Proto-Ronquian Lexicon
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
| PR reconstruction | meaning | reconstructed on the basis of | notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| *agim | reflect (light) | RTJ jè reflect (of light, images) , MT alim reflect (light) , RTI ačey vt. reflect , ƏD ajen vt. reflect , RNW uŋe v. reflect, shine | see also *ŋgim |
| *agjam | fresh-water salmon | RT dźaon pl htśaon salmon , RTJ ĕjà fresh-water salmon , MT alam fresh-water salmon , RTI acam n. an. salmon | |
| *ak | return, come back | RT ec attr kec return, come back , RTJ ág return, come back , MT akh return, come back , RTI aš vi. return, come back , RRK ak dur agak v.it return, come back , ƏD akon vt. return to , RNW uk v. return to one's origin | |
| *am | lake | RT yaon pl yáon lake , RTJ àù lake, inland sea , MT am lake , RRK aa pl raa n.a lake , ƏD əmoh n. dyn. sea , RNW u n. sa. lake | |
| *an | vase, amphora | RT an pl nan amphora, flask (ceramicware for liquids) , RTJ ràì vase, ceramicware for holding liquid , MT anggó vase, amphora, ceramicware for liquids , RRK ıtal pl rıtal n.i amphora , ƏD ən n. port. vase | |
| *aɴɢ | be right, be correct, guess correctly | RT onc attr konc be right, guess correctly , RTJ ágh be right, guess correctly , MT ang be right, be correct, guess correctly , RTI aň vi. be right, guess correctly , RNW uẋ v. guess; identify | |
| *aq | rock(s), stone(s) | RT oc sgv moc rock(s), stone(s) , RTJ ágh rock(s), stone(s) , MT ac rock(s), stone(s) , ƏD ak n. port./stat. rock | |
| *aqɬi | gypsum | RTJ ĕhlrĕ gypsum , MT asca gypsum , RTI eeši n. in. gypsum , ƏD aqlı coll, no pl n. stat. gypsum , RNW uqɬə n. in. gypsum | |
| *aqpʔul | knuckle, knuckle bone | RT pyù pl hpyù knuckle, wrist, joint , RTJ ĕpú knuckle , MT ap'ú knuckle, knuckle bone , RTI oomol n. an. knuckle , RRK vamıl pl rıvamıl n.a knuckle , , RNW uqbjil n. an. knuckle; pebble | |
| *aqsik | ankle, talus bone, dice | RTJ ĕhxíg ankle , MT ascikh ankle, talus bone, dice , RTI eehiš n. an. ankle , RRK vašik pl rıvašik n.a ankle , , RNW uqsek n. an. ankle | |
| *ar | want | RT ao pass hao, attr kao want , RTJ á want , MT ai want , RTI ar vt. want , RRK ıl dur šol v.tr want, desire , , RNW ul v. want, desire | |
| *aʀ | sandstorm | RTJ á sandstorm , MT ārófu sandstorm , , RNW oà n. an. dust cloud; sandstorm | |
| *asaq | eagle | RT zoc pl hsoc eagle , RTJ ságh ságh eagle , MT asac eagle , RTI ahak n. an. eagle , RRK ašak pl našak n.a eagle , , RNW usui n. an. eagle | |
| *asek | wolf | RT zac pl hsac wolf , RTJ srég srég wolf , MT asakh wolf , RTI aheš n. an. wolf , RRK kıtšık pl rıkıtšık n.a wolf , , RNW usək n. an. wolf | |
| *aw | swallow | RT wòu pass fwòu, attr kwòu swallow , RTJ áú swallow , MT au swallow , RTI uu vt. swallow , RNW u v. swallow | |
| *ba | be similar to, be like, resemble | RT pa as, like , RTJ bă be similar to, be like, resemble , MT ba be similar to, be like, resemble , RTI pa vt. be similar to, be like, resemble | |
| *baga | stingray | RTJ bĕgă ĕgă stingray , RTI mača n. an. ray (animal) , ƏD b’aga n. liv. stingray | |
| *baj | depart, leave, go away (from somewhere other than speaker or listener) | RT pei attr gwei depart, leave, go away (from someone other than speaker or listener) , RTJ báí depart, leave, go away (from somewhere other than speaker or listener) , MT pai depart, leave, go away (from somewhere other than speaker or listener) , RTI pay vt. depart, leave, go away (from somewhere other than speaker or listener) | |
| *bajraɴɢ | RT bronc pass hpronc attr gubronc regret , RTJ báíyĕzragh regret , RRK peeyaŋ dur pepeeyaŋ v.tr regret, repent, suffer (emotionally) | ||
| *bdej | RT blei pass hpsei, attr giblei imitate , RTJ bĕzí imitate | ||
| *be | beer | RT pe sgv pye beer , RTJ bĕ beer , MT pe beer , RTI pe n. in. beer | |
| *bej | son | RT pei pl pwéi boy, son , RTJ bí son , MT fífí son | |
| *bek | not, be not | RT pec attr gwec not, be not , MT pekh not, be not , ARŊ pʲek not | |
| *beŋg | thank | RT dwenc attr gudwenc appreciate, be grateful , RTJ bég thank , MT peng thank , RTI peň vt. thank , RRK p’eŋ dur bembeŋ v.tr thank | |
| *bəba | maternal uncle | RT mbyè pl mpyè maternal uncle , RTJ bĕbă maternal uncle , MT pwa maternal uncle , RTI pupa n. hu. maternal uncle , RRK bagyù pl basù, cnstr bılù, cnstr.pl bıglù n.h maternal uncle (brother of mother) , ƏD bəba n. sen. maternal uncle | |
| *bədʔan | children (collective plural) | RTJ bĕnà hnà children (collective plural) , MT pándan group of children, all the children, ones children | |
| *bəlawχ | weather | RT myòu (no sgv) sky, weather , RTJ bráú màù weather , MT baulā weather | |
| *bəpek | sick | RTJ bĕprég brég be sick , MT pakh sick | |
| *bəpek | refuse, deny | RTJ bĕpég refuse, deny , MT pwekh refuse, deny , RTI pupeš vt. refuse, deny , RRK kambek dur kaŋambek v.tr refuse, deny, block, obstruct | |
| *bəpiŋ | love | RT bwín pass hpwín, attr gubwín love, be fond of , RTJ bĕpè love , MT pwing love , RTI pupey vt. love | |
| *bəpou | discover, invent | RT bwóu pass hpwóu, attr gubwóu come up with, invent , RTJ bĕpáú discover, invent , RTI pupuu vt. discover, invent | derivation from *baw |
| *bəpRəCfi | have a fever | RT bwác fwi have a fever , RTJ bĕprĕhfĭ have a fever | |
| *bəpʔek | maybe | RT mbèc maybe, possibly , RTJ bĕp’ég maybe , MT bap’ekh maybe , RRK mıvek adv perhaps, maybe, possibly | |
| *bgand | child | RT pwanc pl dànc child , RTJ blád dlád child , MT pán child , RTI šan n. hu. child , RRK p’yan pl swan, cnstr san, cnstr.pl skan n.h child | |
| *bi | peas | RT pi (no sgv) peas , RTJ bĭ peas , MT maiwi peas | |
| *bij | jump, leap | RT tswi attr gudzwi jump, leap , RTJ bí jump, leap , MT pí jump, leap , RTI pii vi. jump, leap , RRK p’ii dur bibii v.it jump | |
| *bim | be talented, have talent | RTJ bè be talented , MT pim be talented, have talent | |
| *biŋ | like | RT maenc pass máenc, attr baenc like, consider attractive , RTJ bè like , MT ping like , RTI pey vt. like , RRK pwɛɛ dur pımbɛɛ v.tr like, love | |
| *biŋg | be private, be personal | RTJ bíg be private, be personal | see also *pʔiŋg |
| *bɬal | eclipse | RT blao (no pl) eclipse , MT bsauyān lunar eclipse , RRK psal pl rıpsal n.a eclipse | see also MT bsaumwi |
| *bɬand | orphan | RT pienc (no pl) orphan , RTJ bád dlyád orphan , MT púyan orphan , RTI šuyan n. hu. orphan , RRK syan pl suyan, cnstr hyan, cnstr.pl huyan n.h orphan | |
| *bɬo | reply, respond | RT pwo pass pwó, attr gubwo answer , RTJ blŏ reply, respond , MT pó reply, respond , RTI šo vt. reply, respond , RRK p’yo dur bıbyò v.tr answer | |
| *bmaq | flint, chert | MT bumac flint, chert , RTI miwak n. in. (piece of) flint pl. muwak, RRK mıvak pl rımıvak n.i flint | |
| *bow | find, discover, invent | RT pou pass póu, attr gwou find, discover , RTJ báú find , MT pau find, discover, invent , RTI puu vt. find , RRK hlɛbuu dur lɛhlɛbuu v.tr reach, arrive at, find | |
| *brek | nobleman, hero | RT pwec attr gubwec be heroic, be famous, be noble , RTJ úbreg noblewoman, clan matriarch | |
| *bri / let | grove of beech trees | RTJ brĭ grove of beech trees , MT pílath grove of beech trees , RTI let n. in. beech tree pl. lat, RRK let pl lat n.i beech tree | |
| *brit | fragile, delicate | RT bzìc attr gibzìc be delicate, be fragile , RRK brit adj fragile, delicate | |
| *bsju | daisies | RTJ hxú hnyú daisies , MT basú daisies | |
| *bum | stand | RT pùn attr gùn stand , RRK bum dur mbum v.tr stand beside, go along, move parallel to | |
| *burel | enemy (a person) | RTJ bĕré enemy (a person) , MT púyú enemy (a person) , RTI puyel n. hu. enemy, rival , RRK p’il pl p’anil, cnstr sil, cnstr.pl sanil n.h enemy, opponent | |
| *bVj | friend, companion | RT fyao pl fwáo friend , RTJ bré friend, companion , MT pú friend, companion , RTI pii n. hu. friend , RRK p’ii pl p’wii, cnstr sel, cnstr.pl skel n.h friend, companion | possibly not cognates |
