User:Pole, the/Cake

Cakelang, natively Kpijah, is a language derived from Proto-A.

Phonology

Sound changes

Initial allophony

• ʈ ʈʼ ʂ ɭ → ʈʷ ʈʼʷ ʂʷ ɽ
• cʷ cʼʷ çʷ → c cʼ ç

Ejective shift and devoicinɡ

• t ʈʷ → d ɖʷ / except ʔ_
• tʼ ʈʼʷ → t ʈʷ
• kʼ kʼʷ → qʼ qʼʷ
• s ʂʷ → t ʈʷ / ʔ_
• ç h → cʼ qʼ / ʔ_
• n ŋ ŋʷ → t qʼ qʼʷ / ʔ_
• l ɽ j w → s ʂʷ ç h / ʔ_

Labialization

• ɖʷ ʈʷ ʂʷ → ɖ͡b ʈ͡p ʂ͡ɸ → p b ɸ
• kʷ qʼʷ → k͡p q͡pʼ
• ŋʷ → ŋ͡m → m

Intervocalic voicing

• ɸ s ç → β z j / V_V

Depalatalization

• c cʼ ç → t͡ʃ t͡ʃʼ ʃ → t͡ʂ t͡ʂʼ ʂ

Deglottalization

• t͡ʂʼ qʼ q͡pʼ → t͡sˤ qˤ q͡pˤ
• t͡ʂ t͡ʂˤ → t͡s t͡ʂ

Prosodic changes

• ʔ → ∅ / except in “strong” positions, i.e. CVː_# and CVːCV(ː)CV_#
• Vː → V

Resyllabification and umlaut

• CVCV → CVCV$ / primarily _#, then #_ and CVCV$_
• u → y / C_Ci$
• i → y / C_Cu$
• i u a → e o ɑˤ / C_Ca$
• V → ∅ / CVC_$
• Vʔ → V[+long] / _$

Final allophony

• ɽ → r
• ɸ → f
• {w β} → v
• a → æ

Consonants

	Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Velar		Uvular		Glottal
Nasal	m	n		ŋ
Stop	p	t		k	k͡p	qˤ	q͡pˤ	ʔ
	b	d
Affricate		t͡s	t͡ʂ
Fricative	f	s	ʂ					h
	v	z
Semivowel		l r		j	w

• /t͡s t͡ʂ ʂ ŋ ʔ/ are written ‹c ch sh g ’›
• /t͡s.h k.p qˤ.p s.h/ are written ‹c’h k’p q’p s’h›
• /ʔ/ is not written when word-initial
• /t͡s t͡ʂ k k͡p qˤ q͡pˤ/ are voiced to [dz dʐ ɡ ɡb ɢˤ ɢbˤ] when adjacent to /b d v z/

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	y	u
Mid	e	ə	o
Open	æ		ɑˤ

• /æ/ is written ‹a›
• /ə ɑˤ/ are written ‹ə ạ› or ‹è à› in the practical orthography
• vowels can be long – written ‹ī ȳ ū ē ə̄ ō ā ạ̄› or ‹í ý ú é ê ó á â› in the practical orthography

Syllable

• the structure is CV(C)
• any consonant can appear in onset
• any consonant except /ʔ/ can appear in coda
• long vowels are permitted only in open syllables

Numerals

Cardinal numerals

1.	nā	13.	nācạn
2.	bav	14.	bavcạn	24.	baven
3.	el	15.	elcạn	36.	ilạn
4.	rə	16.	rəcạn	48.	rən
5.	cəz	17.	cəzcạn	60.	cəzen
6.	shə	18.	shəcạn	72.	shən
7.	kpū	19.	kpūcạn	84.	kpu’on
8.	du	20.	ducạn	96.	don
9.	fə̄	21.	fə̄cạn	108.	fə’on
10.	bych	22.	bychcạn	120.	buchen
11.	napnā	23.	napnācạn	132.	napna’en
12.	na’en			144.	wog
				1728.	shik

Ordinal numerals

Ordinal numerals are made by adding qpu-. The prefix forces:

• initial vowels in short open syllables to elide, e.g. qpu- + du → qpud
• initial f s sh to lenite to v z j, e.g. qpu- + shən → qpujən

Also, the prefix mutates itself in cases of:

• 12. qpon
• 24. qpobven
• 36. qpȳlạn

Compound numerals

Compound numerals are made by infix -c- or -ca- after consonants and long vowels. The lower order numerals are placed first (e.g. 50 bavcarən = 2 bav + 48 rən).

