Tmaśareʔ/Lexicon

The following is a lexicon of Tmaśareʔ. Note that Proto-Western etymologies given in gray italics are somewhat doubtful, while those given in black italics can be securely reconstructed from comparison with other branches of the Western language family.

Abbreviations:

• adv - adverb
• dem - determiner proclitic
• n - noun
• n.coll - collective noun (does not usually form plurals)
• n.ip - inalienably possessed noun (takes obligatory possessive prefixes)
• par - grammatical or pragmatical particle
• pp - postposition
• pre - adjectivial prefix
• pron - pronoun
• qu - quantifier
• v.it - intransitive verb
• v.mt - monotransitive verb
• v.dt - ditransitive verb

(747 words)

Tmaśareʔ	morphology	PoS	gloss	etymology
cącą		adv	repeatedly, frequently	*tłãtłã
canę		adv	suddenly	*dłanẽ
cǫke		adv	skillfully	*tyũkʰe
ćkasco		adv	kindly, welcomingly	*čekadza-cu 'greet' + adverbializer
ćocwo		adv	soon	*čewcʰu
eńo		adv	again, repeatedly, back	*wãyu
hayehco		adv	always, every day, forever	*pʰa-γiše-cu 'every day' + adverbializer
hoʔma		adv	anyway, whatever	*pʰa-ʔu ʔama 'with everything'
kahmo		adv	almost	*kʰãbu (cf. PCW *khòbu 'similar')
kąta		adv	now, instantly, immediately	*kãta
kęhco		adv	together, jointly	*kʰiña-cu
keʔa		adv	still, ongoing	Emp. keʔá 'continuously'
kohpco		adv	as a result, accordingly	(kohpa- + -co: 'followingly')
koʔ		adv	indeed, really, completely; (with neg) not at all	*kut
kwiną		adv	even, in fact	*kʷaynã
kwiyehco		adv	one day (in the past)	*kwi-γiše-cu 'the aforementioned day' + adverbializer
nehi		adv	alas! oh dear! (expression of regret)	*nepʰi
nokmęti		adv	backwards, the other way around	(noki 'turn (sth.)' + -mętV)
ńa		adv	normally, usually, traditionally	*ñaye 'frequently'
ńęso		adv	finally	*γĩsu
oca		adv	the day after tomorrow	*watya
pińę		adv	maybe	*piγĩ (cf. Emp. pí)
pǫkmǫ		adv	gradually	*pũkʷũ (cf. Emp. puŋum)
poʔce		adv	on the contrary	*puʔtłe
sahtę		adv	surprisingly	*sałtĩ
senaco		adv	secretly, quietly	Emp. senatsó
śaʔną		adv	intentionally, on purpose	*šaʔẽ-łãγa 'mind-spirit'
śekmǫ		adv	only, merely	*šekʷũ
tąctoco		adv	at the same time	*tãtłi-tu-cu
twi		adv	yesterday	*cʰuy
yelco		adv	else, otherwise	*yelu-cu 'other' + adverbializer
yǫco		adv	sadly, unfortunately, a pity that	*γema-cu 'bad' + adverbializer
yohą		adv	oddly, strangely, paradoxically, by some weird twist of fate	*γaw-łãγa 'outside-spirit'
ha=		dem	all, every	*pʰa-
ląc=		dem	many	*lãca-
ra=	(r=, t=)	dem	that	*da-
śe=	(ś=, ć=)	dem	this	*dže-
twi=	(tw=, tm=, toʔ=)	dem	some, a few	*tupi-
ya=		dem	the aforementioned one(s)	*ya- (anaphoric stem)
ye=	(i=)	dem	no, none	*ye 'not'
yel=		dem	the other one(s)	*yelu-
ahńǫ	pl aʔahńǫ	n	colour, dye	*ʔałñũ
ahpa	pl aʔahpa	n	anger, rage	*ʔałpa
araka	pl aʔraka	n	threat, menace, peril, danger, risk	*ʔadya-kʰa 'fear-thing'
aśę	pl aʔśę	n	woman	*ʔašẽ
cahma	pl cacahma	n	land, area	*cʰama
calkwa	pl cacalkwa	n	pile, heap	*calkʷa
cehtǫ	pl cecehtǫ	n	moment	*čʰitũ
ceʔka	pl ceceʔka	n	tribe, ethnicity	*dłeʔka
ceʔla	pl ceceʔla	n	middle, center	Emp. tsetlá 'heart'
ciʔńę	pl ciciʔńę	n	plain; open space	*tleʔe-γẽ 'wide-place'
cmeskwi	pl cecmeskwi	n	desert fox	*dzama-medza-kʷi 'little red dog'
cnanǫ	pl cacnanǫ	n	spear	*dzalã-dzũ 'stab-tool'
cǫcca	pl cocǫcca	n	family, clan	*dłũ-tuca 'longhouse; patrilineage'
cohmę	pl cocohmę	n	dawn	*cʰũbẽ
coma	pl cocma	n	story, legend	Emp. tsomá
comalaho	pl cocmalaho	n	storyteller	(coma + -laho)
come	pl cǫcme	n	axe	*cũme
comǫ	pl cocmǫ	n	content (of a bag or basket)	*cubũ
cońę	pl cocńę	n	bay	*tłuγẽ (cf. Emp. tluyem)
cǫpa	pl cocǫpa	n	language	*cũpa
cowa	pl cocwa	n	fruit	*cuba
cpohmę	pl cocpohmę	n	problem; issue of debate	*cupʰu-γʷĩ 'irritation'
ćaće	pl ćaśće	n	mix, collection	*kłače
ćahkwoho	pl ćaćahkwoho	n	hyaena	*kʰeyakʷi-kʷułu 'sand-wolf'
ćale	pl ćaćale	n	gorge	*kłaγle (cf. Emp. tlawé)
ćanę	pl ćaćnę	n	morning	*kyanẽ (cf. PCW *dzìnè- 'wake up, rise')
ćassǫto	pl ćaćassǫto	n	fortification, stronghold	*kʰeyasłũ-tu 'wall' + abstract/collective
ćęćma	pl ćećęćma	n	task, errand	*čĩčĩwa
ćęco	pl ćećęco	n	cloud	*čĩcu
ćehą	pl ćećehą	n	animal (mammals only)	*kłepʰã 'wild animal, game'
ćehca	pl ćećehca	n	sacrifice	*čełdza 'heart'