| *bwal | fingertip | RTJ bá fingertip , MT wau fingertip , RRK ıbal pl rıbal n.a fingertip | |
| *bwaq | suffer (from an illness) | RT bwác attr gubwác suffer , MT bwác suffer (from an illness) | |
| *byat | greet, welcome | RT bźec pass hpśec, attr gibźec greet, welcome , RRK pyat adj welcome | |
| *bʔa | father, paternal uncle | RT myè pl pyé father, paternal uncle , RTJ bă mâ father, paternal uncle , MT bamba father, paternal uncle , RTI ma n. hu. father , RRK mamà pl hmamà n.h father | |
| *bʔaj | seed(s) (of plants), semen (of animals) | RT mèi sgv myèi grain, seed(s) , RTJ báí màì seed (of a plant), semen (of an animal) , MT bai seed(s) (of plants), semen (of animals) , RTI may n. in. semen | |
| *bʔamb | stop, halt, cease, come to an end | RT màonc attr bàonc stop, cease , MT bam stop, halt, cease, come to an end | |
| *bʔaw | horn (of an animal) | RT myào pl pyáo horn (of an animal) , RTJ bó mò horn (of an animal) , MT bau horn (of an animal) , RTI maw n. an. horn (of an animal) , RRK moo pl hmoo n.a horn (of an animal) , ARŊ bʲo horn | |
| *bʔekŋen | fletching (of an arrow) | RTJ bĕhnyè mĕhnyè fletchings (of an arrow) , MT bik'én fletching (of an arrow) , RTI meyňey n. in. fetching (of an arrow) | |
| *bʔel | yellow, green | RTJ bé mè yellow color, yellow pigment, yellow dye, urine (euphamistic) , MT búyāth yellow color, yellow pigment , RTI mel adj. yellow, green , RRK mel adj yellow, green | see the other entry |
| *bʔi | have reached mastery (of a craft or art), be a master | RT mì attr bì be skilled , RTJ bĭ have achieved mastery, be a master , MT bi have reached mastery (of a craft or art), be a master | |
| *bʔik | RT mìc once , RRK sımik adv once (a single time) | ||
| *bʔir | hint, suggest | RT myèi pass pyèi, attr byèi hint, suggest , RTJ bé hint, suggest , MT bí hint, suggest , RTI mir vt. hint, suggest , RRK mir dur mimir v.tr suggest, advise, encourage | |
| *bʔjat | house, building | RT uvyèc pl mbyèc representative building; house of the chieftain , MT báth house, building , RRK šivɔɔ pl nıšivɔɔ n.i building , ƏD b’ıət n. stat. house | |
| *bʔoŋ | fruit(s) | RT màen sgv myàen fruit , RTJ màù fruit , MT bong fruit(s) | |
| *bʔrV | castrate | RTJ brĕ castrate , RTI mu vt. castrate | bʔV ? |
| *bʔuɬ | hand | RT myù pl myùc hand , RTJ bú mò hand , MT bú hand , RTI mul n. an. hand , RRK mıl pl mıt, cnstr vıl, cnstr.pl vıt n.a hand , ARŊ bʲuʃ hand | infixation in RT |
| *bʔuŋ | fate, destiny | RT fwin sgv fyun fate, destiny, luck , RTJ bò fate, destiny , MT pung fate, destiny , RTI pow n. in. fate, destiny, luck , RRK p’ɔɔ (no pl) n.a fate, destiny, luck | |
| *bʔV | yellow | RT mào attr bào be yellow , RTJ bé be yellow , MT kambú yellow | see the other entry |
| *bʔV | sunset, sundown, late afternoon | RT mà (no sgv) sunset, sundown, late afternoon , RTJ ĕbĕdră sunset, sundown, late afternoon , MT ramamwi sunset, sundown, late afternoon , RRK migaa pl rımigaa n.a sunrise, dawn; sunset, dusk | |
| *bʔVt | switch with, be exchanged for | RT mbàc pass hpàc, attr bàc replace, substitute, switch with , RTJ bréd be exchanged for, switch with , MT bath switch with, be exchanged for , RTI mut vt. be exchanged for, switch with | RT and RTJ onsets are unaccounted for; affixaation? |
| *bʔwaw | roof(s), roofing | RT mwòu sgv myòu roof , RTJ báú báú roof , MT bwau roof(s), roofing , RTI muwuu n. in. roof , RRK muyuu pl rımuyuu n.i roof | |
| *bʔwin | penis | MT bwin penis , RTI muwin n. an. penis , RRK mın pl hmın n.a penis | |
| *bχat | village, collection of houses | RT màc sgv myèc village , RTJ pád hmàd village , MT bāth village, collection of houses , RTI mat n. in. village , RRK mat pl rımat n.i village , ƏD b’ant coll n. stat. village cf. b’ıət | |
| *Caseχ | goose | RTJ hxá hxá goose , MT hasā goose , RTI čahee n. an. goose , RRK kšaa pl kušaa, cnstr ıkšaa, cnstr.pl rıkšaa n.a goose | |
| *Cəgeŋ | problem | RT danggan attr glanggan be difficult, be problematic , RTJ grĕjàì ĕhyàì problem , MT lang problem | |
| *CgiC | face | RT ngglì (no pl) head , RTJ qí face , MT kíwom face , RTI cii n. an. face , RRK kii pl kwii n.a face , ƏD ciś cnstr jeś n. liv. face | |
| *Cki | RT ndźí (3a.pl pronoun) , RTJ qĭ they, their , MT gli they | ||
| *Ckʔaw ? | trick | RTJ k’áú trick , MT cau trick , RTI hišwii n. in. lie, trick, stratagem , RRK nahŋuu dur nanahŋuu v.tr trick, fool, deceive | |
| *Cxa | guts, innards | RTJ srĕ guts , MT xa guts, innards , RTI išey n. in. guts, entrails | |
| *d9tgip | commit incest | RT dźìc attr kśìc commit incest , RTJ dĕtĕzríb commit incest with , MT ténggiph commit incest , RTI titriňip vt. commit incest with | |
| *da / dja | dig | RT dza pass htsa, attr ksa dig , RTJ dă dig , MT ta dig , RTI tra vt. dig up, dig for , RRK t’a dur dadà v.tr dig | |
| *daj | say, speak (something) | RT tei pass téi, attr glei say, speak , RTJ dáí say, speak (something) , MT tai say, speak (something) , RTI tray vt. say, speak (something) , RRK t’ee dur dedee v.tr say, speak (something) , ARŊ ʔote say (verb) | |
| *dam | co-worker | RTJ dà co-worker, collaborator, colleague , MT tambú collaborator, colleague | |
| *daɴɢ | talk to, chat with | RT tonc pass tónc, attr glonc talk to, chat with , RTJ dágh talk to, chat with , MT tang talk to, chat with , RTI traň vt. talk to, chat with , RRK t’aŋ dur dandaŋ v.tr talk to, speak with | |
| *darəgan ? | bury | RT dza ndè bury , RTJ dĕrrĕcr’àì bury , RRK tarıgaa dur tatarıgaa v.tr bury , ƏD darəgən perf torəgən vt. bury | |
| *daʀ | be cunning, sly | RTJ dá be cunning , MT dā be cunning, sly | |
| *daw | land | RT tou sgv tsou land , RTJ dáú land, ground, property, territory , MT tauyê land , RTI truu n. in. land , RRK t’uu pl rıduu n.i land, country | |
| *dawʀ | stack, pile up | RT tào zò zò stack, pile up , MT tâu stack, pile up , RRK dahno dur darahno v.tr stack, pile up | |
| *dCil | bat | RTJ dí bat , RTI til n. an. bat , RRK t’ıl pl t’ul n.a bat , ƏD dəl n. liv. bat | something blocked palatalisation in RTJ |
| *deduhek | gold | RT twéc (no sgv) gold , RTJ zedĕheg gold , MT terēkh gold , RTI tetruheš n. in. gold | |
| *delu ? | rules, laws | RTJ dèlo dèlo rules, laws , RTI teyluu n. in. tradition, rule, law, requirement , RRK tıluu pl tılanuu, cnstr t’ıluu n.i tradition, rule, law, requirement | |
| *deʀ | idea(s), notion(s), purpose(s) | RT dzèa attr ksèa be creative, have an idea , RTJ zé idea, notion, purpose , MT tī idea(s), notion(s), purpose(s) | derivation in RT? |
| *det | rabbit | RT tsec pl tyéc rabbit , RTJ zéd rabbit , MT tath rabbit , RTI tat n. an. rabbit, hare , RRK t’at pl t’wat, cnstr šat, cnstr.pl škat n.a rabbit, hare | |
| *detim | hostile tribe or village, enemy nation | RTJ zĕcè cè enemy nation, rival clan , MT turim hostile tribe or village, enemy nation | |
| *detʔin | lamb (sheep offspring) | RT mindzín pl mandźá lamb (sheep offspring) , RTJ zĕc’è lamb , MT tat’in lamb (sheep offspring) , RTI tityey n. an. lamb , RRK trɛɛ pl turɛɛ, cnstr drɛɛ, cnstr.pl dıgrɛɛ n.a lamb | |
| *dəbrVl | enemy (as a collective group), "the enemy" | RT dyao (no sgv) enemies (as a group) , RTJ dĕbré enemy (as a collective group) , MT tuwú enemy (as a collective group), "the enemy" | |
| *dəbʔaw | cross | RTJ dĕbáú cross , MT tambau cross , RTI trumuu vt. cross | |
| *dəbʔu | swim, keep afloat | RT bù attr kù swim, float , RTJ dĕbŭ swim, tread water, keep afloat , MT tambu swim, keep afloat , RTI trumu vi. swim, tread water | |
| *dətaq | separate, disconnect | RT dzóc pass htsóc, attr ksóc disconnect, loosen, untie , RTJ zĕcágh separate, disconnect , MT tac separate, disconnect , RTI titak vt. separate, disconnect | |
| *dətraj | declare, announce, proclaim | RT dzéi pass htséi, attr kséi declare, announce , RTJ dĕtáí declare, announce , MT trai declare, announce, proclaim , RTI titray vt. declare, announce , RRK stee dur tıstee v.tr declare, announce | |
