User:Basilius/Proto-Isles to Ppãrwak: Vowels (Draft)

VOWELS

A (not part of a diphthong)

The default reflex is a.

Instances of wa can be explained through treatment of an intervocalic –w- as part of diphthong (hápawuq > háppwaqup) and assimilation of the reduplicated syllable (yáyawtziq > cwacwatzep); cf. i > wi.

Nasalized ã is produced by various drifts of nasality (cf. n > q, m > w, m > b, m >p; also assimilation in reduplicates); a bit enigmatic is muypa > muubã 'robe' (found twice, thus hardly a typo).

a > a

hápayi > háppap e 'sun-NOM'; — hápanim > háppani e 'sun-DAT'; — taysaq > ttaasap 'compare'; — tátaysiq > ttattaasep 'compare-IMPF-SENS'; — patiq > battep 'say-TEL-SENS'; — pápatama > babattapã e 'say-IMPF-NOUN-INS' (An erroneous protoform? – should be pápataqma?); — háhapi > hahappe 'shine-IMPF-SENS'; — tiwmaq > ttwimap 'quick'; — *-ma-qas > bãqa 'from (space)'; — *(C)-uys-qas > shiqa 'in (space)'; — *-nim-qas > niqa 'to (space)'; — **tá > -ta '(?) son > (male gender suffix)'; — -a(C) > -a(C) ({-a}-Past); — hápawuq > háppwaqup 'west(-"Genetive"?)'; — táq > ttáp 'so-that'; — sá > sá 'that one'; — dádatuhnim > tatattekipni e 'hit-IMPF-NOUN-DAT'; — datuh > tattuk 'hit'-Past-Telic; — dátuh > táttuk 'hit'-Past-Atelic; — dádatuh > tatattuk 'hit'-Past-Imperf; — datuhpawh > tattukppwak 'hit'-Past-Subj; — datih > tattek 'hit'-Present-Telic; — datuns > tattũk 'hit'-Future-Telic; — ? > táttek 'hit'-Present-Atelic (no actual protoform); — ? > tatattek 'hit'-Present-Imperf (no actual protoform); — ? > tattekppwak 'hit'-Present-Subj (no actual protoform); — ? > táttũk 'hit'-Future-Atelic (no actual protoform); — ? > tatattũk 'hit'-Future-Imperf (no actual protoform); — ? > tattũkppwak 'hit'-Future-Subj (no actual protoform).

a > ã

muypawuys > muubã e 'robe-(ACC)'; — muypama > muubãbã e 'robe-INS'; — yáyayamu > cãcãcãwu 'hard-very-very'; — -ma > -bã (/-Cpã) (Instrumental); — pápatama > babattapã e 'say-IMPF-NOUN-INS' (An erroneous protoform? – should be pápataqma?); — *-ma-qas > bãqa 'from (space)'; — *-ma-quy > bãquu 'from (time)'.

a > wa

hápawuq > háppwaqup 'west(-"Genetive"?)'; — yáyawtziq > cwacwatzep 'wrap-IMPF-SENS'.

(a > aa)

tátaysams > ttaattaasep 'compare-IMPF-PRES' – looks like a typo, cf. tátaysiq > ttattaasep 'compare-IMPF-SENS'.

AY

Uniformly > aa.

ay > aa

taysaq > ttaasap 'compare'; — tátaysiq > ttattaasep 'compare-IMPF-SENS'; — tátaysams > ttaattaasep 'compare-IMPF-PRES'; — tátaysams > ttaattaasep 'compare-IMPF-PRES'; — Tzay > thaa 'Then'; — kaypins > kkáape 'remove-SENS'; — kaypins > kkaappĩ 'remove-TEL-SENS'; — háy > háa 'I'; — -ay(C) > -aa(C) ({-aa}-Past).

AW

The default reflex is wa.

Nasalized wã is produced by n > q; káws > kwã is dubious (a typo for kwá ?)

aw > wa

sawnunh > swanũk 'strong'; — sawnunh > swanuk 'strong' (a typo?); — yáyawtziq > cwacwatzep 'wrap-IMPF-SENS'; — tawsim > ttwase 'go-TEL-SENS'; — tzáwpiq > shwápip 'stick (n.) (-"Genetive"?)'; — -dzaw > -shwa /A(C)-rwa (Benefactive); — namdzaw > nãrwa e 'person-BEN'; — -aw(C) > -wa(C) ({-wa}-Past); — -pawh > -ppwak (Subj.); — datuhpawh > tattukppwak 'hit'-Past-Subj; — gidzanpawh > kishãppwak 'love'-Past-Subj.; — ? > tattekppwak 'hit'-Present-Subj (no actual protoform); — ? > tattũkppwak 'hit'-Future-Subj (no actual protoform); — ? > kireppwak 'love'-Present-Subj (no actual protoform); — ? > kisháppwak 'love'-Future-Subj (no actual protoform).

aw > wã

tzáwnam > shwã́qã 'tree'; — káws > kwã (solidarity-particle).

