Proto-Western/Lexicon

Written by Dewrad.

Following is the Proto-Western lexicon as it currently stands, at 328 words. Of course, as more words are added to the lexicon, be they new roots or derived from existing ones, this page will be updated. Nominals and verbs are both given in their citation forms- the unmarked absolutive singular for the former and the bare root for the latter. Where a nominal is followed by a hyphen, this indicates that the nominal in question obligatorily takes a classifier.

Abbreviations

This lexicon makes use of the following abbreviations as guides to parts of speech:

v.it	intransitive verb
v.mt	monotransitive verb
v.dt	ditransitive verb
n	nominal
n.ip	inalienably possessed nominal
n.coll	collective nominal
adv	adverb
pre	adjectival prefix
pp	postposition
par	particle

Lexicon

Proto-Western	part of speech	gloss
bakʰe	n	holiness
bebesa	v.mt	split
bẽdza	v.mt	know
besa	v.mt	cut
besadzũ	n	knife
błama	v.it	fart
blũła	n.ip	belly
ca	par	and
caca	par	moreover
cał	par	also
čeka	v.it	sit
čekadza	v.mt	seat
čelda	v.mt	see
čełdza	n	heart
čʰe-	n	that over there (visible)
čʰekʰã	n	earth
čʰepʰu	n	deer
čʰilpu	n.ip	arm
čʰiłta	v.dt	teach
cʰuy	adv	yesterday
čika-	pre	yellow
činu-	pre	full
čiye	v.mt	want
cuba	n	fruit
cupʰu	v.mt	itch, irritate
cupʰudaya	n	louse
da-	n	that near you
dãbu-	pre	thick
dadłe	n	here
dalã	v.it	swim, fly
daγa	v.it	shout
daγadza	v.mt	call to
dła	pp	for
dłeʔa	n	land
dłeʔka	n	tribe
dłũ-	pre	long
dudže	n	sky
duk	par	therefore
duγa-	pre	good
dzači	v.mt	say
dzalã	v.mt	stab
dzaldayã	n	bird
dzaldayãʔu ʔilsa	n.ip	wing
dzama-	pre	red
dže	pp	through
dže-	n	this near me
džẽsa	v.mt	dance
džet	par	however
dzĩči-	pre	straight
džiña	n.ip	fingernail
džĩʔĩ	n	bee
džĩʔĩkʰa	n	honey, sweetness
džũbłi	n.ip	breast
dzupʰu	v.mt	gather, hunt, collect, fish
ka	pp	on behalf of
kaca	n	friend
kačʰa	pre	soil, make dirty
kačʰi-	pre	dirty
kamã	v.mt	fear
katʰa-	pre	correct
kãʔči	pp	towards
ke	pp	to
kʰakʷʰa	v.it	laugh
kʰakʷʰadza	v.mt	mock
kʰalu	v.mt	tie, fasten
kʰapa	n	tree
kʰapacũ	n	forest
kʰawa-	pre	narrow
kʰaya	n	fire
kʰayałacũ	n	ashes
kʰayałpa	v.mt	burn
kʰãʔa-	pre	black
kʰeči	par	instead
kʰełka	n.coll	stone
kʰelna	n	horn
kʰesa	n	dung
kʰesałpa	v.it	defecate
kʰetu	v.it	lie down
kʰetudza	v.mt	place
kʰeya	n.coll	soil
kʰeyakʷi	n.coll	sand
kʰeyasłũ	n	wall, rampart
kʰeybu	n	worm
kʰibła-	pre	dry
kʰiña-	pre	together
kʰiñã-	pre	thin
kʰiñatʰa	v.mt	build, put together, create
kʰułda	n	boat
kʰulpa	v.mt	hunt
kʰulu	n	anus
kiʔka	adv	continuously
kłače	n	mix
kłãke	n	skin
kłama	n.coll	berries
kłephã	n	wild animal, game
kłutʰa-	pre	short
kluwa	n.ip	leg
kuda	v.it	sleep
kʷadu	n.ip	tail
kʷe	par	but
kʷẽdu	n.ip	head
kʷekʷu	v.mt	cook
kʷela	n	child
kʷʰeyta	n.ip	womb
kʷi-	n	(cataphoric stem)
kʷisa	v.mt	squeeze, press
kʷisa	v.it	make felt
kʷucu	pp	after, behind
kʷułu	n	wolf
kyupʰe	n	water
la	n.ip	husband
la	n	man
lãca	n	egg
lãca-	n	many
łakʷa-	pre	near
lalaña	v.mt	dig
lałka	n.ip	ear
lãma-	pre	warm
laña	v.mt	scratch
łãši	n	horse
lãsu	n.ip	back
lat	pp	under
laʔpa	v.mt	steal
łaγa	n.ip	eye
łãγa	n	spirit
łãγa	n.ip	soul
łãγlawa	n	priest
laγʷa	n	smoke
leypʰa	v.mt	wipe
łina	n	lake
łiya	n	snake
łiyałpa	v.mt	heal
lũma	v.mt	grind, mill
lumẽ	n	right, east
ma	n	place, location
madłi	n	bear
mãdzã	n.ip	nose
madže	n	sea
małka-	pre	sharp
maše	v.it	shine
Mašeγẽ	n	moon
mãsu-	pre	wide
maye-	pre	rotten
mẽca-	n	four
medza	n	dog
mek	pp	by means of