ćehką	pl ćećehką	n	ground, floor	*čʰekʰã 'earth'
ćehńę	pl ćećehńę	n	value; status; role	*čʰẽdłẽ
ćehpo	pl ćećehpo	n	deer	*čʰepʰu
ćępe	pl ćećępe	n	wood	*klĩpe (cf. PCW *glìpe)
ćępesso	pl ćećępesso	n	wall (made from wood)	*klĩpe-słu
ćihtaca	pl ćićihtaca	n	mentor, teacher	*čʰiłta-daya
ćińǫ	pl ćićińǫ	n	hook	(back-formed from sohoćińǫ < *dzupʰu-γuči-dzũ 'fish-catcher')
ćkanǫ	pl ćećkanǫ	n	bench	*čeka-dzũ 'sit-tool'
ćkarakę	pl ćećkarakę	n	woman of the house; hostess (of a social gathering)	*čekadza-kĩ 'woman who makes people sit'
ćohcę	pl ćoćohcę	n	ridge	*čʰiwdłĩ (cf. Emp. tshútlim 'cliff')
ćohe	pl ćoćohe	n	body of water	*kyupʰe
ćohkwećmę	pl ćoćohkwećmę	n	waterfall	*kyupʰe-kʷečĩ-γʷĩ 'water-jump-vn'
ćopńę	pl ćoćopńę	n	well, oasis	*kyupʰe-γẽ 'water-place'
ćotwa	pl ćoćtwa	n	pot	*kławta
ćoʔna	pl ćoćoʔna	n	goat	*kyuʔna
ćwipę	pl ćićwipę	n	winter	*kłuypĩ
ehona	pl ehehona	n	tip (of a spear or arrow)	PL eahoana < Emp. éʔóná 'its tooth'
ęta	pl ęʔta	n	feather	*ʔẽta
hańa	pl hąhńa	n	method, way of thinking, opinion, idea	*łãγa 'spirit'
hapaʔtkwoćę	pl hahpaʔtkwoćę	n	bow	(hapaʔta- + kwoćę: 'shoot-sinew')
hąse	pl hahąse	n	horse	*łãši
heće	pl heweće	n	sum; amount	*beče
hehi	pl hehehi	n	tree bark	*pʰełi
heńaho	pl hęhńaho	n	priest	*łãγlawa
henaro	pl hęhnaro	n	raincloud	*pʰẽla-du 'cloud' (honorific)
hina	pl hihna	n	lake	*łina
hinahoso	pl hihnahoso	n	shore (of a lake)	*łina-γʷasu 'lake-edge'
hipę	pl hihipę	n	promontory	*łiγpĩ 'shoulder'
hiya	pl hihiya	n	snake	*łiya
hiʔna	pl hihiʔna	n	valley	*łiʔna
hoća	pl hohoća	n	summer	*łukya
hoccǫ	pl hohoccǫ	n	alliance	*pʰuda-cũ 'collection of chiefs'
home	pl hohme	n	song, tune	*łume
hora	pl hopta	n	chieftain, leader	*pʰuda
horańę	pl hohorańę	n	territory (of a tribe)	*pʰuda-γẽ 'chief-place'
ipyoʔ	pl iʔpyoʔ	n	coin	PL ipiub
kaca	pl kakca	n	friend	*kaca
kaho	pl kakaho	n	knot	*kʰalu-ła 'result of tying'
kahnǫ	pl kakahnǫ	n	buckle, clasp	*kʰalu-dzũ 'fasten-tool'
kahpa	pl kakahpa	n	tree	*kʰapa
kana	pl kakna	n	circle; group of people	*kana
kaya	pl kahkya	n	fire	*kʰaya
kayahcǫ	pl kakyahcǫ	n	ashes	*kʰayałacũ
kaʔęta	pl kakaʔęta	n	blackbird	*kʰãʔa-ʔẽta 'black feather'
kehka	pl kekehka	n	rock, boulder, cliff	*kʰełka 'stone'
kehna	pl kekehna	n	horn	*kʰelna
kehnasso	pl kekehnasso	n	knife hilt	*kʰelna-słu 'thet which is made from horn'
kehtnǫ	pl kekehtnǫ	n	bed	*kʰetu-dzũ 'tool for lying down'
kera	pl kekera	n	thing, object, item, instance	*kʰeda
kessa	pl kehksa	n	dung	*kʰesa
kętohnǫkkę	pl kekętohnǫkkę	n	virgin	*kʰiña-tʰawdzũ-k-kĩ 'knees-together-woman'
keyassǫ	pl kehkyassǫ	n	rampart, earth wall	*kʰeyasłũ 'wall'
kiho	pl kikiho	n	drop, any small quantity of liquid	*kʰiγʷa
kihpo	pl kikihpo	n	worm, snail	*kʰeybu
kilaho	pl kikilaho	n	farmer	*kʰeya-lawa 'soil-man'
kipceʔ	pl kikipceʔ	n	desert	*kʰibła-dłeʔa 'dry-land'
kmąʔki	pl kakmąʔki	n	autumn	*kʷãʔki
kmǫ	pl kokmǫ	n	trade post	PL gbum 'city'
koha	pl kokoha	n	wave	*kupʰa
kohta	pl kokohta	n	boat	*kʰułda
kokpa	pl kokokpa	n	tide	*ku-kupʰa 'waves'
kolo	pl kokolo	n	hole, pit, cavity (in a 3-dimensional object)	*kʰulu 'anus'
komą	pl kokmą	n	mouse, rat, hamster (any rodent smaller than a hand)	*kũγʷã
kono	pl kokno	n	wit, wisdom, prudence	Emp. konú 'head'
kǫpoke	pl kǫkpoke	n	patch of arable land	Emp. khampákéé 'arable soil'
koʔńǫka	pl kokoʔńǫka	n	turtle	*kuʔu-γũka 'shell-pig'
kpahcǫ	pl kakpahcǫ	n	forest	*kʰapacũ
ktaʔyaho	pl kaktaʔyaho	n	shaman, healer	*katʰa-ʔaya-wa 'he is true'
ktiwo	pl kiktiwo	n	whale	Emp. kitíwo
kwaha	pl kakwaha	n	rain	*ʔakʷa-ła 'rain' (v.) + resultative
kwece	pl kekwece	n	pillar; support	*kʷeči
kwela	pl kekwela	n	child (someone who has not yet reached adulthood)	*kʷela
kwelkę	pl kekwelkę	n	girl	*kʷela-kĩ
kwita	pl kikwita	n	butter	PL kpita
kwiyę	pl kikwiyę	n	cave	*kʷiyĩ (cf. Emp. kuyem 'vagina')
kwoćę	pl kokwoćę	n	sinew	*kʷučĩ
kwohcǫ	pl kokwohcǫ	n	pack of wolves	*kʷułu-cũ 'wolf' + collective
kwoho	pl kokwoho	n	wolf	*kʷułu
kworo	pl kokworo	n	eagle	*γʷekudu
la	pl lala	n	man	*la
ląca	pl lanąca	n	egg	*lãca
lano	pl lalano	n	consequence, outcome, side effect	Emp. lanó 'back'
lęmi	pl lenęmi	n	wall (made from brick or stone)	PL liŋmi 'wall'
lętohnǫ	pl lenętohnǫ	n	shovel	*lalaña-tʰuba-dzũ 'root-digger'
leʔcahma	pl leleʔcahma	n	plateau, highlands	*leʔe-cʰama 'high-land'