| *dətre | try, strive | RTJ dĕtrĕ try, strive , RTI titri vt. try, strive (to do something) , RRK stı dur tıstî v.tr try, attempt | |
| *dətul | squid | RTJ dĕtú squid , RTI čitrul n. an. squid , ƏD ktoal n. liv. squid | |
| *dətʔit | earthquake | RTJ dĕtr’íd earthquake , MT tat’íth earthquake | |
| *dətʔot | any of the three | RTJ dĕt’ód any of three , MT tat’oth any of the three , , RNW tjitǫt qtf. any of three | |
| *dətʔVm | be full of | RT tún attr glún be full , RTJ dĕt’è be full of , MT tat’am be full of , RTI titey vt. be full of | |
| *dəwik | RT twic pass twíc, attr gudwic whisper , RTJ dĕwíg whisper | ||
| *dga | menstrual period | RT danggae attr glanggae be cruel, be bloody , RTJ drĕ ngê menstrual period , MT gayān menstrual period | the RT word seems to have the same element even if not an exact cognate |
| *dgʔi | thrush | RT nì pl kwí thrush , RTJ jĭ nyê thrush , MT gilí thrush , ƏD j’i n. liv. thrush | |
| *di | food | RT śi pl ndźi meal, portion (of edible things) , RTJ zĭ food , MT ti food | |
| *dij | play with; dance | RTJ zí play with , MT tí play with; dance , RTI tii vt. play (a game) , RRK t’ii dur didii v.tr play with | |
| *din | believe, accept as truth | RT tsin pass tsín, attr gzin believe, trust , RTJ zè believe , MT tin believe, accept as truth , RTI tyey vt. believe , RRK t’ɛɛ dur sınɛɛ v.tr believe, trust | |
| *dip | temporary shelter, tent(s) | RT tsoc pl tsic tent , RTJ zíb tent , MT tiph temporary shelter, tent(s) , RTI tyip n. in. tent , RRK t’ip pl rıdip n.i tent | |
| *dir | arm | RT tsie pl trac arm , RTJ zí arm , MT tí arm , RTI tyir n. an. arm , RRK t’ir pl kat, cnstr šir, cnstr.pl gat n.a arm | |
| *djaN | capture, keep hostage | RTJ záú capture, keep hostage , RTI tišuu vt. capture, take hostage , ƏD dıəh vt. capture | |
| *djasok | pine tree | RT dzoc sgv dźoc pine trees , RTJ hsóg hsóg grove of pine trees , MT tásokh pine tree , RTI šahoš n. in. pine tree pl. trahoš, RRK tšok pl rıtšok n.i pine tree | |
| *djaw | cut | RT tsao pass tsáo, attr gzao cut (into), carve , RTJ zó cut , MT tau cut , RTI taw vt. cut , RRK t’oo dur dodoo v.tr cut , ƏD dausri perf teusri vt. cut through | |
| *dje | bridge | RT te pl nde bridge , RTJ zĕ bridge , MT té bridge , RTI se n. in. bridge , RRK t’e pl rıdè n.i bridge | infixation in MT |
| *dɬep | river mouth, river delta | RTJ zráb river delta , MT léph river mouth, river delta , RRK ısıp pl nısıp n.i river mouth, confluence | |
| *dlVn | again, several times | RT dwao attr gudwao do several times, do every now and then , RRK tlin adv again, several times | |
| *dmaw ? | ford, river crossing | RT nro (no pl) river crossing, ford , RTJ dĕmàù dĕmàù river crossing, ford , MT frambau ford, river crossing , RTI iňwo n. in. ford, river crossing , RRK ŋu pl rıŋù n.i river crossing, ford | may not be cognates at all, or words are composite |
| *do | RT to (3i.sg/coll pronoun) , RTJ dŏ it, they, all of it, all of their, its, their , MT to it, they, all of it, all of them (inanimate) , ƏD do anaph. verbal it the verb or clause | ||
| *dok | wood (material) | RT toc sgv tsoc wood (material) , RTJ dóg wood (material) , MT tokh wood (material) , RTI troš n. in. wood (material) | |
| *don | match, be the same as | RT nòn pass tòn, attr dòn match, be equal to , RTJ nàù match, be identical to, be the same , MT don match, be the same as , RTI nuu vt. match, be identical to, be the same as , RRK nuu dur nunuu v.tr be equal to, be similar to | |
| *doŋ | chest | RTJ dò chest (body part) , MT tung chest , RTI trow n. an. chest , RRK t’ɔɔ pl t’wɔɔ, cnstr šɔɔ, cnstr.pl škɔɔ n.a body | |
| *doŋg | ant | RT taenc sgv tsaenc ants , RTJ dóg ant , MT tong ant , RRK t’oŋ pl rıdoŋ n.a ant | |
| *dqer | charcoal, coal(s) (of a fire) | RT téi sgv tséi coal , RTJ zĕkhă coal , MT tíyā charcoal, coal(s) (of a fire) , RTI ser n. in. coal (piece of) pl. ter, RRK ser pl ter, cnstr ler, cnstr.pl t’er n.i coal (piece of) | |
| *dra | be able | RT nrà attr drà can, be able , RTJ dră be able , MT dá be able | |
| *dra | be cold, feel cold | RT trae attr grae be cold (of weather) , RTJ dĕzrá zá be cold, feel cold | |
| *dra | lizard | RT raonc pl hrunc lizard , RTJ zră lizard , RTI tra n. an. lizard | |
| *dragaʀ | earthworm | RTJ zrĕgá earthworm , MT tácā earthworm | |
| *draQ | lightning, lightning bolt(s) | RT hra-tra (no sgv) lightning , RTJ zrá lightning , MT tâ lightning, lightning bolt(s) , RRK t’yaa pl rıdyaa n.a lightning | |
| *draw | island(s) | RT trou pl ndrou island , RTJ zráú island , MT tiyau island(s) , RTI tyiruu n. in. island , RRK truu pl tranuu, cnstr druu n.i island | |
| *draw | be eager, be determined | RT dráo attr kráo be eager, be motivated , RRK dyaa dur dınyaa v.it be eager, be determined | |
| *drek | rob, steal; pillage, sack | RT drác pass htrác, attr krác pillage, sack , RTJ drég rob, pillage, sack , MT takh rob, steal; pillage, sack , RTI tritriš vt. pillage, sack | |
| *drir | fly | RTJ dĕnrè dĕnrè fly (insect) , MT tní fly , RTI trirer n. an. fly , RRK trii pl turii, cnstr drii, cnstr.pl dıgrii n.a insect, fly | |
| *dro | poison | RT dzùo attr ksùo be poisonous , RTJ drŏ poison , MT tó poison , RTI tru n. in. poison | |
| *dru | shark | RTJ zrŭ zrŭ shark , RTI niru n. an. shark | |
| *dsal | leaves | RT dźao (no sgv) leaves , RTJ hxé dĕré leaves , MT dsau leaves , RTI tihel n. in. leaf pl. tihal, RRK tšel pl tšal, cnstr trii, cnstr.pl trɛɛ n.i leaf (of a plant) , ARŊ taʒal leaf, ƏD tral coll, no pl n. stat. leaves sg. dəsíyal | |
| *dti | neck | RT dzí pl ndzí necklace , RTJ cĭ neck , MT tiwom neck , ARŊ on neck (not nape) | |
| *du | fin | RT tu pl túo fin (of a fish) , RTJ dŭ fin , MT tu fin | |
| *duji | dung, feces | MT tuya human feces , RTI truyi n. in. dung, feces | |
| *dun | billygoat (male goat) | RT tun pl túon male goat, buck , RTJ dò billygoat , MT tun billygoat (male goat) | |
| *duɴɢ | vomit | RTJ dúgh vomit , MT tung vomit , RTI truň vi. vomit | |
| *dur | RTJ dú inherit , RTI nur vt. inherit , RRK isunur dur sisunur v.it inherit | see RTJ tú | |
| *duw | start, begin | RT 'tou pass tóu, attr glou start, begin , RTJ dó start, begin , MT tú start, begin , RTI truu vt. start, begin | |
| *duχ | man, adult male human | RT tao pl mwì man , RTJ có hxó man, adult male human , MT tû man, adult male human , RTI traw n. hu. man, husband , RRK t’oo pl mur, cnstr hɛɛ, cnstr.pl hıt n.h man, husband , ƏD deanh pl b’us n. sen. man (male person) | |
| *dwa | west | RT tuo to the west of , RTJ dră dră the west , MT twa west | |
| *dwi | allow, let, permit | RT twi pass twí, attr gudwi allow, let, permit , RTJ drĭ allow, let, permit , MT twí allow, let, permit | |
| *dwind | here | RT twinc here , RTJ dríd here (near the speaker) , MT tín here , ƏD duənt deict. here | |
| *dʔa | mother, maternal aunt | RT nà pl twá mother, maternal aunt , RTJ dă nâ mother, maternal aunt , MT danda mother, maternal aunt , RTI na n. hu. mother , RRK nanà pl hnanà n.h mother , ƏD d’a n. sen. mother | |
| *dʔal | celebrate, honor | RTJ zé celebrate , MT dau celebrate, honor , RTI nal vt. celebrate , RRK nal dur nanal v.tr praise, honor | |
| *dʔaŋg ? | be intelligent, be wise | RT nàenc attr dàenc be intelligent, be clever , RTJ nà be intelligent, wise , MT dang be intelligent, be wise , RRK daŋ dur naŋ v.it do sth. clever, find a solution (aor); be intelligent, be smart (dur) | or nʔaŋg? |
| *dʔCap | pick, select, take | RT nàc pass tàc, attr dàc choose, take, use , RTJ cáb choose, pick, select, take , MT dāph pick, select, take , RRK nap dur nanap v.tr choose, select | beathiness in MT is unaccounted for |
| *dʔe | every | RT nè every , RTJ zĕ every , MT de every , RRK ne qu each, every (human or animate referent) | |
| *dʔek | candle(s) | RTJ zég nyég candle , MT dakh candle(s) , RTI neš n. in. candle pl. naš, RRK nek pl nak n.i candle | |