melã	pp	along
mełi	n.ip	tongue
meʔšu	v.mt	sew
mẽγu	n	sheep
mĩkʷa-	pre	wet
mina	n.ip	mother
miña	adv	the day before yesterday
mu	adv	completely
na	n	I
nãbu	v.it	think
nače-	pre	tame
nadũ	n	left, west
nadže	adv	rarely
ñałdu-	pre	dull, blunt
nałtu-	n	three
nat	pp	above
ñaye	adv	frequently
naʔu	pp	up
nãγu	n.ip	foot
ñeši-	pre	smooth
neγla-	pre	white
nipʰa	n	fog
pãta	v.it	find one's way
pãtadzũ	n	road, path
pʰã	par	then, next
pʰa-	n	everyone, everything, all
pʰala	v.it	swell, grow, become tumescent
pʰala-	pre	far
pʰapʰaʔta	v.mt	shoot, hurl as a weapon (note that the DO of this verb is always what is being shot (arrow, spear), not what is being shot at)
pʰaʔta	v.mt	throw
pʰẽla	n	cloud
pʰełi	n	tree bark
pʰeyi	n	seed
pʰita-	pre	small
pʰiwa	v.it	breathe, blow
pʰiwadza	v.mt	inflate
pʰuda	n	chief
plãka-	pre	new
plama	n	flower
pława	v.it	walk
pławaʔadzu	v.it	walk away
sa	n	we
sabaya	v.mt	fight
sãk	pp	inside
sałtĩ	adv	surprisingly
saw	par	or
sayi	n	night
še	pp	down
šešewa	n	star
šẽta	v.mt	sing
šeʔtaʔadza	v.it	flow away
šeʔtaʔiłca	v.it	flow towards
ši-	n	two
šĩda	n	webbing between the fingers, palm
šĩdałpa	v.mt	count
šikã	v.it	stand
šikãdza	v.mt	stick in the ground
šiwka	v.it	float
šiwkaʔadza	v.it	float downstream
sudła	adv	tomorrow
sũla-	pre	round
šuwa	n.ip	guts
ta	n	you
tabe	pp	on, at
taka	n	grass
takadłe	n	grassland, plain
takala	n	rope
takʷa-	n	one
tʰa	v.mt	do, make
tʰa-	n	that over there (invisible)
tʰãbu	v.it	fall
tʰãda-	pre	cold
tʰadłe	n	there
tʰatʰa	v.mt	use
tʰawa	v.mt	bend
tʰawdzũ	n.ip	knee
tʰaya	n	milk
tʰẽʔpi	n	daughter
tʰuba	n	root
tʰũdu	v.mt	have sex with
tʰula	n	wool
tʰunã	n.ip	head of the family, father
tʰunyaʔã	n.ip	uncle, brother, eldest son of the head of the family
tʰuya	v.mt	become
tłãtłã	adv	repeatedly
tletle	v.it	prepare leather
tletle	v.mt	rub
tłupʰe	v.mt	find, discover
tłuwa	n	blood
tuca	n	house, home
tupi-	n	few
tyaša	n.coll	hair
wači-	pre	steep
wadže	v.it	die
wadžedza	v.mt	kill
walca	v.mt	hit
wapʰa	n.coll	beans
watya	adv	the day after tomorrow
wecu	v.mt	eat vegetables
weta	v.it	turn
wetłu	n	liver
wetweʔnã	n	next year
weʔnã	n	year
ya-	n	(anaphoric stem)
yãbu	n.ip	mouth
yãbułpa	v.mt	suck
yada-	pre	old
yaka	v.it	play
yãki	n	river
Yama	n	sun
yamayaʔa	n	human
yãsa	n	meat
yaši	v.mt	hold, own, marry
yatʰa	v.mt	tend, garden
yatʰapa	n	garden
ye	par	not
yeca	par	and not
yeči	n	arrow
yedza	v.mt	push
yeku	v.mt	eat meat
yekʷe	par	but not
yelu-	n	other
yema	v.it	row
yesaw	par	nor
yeʔadzu	v.it	leave
yeʔiłca	v.it	come
yeʔiłcadza	v.mt	pull
ʔadya	v.mt	fear
ʔakʷa	v.it	rain
ʔałpa	n	anger, rage
ʔałpadza	v.mt	anger
ʔału	v.mt	smell
ʔama	pp	with
ʔašẽ	n.ip	wife
ʔašẽ	n	woman
ʔẽda	v.dt	give
ʔel	par	because
ʔẽta	n	feather
ʔey	pp	if
ʔičʰa	v.mt	fish
ʔida-	pre	slow
ʔiłma	pp	without
ʔilsa	n.ip	hand
ʔĩye	n	name
ʔudza-	n	five
ʔũta	n.ip	tooth
ʔũtałpa	v.mt	bite
ʔuwa	n	vomit
ʔuwałpa	v.it	vomit
ʔuya	n	pain
ʔuyadza	v.mt	cause pain
γãdže-	pre	big
γalši	n.ip	neck
γaña	n	leaf
γaw	pp	outside
γaʔle	n.coll	salt
γedže	v.it	run
γelši	n	fat, grease
γema-	pre	bad
γipa-	n	some
γiše	n	day
γĩwa	n	pine
γiya	v.mt	hear
γlaʔta	v.mt	milk
γłuna-	pre	green
γuči	n	fish
γũka	n	pig
γulši	n.coll	millet
γʷałka	n	spit
γʷałkałpa	v.it	spit
γʷałki	v.mt	wash
γʷãsu	n	bone
γʷeku-	pre	quick
γʷekudu	n	eagle
γʷełbu	n	slave
γʷeley	n	mountain
γʷeye	n	hill
γʷibe	v.mt	drink
γʷĩta	n	wind
γʷiwa	v.it	live, be alive
γʷiwadza	v.mt	give birth to, engender
γʷuye-	pre	heavy

