User:Basilius/Proto-Isles to Ppãrwak: Consonants (Draft)

CONSONANTS

P

Word-initially: uniform development p > b.
Word-internally: split reflexation – pp (default), p or b; conditions unclear.

p > b

muypama > muubãbã e 'robe-INS'; — muypawuys > muubã e 'robe-(ACC)'; — patiq > battep 'say(-TEL-SENS)'; — piwtiq > bwittep 'call(-TEL-SENS)'; — pápatama > babattapã e 'say-IMPF-NOUN-INS' (An erroneous protoform? – should be pápataqma?).

p > pp

hápayi > háppap e 'sun-NOM'; — háhapi > hahappe 'shine-IMPF-SENS'; — kaypins > kkaappĩ 'remove-TEL-SENS' (morphology? cf. kkáape); — hápawuq > háppwaqup 'west(-"Genetive"?)'; — -pawh > -ppwak (Subj.); — datuhpawh > tattukppwak 'hit'-Past-Subj; — gidzanpawh > kishãppwak 'love'-Past-Subj.; — ? > tattekppwak 'hit'-Present-Subj (no actual protoform); — ? > tattũkppwak 'hit'-Future-Subj (no actual protoform); — ? > kireppwak 'love'-Present-Subj (no actual protoform); — ? > kisháppwak 'love'-Future-Subj (no actual protoform).

p > p

kaypins > kkáape 'remove-SENS' (morphology? cf. kkaappĩ); — tzáwpiq > shwápip 'stick (n.) (-"Genetive"?)'.

T

The default reflex is tt, but t is also found. In all instances of t the sound was word-initial in PI; besides, all of them are either pronouns or suffixed morphemes in Pp. (cf. k > k).

t > tt

múmuytiq > mumuuttep 'dispute-IMPF-SENS'; — taysaq > ttaasap 'compare'; — tátaysams > ttaattaasep 'compare-IMPF-PRES'; — tátaysiq > ttattaasep 'compare-IMPF-SENS'; — títiwsin > ttwittwise 'come-IMPF-SENS'; — tiwsim > ttwise 'come-TEL-SENS'; — patiq > battep 'say-TEL-SENS'; — pápatama > babattapã e 'say-IMPF-NOUN-INS' (An erroneous protoform? – should be pápataqma?); — táq > ttáp 'so-that'; — tuygim > ttuukii 'stop-TEL-SENS'; — piwtiq > bwittep 'call-TEL-SENS'; — sísimtiq > sheshemttep 'see-IMPF-SENS'; — tiwmaq > ttwimap 'quick'; — tawsim > ttwase 'go-TEL-SENS'; — dádatuhnim > tatattekipni e 'hit-IMPF-NOUN-DAT'; — datuh > tattuk 'hit'-Past-Telic; — dátuh > táttuk 'hit'-Past-Atelic; — dádatuh > tatattuk 'hit'-Past-Imperf; — datuhpawh > tattukppwak 'hit'-Past-Subj; — datih > tattek 'hit'-Present-Telic; — datuns > tattũk 'hit'-Future-Telic; — ? > táttek 'hit'-Present-Atelic (no actual protoform); — ? > tatattek 'hit'-Present-Imperf (no actual protoform); — ? > tattekppwak 'hit'-Present-Subj (no actual protoform); — ? > táttũk 'hit'-Future-Atelic (no actual protoform); — ? > tatattũk 'hit'-Future-Imperf (no actual protoform); — ? > tattũkppwak 'hit'-Future-Subj (no actual protoform).

t > t

túq > túp 'you'; — tí (?) > -ti 'daughter' > (female gender suffix); — tá (?) > -ta 'son' > (male gender suffix).

D

Uniformly > t.

d > t

dúy > túu 'sea'; — dúykuqnim quy (rather -qas) > túukkup niqa 'river-DAT in'; — dádatuhnim > tatattekipni e 'hit-IMPF-NOUN-DAT'; — datuh > tattuk 'hit'-Past-Telic; — dátuh > táttuk 'hit'-Past-Atelic; — dádatuh > tatattuk 'hit'-Past-Imperf; — datuhpawh > tattukppwak 'hit'-Past-Subj; — datih > tattek 'hit'-Present-Telic; — datuns > tattũk 'hit'-Future-Telic; — ? > táttek 'hit'-Present-Atelic (no actual protoform); — ? > tatattek 'hit'-Present-Imperf (no actual protoform); — ? > tattekppwak 'hit'-Present-Subj (no actual protoform); — ? > táttũk 'hit'-Future-Atelic (no actual protoform); — ? > tatattũk 'hit'-Future-Imperf (no actual protoform); — ? > tattũkppwak 'hit'-Future-Subj (no actual protoform).