| *dʔi | womb, uterus | RTJ zĭ nyê womb, uterus , MT di womb, uterus , RTI ňi n. an. womb, uterus | |
| *dʔil | go downstream, go downhill, take the easier course of action | RT nòu attr dòu go downstream, follow the flow , RTJ zí go downstream, follow the current , MT dú go downstream, go downhill, take the easier course of action , RRK nil pp down, along, with the flow of | |
| *dʔin | nation, tribal confederation | RTJ tè tè people, ethnic group (irregular collective plural) , MT din nation, tribal confederation | |
| *dʔiq | extinguish, destroy | RT ndàc pass handàc, attr gandàc extinguish, put out (fire) , RTJ dígh extingush, kill, destroy completely , MT dac extinguish, destroy , RTI nik vt. extinguish , RRK nık dur nınık v.tr destroy | |
| *dʔja | chimney, smokehole | RT nèa pl ndèa chimney , RTJ ză nyâ chimney, smokehole , MT dawō chimney, smokehole | |
| *dʔor | season | RTJ dó nò season , MT dí season , RRK nor pl nanor, cnstr ınor n.a season (of the year) | |
| *dʔri | rub | RT ndrì pass trì, attr gindrì rub , RTJ zrĭ rub , MT dí rub , ƏD d’ren vt. rub | |
| *dʔu | really, indeed | RT nù really, indeed , RTJ dŭ really, indeed (emphatic particle) , MT du really, indeed | |
| *dʔuq | RT nòc three times | ||
| *dʔVjV | midden, waste dump | MT duya midden, waste dump , RTI niyi n. an. midden, waste collection area nuyi | |
| *dχet | be angry | RTJ céd be angry , MT dāth be angry , RRK ndat dur nındat v.tr be angry at, be furious about | |
| *e | or | RT e or , RTJ e or , MT e or , RTI e conj. or | |
| *egCVw | oar | RT gáo pl góc oar, paddle , RTJ ĕkó oar , MT elû oar , RTI iihey n. in oar , RNW ekhaw n. si. lever; oar | |
| *eglu | free standing wall(s), fortification(s), barrier(s) | RT dlu pl ndlu free-standing wall, fortification, barrier, fence , RTJ ĕdrŭ free-standing wall, fortification, dike , MT elú free standing wall(s), fortification(s), barrier(s) , ƏD glu n. stat. wall the thing, the object, RNW eklji n. in. defensive wall or barrier | |
| *eɢəqʔat | travois, sledge to carry goods | RT yàe-kàc pl nyàe-kàc travois, sledge , RTJ ĕghĕkh’ad travois, sledge , MT ekhcath travois, sledge to carry goods , RTI iikat n. in travois, sledge , RRK igat pl rigat n.i travois, sledge , , RNW ekųt n. si. cart, sledge | |
| *ek | canine tooth, eye tooth, fang | MT akhnath canine tooth, eye tooth, fang , RTI iš n. in. fang, animal tooth | |
| *ekɬa | lacquer, glue | RT dlá (no sgv) glue , RTJ ĕhlrĕ laquer, glue , MT ekhsa lacquer, glue , RTI iiši n. in glue, any adhesive , RNW ekɬə n. in. lacquer, glue, adhesive | |
| *en | fight | RT en pass hen, attr ken fight , RTJ àì fight , MT en fight , RTI ii vt. fight , RRK ii dur arii v.tr fight against , , RNW a v. fight, struggle | see also *en |
| *enjumb | wake up | RT rinc pass rínc, attr trinc wake up, rouse; warn , RTJ ĕnyúb wake up , MT núm wake up , RTI yettyum vi. wake up , RRK hiiyum dur ɛyum v.it wake up , ƏD eniənp vi. wake up | |
| *əla | six times | RT la six times | |
| *əmaŋg | sense of taste | RTJ ĕmàg sense of taste , MT mang sense of taste | |
| *ənjam | excitement | RTJ ĕnyà excitement , MT nám excitement | |
| *əromb | language | RT ronc pl raonc language , MT rom language | see also *somb |
| *əʀorge | menstrual blood | RTJ éwĕdre menstrual blood , MT âingga menstrual blood , RTI oowooňe n. an. menstruation , RRK aawɔŋı (no pl) n.a menstruation | *ʀor + *ge |
| *ətraw | prisoner, captive, hostage, slave | RT tsóu pl htsóu captive, hostage, slave , RTJ ĕcráú ĕcráú prisoner, hostage , MT írau prisoner, captive, hostage, slave , RTI uušuu n. hu. captive, prisoner , RRK usuu pl ugusuu n.h captive, prisoner | |
| *ətʔruk | sage, priest, shaman | RT trùc pl htrùc priest, shaman , RTJ ĕtr’úg priest(ess), sage, holy person , MT ít’ukh sage, priest, shaman , RTI uutruš n. hu. priest , RRK uruk pl uguruk n.h priest , ƏD ıdok n. sen. sage | |
| *əwaɴ | five times | RT wein five times | the vocalism is mysterious, maybe it was different in the first place |
| *fa | brother | RT fye pl fwé brother , RTJ fă ĕyă brother , MT fafa brother , RTI ho n. hu. brother , RRK hohoo pl hrohoo, cnstr gogoo n.h brother | infixation in RT |
| *fal | pour, strew | RT fyao pass hfyao, attr givyao pour (of liquids), strew (of granular masses) , RTJ fé pour (of liquids), strew (of granular solids) , MT fau pour, strew , RTI hol vt. pour, strew , RRK hol dur huul v.tr strew, scatter, sow , ƏD ɬep vt. pour | |
| *fal | with | RT fa with, accompanied by , RRK hol pp with (comitative) | |
| *faɴ | five | RT fyein 5 , RTJ fàì five , MT fang five , RRK huu ord rɛhuu qu 5 | singulative infix optional |
| *far | fall | RT fae attr gwae fall , RTJ fá fall , MT fai fall , RTI hor vi. fall , RRK p’ar dur hor v.it fall | |
| *far | wasp | RT fyei pl hsèi wasp , RTJ fé ĕyé wasp , MT wait’ā wasp , RTI hor n. an. wasp , RRK hor pl hwar n.a wasp | |
| *faw | pass, move on, go forward | RT fou attr gwou pass, move on, go forward , RTJ fáú pass, move on, move toward , MT fau pass, move on, go forward , RTI upuu vt. pass, move past, move beyond , RRK p’uu dur hıbuu v.it pass, move on, go forward , , RNW faw v. pass (by) | |
| *fden | cycle, recurring event or process | RTJ fĕzrè fĕsrè cycle, recurring event or process , MT frén cycle, recurring event or process , ƏD fəden n. dyn. cycle, recurring period | |
| *fe | herd | RTJ fĕ herd , MT fe herd , , RNW fa v. herd | |
| *fe + ɴqa | spider web | RT ngká pl nangká spider web , RTJ fĕ spider web , MT welā spider web , RTI ihi n. in. web | |
| *fet | warrior, soldier | RT fec pl fwéc warrior , RTJ féd warrior , MT feth warrior, soldier , RTI hit n. hu. warrior , RRK hıt pl hwet n.h warrior , , RNW fat n. an. warrior | |
| *fədʔet | army, militia | RTJ fĕzréd ĕzréd warband, militia, gang (collective plural) , MT fandeth army, militia , RTI honet n. in. army (collection of warbands) , RRK hnet pl rıhnet n.a army , , RNW furat n. an. army | < fet 'warrior' |
| *fəfaj | avalanche, landslide | RT fwae sgv fyae landslide , RTJ hfá fá landslide, avalanche , MT fafai avalanche, landslide , ƏD fəfas cnstr foas n. dyn. landslide | |
| *fgaw | trap | RT mbíc kòu bí trap , RTJ káú káú trap , MT fgau trap , RTI hučaw n. in. trap, snare pl. hučuu, RRK hŋuu pl rıhŋuu n.i trap | |
| *fgjend | carp | RT htśenc (no pl) carp , RTJ qéd carp , MT fálan carp , RTI hocan n. an. carp , RRK sagan pl nısagan n.a carp | |
| *fhe | suffer a seizure, stroke, or similar attack | RTJ fĕhyĕ suffer a fit, convulsion, seizure, attack , MT hé suffer a seizure, stroke, or similar attack , RTI ňee vi. suffer, be in pain , RNW fulha v. have a seizure, have a fit | |
| *fi | this, that (inanimate) | RTJ fi the (inanimate) , MT fi this, that (inanimate) , , RNW fe dem. in. this | |
| *fi | wrap around | RT fi pass hfi, attr gwi wrap, cover , RTJ fĭ wrap around , MT fi wrap around , , RNW fe v. wrap, cover, engulf | |
| *fjat | happen, occur | RT fyec attr givyec happen, occur , MT fáth happen, occur , , RNW fjut v. happen | |
| *fjow | be blind | RT fyou attr givyou be blind , RTJ fó be blind , MT fú be blind , RTI čihyow adj. blind , RRK hyɔɔ adj blind | |
| *fkiq | musical instrument (general category) | RT zinggéc pl dinggéc musician , RTJ qígh qígh musical instrument , MT flic musical instrument (general category) , RTI hušiš n. in. musical instrument pl. hučiš | see also *kiq |
| *fɬum | melt | RT fun attr gun melt , RTJ dlò melt , MT fúm melt , RTI how vt. melt , RRK sɔɔ dur sɔsɔɔ v.tr melt | |
| *fɬuŋand ?? | fish | ARŊ ʃʷakʲas fish (noun), , RNW fluŋaz n. an. freshwater fish | or maybe fɬuŋat? |
| *fɬaj | slap | RT fwei pass hfwei, attr guvwei slap, beat, hit , RTJ dláí slap , MT fai slap , RTI hoy vt. slap , RRK see dur sesee v.tr slap, spank , , RNW flu: v. slap | |
| *fɬand | river | RT fwenc pl mbenc river , RTJ dlyéd river , MT fán river , RRK san pl nısan n.a river , , RNW fluz n. sa. river, stream | |
