User:Pole, the/preę

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Pre-Numəsūr is the reconstructed precedessor of Numəsūr, spoken around -500 ÷ 0 YP.

Phonology

Consonants
*m *n
*t *k
*th *kh
*x [ɣ]
*l


Vowels
*i *u
*ia *ua
*a


The syllable structure is CV(X), with X = {*n *x *l}


Uncertain reconstructions are written as follows:

  • = *i ~ *u
  • *mä = *ma ~ *mua
  • *nä = *na ~ *nia
  • *tä = *ta ~ *kia
  • *kä = *ka ~ *tua
  • *thä = *tha ~ *khia
  • *khä = *kha ~ *thua
  • *xä = *xa ~ *xua
  • *lä = *la ~ *lua

Sound changes

  1. /n t tʰ/ become retroflexive [ɳ ʈ ʈʰ] before /u/.
  2. /k kʰ/ become labialized [kʷ kʰʷ] before /u/.
  3. /k kʰ ɣ/ become palatalized [kʲ kʰʲ ɣʲ] before /i/.
  4. /l/ becomes velarized [ɫ] everywhere except before /i/.
  5. [ɳ ʈ ʈʰ] shift towards [ŋ k kʰ].
  6. [kʷ kʰʷ] become /p pʰ/.
  7. [kʲ kʰʲ ɣʲ] become /ts tsʰ z/.
  8. /pʰ tʰ tsʰ kʰ/ change to /f θ s x/.
  9. [ɫ z ɣ] turn into /w r j/.
  10. /m t θ/ become [ɲ c ç] before /i/.
  11. /ts θ/ merge with /t s/.
  12. /ia ua/ become /a/.
  13. /i u/ merge to /ə/.


Reconstructed roots

  • *mäx 1st person
  • *täl 2nd person
  • *nuan 2nd person plural
  • *ïx 3rd person
  • *nin plural marker
  • *thä demonstrative
  • *nix "and"
  • *län "or"
  • *tux "not"


  • *axxi ablative
  • *ïxki dative
  • *luthu locative
  • *axlu essive
  • *näx translative
  • *atu comitative


  • *-an male honorific
  • *-ïmi female honorific
  • *-ax augmentative
  • *-ïl strong augmentative
  • *-ati diminutive
  • *-thiati strong diminutive
  • *-ïtu derogatory
  • *-alxi strong derogatory


  • *käx "1"
  • *khäl "2" (*käx-nix-khäl*känxäl "3")
  • *lil "4"
  • *mux "hand", "5"
  • *thi "6" (*käx-nix-thi*känthi "7")
  • *läx "8"
  • *mä "10" (*mä-atimäti "9")
  • *khix "100"


  • *khualni "human"
  • *täxu "male"
  • *xälxi "female"
  • *khuax "house"
  • *lännix "forest"
  • *khil "mouth"
  • *khinxi "ancestor"
  • *xiaku "water"
  • *kun "name"


  • "to be"
  • *thäl "to go"
  • *khili "to see"
  • *xiamu "to give"
  • *nuax "to take"
  • *kutux "to love"
  • *nualxi "to know"
  • *liathu "to be good"
  • *muxxia "to be free"