AN

Uniformly > ã.

an > ã

gidzan > kishã 'love'-Past-Telic; — gídzan > kíshã 'love'-Past-Atelic; — gígidzan > kikishã 'love'-Past-Imperf; — gidzanpawh > kishãppwak 'love'-Past-Subj.; — -(an/am)(C) > -ã(C) ({-ã}-Past) (one of two possible interpretations).

AM

The default reflex is ã; wã and ãa (found only in conjugation tables, with no examples of whole words) don't seem to result from a purely phonetic development.

am > ã

nami (rather nam + something) > nãp e 'man-NOM' (with the mysterious nominative marker); — namdzaw > nãrwa e 'person-BEN'; — tzáwnam > shwã́qã 'tree'; — -ams > -ã(C) ({-a}-Future); — -(an/am)(C) > -ã(C) ({-ã}-Past) (one of two possible interpretations).

am > wã

-ams > -wã(C) ({-wa}-Future).

am > ãa

-ams > -ãa(C) ({-aa}-Future).

I (not part of a diphthong)

The default reflexes seem to be i in stem-initial syllables, e otherwise, but too many exceptions remain obscure (cf. in particular the split reflexes in forms of 'this', shí and shep – an alternation not mentioned in the grammar).

Known instances of wi are due to treatment of an intervocalic -w- as part of diphthong (niwuh > nwiquk) or assimilation in reduplicates(títiwsin > ttwittwise); cf. a > wa.

i > i

sísiqsim > shishiqse 'wash-IMPF-SENS'; — qih > pik (resignation-particle); — níni > není 'do-IMPF-SENS'; — ni > ní 'do-SENS'; — **tí > -ti (?) 'daughter' > (female gender suffix); — tzáwpiq > shwápip 'stick (n.) (-"Genetive"?)'; — sí > shí 'this one'; — -i(C) > -i(C) ({-i}-Past); — -i(C)? > -í(C) ({-e}-Present); — gidzan > kishã 'love'-Past-Telic; — gídzan > kíshã 'love'-Past-Atelic; — gígidzan > kikishã 'love'-Past-Imperf; — gidzanpawh > kishãppwak 'love'-Past-Subj.; — gidzin > kire 'love'-Present-Telic; — gidzams > kishá 'love'-Future-Telic; — ? > kíre 'love'-Present-Atelic (no actual protoform); — ? > kikire 'love'-Present-Imperf (no actual protoform); — ? > kireppwak 'love'-Present-Subj (no actual protoform); — ? > kíshá 'love'-Future-Atelic (no actual protoform); — ? > kikishá 'love'-Future-Imperf (no actual protoform); — ? > kisháppwak 'love'-Future-Subj (no actual protoform).

i > e

síkim > shekkim 'north'; — múmuytiq > mumuuttep 'dispute-IMPF-SENS'; — tátaysiq > ttattaasep 'compare-IMPF-SENS'; — níni > není 'do-IMPF-SENS'; — nínims > není 'do-IMPF-PRES'; — ni > ne (Copula); — niwuys > nepni e 'do-NOUN-ACC/DAT' (as if from –NOM-DAT); — yáyawtziq > cwacwatzep 'wrap-IMPF-SENS'; — yíyi > ceye (TOPICNOM); — síyi > shep e 'this-NOM'; — sítziwsnim qas > shep niqa 'this-(PLUR-)DAT at' (as if from –NOM-DAT); — patiq > battep 'say-TEL-SENS'; — húni > hṹqe 'blow-ATEL-SENS'; — piwtiq > bwittep 'call-TEL-SENS'; — sísimtiq > sheshemttep 'see-IMPF-SENS'; — háhapi > hahappe 'shine-IMPF-SENS'; — mi > me 'small'; — Qíqi > pepe 'Good-very'; — datih > tattek 'hit'-Present-Telic; — ? > táttek 'hit'-Present-Atelic (no actual protoform); — ? > tatattek 'hit'-Present-Imperf (no actual protoform); — ? > tattekppwak 'hit'-Present-Subj (no actual protoform); — -i(C) > -e(C) ({-a}-Present); — -i(C) > -e(C) ({-i}-Present); — -i(C) > -e(C) ({-u}-Present); — -i(C) > -e(C) ({-aa}-Present); — -i(C) > -e(C) ({-uu}-Present); — -i(C)? > -e(C) ({-e}-Past); — (qi 'because'?) > (q)e (noun marker).

i > wi

títiwsin > ttwittwise 'come-IMPF-SENS'; — niwuh > nwiquk (sympathy-particle).

IW

The default reflex is wi; e is found once word-finally in an enclitic, and i appears in conjugation (i. e. may not represent a purely phonetic development).

iw > wi

títiwsin > ttwittwise 'come-IMPF-SENS'; — tiwsim > ttwise 'come-TEL-SENS'; — piwtiq > bwittep 'call-TEL-SENS'; — tiwmaq > ttwimap 'quick'.

iw > i

-iw(C) > -i(C) ({-wa}-Present); — -iw(C) > -i(C) ({-wi}-Present).

iw > e

kíw > kke (assertion-particle).

