User:Pole, the/Donut
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Phonology
| Consonants | labial | dental | alveolar | palatal | velar | uvular | glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nasal | /m/ | /n/ | |||||
| fortis stop | /p/ | /t/ | /ts/ ‹c› | /k/ | /q/ | [ʔ] ‹’› | |
| lenis stop | /b/ | /d/ | |||||
| fortis fricative | /f/ | /s/ | /x/ | /χ/ ‹ħ› | /h/ | ||
| lenis fricative | /v/ | /z/ | /ɣ/ ‹g› | ||||
| sonoric | /l/ | /j/ ‹y› | /w/ | /ʁ/ ‹r› |
Notes:
- [ʔ] appears epenthetically between a consonant or vowel and zero onset, it could be analyzed as a phoneme on its own.
| Vowels | front | central | back ur. | back r. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| close | /i/ | /ɨ/ ‹ı› | /u/ | |
| mid-close | /e/ | /ɘ/ ‹ə› | /o/ | |
| open | /a/ | /ɑ/ ‹ʌ› |
Notes:
- /i e ɨ ɘ u o/ are lowered to [ɪ ɛ ə ɜ ʊ ɔ] adjacent to uvulars.
- Some dialects merɡe /ɘ ɑ/ to /ʌ/.
Syllables of type (C)V(C) are permitted — CV(C) if /ʔ/ is analyzed as a phoneme.
Morphology
Example declensions:
| Nom. | ʌp man |
ʌpʌn men |
|---|---|---|
| Gen. | ʌpvan | ʌpnan |
| Dat. | ʌpʌl | ʌpnʌl |
| Ins. | zʌ’ʌp | zʌpʌn |
| Loc. | ʌpob | ʌpnob |
| Voc. | ʌpe | ʌpne |
| Nom. | med light |
meden lights |
|---|---|---|
| Gen. | medvan | mednan |
| Dat. | medel | mednʌl |
| Ins. | zʌmed | zʌmden |
| Loc. | medıb | mednob |
| Voc. | medi | medne |