lǫćpa	pl lonǫćpa	n	trade item, commodity	*lũkla-pa 'that which is exchanged'
lokwanaʔ	pl lolokwanaʔ	n	person of Lukpanic ethnicity	PL lukpanab 'people facing towards the sea'
maci	pl mǫci	n	bear	*madłi
mahi	pl mǫhi	n	shadow	*małi
mahńę	pl mǫhńę	n	moon, month	*mašeγẽ
mąkwa	pl mamąkwa	n	sorrow	*mãkʷa
makwi	pl mǫkwi	n	hiding-place, retreat	*makʷi 'small place'
male	pl mǫńe	n	sea, ocean	*madže
malekehkwi	pl mǫńekehkwi	n	beach; seashore	*madže-kʰeyakʷi 'sea-sand'
mąso	pl mamąso	n	bone	*γʷãsu
mąsoma	pl mamąsoma	n	grave	*γʷãsu-ma 'bone-place'
mąspena	pl mamąspena	n	period of cloudy weather	*mãsu-pʰẽla 'wide cloud'
mawalohi	pl mǫmalohi	n	provisions, supplies	PL magoa lui 'salted meat'
męcahma	pl memęcahma	n	pasture	*mẽγu-cʰama 'sheep-land'
męcǫ	pl memęcǫ	n	herd (of animals)	*mẽγu-cũ 'collection of sheep'
meńaho	pl memęńaho	n	shepherd	*mẽγu-lawu 'sheep-man'
meńo	pl mǫńo	n	sheep	*mẽγu
mera	pl mǫra	n	dog	*medza
mętkomą	pl memętkomą	n	bat	*γʷĩta-kũγʷã 'wind-mouse'
meʔśonǫ	pl memeʔśonǫ	n	needle	*meʔšu-dzũ 'sewing-tool'
mićę	pl mimićę	n	trifle	*mičĩ
mihmę	pl mǫhmę	n	absence; omission	*miłe-γʷĩ
mińe	pl wemińe	n	island	*γʷẽdłe
mińi	pl mǫńi	n	wind	*mĩłi 'storm'
moha	pl mǫha	n	harbour	PL moa
mǫʔpa	pl momǫʔpa	n	summit, peak	*mũʔpa
nańo	pl nęńo	n	platform, base	*nãγu 'foot'
natanǫ	pl nątanǫ	n	bridge	*nat(a)-dzũ 'that which is above'
nąʔǫ	pl nanąʔǫ	n	lake	*dzãʔũ
nęhi	pl nenęhi	n	belt	*nĩpʰi
nęke	pl nenęke	n	step (also a common measure of length)	*nĩkʰe
nelćoma	pl nenelćoma	n	mushroom	*neγla-kłama 'white-berry'
niha	pl nęha	n	fog	*nipʰa
nǫće	pl nonǫće	n	evening	*nũčʰe
noho	pl nonoho	n	flame, spark	*nuwa (cf. Gez. nuː)
nolo	pl nonolo	n	onion	PL ŋulu
ńama	pl ńęma	n	ocean-going ship	PL neama 'boat, ship'
ńeska	pl ńęska	n	gem, jewel	Emp. ŋésékhá
ńeśtole	pl ńęśtole	n	period of sunny weather	*ñeši-dudže 'smooth sky'
ńipą	pl ńępą	n	entrance	*ñipã
ńǫka	pl ńońǫka	n	pig	*γũka
ńoma	pl ńęma	n	pine	*γĩwa
oha	pl oʔoha	n	bean	*wapʰa
olco	pl oholco	n	place, location	*γʷalcu
oso	pl ohoso	n	side, edge; direction	*γʷasu
oya	pl eʔya	n	wound, injury	*ʔuya 'pain'
pąmaʔ	pl papąmaʔ	n	nail, peg	PL paŋmap
pamikyaʔ	pl paʔmikyaʔ	n	seafarer; trader	PL pamikeab 'one who navigates'
pątanǫ	pl pąptanǫ	n	road, path	*pãta-dzũ
pątańę	pl pąptańę	n	goal, target, destination	*pãta-γẽ
pawi	pl papawi	n	lock	PL pagui 'door'
pcaha	pl hipcaha	n	boy	*pʰita-la 'little man'
pęco	pl pepęco	n	feeling, emotion	*pẽcu
pehńayommę	pl pepehńayommę	n	eclipse of the sun	*pʰĩbła-yama-γʷĩ 'sun-hiding'
pęka	pl pepęka	n	dusk	*pĩkʰa
peńi	pl pąpńi	n	basket	*pãdži
pǫki	pl popǫki	n	bowl	*pũki
pokwa	pl popokwa	n	wine	PL pukpa
polaha	pl popolaha	n	gift	*bliwla-ła
poma	pl poʔma	n	flower	*plama
pomi	pl poʔmi	n	word, statement, speech, utterance	*pũγʷi
poʔto	pl popoʔto	n	mead	PL bupitu
psanǫ	pl hepsanǫ	n	knife	*besadzũ
raya	pl raraya	n	seagull	*daγa-daya 'shouter' (reinterpreted as plural/deictic)
rohcoho	pl rorohcoho	n	honesty; reputation	*duγa-tłuwa 'good blood'
rośkaya	pl rorośkaya	n	lightning	*dudže-kʰaya 'sky-fire'
satńa	pl saratńa	n	bird	*dzaldayã
saye	pl sasaye	n	night	*sayi
soha	pl soroha	n	leopard	*dzuła
sohca	pl sorohca	n	hunter	*dzupʰu-daya 'hunt-person'
sohćehąnǫ	pl sorohćehąnǫ	n	trap	*dzupʰu-kłepʰã-dzũ 'animal-catcher'
solo	pl sosolo	n	warrior	Emp. sáwéló
sośę	pl sosośę	n	hole (through a flat plane), gap (in a barrier)	*suγšẽ
śehe	pl śelehe	n	goal, objective; interests	*džeγe
śeho	pl śeśeho	n	star	*šešewa (reinterpreted as plural)
śena	pl śeśena	n	number, quantity	*šĩda 'webbing between the fingers'
śeńa	pl śeśeńa	n	spring	*šẽγa
śeʔtama	pl śeśeʔtama	n	channel, ditch, moat	*šeʔta-ma 'flow-place'
śohkwi	pl śośohkwi	n	harp	*šuwa-kʷi 'little guts'
tahka	pl tatahka	n	action, deed, effort	*tʰa-kʰa 'do-thing'
tahńe	pl tatahńe	n	cover, wrapping; blanket; cloak; sheath	Emp. tlaŋe 'skin'
tahpa	pl tatahpa	n	garden	Emp. éthápá
taka	pl tatka	n	grass (a blade or bushel of)	*taka
takace	pl tatkace	n	grassland, savannah	*takadłe
takala	pl tatkala	n	rope	*takala
tesa	pl teca	n	decoration; tuft; bunch	Emp. tésá 'hair'
toca	pl tocca	n	house, building	*tuca
tockana	pl totockana	n	village	*tuca-kana 'circle of houses'
toha	pl totoha	n	root	*tʰuba