IN

Known reflexes are ĩ and e. Both are found in final syllables of verbs where they are subject to grammatical alternations; therefore, their distribution can be not purely phonetic.

in > ĩ

kaypins > kkaappĩ 'remove-TEL-SENS'; — -in(C) > -ĩ(C) ({-ĩ}-Past).

in > e

títiwsin > ttwittwise 'come-IMPF-SENS'; — kaypins > kkáape 'remove-SENS'; — -in(C) > -e(C) ({-ĩ}-Present); — -in(C) > -e(C) ({-ũ}-Present); — gidzin > kire 'love'-Present-Telic; — ? > kíre 'love'-Present-Atelic (no actual protoform); — ? > kikire 'love'-Present-Imperf (no actual protoform); — ? > kireppwak 'love'-Present-Subj (no actual protoform); — -(in/im)(C) > -e(C) ({-ã}-Present) (one of two possible interpretations).

IM

The only reflex found (once) word-internally is em – a diphthong not listed in the Pp. grammar.

All the others are attested only in final syllables. Of these, only im occurs in the end of a nominal stem; wĩ, ii, ĩ, i and e are found only in the last syllable of a verbal form, i. e. may represent a development that is not purely phonetic.

im > em

sísimtiq > sheshemttep 'see-IMPF-SENS'.

im > im

síkim > shekkim 'north'; — -im(C) > -im(C) ' {-im}-Past'.

im > wĩ

-ims > -wĩ(C) ({-wi}-Future).

im > ii

tuygim > ttuukii 'stop-TEL-SENS'; — -im > -ii(C) ({-im}-Present).

im > ĩ

-ims > -ĩ(C) ({-i}-Future); -ims > -ĩ(C) ({-im}-Future).

im > i

-nim > -ni (Dative); — sáynim (súy-?) > súuni e 'which-DAT'; — hápanim > háppani e 'sun-DAT'; — dádatuhnim > tatattekipni e 'hit-IMPF-NOUN-DAT' (as if from –NOM-DAT); — *-nim-qas > niqa 'to (space)'; — *-nim-quy > niquu 'to (time)'; — -ims? > -i(C) ({-e}-Future ); — -ims > -í(C) ({-ĩ}-Future).

im > e

tiwsim > ttwise 'come-TEL-SENS'; — tawsim > ttwase 'go-TEL-SENS'; — sísiqsim > shishiqse 'wash-IMPF-SENS'; — -(in/im)(C) > -e(C) ({-ã}-Present) (one of two possible interpretations).

U (not part of a diphthong)

The default reflex is u; ũ results from n > q.

u > u

múmuytiq > mumuuttep 'dispute-IMPF-SENS'; — yáyayamu > cãcãcãwu 'hard-very-very'; — niwuh > nwiquk (sympathy-particle); — dúykuqnim quy > túukkup niqa 'river-DAT in; — túq > túp 'you'; — datuh > tattuk 'hit'-Past-Telic; — dátuh > táttuk 'hit'-Past-Atelic; — dádatuh > tatattuk 'hit'-Past-Imperf; — datuhpawh > tattukppwak 'hit'-Past-Subj; — hápawuq > háppwaqup 'west(-"Genetive"?)'; — -u(C) > -u(C) ({-u}-Past).

u > ũ

húni > hṹqe 'blow-ATEL-SENS'.

UY

The near-universal development is > uu; however, it is tempting to consider the zero marker of accusative a regular reflex of word-final –uys.

uy > uu

húyi (rather húy + something) > húup e 'wind-NOM' (with the mysterious nominative marker); — huy > huu 'and'; — huyi (rather huy + something) > huup 'and-NOM' (with the mysterious nominative marker); — múmuytiq > mumuuttep 'dispute-IMPF-SENS'; — súy > súu 'who / which'; — sáyi (súy-?) > súup e 'which-NOM' (with the mysterious nominative marker); — sáynim (súy-?) > súuni e 'which-DAT'; — muypama > muubãbã e 'robe-INS'; — muypawuys > muubã e 'robe-(ACC)'; — tuygim > ttuukii 'stop-TEL-SENS'; — dúykuqnim quy > túukkup niqa 'river-DAT in'; — dúy > túu 'sea'; — *-ma-quy > bãquu 'from (time)'; — *(C)-uys-quy > shiquu 'in (time)'; — *-nim-quy > niquu 'to (time)'; — -uy(C) > -uu(C) ({-uu}-Past).

uy > zero

(C)-uys / (V)-wuys > -Ø (Accusative).

UN

The default reflex is ũ; ũu and u (if the apparent typo is ignored) occur only in final syllables of verbs (in conjugation tables) and thus may represent a non-phonetic development.

un > ũ

sawnunh > swanũk 'strong'; — -un(C) > -ũ(C) ({-ũ}-Past); — -uns > -ũ(C) ({-u}-Future); — datuns > tattũk 'hit'-Future-Telic; — ? > táttũk 'hit'-Future-Atelic (no actual protoform); — ? > tatattũk 'hit'-Future-Imperf (no actual protoform); — ? > tattũkppwak 'hit'-Future-Subj (no actual protoform).

un > ũu

-uns > -ũu(C) ({-uu}-Future).

un > u

-uns > -ú(C) ({-ũ}-Future); — sawnunh > swanuk (a typo?) 'strong'.