Derivational morphology

Yeah, I know examples would help.

Reconstructing a secure set of derivational morphemes is somewhat difficult, as the daughter languages innovated considerably in this area. However, we can identify twenty-one morphemes which we can be relatively certain that they were productive in the protolanguage. In the following list, V represents a vowel identical to the final vowel of the base word's stem, e.g. yãki + -ʔayV- > yãkiʔayi.

-ʔayV-	Derives a stative verb from a nominal.
-łpa-	Derives a non-stative verb from a nominal, whose meaning is related to the base.
-dayV-	Derives animate agent-nouns from verbs.
-dzũ-	Added to verbs, this suffix produces a nominal indicating the tool by which the base process is carried out.
-γʷĩ-	Nominalises verbs.
-ła-	Added to verbs, this produces a nominal indicating the result of a verb.
-cu-	This derives adverbs from nominals and verbs.
-dza-	This suffix increases the valence of a verb by one- creating causatives and transitives.
-ʔiłca-	This suffix indicates that the motion of the root is towards the "focus" point (which is often, but not always, the speaker).
-ʔadzu-	This suffix indicates the opposite of the preceding, motion away from the focus point.
-tu-	This suffix derives nominals from other nominals, the resulting word being an abstract nominal. Something like English -ness.
-kʰa-	Added to nominals, this suffix produces nominals which have a relation in some way to the base word.
-słu-	Added to nominals, this suffix indicates an object which is made of the referent of the base word.
-γẽ-	Derives nominals indicating location, either the location of an action or another nominal.
-du-	Derives augmentive/honorific nominals.
-kʷi-	Derives diminutives.
-lawV-	Added to nominals, this suffix produces nominals referring to people who have a connection in some way to the base word.
-la- and -cũ-	Both of these suffixes derived nominals indicating a collection of bases. The two seem to have been interchangeable, although it has been theorised that originally -cũ- was restricted to edible nouns.
-kĩ-	Derived the female equivalent of a masculine base nominal.
-yaʔV-	Added to nominals, this suffix indicates a descendant or offspring of the base.