tohmę	pl totohmę	n	cactus	*tułbẽ
tohną	pl totohną	n	headman (of a family)	*tʰunã 'father'
tokę	pl totkę	n	grape	PL tugim
tolasso	pl totolasso	n	thread, twine	*tʰula-słu 'that which is made from wool'
tomo	pl totmo	n	period of time, era, generation	*taγmu
tomya	pl totomya	n	sail	PL dumea 'large leaf, sheet, sail'
twolata	pl totwolata	n	scorpion	Emp. twolláthá
wehpo	pl wewehpo	n	slave, captive	*γʷełbu
weka	pl weweka	n	weight, burden, load	Emp. wékhá
weli	pl weweli	n	mountain	*γʷeley
wellawi	pl wewellawi	n	person of Wellawi ethnicity	*γʷeley-lawi 'mountain-people'
weye	pl weweye	n	hill	*γʷeye
weʔną	pl weweʔną	n	year	*weʔnã
wona	pl wowona	n	trend, tendency; requirement	Emp. woná 'wind'
wosahi	pl wowosahi	n	fig	PL vusai
yąki	pl yańąki	n	river	*yãki
yalo	pl yayalo	n	origin, source; instigator	Emp. ealo 'parent'
yano	pl yayano	n	bag	*yãdzu
yąsa	pl yańąsa	n	food, meal	*yãsa 'meat'
yato	pl yayato	n	brick	PL eatu
yawi	pl yayawi	n	part	*yabi
yeći	pl yeyeći	n	arrow	*yeči
yećka	pl yeyećka	n	quiver	*yeči-kʰa 'arrow-thing'
yekmąsto	pl yeyekmąsto	n	vulture	*yeku-γʷãsu-du 'bone-eater' (honorific)
yelći	pl yeyelći	n	fat, grease	*γelši
yeńa	pl yeyeńa	n	leaf	*γaña
yeńaʔ	pl yeyeńaʔ	n	human	*yamayaʔa
yepę	pl yehpę	n	pass (in mountains); shortcut	*γepĩ
yeśe	pl yeyeśe	n	day	*γiše
yeʔlela	pl yeyeʔlela	n	game, contest, competition	Emp. yetlélá 'race'
yoći	pl yoyoći	n	fish	*γuči
yohę	pl yoyohę	n	slope	*γʷułĩ
yǫkolęmę	pl yońǫkolęmę	n	sunburn	*yama-kʰulĩ-γʷĩ 'sun-itching'
yolći	pl yoyolći	n	millet	*γulši
yǫnańa	pl yońǫnańa	n	demon	*γema-łãγa 'bad spirit'
yonayękwi	pl yayonayękwi	n	bug, beetle, ant (any predominantly crawling insect)	*yawẽ-dayẽ-kʷi 'little crawler'
yǫsso	pl yayǫsso	n	ray of light	*yama-słu 'that which is made of sunlight'
cańńę	(no pl)	n.coll	childhood	*dłãγñẽ
caśa	(no pl)	n.coll	hair	*tyaša
ceca	(no pl)	n.coll	smoke	*kłicʰa
cehtna	(no pl)	n.coll	duration	*čʰitũ-la 'moment' + collective
cmaha	(no pl)	n.coll	copper	*dzama-łaγa 'red eye'
cohto	(no pl)	n.coll	courage, determination, vigor, energy	*tłuwa-tu 'blood' + abstract
ćąkihkwa	(no pl)	n.coll	dew	*kyanẽ-kʰikʰiγʷa 'morning-drops'
ćehącǫ	(no pl)	n.coll	game, catch, prey	*kłepʰã-cũ 'game animal' + collective
ćeńę	(no pl)	n.coll	tears	*kyañĩ
ćihtaha	(no pl)	n.coll	knowledge	*čʰiłta-ła 'result of teaching'
ćohe	(no pl)	n.coll	water	*kyupʰe
epohka	(no pl)	n.coll	tradition, custom, habit	Emp. éphákhá
halańę	(no pl)	n.coll	north	*pʰala-γẽ 'far-place'
hiwahka	(no pl)	n.coll	venom, poison	*łiya-γʷałka 'snake-spit'
homa	(no pl)	n.coll	old age	*łima
hǫna	(no pl)	n.coll	music	*łume-la 'song, tune' + collective
kaʔlalo	(no pl)	n.coll	cheese, butter	Emp. khatlalló
kehkala	(no pl)	n.coll	stone (the material)	*kʰełka-la 'stone' + collective
kehkwi	(no pl)	n.coll	sand	*kʰeyakʷi
keya	(no pl)	n.coll	soil	*kʰeya
kńaćkamęno	(no pl)	n.coll	village meeting	*kʰiña-čeka-γʷĩ-du 'meeting' (honorific)
kwaco	(no pl)	n.coll	strength, power; blood	*kʷacu
kwahćo	(no pl)	n.coll	the past	*kʷʰayi-tu 'that which has gone by'
maloʔma	(no pl)	n.coll	west	*madže-ʔu ma 'place of the sea'
memęta	(no pl)	n.coll	weather	*γʷĩ-γʷĩta 'winds'
mętka	(no pl)	n.coll	air	*γʷĩta-kʰa 'wind-thing'
ńęʔka	(no pl)	n.coll	honey	*džĩʔĩkʰa
ohka	(no pl)	n.coll	saliva	*γʷałka
otweʔną	(no pl)	n.coll	next year; the future	*wetweʔnã
pśehąto	(no pl)	n.coll	depth	(pśe- 'deep' + -hą- adverbializer + -to abstraction)
role	(no pl)	n.coll	sky	*dudže
tahce	(no pl)	n.coll	abroad	*tʰadłe 'there (far away)'
taho	(no pl)	n.coll	joy, fun, happiness	*tʰału
takcǫ	(no pl)	n.coll	grass (vegetation)	*taka-cũ
taya	(no pl)	n.coll	milk	*tʰaya
tęko	(no pl)	n.coll	dried meat	*tẽku
tma	(no pl)	n.coll	there	*da-ma 'that place (near you)'
tola	(no pl)	n.coll	wool	*tʰula
twisǫ	(no pl)	n.coll	ice, snow	*tuysũ
welikma	(no pl)	n.coll	east	*γʷeley-kʷu ma 'place of the mountains'
wihoma	(no pl)	n.coll	the world	*γʷiwa-ma 'life-place'
wileyaʔ	(no pl)	n.coll	bronze	PL vileaəp
yeʔe	(no pl)	n.coll	salt	*γaʔle
yoma	(no pl)	n.coll	sun	*yama
yomoʔma	(no pl)	n.coll	south	*yama-ʔu ma 'place of the sun'
aśę	pl aʔśę	n.ip	wife	*ʔašẽ
celi	pl ceceli	n.ip	beard	*čiγli
ćąke	pl ćąćke	n.ip	skin; hide, fur (of an animal)	*kłãke
ćehca	pl ćećehca	n.ip	heart; life	*čełdza 'heart'