S

Always dropped syllable-finally (with a trace on the suprasegmental level?); one possible exception is –sq- (Acc+postposition; unclear). Examples of apparent development > k or p are not phonetically regular.

Syllable-initially > s or sh. Stem-initial si- (also sim-) always > shi- or she- (shem-), but otherwise > -se- (no instances of –si- found). Before other vowels, uniformly > s.

s > s

tawsim > ttwase 'go-TEL-SENS'; — sísiqsim > shishiqse 'wash-IMPF-SENS'; — sá > sá 'that one'; — súy > súu 'who / which'; — sáyi ( súy-?) > súup e 'which-NOM'; — sáynim ( súy-?) > súuni e 'which-DAT'; — taysaq > ttaasap 'compare'; — tátaysiq > ttattaasep (ttaattaasep) 'compare-IMPF-SENS'; — sawnunh > swanũk 'strong'; — sawnunh > swanuk 'strong' (a typo?); — títiwsin > ttwittwise 'come-IMPF-SENS'; — tiwsim > ttwise 'come-TEL-SENS'.

s > zero

(C)-uys / (V)-wuys > -Ø Accusative; — bãqa > *-ma-qas from (space); — kishá > gidzams 'love'-Future-Telic; — kkáape > kaypins remove-SENS; — kkaappĩ > kaypins remove-TEL-SENS; — kwã > káws solidarity-particle; — muubã e > muypawuys robe-(ACC); — není > nínims do-IMPF-PRES; — niqa > *-nim-qas to (space); — shiqa > *(C)-uys-qas in (space); — -á(C) > -ims {-ã}-Future; — -ã(C) > -ams {-a}-Future; — -ãa(C) > -ams {-aa}-Future; — -i(C) > -ims? {-e}-Future; — -í(C) > -ims {-ĩ}-Future; — -ĩ(C) > -ims {-i}-Future; — -ĩ(C) > -ims {-im}-Future; — -ú(C) > -uns {-ũ}-Future; — -ũ(C) > -uns {-u}-Future; — -ũu(C) > -uns {-uu}-Future; — -wã(C) > -ams {-wa}-Future; — -wĩ(C) > -ims {-wi}-Future.

s > sh

síkim > shekkim 'north'; — sí > shí 'this one'; — síyi > shep e 'this-NOM'; — sísimtiq > sheshemttep 'see-IMPF-SENS'; — sísiqsim > shishiqse 'wash-IMPF-SENS'; — ? *(C)-uys-qas > shiqa 'in (space)'; — ? *(C)-uys-quy > shiquu 'in (time)'.

s > p

ttaattaasep > compare-IMPF-PRES tátaysams (hardly phonetically regular; -p part of stem).

s > k

tattũk > 'hit'-Future-Telic datuns (hardly phonetically regular; -k part of stem).

TZ

Split reflexation: > tz (found only intervocalically in available material), th (word-initial), sh (word-initial before a w-diphthong in both known examples; cf. dz > sh below).

Scarcity of examples makes it impossible to specify the conditions.

tz > tz

yáyawtziq > cwacwatzep 'wrap-IMPF-SENS'.

tz > th

tzay > thaa 'then'.

tz > sh

tzáwpiq > shwápip 'stick (n.) (-"Genetive"?)'; — tzáwnam > shwã́qã 'tree'.

DZ

Known reflexes include sh and r; these are subject to morphological alternations for which the Pp. grammar provides some explanations.

The benefactive suffix -dzaw is reflected as -shwa after consonants (apparently, only –p or –k < -q, -h) and narrow vowels, or as –rwa after PI a or diphthongs that contain a.

Besides, the Ppãrwak grammar says that “[i]f the last and next-to-last syllables is -Vsha-, where V is one vowel of /i u E/ basic vowel quality and -a is of /a/ basic vowel quality, the -sh- changes into -r- in the present tense (kishã - kire – kishá)”. In other words, all sounds that can be reflected as sh become r word-internally between any narrow vowel and PI i (alone or part of diphthong); it is not clear if sh in this position can reflect anything besides dz.

