /p pʰ/.
7. [kʲ kʰʲ ɣʲ] become /ts tsʰ z/.
8. /pʰ tʰ tsʰ kʰ/ change to /f θ s x/.
9. [ɫ z ɣ] turn into /w r j/.
10. /m t θ/ become [ɲ c ç] before /i/.
11. /ts θ/ merge with /t s/.
12. /ia ua/ become /a/.
13. /i u/ merge to /ə/.

Reconstructed roots

• *mäx 1st person
• *täl 2nd person
• *nuan 2nd person plural
• *ïx 3rd person
• *nin plural marker
• *thä demonstrative
• *nix "and"
• *län "or"
• *tux "not"

• *axxi ablative
• *ïxki dative
• *luthu locative
• *axlu essive
• *näx translative
• *atu comitative

• *-an male honorific
• *-ïmi female honorific
• *-ax augmentative
• *-ïl strong augmentative
• *-ati diminutive
• *-thiati strong diminutive
• *-ïtu derogatory
• *-alxi strong derogatory

• *käx "1"
• *khäl "2" (*käx-nix-khäl → *känxäl "3")
• *lil "4"
• *mux "hand", "5"
• *thi "6" (*käx-nix-thi → *känthi "7")
• *läx "8"
• *mä "10" (*mä-ati → mäti "9")
• *khix "100"

• *khualni "human"
• *täxu "male"
• *xälxi "female"
• *khuax "house"
• *lännix "forest"
• *khil "mouth"
• *khinxi "ancestor"
• *xiaku "water"
• *kun "name"

• *ï "to be"
• *thäl "to go"
• *khili "to see"
• *xiamu "to give"
• *nuax "to take"
• *kutux "to love"
• *nualxi "to know"
• *liathu "to be good"
• *muxxia "to be free"