ćihpo	pl ćićihpo	n.ip	arm	*čʰilpu
ćoho	pl ćoćoho	n.ip	leg	*kluwa
ha	pl haha	n.ip	eye	*łaγa (reinterpreted as plural)
hańa	pl hąhńa	n.ip	spirit, soul	*łãγa
hańaro	pl hąhńaro	n.ip	ancestor	*łãγa-du 'spirit' (honorific)
hipę	pl hihipę	n.ip	shoulder, side, edge	*łiγpĩ
ilca	pl iʔilca	n.ip	hand	*ʔilsa
ińe	pl ęʔńe	n.ip	name	*ʔĩye
kęka	pl kekęka	n.ip	finger	*kẽkʰa
kmeno	pl kekmeno	n.ip	head	*kʷẽdu
kolo	pl kokolo	n.ip	anus	*kʰulu
kwaro	pl kakwaro	n.ip	tail	*kʷadu
kwece	pl kekwece	n.ip	backbone, spine	*kʷeči
kwela	pl kekwela	n.ip	child, grandchild, descendant (born within one's lifetime, gender-neutral)	*kʷela
kwihca	pl kikwihca	n.ip	vagina	*kʷʰeyta 'womb'
la	pl lala	n.ip	husband	*la
lahka	pl lalahka	n.ip	ear	*lałka
lǫkwihca	(no pl)	n.ip	kindness, compassion, motherly love (shown by women)	*lãma-kʷʰeyta 'warm womb'
maną	pl mǫną	n.ip	nose, tip, corner	*mãdzã
mapę	pl mǫpę	n.ip	hip	*maγpĩ
mąso	pl mamąso	n.ip	body	*γʷãsu 'bone'
mehi	pl mǫhi	n.ip	tongue	*mełi
mina	pl mǫna	n.ip	mother	*mina
nańo	pl nęńo	n.ip	foot	*nãγu
nąso	pl nanąso	n.ip	back	*lãsu
nomę	pl nǫmę	n.ip	face	*numẽ
ńońi	pl ńęńi	n.ip	breast	*džũbłi
ǫta	pl ǫʔta	n.ip	tooth	*ʔũta
pcaha	pl hipcaha	n.ip	son	*pʰita-la 'little man'
piwa	(no pl)	n.ip	favor, esteem, respect (shown by men)	*piba
sǫmona	pl sosǫmona	n.ip	pregnancy	*sũla-blũła 'round belly'
sǫʔca	pl sosǫʔca	n.ip	fist	*sũla-ʔilsa 'round hand'
śaʔę	pl śaśaʔę	n.ip	mind	*šaʔẽ
śepą	pl śeśpą	n.ip	son, heir, descendant (in unbroken male line)	*šepã
śińa	pl śićńa	n.ip	fingernail	*džiña
śoho	(no pl)	n.ip	guts	*šuwa
śokmąką	pl śośokmąką	n.ip	home, dwelling	(śokmą- + -kV: 'dwell-thing')
tahńę	pl tatahńę	n.ip	elbow	*tʰawa-γẽ 'bending-place'
tęʔpi	pl tetęʔpi	n.ip	daughter	*tʰẽʔpi
tohną	pl totohną	n.ip	father	*tʰunã
tohnǫ	pl totohnǫ	n.ip	knee	*tʰawdzũ
wona	pl womona	n.ip	belly	*blũła
yomo	(no pl)	n.ip	mouth	*yãbu
=so		par	or	*saw
=ʔma		par	and	*ʔama 'with'
ca		par	and	*ca
cą		par	(emphatic)	*dlã 'by contrast'
caca		par	also	*caca 'moreover'
cańe		par	definitely not; never	*dlã ye
cmę		par	as, under the circumstance that	*cawĩ
hą		par	then, next	*pʰã
kehće		par	instead, rather	*kʰeči
kwe		par	but	*kʷe
roʔ		par	so, therefore	*duk
śeʔ		par	however, by contrast	*džet
tǫ		par	because	*tũ
yeca		par	and not, not either	*yeca
yekwe		par	but not, not at all	*yekʷe
aro		pp	from	*ʔadzu 'move away from'
elka		pp	due to, because of	*ʔel ka 'because' + 'on behalf of'
hihmoʔ		pp	upward	*łiγi-ma-ʔu 'at the upper place of'
ihma		pp	without	*ʔiłma
ina		pp	before, until	*ʔina
kǫpe		pp	towards, in the direction of, in order to	Emp. kampé
kwoco		pp	after, since	*kʷucu 'behind'
laʔ		pp	under	*lat
lena		pp	as, like, similar to	*γlẽda
mnąʔco		pp	downward	*melã-ʔadzu 'along-away'
moʔ		pp	on, at, near	*ma-ʔu 'place-cons'
naʔ		pp	above	*nat
nene		pp	across, through	*nĩłe
ǫcąʔ		pp	during, while	*ʔama-sãk 'with-inside'
oma		pp	with	*ʔama
otwoʔ		pp	as if (takes nominalized verb as complement)	(cf. otwa- 'similar')
po		pp	against	*pyu
sąkma		pp	made of	*sãk-ʔama 'inside-with'
sąʔ		pp	at, in	*sãk 'inside'
śe		pp	via, along	*dže 'through' and/or *še 'down'
tahco		pp	by means of, using	*tʰatʰa-cu 'use' + adverbializer
tewi		pp	behind, beyond, further away than	*tʰewi
yo		pp	outside	*γaw
aye-	(ʔ)	pre	dangerous	Emp. ʔáyé- 'frightening'
cahpę-	(ʔ)	pre	heavy	*cʰapẽ-
cek-		pre	beautiful, attractive	*kliγka-
ceʔ-		pre	sufficient	*čiʔe-
cic-		pre	centrally located	*tłiči
ciʔ-		pre	broad, wide	*tleʔe-
ckǫ-	(ʔ)	pre	grave, severe, serious	*cakũ-
cma-	(ʔ)	pre	red	*dzama-
cńǫ-	(ʔ)	pre	virtuous, noble	*tleyũ-
cǫ-	(ʔ)	pre	long	*dłũ-
coh-		pre	strong, manly; straightforward	*tłuwa 'blood'
cohą-	(ʔ)	pre	original	*cʰuła-
cpo-	(ʔ)	pre	comprehensive; (before another adjectival prefix) very	*capu-
ćę-	(n)	pre	full	*činu-
ćik-		pre	yellow	*čika-
ćmą-		pre	soft, fluid	*čiwã-
ćotah-		pre	short	*kłutʰa-
hak-		pre	holy, divine	*bakʰe 'holiness'
hakwa-	(ʔ)	pre	close, nearby, on the near side	*łakʷa-
hi-	(h)	pre	upper	*łiγi-
hit-		pre	small	*pʰita-
hop-		pre	awkward, strange	*łupa-
hoʔ-		pre	delicious	*łaʔu-
i-	(ʔ)	pre	(before another adjectival prefix) not, un-	*ye-
ipo-	(ʔ)	pre	clear	*ʔipu-
ira-	(ʔ)	pre	slow, calm, relaxed	*ʔida-