The conditions of the two alternations do not seem to be connected in any obvious way. In either case there is no trace of any influence from the disappearing syllable-final -s.

dz > sh

-dzaw > -shwa (/A(C)-rwa) (Benefactive); — gidzan > kishã 'love'-Past-Telic; — gídzan > kíshã 'love'-Past-Atelic; — gígidzan > kikishã 'love'-Past-Imperf; — gidzanpawh > kishãppwak 'love'-Past-Subj.; — gidzams > kishá 'love'-Future-Telic; — ? > kíshá 'love'-Future-Atelic (no actual protoform); — ? > kikishá 'love'-Future-Imperf (no actual protoform); — ? > kisháppwak 'love'-Future-Subj (no actual protoform).

dz > r

-dzaw > -shwa /A(C)-rwa (Benefactive); — namdzaw > nãrwa e 'person-BEN'; — gidzin > kire 'love'-Present-Telic; — ? > kíre 'love'-Present-Atelic; — ? > kikire 'love'-Present-Imperf; — ? > kireppwak 'love'-Present-Subj.

K

The default development is > kk.

The only known instance of k is initial in an enclitic (cf. t > t).

k > kk

kaypins > kkáape 'remove-SENS'; — kaypins > kkaappĩ 'remove-TEL-SENS'; — kíw > kke (assertion-particle); — síkim > shekkim 'north'; — dúykuqnim quy (rather -qas) > túukkup niqa 'river-DAT in'.

k > k

káws > kwã (solidarity-particle).

G

Uniformly > k.

g > k

tuygim > ttuukii 'stop-TEL-SENS'; — gidzan > kishã 'love'-Past-Telic; —

gídzan > kíshã 'love'-Past-Atelic; — gígidzan > kikishã 'love'-Past-Imperf; — gidzanpawh > kishãppwak 'love'-Past-Subj.; — gidzin > kire 'love'-Present-Telic; — gidzams > kishá 'love'-Future-Telic; — ? > kíre 'love'-Present-Atelic (no actual protoform); — ? > kikire 'love'-Present-Imperf (no actual protoform); — ? > kireppwak 'love'-Present-Subj (no actual protoform); — ? > kíshá 'love'-Future-Atelic (no actual protoform); — ? > kikishá 'love'-Future-Imperf (no actual protoform); — ? > kisháppwak 'love'-Future-Subj (no actual protoform) —

Q

The default development is > p (sic!) both syllable-initially and syllable-finally (although syllable-initial examples are few).

In all the reliable examples of the alternative development > q the sound is initial in an enclitic.

q > p

múmuytiq > mumuuttep 'dispute-IMPF-SENS'; — taysaq > ttaasap 'compare'; — tátaysiq > ttattaasep compare-IMPF-SENS'; — yáyawtziq > cwacwatzep 'wrap-IMPF-SENS'; — patiq > battep 'say-TEL-SENS'; — táq > ttáp 'so-that'; — piwtiq > bwittep 'call-TEL-SENS'; — tiwmaq > ttwimap 'quick'; — dúykuqnim quy (rather -qas) > túukkup niqa 'river-DAT in'; — túq > túp 'you'; — hápawuq > háppwaqup 'west(-"Genetive"?)'; — tzáwpiq > shwápip 'stick (n.) (-"Genetive"?)'; — qih > pik (resignation-particle); — qíqi > pepe 'good-very'; — tátaysams > ttaattaasep 'compare-IMPF-PRES' (analogy? -p belongs to the stem, cf. ttaasap "compare").

q > q

sísiqsim > shishiqse 'wash-IMPF-SENS' (-qs- violates phonotactics as described; a typo?); — *-ma-qas > bãqa 'from (space)'; — *(C)-uys-qas > shiqa 'in (space)'; — *-nim-qas > niqa 'to (space)'; — *-ma-quy > bãquu 'from (time)'; — *(C)-uys-quy > shiquu 'in (time)'; — *-nim-quy > niquu 'to (time)'; — qi 'because' (?) > (q)e (noun marker).