The same alternations happen like for qpu-, however the vowels are elided only after -ca-, e.g. du + -c- + fə’on → ducvə’on; fə̄ + -ca- + fə’on → fə̄cav’on.

Again, there are a few irregularities:

• 12. -cạn (as seen above)
• 24. -cạbven ~ -cbaven
• 36. -cālạn ~ -c’ilạn

Vocabulary

• a — to scream;
• ah — fire;
• alzuw — reverse;
• as — warm;
• at — thunder;
• ạqp — stupid;
• bav — 2;
• baven — 24;
• bəwə̄ — dot;
• bijəkp — to shine;
• bik — dry;
• bub — father, uncle;
• bubukp — grandfather;
• bych — 10;
• byf — to force;
• byr — to happen;
• ca — wet soil;
• caj — to have child;
• cap — neck;
• cec — to have sex;
• cekp — fruit;
• ceqp — old;
• cəz — 5;
• cə̄ — honey;
• cha’ak — to plant;
• chak — to grow;
• chaknabik — dry season;
• chaknakum — wet season;
• chạ̄kug — trowel;
• chəj — buttock;
• chud — green;
• chyn — to eat;
• chyt — to feed;
• ciqpen — elder;
• cuj — man;
• cyj — morning;
• dal — house;
• dalah — village;
• dəkp — hill;
• dəwil — cat;
• də̄ — white;
• diw — sky;
• dow — yellow;
• du — 8;
• duchạm — late;
• duhuq — to exile;
• duq — to wander;
• dyl — wind;
• dyp — chin;
• el — 3;
• ə — high, tall;
• əd — left side;
• əgā — to hum;
• əzlit — metal;
• ə̄ — sick;
• fach — shoulder;
• fəj — to sing;
• fə̄ — 9;
• fi’ib — to bury;
• fib — to sleep;
• ga — place;
• gaqp — mountain;
• gā — difficult;
• gạtcha’ak — garden;
• gạtmad — hearth;
• gạz — idea;
• gəq — private;
• gul — to be able;
• gyz — hot;
• haj — sweet;
• hə — cold;
• həj — river;
• hik — to sweat;
• ih — to shrink sth down;
• ikp — human;
• ī — to shrink;
• īwu’yw — to attract;
• jamā — to bend;
• jap — thigh;
• jaqpā — to bend sth;
• jaw — to jump;
• jạq — nose;
• jạz — joint;
• jə — no;
• jət — vagina;
• jug — a hair;
• jugah — hair;
• juz — seed;
• kab — tongue;
• kabav — to lick;
• kaj — eye;
• kajav — to look at;
• kapaz — to brew;
• kashav — to show;
• kav — brother-in-law;
• kavaz — to ferment;
• kạn — afternoon;
• kạvzaq — alcohol;
• kəch — to kill;
• kəchgav — to hunt;
• kəchgencạv — to plow;
• kəchginạc — plow;
• kəchyg — spear;
• kəj — to die;
• kər — black;
• kic — finger, toe;
• koch — grassy field;
• koq — husband;
• kpa — head;
• kpagaqp — top;
• kpạq — year;
• kpạ̄ — red;
• kpən — also;
• kpə̄ — to list;
• kpijah — language;
• kpiqp — new, young;
• kpob — son;
• kpoh — forest;
• kpu — tree;
• kpud — to break;
• kpudaq — to be defective;
• kpuhut — to give birth;
• kpukpob — grandson;
• kput — to be born;
• kpū — 7;
• kpyj — name;
• kpyk — house spirit;
• ku — to have to do;
• kug — lake;
• kum — if;
• kum — time;
• kuqav — to fish;
• kus — day (24 hours);
• kutạd — rainwater;
• kū — water;
• kyc — foot;
• kykp — to build;
• kyp — boat;
• kyq — hook;