kaho-	(ʔ)	pre	narrow	*kʰawa-
kahto-	(del)	pre	gentle	*kʰatu-
kąʔ-		pre	black	*kʰãʔa-
kceh-		pre	dirty	*kačʰi-
kńą-	(ʔ)	pre	thin, meagre	*kʰiñã-
kńąco-	(h)	pre	premature, inexperienced, unsuitable	*kʰiñã-tłuwa 'thin blood'
kpeh-		pre	dry	*kʰibła-
ktah-		pre	correct; suitable	*katʰa-
kwihc-		pre	emotional, sensitive	*kʷʰeyta 'womb'
leʔ-		pre	high, tall	*leʔe-
lǫ-	(n)	pre	green	*γłuna-
lǫ-	(m)	pre	warm	*lãma-
lokwa-	(ʔ)	pre	hidden, non-obvious	Emp. lawokha-
lotwe-	(h)	pre	widespread, common	*lawtʰe-
ma-	(h)	pre	lower	*maγa-
mahka-	(del)	pre	sharp(-edged)	*małka-
mękwa-	(del)	pre	wet	*mĩkʷa-
momą-	(ʔ)	pre	rough	*bãγʷã-
mono-	(ʔ)	pre	vast, enormous, overwhelming	Emp. manó- 'wide'
nać-		pre	tame	*nače-
nah-		pre	young	*nała-
nęc-		pre	straight	*dzĩči-
nǫ-	(m)	pre	thick, fat	*dãbu-
ńalo-	(ʔ)	pre	dull, blunt	Emp. ŋallo-
ńąś-		pre	big, large	*γãdže-
ńeś-		pre	smooth	*ñeši-
ńiʔ-		pre	detailed, intricate, decorated	*ñiʔe 'detail'
oći-		pre	difficult, intimidating	*wači- 'steep'
ohe-	(ʔ)	pre	former, ex-	*ʔupʰe-
ohę-	(ʔ)	pre	frequent	*γʷałĩ-
ońo-	(ʔ)	pre	constant, durable, eternal, solid, rigid	*ʔũγʷu-
ot-		pre	next, future, to-be	(back-formed from otweʔną)
otwa-	(ʔ)	pre	similar	*ʔawdza-
pąk-		pre	new	*plãka-
peńę-	(ʔ)	pre	far, distant	*pãyẽ-
pewe-	(ʔ)	pre	delicate, graceful	*pyewe-
pnǫ-	(ʔ)	pre	little, somewhat	*padũ-
polpa-	(ʔ)	pre	loud, bold, audacious, prominent	*pulba-
pomę-	(ʔ)	pre	late	*pawnĩ-
pśe-	(ʔ)	pre	deep	*puše-
roh-		pre	good	*duγa-
siʔ-		pre	wrong, bad, inappropriate	*sayʔa-
skeh-		pre	wild, fierce, aggressive	*sakʰe-
sǫs-		pre	major, primary, typical, exemplary	*sũsu-
tąc-		pre	same, identical, unchanged	*tãtłi-
tah-		pre	entire, complete	*tała-
tahna-	(del)	pre	cold	*tʰãda-
tihni-	(ʔ)	pre	upright; courageous	Emp. tliní-
tohmo-	(ʔ)	pre	angry, indignant	Emp. tlámá- 'red'
wek-		pre	quick, fast, agile	*γʷeku-
wepi-	(ʔ)	pre	bright	*webłi-
weʔą-	(ʔ)	pre	near, usual, familiar	*weʔã 'be familiar with'
wihę-	(ʔ)	pre	countless; innumerable	*γʷeyłĩ-
wili-	(ʔ)	pre	valuable, noteworthy, famous	PL vili 'good, fine, beautiful'
yah-		pre	different	*yaγe-
yara-	(ʔ)	pre	old, weak	*yada-
yel-		pre	different	*yelu- 'other'
yeʔ-		pre	regular; reliable; safe	*yiʔe-
yińę-	(ʔ)	pre	light, easy	*yĩyĩ-
yocǫ-	(ʔ)	pre	early, soon, young, quick, fresh	*γudłũ-
kwa	pl kwakwe	pron	(obviative class I)	*kʷi-wa-
kwiće	pl pśekwe	pron	(obviative class V)	*kʷi-če-
kwihke	pl kwihkwe	pron	(obviative class IV)	*kʷi-łki-
kwińǫ	pl kmǫkwe	pron	(obviative class III)	*kʷi-γũ-
kwiśe	pl pśikwe	pron	(obviative class VII)	*kʷi-ši-
kwita	pl psakwe	pron	(obviative class II)	*kʷi-ta-
kwoye	pl kwoyekwe	pron	(obviative class VI)	*kʷi-ye-
na	pl sa	pron	(speaker)	*na- / *sa-
ta	pl tkwe	pron	(addressee)	*ta-
wile		pron	why	*γʷey džeγe 'which purpose'
yaće	pl ćekwe	pron	(proximate class V)	*ya-če-
yahke	pl śkikwe	pron	(proximate class IV)	*ya-łki
yaho	pl yoʔ, yokwe-	pron	(proximate class I)	*ya-wa-
yańǫ	pl ńǫkwe	pron	(proximate class III)	*ya-γũ-
yaśe	pl śikwe	pron	(proximate class VII)	*ya-ši-
yata	pl cakwe	pron	(proximate class II)	*ya-ta-
yaye	pl yekwe	pron	(proximate class VI)	*ya-ye-
holę-	distr hoholę-	qu	half	*łulẽ-
męca-	distr memęca-	qu	four	*mẽca-
męći-	distr memęći-	qu	six	*mẽči-
nahto-	distr nanahto-	qu	three	*nałtu-
nalći-	distr nanalći-	qu	seven	*nalši-
nǫńaho-	distr nonǫńaho	qu	sixty-four	*dãbu-ñaγʷa- 'fat eight'
ńaho-	distr ńańaho-	qu	eight	*ñaγʷa-
ora-	distr oʔora-	qu	five	*ʔudza-
śi-	distr śiśi-	qu	two	*ši-
takwa-	distr tatkwa-	qu	one	*takʷa-
cona		v.dt	promise, swear, vow	*dłũ-dzači 'long-say' (final -ći reanalyzed as optative)
cwoʔla		v.dt	suggest	(benefactive applicative of woʔla: 'plan on behalf of')
ćihta		v.dt	teach	*čʰiłta
ena		v.dt	give	*ʔẽda
eniʔna		v.dt	entrust to	(eni 'be equipped with' + -ʔna- permissive)
piʔehpa		v.dt	protect from	*pyu-yiʔe-łpa 'make safe against'
pola		v.dt	donate	*bliwla
romę		v.dt	lend, borrow	*dabĩ
węća		v.dt	withhold; deprive sb. of sth.	*wẽkya-
araʔya		v.it	despair, be worried	*ʔadya-ʔaya 'fear' + stative
cana		v.it	glow, gleam; be on fire	*dłãdza
cece		v.it	prepare leather	*tletle
cehę		v.it	stay, be around	*čiłĩ
ceʔkihca		v.it	be initiated	*dłeʔka-ʔiłca 'towards the tribe'