H

Word-initially > h, syllable-finally > k. Examples of syllable-initial development in Inlaut are lacking.

h > h

háy > háa 'I'; — háhapi > hahappe 'shine'-IMPF-SENS; — hápanim > háppani e 'sun'-DAT; — hápayi > háppap e 'sun'-NOM; — hápawuq > háppwaqup 'west(-"Genetive"?)'; — húni > hṹqe 'blow'-ATEL-SENS; — huy > huu 'and'; — huyi > huup 'and'-NOM; — húyi > húup e 'wind'-NOM.

h > k

sawnunh > swanũk 'strong'; — sawnunh > swanuk 'strong' (probably a typo); — niwuh > nwiquk (sympathy-particle); — qih > pik (resignation-particle); — -pawh > -ppwak (Subj.); — gidzanpawh > kishãppwak 'love'-Past-Subj.; — ? > kireppwak 'love'-Present-Subj (no actual protoform); — ? > kisháppwak 'love'-Future-Subj (no actual protoform); — ? > tattekppwak 'hit'-Present-Subj (no actual protoform); — ? > tattũkppwak 'hit'-Future-Subj (no actual protoform); — datuhpawh > tattukppwak 'hit'-Past-Subj; — dádatuhnim > tatattekipni e 'hit-IMPF-NOUN-DAT' (as if from -NOM-DAT?); — datuh > tattuk 'hit'-Past-Telic; — dátuh > táttuk 'hit'-Past-Atelic; — dádatuh > tatattuk 'hit'-Past-Imperf; — datuhpawh > tattukppwak 'hit'-Past-Subj; — datih > tattek 'hit'-Present-Telic; — datuns > tattũk 'hit'-Future-Telic ( analogy? no actual protoform); — ? > táttek 'hit'-Present-Atelic (no actual protoform); — ? > tatattek 'hit'-Present-Imperf (no actual protoform); — ? > tattekppwak 'hit'-Present-Subj (no actual protoform); — ? > táttũk 'hit'-Future-Atelic (no actual protoform); — ? > tatattũk 'hit'-Future-Imperf (no actual protoform); — ? > tattũkppwak 'hit'-Future-Subj (no actual protoform).

M (not part of a diphthong)

Word-initially > m.

Word-internally the reflexation is split: m, b, p, or w. Of these, only w (with nasalization of the preceding vowel, cf. n > q) is found inside a stem. All instances of b and p are found in the instrumental case suffix (according to the Ppãrwak grammar, m occurs after a vowel and p after a consonant); in both cases, the following vowel becomes nasalized.

m > m

múmuytiq > mumuuttep 'dispute-IMPF-SENS'; — muypama > muubãbã e 'robe-INS'; — muypawuys > muubã e 'robe-(ACC)'; — tiwmaq > ttwimap 'quick'; — mi > me 'small'.

m > w

yáyayamu > cãcãcãwu 'hard-very-very'.

m > p

-ma > -bã /-Cpã (Instrumental); — pápatama > babattapã e 'say-IMPF-NOUN-INS' (An erroneous protoform? – should be pápataqma?).

m > b

-ma > -bã (/-Cpã) (Instrumental); — muypama > muubãbã e 'robe-INS'; — *-ma-qas > bãqa 'from (space)'; — *-ma-quy > bãquu 'from (time)'.

N (not part of a diphthong)

The default development is > n, including between vowels. However, there are also two instances of n > zero ( > q) with nasalization of the preceding vowel (cf. m > w). The exact conditions remain unclear.

n > n

sawnunh > swanũk 'strong'; — sawnunh > swanuk 'strong' (a typo); — nami > nãp e 'man-NOM'; — namdzaw > nãrwa e 'person-BEN'; — ni > ní 'do-SENS'; — ni > ne (Copula); — níni > není 'do-IMPF-SENS'; — niwuh > nwiquk (sympathy-particle); — -nim > -ni (Dative); — sáynim (súy-?) > súuni e 'which-DAT'; — hápanim > háppani e 'sun-DAT'; — dádatuhnim > tatattekipni e 'hit-IMPF-NOUN-DAT' (as if from –NOM-DAT); — *-nim-qas > niqa 'to (space)'; — *-nim-quy > niquu 'to (time)'.

n > (hiatus) > q

húni > hṹqe 'blow-ATEL-SENS'; — tzáwnam > shwã́qã 'tree'.

W (not part of a diphthong)

In both known examples the w was intervocalic in PI and dropped in Pp. while altering the quality of the preceding vowel (cf. a > wa, i > wi).

w > (hiatus) > q

niwuh > nwiquk (sympathy-particle); — hápawuq > háppwaqup 'west(-"Genetive"?)'.

Y (not part of a diphthong)

Stem-initially > c, otherwise > y. Examples are few.

y > c

yáyawtziq > cwacwatzep 'wrap-IMPF-SENS'; — yíyi > ceye 'TOPICNOM'; — yáyayamu > cãcãcãwu 'hard-very-very'.

y > y

yíyi > ceye (TOPICNOM).