| *fɬap | path, trail | RT fwoc pl mboc path, route, road , RTJ dláb path, trail, route , MT fáph path, trail , RTI hop n. in. path, trail, way , RRK sap pl nısap n.i road, path | |
| *fɬit | stalk, stem | RTJ dlyíd stalk, stem , MT fíth stalk, stem , RTI wis n. in. stalk, stem, shaft | |
| *fo | pan | RT fo pl mbo pan , RTJ fŏ pan , MT fo pan , RTI hu n. in. pan , RRK hu pl hru n.i pan | |
| *fok | beetle | RT foc pl fwóc bug, beetle , RTJ fóg beetle , MT fokht’éph beetle , RTI huš n. an. insect, beetle | second part in MT is insect |
| *foɬju | grove of poplars | RT hlú sgv fyú poplar trees , RTJ hlyŭ dlyŭ grove of poplars , MT folú grove of poplars , RTI hisi n. in. poplar tree pl. husi, RRK hısı pl hnısı n.i poplar tree | |
| *foŋ | sing | RT faen pass hfaen, attr gwaen sing , RTJ fàù sing , MT fong sing , RRK kɛhuu dur kɛkɛhuu v.tr sing, chant , ƏD foan vt. sing | |
| *foQsko | counting beans | MT fōsó counting beans , RTI huko n. in. counting beans (collective) | |
| *fot | gills | RTJ fód gill , MT foth gills , RTI hut n. in. gill | |
| *frit | right side, the right (direction) | RT urìc to the right of , RTJ fríd ĕríd right (direction) , MT fíthyâi right side, the right (direction) , RRK rit pp to the east of; to the right of | |
| *fʀa | fish skin, fish scales | RT fao sgv fyao scales (of fish or reptiles) , RTJ hfă gră fish scales , MT wōyî fish skin, fish scales , RTI hottyo n. in. scale (of an animal) | |
| *fʀomb | skin(s), bark (of a tree) | RT faonc pl honc skin , RTJ hfáb gráb skin , MT fōm skin(s), bark (of a tree) , RTI wuum n. an. skin , RRK huum pl hruum n.a skin , ARŊ fox bark, skin | |
| *fsV | coarse, rough | RTJ hfí be course, rough , MT kandafú coarse, rough | prefixation in MT |
| *ftaw | knife | RT htsao pl ntsao knife , RTJ ĕcó knife , MT frau knife , RTI hutaw n. in. knife , RRK hıdoo pl hrıdoo n.i knife | |
| *fu | wind | RT wù pl hú wind, storm , RTJ fŭ wind , MT fu wind | |
| *fudʔal | join, be with, bring (a person) | RT hrào pass hahrào, attr dào participate, join , MT fundau join, be with, bring (a person) , RTI hunal vt. join, participate, partake in , RRK hnal dur huunal v.tr join, participate , , RNW ful v. be a part of | |
| *fwiŋg | think about, consider | RT fwinc pass hfwinc, attr guvwinc think, reflect, consider, assume , RTJ fĕwíg consider , MT fwíng think about, consider , RTI huliň vt. consider , RRK hlıŋ dur huulıŋ v.tr think about, ponder, consider | |
| *ga | clap (hands) | RTJ gă clap (hands) , MT ca clap (hands) | |
| *ga | request | RTJ gă request , MT ca request , RTI ča vt. request , RRK k’a dur gagà v.tr ask, demand, request | |
| *gCaq | lead, govern, rule, control | RT gyác pass hkyác, attr gigyác control, manage, rule, govern , RTJ rĕhxĕqáígh govern, rule, have power over , MT kakh lead, govern, rule, control , RRK ganak dur gaganak v.tr lead, guide | |
| *gCej | home, shelter | RT nya (no pl) dwelling, home , RTJ jáí nyàì dwelling, home , MT gê home, shelter , RTI ňii n. in. house , RRK ŋii pl rıŋii n.i house | |
| *gCiŋ | threat | RTJ jè dlyè threat , MT hing threat | |
| *gCjaj | imagine | RT gyáe pass hkyáe, attr gigyáe imagine , RTJ í be unreal, imaginary , MT gyai imagine , RTI čičey vt. imagine | |
| *gCjak | liver | RT tlec pl tlíec liver , RTJ jég dlyég liver , MT hákh liver , RRK k’yak pl rıgyak, cnstr sak n.a liver , ARŊ tʃʲak liver | |
| *gCjup | straight | RT kyuc attr gigyuc be straight , RTJ júb gĕjúb be straight , MT klúph straight | |
| *gdok | hunt, go hunting, be a hunter | RTJ dróg go hunting, be a hunter , MT gókh hunt, go hunting, be a hunter , RTI trok vi. hunt, go hunting, be a hunter | |
| *gdʔa | firewood | RT glà sgv gzà firewood , RTJ dĕt’ă firewood , MT kdarokh firewood | |
| *gegatraj | catfish | RTJ jĕgĕtráí catfish , MT kalalai catfish , RTI cačetray n. an. catfish | |
| *gek | be pregnant | MT kekh be pregnant , RRK k’ek dur gegek v.it be pregnant | |
| *gend | judge, conclude, decide | RT kenc pass kénc, attr gyenc decide, judge , RTJ jéd judge, conclude, decide , MT ken judge, conclude, decide , RTI cen vt. judge, conclude, decide , RRK ugen pl ugugen n.h judge (person) | |
| *geŋ | depart, leave, go away (from speaker) | RT kein attr gyein depart, leave, go away (from speaker) , RTJ jàì depart, leave, go away (from speaker) , MT keng depart, leave, go away (from speaker) , RTI cii vi. depart, leave, go away (from speaker) , RRK gwee dur gamee v.it leave, go away (from somewhere other than here) | |
| *get | fire | RT kec sgv tśec fire , RTJ jéd fire , MT keth fire , RRK k’et pl rıget, cnstr hit n.a fire | |
| *getnow | shore, riverbank | RTJ Jĕhnò the coastal region inhabited by the Té-Jĕhno , MT kdónâi shore, riverbank , RTI ceenow n. in. coast (of the ocean) | the MT cognate is doubtful |
| *geχ | dwell in, live in | RT tśa pass tśá, attr gźa dwell at, live in , RTJ jáí dwell, live in , MT kê dwell in, live in , RTI cee vi. stay, remain; dwell | |
| *gəkʔu ? | hip | RT nggóu sgv tśù hips , RTJ k’ŭ hip , MT cusú hip , RTI ču n. an. hip , RRK gu pl gut, cnstr ŋu, cnstr.pl ŋut n.a hip | |
| *gi | brain | RTJ jĭ jĭ brain , MT gwi brain | infixation in MT |
| *gi | RT tśi (3a.sgv pronoun) , RTJ jĭ he, she, it; his, her, its , MT ki he, she, it | ||
| *gidow | disagree with | RTJ jĕzró disagree , MT kirú disagree with , RTI čitrey vt. disagree | |
| *gij | be red | RT pwae attr gèi be red , RTJ gí be red | attr form of RT matches |
| *gijgok | wife | MT kícókh wife | |
| *gijruC | husband | RT rúon pl koc spouse, partner, husband, wife , RTJ jí spouse, husband, wife , MT kírû husband | |
| *giŋg | cry, cries | RTJ jíg cry, cries, vocalization(s) , MT king cry, cries | |
| *girek | spleen | RTJ jĕrég dlyĕrég spleen , MT híyakh spleen , RRK sırak pl nısırak n.a spleen | |
| *giroŋ | room, hall, compartment of a house | RT traen pl ndraen room (of a house) , RTJ zràù room, hall , MT kiyong room, hall, compartment of a house , RTI čiruu n. in. room (in a house) , RRK kruu pl nıkruu, cnstr gruu n.i room (in a house) | |
| *git | drink | RT tśic pass tśíc, attr gźic drink , RTJ jíd drink , MT kith drink , RTI čis vt. drink , RRK k’it dur gigit v.tr drink | |
| *gjal | bear | RT tśao pl kyáo bear , MT kau bear , RTI cal n. an. bear , RRK k’al pl k’wal, cnstr hel, cnstr.pl hıgel n.a bear | |
| *gjaʀ | sky | RTJ já sky , MT kā sky | |
| *gju | agree with | RT nggà pass hxà, attr ganggà approve, agree , RTJ jó agree , MT kú agree with , RTI cey vt. agree | |
| *gnʔin | arrow | RT nrìn sgv nyèn arrow(s) , RTJ nyè arrow(s) , MT gín arrow , RRK ŋɛɛ pl gwɛɛ, cnstr yɛɛ, cnstr.pl ıgyɛɛ n.i arrow | |
| *gŋen | different, unusual, another | MT ganggen different, unusual, another , RTI čiňii adj. different, other , RRK gii adj different, other | < ŋen |
| *go | touch, come in contact with | RT ko pass kó, attr gyo touch, get in contact with , RTJ gŏ touch, get in contact with , MT ho touch, come in contact with , RTI čo vt. touch, come into contact with , RRK k’o dur gogò v.tr touch, grasp, catch | |
| *goŋ | place, area, region | RTJ gàù place, area, region , MT hong place, area, region , RRK k’uu pl rıguu, cnstr hyuu n.i area, region | |
| *got | married couple | RTJ gód married couple , MT hoth married couple | |
| *gruw | dry | RT rùo attr krùo be dry, be barren , RTJ rrú be dry , MT kí dry , RTI čirow adj. dry, barren , RRK krɔɔ adj dry, barren | k- in MT |
| *gso | second | RT gzo second , RTJ hsŏ second (ordinal) , MT gso second | |
| *guɬ | be blue/green | RT ngùo attr gùo be blue, be green , RTJ gú be blue/green , ARŊ gʷuʃ green (colour) | |
| *gum | thunder | RT kun sgv tśun thunder , RTJ gò thunder , MT hum thunder , RTI čow n. in. thunder , RRK k’ɔɔ pl rıgɔɔ, cnstr hyɔɔ n.a thunder | |
| *gun | sew | RT gundùn pass hkundùn, attr gindùn sew , RTJ gà sew , MT hun sew , RTI čow vt. sew , RRK k’ɔɔ dur gyɔɔ v.tr sew | |