ćawi		v.it	smile, be happy, enjoy oneself	*kyaγʷi
ćeka		v.it	sit	*čeka
ćeńęhpa		v.it	cry	*kyañĩ-łpa
ćeʔśo		v.it	appear	*kleʔšu
ćohmę		v.it	be more than expected	*čʰewłĩ
eńopaho		v.it	return	(eńo + paho: 'again-walk')
hakęmo		v.it	be hungry	PL haga-iŋmau 'want to eat'
hala		v.it	grow, swell	*pʰala
halćaʔę		v.it	become proud, become arrogant	*pʰala-šaʔẽ 'mind-swell'
hićę	(h)	v.it	cease, stop	*łičʰĩ
hiho		v.it	breathe, blow	*pʰiwa
holco		v.it	be desirable	*pʰuldzu- 'great'
ipe		v.it	sigh	*ʔipe
kaća	(h)	v.it	be stained	*kačʰa 'make dirty'
kahkwa		v.it	laugh	*kʰakʷʰa
kehto		v.it	give up	*kʰetu 'lie down'
kmęća		v.it	gasp	*kʷẽkła
koća		v.it	ask	*kukya (cf. PCW *gudzi-)
kohpaʔco		v.it	leave; go on a quest	*kʰulpa-ʔadzu 'hunt-away'
kokwa		v.it	enter a trance	Emp. kowukoá
kolę		v.it	itch	*kʰulĩ
kpehtwi	(h)	v.it	become dry	*kʰibła-tʰuya
kwahi		v.it	be done/gone, be unrecoverable	*kʷʰayi
kwećę		v.it	jump	*kʷečĩ
kwekwoʔya		v.it	boil	*kʷekʷu-ʔaya 'cook' + stative
kwińi		v.it	shine; be impressive; be famous	*kʷĩγi
kwoną		v.it	lie	*kʷunã
lahpa		v.it	grow up, become an adult	*la 'man' + dynamic verbalizer
leńe		v.it	be rare	*γluñe
lińa		v.it	be lazy	*lĩdła
lońǫ		v.it	act	*luγũ
mihe		v.it	be absent	*miłe
miwo		v.it	breathe	*mibu
menąta	(h)	v.it	roam, go back and forth, hang around, linger, hesitate	*melã-tʰa 'along-do'
nomo		v.it	believe	*nãbu 'think'
ńępe		v.it	sleep	*džẽpe
ohkahpa		v.it	spit	*γʷałkałpa
ohmę		v.it	hurry	*ʔewłĩ
ohńǫ		v.it	roll	*ʔułñũ
ole		v.it	die	*wadže
oyaʔna		v.it	be forceful, be violent, be aggressive	*ʔuya-ʔẽda 'give pain'
paho		v.it	walk	*pława
pehńa		v.it	disappear, be invisible	*pʰĩbła (cf. PCW *phìʔla- 'hidden')
pękyosi		v.it	sail, navigate	PL pamiki-usi
pihka		v.it	exist, be naturally	*piłka
pohna		v.it	guess	Emp. phaná 'find one's way'
raną		v.it	fly	*dalã 'swim'
seną		v.it	freeze	*dzaynã
sisi		v.it	hiss, sizzle	(imitative)
sokwa		v.it	be silent	*dzukʷa
somo		v.it	confirm, approve, agree	*sũbu
sopą		v.it	dig	*supã
śecą		v.it	blink; be surprised	*džecã
śeʔta		v.it	flow	*šeʔta
śiką		v.it	stand	*šikã
śoka		v.it	swim	*šiwka 'float'
śokmą		v.it	dwell	*šiwkʷã
tahmo		v.it	fall, stumble	*tʰãbu
tękta		v.it	be tired, be sleepy	*tãya-kuda 'need to sleep'
twihto		v.it	grow pale	*tʰuytu
wahpa		v.it	be sick	*ʔuwałpa 'vomit'
weta		v.it	turn, be changed	*weta
weto	(h)	v.it	fade, wither	*wetʰu
yaka		v.it	joke	*yaka 'play'
yawę		v.it	creep	*yawẽ
ye		v.it	go, move	*ye (back-formed from *yeʔadzu/*yeʔiłca)
yeko		v.it	celebrate, have a good time	*yeku 'eat meat'
yele		v.it	run	*γedže
yema		v.it	row	*yema
yoha	(h)	v.it	last, remain, survive	*yupʰa (cf. Emp. éphákhá 'custom, tradition')
yomi		v.it	rest	*yãbi (cf. PCW *yèbi-)
ahpara		v.mt	anger	*ʔałpadza
caye		v.mt	try, tackle, attempt	(benefactive applicative of ye: 'go for the purpose of')
cehą		v.mt	resume, continue	*čʰiłã
cocą		v.mt	serve, obey, comply with	*cucã
cǫhco		v.mt	be anxious/nervous about	*cʰũtłu
cohe		v.mt	find, discover	*tłupʰe
cwaya		v.mt	fight	*sabaya
ćakę		v.mt	distribute	*kłakĩ
ćehwi		v.mt	tie, bind, restrain, attach	*čʰeγʷi (cf. Gez. tsegi-)
ćelta		v.mt	see, notice	*čelda
ćeʔtaha		v.mt	blame, accuse, curse	*kłeʔe-daγa 'strike-call'
ćinora		v.mt	fill with, load with, stack, pile up	*činu-dza 'cause to be full'
ćiye		v.mt	want, wish, desire	*čiye
ćkara		v.mt	welcome, greet	*čekadza 'seat'
ćosą		v.mt	focus on, feel attracted to, be curious about	*kyusã
ćoʔna		v.mt	wait for	*kłuʔna
eni		v.mt	be equipped with	Emp. éní 'hold, own'
eʔći		v.mt	shape, sculpt, form	*ʔeʔdži (cf. Gez. eːzi-)
hakeʔna		v.mt	bless, wish sb. luck	*bakʰe-ʔẽda 'give holiness'
hani		v.mt	respond, answer	*pʰãli
hapaʔta		v.mt	shoot, hurl as a weapon	*pʰapʰaʔta
haʔta		v.mt	throw	*pʰaʔta
hesa		v.mt	cut	*besa
hęʔso		v.mt	hate	*łĩʔsu
hiyahpa		v.mt	heal	*łiyałpa
homę		v.mt	help	*łubẽ
hoʔą		v.mt	smell	*łuʔã
ića	(h)	v.mt	fish	*ʔičʰa
ilcahpa		v.mt	touch	*ʔilca-łpa 'hand' + dynamic verbalizer
kahca		v.mt	shake, stir, cause to move (circular or back-and-forth)	*kʰadza (cf. Emp. khatla)
kanihca		v.mt	join (a group), become a member of	*kana-ʔiłca 'towards the group'
kayahpa		v.mt	burn	*kʰayałpa
kcana		v.mt	illuminate	(lative applicative of cana: 'glow towards sth.')