• la — to vomit;
• la’av — leech;
• lah — grass;
• laj — leg;
• lal — moon;
• laqạv — to breastfeed;
• lat — rock;
• lạc — sister, female peer;
• lạq — breast;
• ləg — soft, easy;
• ləw — sunset;
• liməkp — right side;
• limij — sad;
• log — natural;
• lu’ạw — island;
• lugạ̄ — skin;
• lul — steam;
• lū — wet;
• mad — to burn;
• madaq — to be burned up;
• mak — sea;
• mamokp — grandmother;
• mat — to set on fire;
• mạm — mother, aunt;
• məv — to gather;
• məvməv — to harvest;
• mə̄ — dry soil;
• muhaz — average;
• mū — to disobey;
• myq — night;
• myt — lawbreaker;
• na’en — 12;
• nap — to delay;
• napnā — 11;
• naq — front teeth;
• nat — evening;
• nav — to wait;
• nā — 1;
• nācạbven — 25;
• nācạn — 13;
• nə — yes;
• nich — turtle;
• nij — to mind;
• nū — shell;
• nyp — short;
• pac — star;
• pā — dwelling;
• pạk — to know sth;
• pạq — to notice;
• pə — except;
• pirā — to dance;
• pirnā — dancer;
• pok — armpit;
• qa’aj — to chase;
• qaj — to run;
• qan — penis;
• qaqan — citoris;
• qpab — half of the jaws;
• qpā — sharp;
• qpər — dangerous;
• qpər — to invert;
• qpə̄rī — to invert sth;
• qu — to steal;
• quh — to anger;
• rə — 4;
• rəb — to do frequently;
• rəcdon — 100;
• rək — blood;
• ric — wife;
• rif — trick;
• rikp — to not fear;
• rir — to be confused;
• ruk — to cut;
• rukug — knife;
• sa — to protect;
• safā — sand;
• sak — belly;
• satạq — granddaughter;
• sā — watering hole;
• sạd — to rain;
• sạh — fish;
• sạk — cheek;
• sạn — blight;
• sạq — daughter;
• sep — why;
• seq — where;
• seqp — how;
• səj — tepid;
• sək — to hit;
• sət — to urinate;
• sha’akp — to introduce;
• sha’an — to cut down;
• shajạm — grand;
• shajokp — grandfather-in-law;
• shakp — to be familiar with;
• shan — to fall;
• shaq — to punch;
• shā — fur;
• shạj — father-in-law
• shə — 6;
• shə’il — to win;
• shən — rocky soil;
• shət — basin;
• shi — hand;
• shih — to slip up;
• shik — 1728;
• shī — to slide;
• shu — bitter;
• shu — to fit;
• shupā — to bubble;
• shuz — bat;
• sip — how much;
• siq — throat;
• siqum — when;
• sit — what;
• sī — to leak;
• sī’ə̄ — to make holes;
• sul — sun;
• suqp — to reject;
• syqp — who;
• syt — sister-in-law;
• ta — hard;
• tag — to slash;
• tal — burned ground;
• təwan — to beat;
• ti’in — to melt sth;
• toghav — to bite;
• toq — brother, male peer;
• tug — tooth;
• tugah — teeth;
• ujā — mud;
• uq — goiter;
• uwuj — to hide;
• wahạq — to chase into water;
• wā — before;
• wạj — arm;
• wạq — to swim;
• wej — bird;
• win — bee;
• wiw — mother-in-law;
• wog — 144;
• worvī — to hear;
• wurī — ear;
• wywkpī — grandmother-in-law;
• yq — sunrise;
• yr — blue/green;
• yw — to like;
• yw’iwyn — lover;
• yw’yw — to be infatuated with;