| *gut | RT kuc (3a.du pronoun) , RTJ gúd the two of them | ||
| *gV | this, that (animate) | RT ki this , RTJ gi the (animate) , MT ka this, that (animate) | |
| *gV(rə)raj | bottom (of a body of water) | RT gréi (no sgv) bottom (of a river or lake) , RTJ gĕtráí gĕdráí bottom (of a body of water) , MT yaulalai bottom (of a body of water) | |
| *gVl | middle | RT kao middle, intermediate , RTJ grĕgré gré be the middle one, be in the middle , MT kú middle , RTI kil adj. middle, central | |
| *gVt | parents, same-sex parental siblings | RT ngèc sgv ngì parents , RTJ gĭ ngê parent, same-sex parental sibling , MT gandath parents, same-sex parental siblings | |
| *gʔa | magpie | RT hngà pl hkíe magpie , RTJ jă nyâ magpie , MT galí magpie , RTI ňa n. an. magpie | |
| *gʔam | drum | RT ngòun sgv nyòun drums , RTJ ngè drum , MT gam drum , RTI ňey n. in. drum , RRK ŋıı pl rıŋıı n.i drum | |
| *gʔaw | bead(s) | RT ngòu sgv nyòu beads, pearls , RTJ gáú ngàù bead(s) , RRK luŋuu pl nıluŋuu n.i bead, pearl | |
| *gʔe | eye | RT ngòc sgv ngè eye(s) , RTJ jĕ nyê eye , MT ge eye , RTI ňe n. an. eye , RRK ŋe pl ŋot, cnstr ye, cnstr.pl yot n.a eye , ARŊ gʲot eyes | |
| *gʔəkʔok | hunt | RTJ gĕtr’óg hunt , MT gak’ókh hunt , RTI ňitroš vt. hunt, track , RRK ŋguk dur ŋıŋguk v.tr hunt, track down | |
| *gʔigʔi | rowan tree | MT ganggé rowan tree , RTI ňiňi n. in. rowan tree pl. ňiňe, RRK ŋıŋì pl rıŋıŋì n.i rowan tree | |
| *gʔir | red color, red pigment | RTJ gí nyè red color, red pigment , MT gíyāth red color, red pigment , RTI ňir adj. red, orange , RRK ŋir adj red, orange , ARŊ ʁʲir red (colour) | |
| *gʔjow | door, entry | RT nyù pl ndźù door, gate , RTJ jú nyò door , MT gú door, entry , RTI ňow n. in. door, gate , RRK ŋɔɔ pl rıŋɔɔ n.i door, gate | |
| *gʔo | fail | MT co fail , RTI ňo vt. fail (to do something) | |
| *gʔuj | some, few | RT ngàe several, some, a few , RTJ gú few , MT cí some, few , RRK ŋıı qu some, a few (human or animate referent) | |
| *gʔuɬ | blue, green, blue/green | RTJ gú ngò blue/green color, pigment , MT kngú blue, green, blue/green , RTI ňul adj. blue , RRK ŋul adj blue | |
| *gʔup | smell, emit odor | RTJ gúb smell, emit odor (neutral tone) , MT cuph smell, emit odor , RTI ňup vi. smell, emit an odor | |
| *gʔV | fresh-water eel | RTJ gĭ nyê freshwater eel , MT giyî fresh-water eel | |
| *gʔVl | branch(es) | RT ngào sgv nyào branches (of a tree) , RTJ gá ngà branch , MT cauphgo branch(es) , RTI ňel n. in. branch (of a tree) pl. ňal, RRK ŋel pl ŋal n.i branch (of a tree) | |
| *ɢa | ear | RTJ ghă ear , MT hara ear , RTI ka n. an. ear , RRK k’a pl k’at, cnstr ha, cnstr.pl hat n.a ear , ARŊ rʷaqa ear | |
| *ɢar | listen | RTJ ghó listen , MT hí listen , RTI kor vi. listen | |
| *ɢHi | minority | RTJ ghí minority , MT kísani minority | |
| *ɢik | voice | RTJ jíg dlyíg voice (of a human) , MT hikh voice | |
| *ɢo | grove of ash trees | RT koa sgv kyoa ash trees , RTJ ghŏ grove of ash trees , MT holath grove of ash trees , RTI ki n. in. ash tree pl. ko, RRK k’ı pl k’o n.i ash tree | |
| *ɢʀVk | woman | RT kwac pl ngwèi woman , RTJ grég dlrég woman , MT hókh woman , RTI šiš n. hu. woman, wife , RRK k’ik pl lee, cnstr sık, cnstr.pl ŋii n.h woman, wife , ƏD gık cnstr ɬık, pl g’aś n. sen. woman (female person) | |
| *ɢu | only, merely, barely, just, simply | RT ko only, merely, barely, just, simply , RTJ ghŭ only, merely, just, simply , MT hu only, merely, barely, just, simply , RRK k’u adv only, merely, just, simply | |
| *ɢuq | kick | RT gyóc pass hkyóc, attr gigyóc kick , RTJ ghúgh kick , MT huc kick , RTI kuk vt. kick , RRK k’uk dur guguk v.tr kick | |
| *ɢʔoC | cave | RT ngàoc sgv tśòa network of caves , RTJ k’áú network of caves , MT cō cave | |
| *ɢʔu | hills | RT ngò sgv nyò hills , RTJ ghŭ ngô hills , MT cuk’a hills , RRK hwee pl rıhwee, cnstr wee n.i hill | |
| *haj | we, us | RT hei we , RTJ háí we, us, our , MT hai we, us | |
| *hak | hew (with an ax) | RT hec pass héc, attr kéc hew (with an axe) , RTJ hág hew (with an axe) , MT hakh hew (with an ax) | |
| *hal | RTJ há pray , RTI hal vi. pray , RRK k’al dur hal v.it pray | ||
| *han | moon | RT han (no pl) moon , RTJ hà moon , MT han moon , RTI he n. an. moon , RRK haa (no pl), cnstr gaa n.a moon , ARŊ maʔan moon | |
| *haŋ | arrowhead | RTJ hă arrowhead, spearhead , MT ānggén arrowhead , RTI wašwey n. in. arrowhead, spearhead | maybe *ʀaŋ ? |
| *har | then (past) | RT yéi then (in the past) , MT hai then (past) , RRK har adv then, next (factual) | |
| *haw | call, shout | RT hóu pass fóu, attr kóu call, shout , RTJ háú call, shout , MT hau call, shout | |
| *haw / waw (? hwaw) | dust | RT wáo sgv yáo dust, dirt , RTJ hyó gró dust , MT haumam dust | |
| *hdRip | quarrel, strife, conflict, rivalry | RT dwic sgv diec quarrel, strife, conflict, rivalry , RTI hitrip n. in. enmity, conflict | |
| *hduq | empty | RTJ ĕdúgh túgh empty , RTI hinuk adj. empty , RRK hnuk adj empty | maybe cognate with *juq |
| *he | mouse, rat | RT he pl fwé mouse, rat , MT he mouse, rat , RTI he n. an. mouse , RRK he pl hwe n.a mouse | |
| *hej | feel, sense | RT yéa pass syéa, attr tśéa feel, sense , RTJ háí feel, sense , MT hē feel, sense , RTI hii vt. feel, sense , RRK hii dur hıgii v.tr feel, sense | |
| *hənaŋg | pride of cats | RTJ hnàì hnàì pride of cats (collective plural) , MT handaŋ pride of cats | |
| *hga | improve, make perfect | RTJ hĕcră improve, make perfect , MT hla improve, make perfect , RTI hica vt. improve, make perfect , RRK hıkà dur hıkyà v.tr improve | |
| *hgij | belly, abdomen | RT htsi (no pl) belly, stomach , RTJ jú belly, abdomen (interior) , MT kícom belly, abdomen , RTI ňuu n. an. belly, abdomen , RRK ŋuu pl hŋuu n.a belly, stomach , ARŊ kʲi belly | |
| *hiŋg | chin | RT hinc pl fwinc jaw, chin , RTJ híg chin , MT hing chin , RTI hiň n. an. jaw, chin , RRK hiŋ pl hwiŋ, cnstr eeŋ, cnstr.pl reeŋ n.a jaw, chin | |
| *hip | realize, become aware of, understand | RT hic pass híc, attr tśíc realize, become aware of , RTJ híb realize, become aware of , MT hiph realize, become aware of, understand , RTI hip vt. realize, become aware of | |
| *hkej ? | pilot, navigate (a canoe or raft) | RT dlae pass htlae, attr klae steer, navigate , RTJ hó navigate, pilot a boat or raft , MT hú pilot, navigate (a canoe or raft) , RTI hikey vt. pilot, navigate (a boat or raft) , RRK k’ıı dur hıı v.it go by boat | |
| *hkuw | shout, cry out (of a word or sound) | RT hku pass huhku, attr guhku scream at , RTJ kháú scream at, shout at , MT hâu shout, cry out (of a word or sound) , RTI hikuu vt. scream at | |
| *hɬal | beg | RTJ hlá beg , MT hlau beg , RTI hišal vt. beg (for) | |
| *hɬal | ask, plead, request (sth.) | RT hláo pass hahláo, attr tláo ask, plead, request (sth.) , RRK hısal dur hlısal v.tr ask, inquire about | |
| *hlowɢa | earwax | RTJ dlĕkhă dlĕkhă earwax , MT hwuthca earwax , RTI hilowka n. in. earwax | MT influenced by hwuth 'sand' |
| *hlut | sand | RT hluc sgv syuc sand , RTJ dlúd dlúd sand , MT hwuth sand , RTI hilut n. in. sand , RRK hlut (no pl) n.i sand | |
| *hnan | teach (something) | RT dán pass htán, attr ksán teach (practical skills) , RTJ hnyàì teach (a skill or discipline) , MT sanān teach (something) | |
| *hoɬan | moonflower(s) (night-blooming flower types) | RT hlán sgv hlíen moonflower , MT holán moonflower(s) (night-blooming flower types) , RTI hišee n. in. moonflower pl. hošee | |
| *hoʀ | be perpendicular to | RT bòu pass hpòu, attr kwòu be/move perpendicular to , RTJ hó be perpendicular to , MT hū be perpendicular to , RTI hey vt. be perpendicular to | |
| *how | siblings | RT hao sgv hmáo siblings , RTJ dlró ĕró siblings, parallel cousins , MT handú siblings | |
| *hqa ? | RT hká (no pl) hearth , RTJ khă hearth, firepit , MT ngêleth hearth, firepit , RRK kyot pl rıkyot n.i hearth, oven | ||