kehca		v.mt	put, place	*kʰetudza
kęhta	(h)	v.mt	build, put together, create	*kʰiñatʰa
keyahpa		v.mt	bury	*kʰeya-łpa 'soil' + dynamic verbalizer
kihoʔna		v.mt	pour	*kʰiγʷa-ʔẽda
kilnǫ		v.mt	add	*kilnũ
kmąca	(h)	v.mt	estimate	*kʷãcʰa
kńaćka		v.mt	visit, spend time with	*kʰiña-čeka 'sit together'
kohpa		v.mt	follow, pursue	*kʰulpa 'hunt'
kolta	(h)	v.mt	gouge, drill, pierce	*kʰulu tʰa 'make a hole'
komą		v.mt	fear	*kamã
kora		v.mt	overlook, not pay attention	*kuda 'sleep'
kwekwo		v.mt	cook	*kʷekʷu
kweta		v.mt	become	(lative applicative of weta: 'be changed into')
kwisa		v.mt	squeeze, press, grind	*kʷisa
lakmǫ		v.mt	perceive (non-visually)	*γlakʷũ
lapę		v.mt	remove	*γlapẽ
laʔpa		v.mt	steal	*laʔpa
leńa		v.mt	dig	*laña 'scratch'
leńę		v.mt	seize	*γludžẽ
lępo		v.mt	lift, raise	*γlĩpu
liha		v.mt	clean	*leypʰa 'wipe'
lǫća		v.mt	exchange, trade, share	*lũkla
loćo	(h)	v.mt	charm, court, persuade	*lukʰiw
lǫpa		v.mt	kiss	*lũpa
mahkata		v.mt	sharpen	*małka-tʰa 'make sharp'
mahkmehpa		v.mt	scold, criticize	*małka-mełi-łpa 'be sharp-tongued'
manona		v.mt	lie (towards), deceive	Emp. mánoná 'be untrue'
mena		v.mt	know, understand	*bẽdza
męso		v.mt	stretch	*γʷĩsu
meʔse		v.mt	taste	*meʔši
meʔśo		v.mt	sew	*meʔšu
naścoʔna		v.mt	forgive (sb.)	*nače-tłuwa-ʔẽda 'show tame blood to'
naʔla		v.mt	ascend, climb	Emp. náʔótlá
nęmi		v.mt	express	*nẽγmi
noki		v.mt	turn around (sth.)	*nuγki
nǫkoća		v.mt	ponder, consider, ask oneself	*nãbu-kukya 'think-ask'
nopi		v.mt	lean on	*nupi
ńąse		v.mt	receive	*γãši
ńępo		v.mt	observe, watch	*γĩpu
ńęsa		v.mt	dance	*džẽsa
ǫcpohę		v.mt	discuss, debate, negotiate, talk about sth. in detail with	*ʔama-dzupʰu-łãγa 'hunt for spirits together with'
ohke		v.mt	wash	*γʷałki
okmę		v.mt	carry, transport	*wekʷĩ
olca		v.mt	hit	*walca
ońota	(h)	v.mt	insist on, be determined about	*ʔũγʷu-tʰa 'do constantly'
opą		v.mt	distinguish	*ʔupã
ǫśką		v.mt	support; stand beside	*ʔama-šikã 'stand with'
ośśa		v.mt	kill	*wadžedza
ǫtahpa		v.mt	bite, chew	*ʔũtałpa
otwaʔya		v.mt	resemble, match, be similar to	*ʔawdza-ʔaya
pahpąta		v.mt	search at/in, make one's way through, explore	*pława-pãta 'walk and find one's way'
pąta		v.mt	reach for	*pãta 'find one's way'
pątaʔco		v.mt	escape	*pãta-ʔadzu 'get away from'
peńe		v.mt	say towards, tell, inform	*pẽγe
pępi		v.mt	cover	*pẽpi (cf. Emp. pemí 'hide')
pińi		v.mt	lose	*płẽyi
possi		v.mt	collect; request	PL pusa-usi 'gather'
poʔę		v.mt	break, destroy, tear apart	*puʔẽ
poʔwaro		v.mt	abandon, waste	*pława-ʔadzu 'walk away'
raha		v.mt	shout, call	*daγa
sace		v.mt	say, speak	*dzači
sakosi		v.mt	divide	PL sagau-usi 'split'
salą		v.mt	attack, assault	*dzalã 'stab'
sena		v.mt	sing	Emp. sená
siśę		v.mt	drink	*sayšĩ
soho		v.mt	hunt	*dzupʰu
soppeye		v.mt	gather, collect	*dzupʰu-pʰeyi 'collect seeds'
soʔna		v.mt	enlarge	*suʔna
śęhpa		v.mt	count	*šĩdałpa
śęta		v.mt	say poetically	*šẽta 'sing'
śikna		v.mt	stick in the ground	*šikãdza
ta	(h)	v.mt	do (mostly used as a proverb)	*tʰa
taho		v.mt	bend, change	*tʰawa
tahta		v.mt	use	*tʰatʰa
tańa		v.mt	must, should, ought to	*tãya
tehme		v.mt	imagine, envision, dream about	Emp. tlemé
tǫhno		v.mt	have sex with	*tʰũdu
tomą		v.mt	assist, contribute, participate; (of rivers) discharge into	*tumã
waʔą		v.mt	clash with, contradict	*γʷaʔã
weco		v.mt	eat	*wecu 'eat vegetables'
weńo		v.mt	increase; multiply	*wẽyu
weʔą		v.mt	know, meet regularly, be familiar with	*weʔã
weʔla		v.mt	damage, injure badly, scar	Emp. ʔwétlá 'cause pain'
wihce		v.mt	reduce	*γʷiłči
wihora		v.mt	give birth to, engender	*γʷiwadza
wilimo		v.mt	praise, honor	Emp. wilimú (influenced by wili-)
woloʔla		v.mt	catch, capture, imprison, abduct	Emp. wollotla 'enslave'
woʔla		v.mt	draft, plan, come up with	Emp. wotlá 'give birth to'
yahke		v.mt	keep, guard, foster	*γałke
yahkmena		v.mt	remember	(yahke + mena: ~ 'guard what you know')
yanohpa		v.mt	pack, wrap, bundle	*yãdzu-łpa 'do with a bag'
yąpa		v.mt	be capable of	*yãpa
yaśi		v.mt	hold, own, marry	*yaši
yecą		v.mt	stop, hold up, impede	*γitłã
yera		v.mt	push, pull, cause to move (in a linear direction)	*yedza 'push'
yęso		v.mt	love, hold in high regard	*yẽsu
yeya		v.mt	hear	*γiya
yeyaćka		v.mt	listen to	*γiya-čeka 'hear-sit'
yęʔne		v.mt	spread	*yẽʔne
yeʔyahke		v.mt	preserve, store	*yiʔe-γałke 'keep safe'
yoćkę		v.mt	scatter, disperse	*γaw-kłakĩ 'out-distribute'
yǫhpa		v.mt	suck; fellate	*yãbułpa
yoʔpe		v.mt	begin	*γuʔpe (cf. PCW *ğuʔpe-)