| *hraw | be who? (animate) | RT róu (no attr) be who? , RTJ hráú be who? (animate) , ARŊ hro who? | |
| *hrem | be fast, be quick | RT ráon attr tráon be fast, be quick , RTJ hràì be fast, quick , MT hém be fast, be quick , RRK sii dur sirii v.it be fast, be quick | |
| *hren | be what? (inanimate) | RT rén (no attr) be what? , RTJ hràì be what? (inanimate) , ARŊ hrʲen what? | |
| *hriq | rape | RTJ hrígh rape , MT híc rape | |
| *hRo | stand up (from sitting or lying) | RTJ hwŏ stand up (from sitting or lying) , MT ndó stand up (from sitting or lying) , RTI yihu vi. stand up (from sitting or lying) , RRK hiišu dur lıyıı v.it stand up, rise (aor); be resilient (dur) | |
| *hsa | cross cousin | RTJ hsă sră cross cousin | derivation |
| *hsaŋ | coniferous tree forest | RT san sgv śein forest of coniferous trees , RTJ hsà ĕgrà coniferous tree forest , MT sāng coniferous tree forest | |
| *hsar | already | RT syéi (no attr) has been done already , RRK hasar adv already; recently, earlier on | |
| *hsjan | teach, be a teacher | RTJ hxàì teach, be a teacher , MT sān teach, be a teacher , RRK ušaa pl ugušaa n.h teacher, expert | |
| *hti | now | RT htsí now , MT hri now | |
| *htVn | when | RT htèin when (in the future) , RRK hatwaa pp when, at, on (temporal) | |
| *hudʔap | gather, summon (people) | RT hóu pou nàc gather, summon (people) , RTJ hĕcáb gather, summon (people) , RRK hunap dur huhnap v.tr gather, summon (people) | |
| *huH | lungs | RT hoa sgv yóa lungs , RTJ hó lungs , MT hū lungs , RTI hey n. in. lung , RRK hɛɛ pl hıı, cnstr gɛɛ n.a lungs | |
| *humb | council, advisers to a ruler | RT húnc sgv ngkwac council of elders , RTJ húb húb council (organization) , MT uwūm council, advisers to a ruler , RRK umir pl ugumir n.h advisor | |
| *hwim | marry | RT wín pass fwín, attr kwín marry , RTJ hwè marry , MT hím marry , RRK hwɛɛ dur hıpɛɛ v.tr marry | |
| *hwit | forage, be a forager | RTJ hwíd forage, be a forager , MT hóth forage, be a forager , RTI hut vi. forage, be a forager | |
| *hwol | bow | RT wóu sgv yóu bow and arrow , RTJ hwó bow , MT ûnggín bow , RTI hil n. in. bow pl. hul, RRK hıl pl hul, cnstr gıl, cnstr.pl gul n.i bow | |
| *idrip | complain about, protest | RT idric pass hidric, attr gidric complain about , RTJ ĕzríb complain about, protest , MT iríph complain about, protest , RTI itrip vt. complain about, protest | |
| *ij | drip on | RTJ í drip on , MT í drip on , RTI ey vt. drip on (of liquids), shine on (of light) | see also *lej |
| *il | intend | RTJ ré intend , MT ú intend , RTI il vt. intend | |
| *im | shine on | RTJ è shine on , MT im shine on | |
| *injaŋg | grieve, mourn | RT yinyèanc pass hinyèanc, attr tśinyèanc grieve, mourn , RRK ıyaŋ dur iiyaŋ v.it grieve, mourn, feel sorrow | |
| *ip | praise | RT yic pass hic, attr tśic praise, worship , RTJ íb praise , MT iph praise , RTI ip vt. praise | |
| *iraqʔrik | jewel | RT grec sgv ksec jewellery , RTJ rrĕgĕtr’íg jewel , MT iyak’íkh jewel , RTI ireetriš n. in. ornament, piece of jewelry , RRK kset pl rıkset n.i jewellery (piece of) , ƏD iraġrik n. port. jewel | see also crystal |
| *irardir | armband | RTJ ĕrĕzrí armband, arm ring , MT yairí armband , RTI ireetyir n. in. armband , ƏD rardis cnstr ırardis n. port. armband | |
| *irarɢa | earring | RT ga pl ngga earring (jewelry) , RTJ ĕrĕghă earring , MT yaica earring , ƏD rarǵa cnstr ırarǵa n. port. earring | |
| *irarti | necklace | RTJ ĕrĕcrĭ necklace, torc , MT yairi necklace , RTI ireetyi n. in. necklace , RRK ırɔti pl nırɔti n.i necklace , ARŊ r̊ʲaʃri necklace, ƏD rartıə cnstr ırartıə n. port. necklace | |
| *irartumb | finger ring | RT drúnc pl ndrúnc ring (jewelry) , RTJ ĕrĕtrúb finger ring , MT yairum finger ring , RTI ireetrum n. in. finger ring , ƏD rartaonp cnstr ırartaonp n. port. ring (jewelry) | |
| *ja | hail, greet, say goodbye | RTJ yă hail, greet, say goodbye , MT ya hail, greet, say goodbye , RTI ya vi. give a greeting, say goodbye | |
| *ja | hail! goodbye! | RTJ ya oh! (vocative particle), hail! , MT ya hail! goodbye! | |
| *jak | throat | RT yec pl ifwéc neck , RTJ yág throat , MT yakh throat , RTI yaš n. an. throat | |
| *jam | flat grassland, meadow, pasture | RTJ yàì meadow, pasture , MT yammokh flat grassland, meadow, pasture , RRK šuyaa pl nıšuyaa n.i meadow | |
| *jan | ice | RT yein sgv myein ice , RTJ yà ice , MT yan ice | |
| *jaɴɢ | be happy | RT yonc attr tśonc be happy , RTJ yágh be happy , MT yaŋ be happy | |
| *jar | boat, raft | RT yàe-ngge pl nyàe-ngge raft , RTJ yá boat, ship , MT yai boat, raft , RTI yar n. in. boat pl. yanar, RRK vanar pl rıyar, cnstr ıvanar, cnstr.pl ırıyar n.i boat | |
| *jaʀ | cream | RTJ yá cream , MT yā cream | |
| *je | bend | RTJ yĕ bend , MT ye bend , RTI ye vt. bend , RRK grı dur gıgrı v.tr bend | |
| *jej | whale | RTJ yàì whale , RTI yii n. an. whale | |
| *jen | next | RT yen next, subsequent , RTJ ĕnyàì yàì be next , MT yan next , RTI yee adj. next , RRK yaa adj next, following, subsequent | |
| *jeŋ | short | RT yin attr tśin be short , RTJ nyè è be short , MT ing short , RTI ey adj. short , RRK yɛɛ adj short, nearby , ƏD en adj. short | |
| *jeŋg | sleep | RT yenc attr tśenc sleep , RTJ yég sleep , MT yeng sleep , RTI yeň vi. sleep , RRK iŋ dur lɛyeŋ v.it sleep , ARŊ ʔeʁma, perf xʲeʁma sleep (verb) | |
| *jet | think, reflect, consider, assume | RTJ yéd think, assume , MT yeth think, reflect, consider, assume , RTI yet vt. think about, reflect on, consider, assume , RRK it dur ıset v.tr think, reflect, consider, assume | |
| *jə | previous, one before | RT ya previous, preceding , RTJ yĕrĕ ĕrĕ be previous, be (the) one before , MT ya previous, one before , RTI i adj. previous, preceding , RRK e adj previous, preceding | |
| *jiʀ | texture | RT yèi sgv myèi surface, pattern, texture, rhythm, cycle , RTJ yí texture , MT yîyē texture , RRK vir pl rıvir n.i pattern, decoration | |
| *jŋot | pick (of berries, fruits) | MT ngôth pick (of berries, fruits) , RTI yihut vt. gather berries, pick berries | |
| *jo | wear (of clothing, armor) | RT yo pass yó, attr tśo wear (clothes) , RTJ yŏ wear (of clothing, armor) , MT yo wear (of clothing, armor) , RTI yo vt. wear (clothes) , RRK nahyò dur nanahyò v.tr wear (clothes) | |
| *jot | oven | RT dźoc pl ndźoc oven , RTJ yód oven , MT yoth oven , RTI wut n. in. oven, hearth pl. yot | |
| *jow | too, also, as well | RT yao too, also, as well , RTJ yé too, also, as well , MT au too, also, as well | |
| *judʔuq | empty, unload | MT yunduc empty, unload , RTI yunuk vt. empty | derivation, see juq |
| *juj | chew | RT yùo pass syùo, attr kyùo chew , RTJ yú chew , MT yí chew , RTI ey vt. chew , RRK ɛɛ dur hyɛɛ v.tr bite, chew | |
| *jumb | be awake | RT yunc attr tśunc be awake , RTJ yúb be awake , MT yum be awake | |
| *juq | empty | RT yoc attr tśoc be hungry; be empty , RTJ yúgh be empty , MT kúc empty | k- in MT |
| *jur | seaweed | RTJ yú seaweed , RTI yur n. in. seaweed | |
| *juraɴq | be sad | RT yèanc attr kyèanc be sad , RTJ yĕzrágh be sad , MT yuyang be sad | |
| *jVV | tool | RT yàe pl nyàe tool , RTJ yú tool(s) , , RNW jo: nmlz. tool | |
| *ka | completely, well | RTJ qă completely, perfectly , MT kha completely, well | |
| *kadatʔot | any two of three | RTJ kĕdĕt’ód any two of three | |
| *kaɢi ? | saltwater eel | RTJ kàgri saltwater eel , RTI cačee n. an. eel | |
| *kat | male dog | RT kác pl kwác male dog, hound , RTJ tréd male dog , MT khath male dog , ARŊ xʷot dog, ƏD kıt n. liv. hound (male dog) | |
| *kbʔon | common | MT kamban common , RTI čumoo adj. common, commonplace , RRK gwaa adj common, ordinary | |
| *kbʔum | relativizer | RT bùn (relative pronoun: animate) , RTJ hmo animate relativizer , MT kambum relativizer | |
| *kCak | mortar (tool for grinding) | RTJ kág mortar (grinding tool) , MT hakh mortar (tool for grinding) , RTI šaš n. in. mortar (grinding tool) pl. čaš | |
| *kCaʀ | be in pain | RTJ já be in pain , MT gā be in pain | see also kʔaʀ |
| *kdam | full | MT kdam full , RTI čitey adj. full , RRK ksıı adj full | derivation |
| *kdja | industrious, diligent, hardworking | RTJ ză be industrious, dilligent, hardworking , MT kdá industrious, diligent, hardworking , RTI čiša adj. diligent, hardworking, busy , RRK ksa adj busy, active, energetic, ambitious | |
| *kdon | matching | RTI činuu adj. matching, complimentary, equivalent , RRK gut adj equivalent, matching, complementary | |
| *kdrumb | fast (abstain from eating) | RT grunc attr gugrunc fast (abstain from eating) , RTJ kĕzrúb fast (abstain from eating) , MT khirúm fast (abstain from eating) , RTI kitrum vi. fast, abstain from eating , RRK kıdum dur kıgrum v.it fast, abstain from eating | *kdumb? |
| *kdʔVj | fragrant | RT nàe attr dàe be fragrant , RTJ dú be fragrant, smell good , MT kandí fragrant , RTI činey adj. fragrant, good-smelling , RRK grıı adj fragrant, good-smelling | |
| *ke | anus | RTJ qĕ anus , MT khe anus | |
| *keŋg | cat | RT káenc pl kwáenc cat , RTJ trég cat , MT khang cat , RTI čiň n. an. cat , RRK kıŋ pl kuŋ n.a cat | |
| *kəkol | lie, tell a lie to | RT kòu pass hkòu, attr gyòu lie to, deceive , RTJ gĕgré lie, tell a lie to , MT klú lie, tell a lie to , RTI kikol vt. lie, tell a lie to | |
| *kəkoɬiŋg | piglet | RTJ hlríg hlríg piglet , MT xoxoléng piglet , RTI hihišiň n. an. piglet | ld? |
| *kfal | be together, be in a group | RT fào attr gwào be together , RTJ ká be together, be in a group , MT fanggau be together, be in a group , RRK gyal adv together, jointly | |
| *khan | snake | RTJ kà snake, serpent , MT hanō snake , RTI čee n. an. snake , RRK kaa pl hwa, cnstr k’aa, cnstr.pl hıgà n.a snake | |
| *khar | sky goddess | RTJ Ká sky goddess , MT Haifai sky goddess | |
| *ki | hollow | RT tśí attr gźí be hollow , RTJ qĭ be hollow , MT kli hollow , RTI čiči adj. hollow , RRK ki adj hollow | |
| *kik | ram (male sheep) | RT tśe pl kíe male sheep, ram , RTJ qíg ram (male sheep) , MT khikh ram (male sheep) , RTI čiš n. an. ram, buck, male horned animal , RRK kik pl rıkik n.a buck, ram, stag (male horned animal) | RT lacks a ʔ, but otherwise matches well |
| *kin | occupation, role | RT kén sgv kyén task, mission, quest, project , RTJ kè job, occupation, role, habit, project, work , MT khin occupation, role | |
| *kiq | play (music) | RT kéc attr gyéc play (music) , RTJ qígh play (of music) , MT khic play (music) , RTI čiš vt. play (music) | see also *fkiq |
| *kja | crow | RT tyá pl tíe crow , RTJ qă crow , MT khalí crow , RTI kira n. an. crow | |
| *kja | reach, arrive at | RT kyá pass hkyá, attr gíe reach, arrive at , MT khá reach, arrive at , RTI ikwa vt. reach, arrive at , RRK ka adv really, actually, certainly, in fact, of course | |
| *kjaw | hot, warm | RT tśáo attr gźáo be warm, be hot (of things); feel warm (of people) , RTJ jĕqó qó be hot, warm , MT khau hot, warm , RTI caw adj. warm , RRK koo adj warm | |
| *kjoV | blister(s) | RTJ qó blisters , MT khú blister(s) , RTI sey n. in. blister pl. cey | |
| *kla | crooked, bent | RT ká attr gyá be crooked, be bent , RTJ trĕ be crooked, be bent , MT kla crooked, bent | |
| *kɬaw | disease, illness | RT kyao pl nggyao disease, illness , RTJ gró illness, disease , MT kwau disease, illness , RTI kilaw n. in. illness, disease , RRK kloo pl nıkloo, cnstr hloo n.a disease | |
| *kɬoʔ | borrow (temporary transfer of possession in either direction) | RT kò pass hkò, attr gyò borrow (temporary transfer of possession in either direction) , RTJ k’ĕdlŏ borrow , MT kô borrow (temporary transfer of possession in either direction) , RRK kso dur saksò v.tr borrow (from sb.) | |
| *kmaraʀ | cheap, inexpensive | RTJ hmĕzrá be inexpensive, cheap , MT kmirâ cheap, inexpensive | derivation from *kma |
| *kmaʀ | dear, expensive, precious | RT nggò attr gunggò be precious, be valuable, be of high quality , RTJ hmà be expensive, precious, dear , MT kmā dear, expensive, precious , RRK paa adj valuable, precious | |
| *knaj | distribute, share | RT dei pass htei, attr ksei share, distribute , RTJ hnàì distribute, share , MT knai distribute, share , RTI čiray vt. distribute, share , RRK gree dur gıgree v.tr share | |
| *knVV | salvation, rescue | RTJ hngò hngògh salvation, rescue , MT kné salvation, rescue | |
| *kŋa | frog | RT ngá pl mfwá frog , RTJ hngâ frog , MT nganga frog , RTI ča n. an. frog | |
| *kŋaw | sit | RTJ hngàù sit , MT nghau sit , RTI čuu vi. sit , RRK kuu dur kukuu v.it sit , ƏD hah perf əńah vi. sit | |
| *kŋe | heron | RT ngé pl mfwé heron , RTJ hnyê heron , MT nghelí heron , RTI ce n. an. heron , RRK ŋge pl rıŋgè n.a heron (bird) , ƏD śe cnstr ńe n. liv. heron | |
| *kŋi | soft | RT nggí attr ginggí be soft, be smooth , RTJ hngê be soft , MT ngha soft , RTI či adj. soft | |
| *kŋomb | evening | RT ngónc (no sgv) evening , RTJ hngòb evening , MT nghom evening , RRK kom pl rıkom, cnstr yom n.a evening | |
| *kŋoʀ | dislike | RT nggóa pass hxóa, attr gunggóa dislike , MT nghō dislike | |
| *kŋʔa | applaud | RTJ hngâ applaud , MT ganga applaud | possible derivation from clap |
| *kŋʔe | grove of rowans | RT nggèa sgv nggyèa rowan trees , RTJ hngê ĕghĕ grove of rowans , MT gangge grove of rowans | |
| *koɬiŋg | sow (female pig; less marked) | RTJ hlyíg hlyíg sow , MT holéng sow (female pig; less marked) , RTI čošiň n. an. pig , RRK ksiŋ pl kusiŋ, cnstr ıksiŋ, cnstr.pl rıksiŋ n.a pig | |
| *kot | buttocks | RT kóc sgv ké buttocks , RTJ kód buttocks | |
| *kpa | go down, descend, climb down | RT kwá attr gugwá go down, descend , RTJ pă go down, descend, climb down , MT há go down, descend, climb down , RTI pa vi. go down (deliberately), descend, dive | |
| *kraj | bird | RTJ dré bird , MT kí bird , RTI čay n. an. bird , RRK k’ee pl k’wee n.a bird | |
| *krit | be fair, be honorable, be just | RTJ tríd be just , MT khíth be fair, be honorable, be just | |
| *krumb | festival, feast, holiday | RTJ trúb festival, feast , MT húm festival, feast, holiday , RTI šum n. in. festival | |
| *kruŋg ? | struggle, strive toward | RT tronc attr gronc struggle, toil, strain oneself , MT kúng struggle, strive toward , RTI čuň vt. struggle (with) | |
| *kʀe | spider | RT gwe pl dà spider , RTJ ké spider , MT khā spider | |
| *ksaq | bread | RTJ hságh drágh bread , MT gsac bread , RTI čihek n. in. bread (loaf of) pl. čihak, RRK kšak pl rıkšak n.i bread (loaf of) | |
| *ktaq | massive, heavy | RT dóc attr ksóc be heavy, be massive , RTJ cágh be massive, heavy , MT kdac massive, heavy , RTI čitak adj. heavy, solid , RRK ksak adj heavy, solid | |
| *ku | break | RT kú pass hkú, attr gyú break, destroy , RTJ kŭ break, destroy , MT hu break , RTI ču vt. break | |
| *kud | raid, rob | RTJ kúd raid, rob , RTI čun vt. raid, rob | |
| *kuw, sik | (entire) leg | RTJ kĕxíg entire leg , MT hausikh (entire) leg , RTI čuu n. an. leg , RRK kuu pl kat, cnstr k’uu, cnstr.pl k’at n.a leg | |
| *kVn | weapon, sword | RT koun pl nggoun weapon , MT xamen weapon, sword , RTI čee n. in. weapon , RRK k’aa pl rıgaa, cnstr hyaa n.i weapon | |
| *kVŋ | resist, ward off | RT kan pass kán, attr gyan resist, ward off , RRK k’uŋ dur guŋguŋ v.tr defend oneself against, resist, defy | |
| *kVV | two | RT káe 2 , RTJ kú two , MT hí two , RRK kıı ord tu qu 2 , ARŊ dat/x̠i two | |
| *kwe | ground, floor | RT kwé sgv kyé ground, floor , RTJ pĕ dirt, floor , MT hé ground, floor , RRK pe (no pl) n.i ground, floor | |
| *kʔa ? | basket | RT nggàc pl nanggàc basket , RTJ k’ă basket , MT ca basket , RTI ča n. in. basket , RRK ga pl rıgà n.i basket | suffixation in RT |
| *kʔaj ? | depart, leave, go away (from listener) | RT kèi attr gyèi depart, leave, go away (from listener) , RTJ k’áí depart, leave, go away (from listener) , MT cai depart, leave, go away (from listener) , RTI čay vi. depart, leave, go away (from listener) , RRK k’ii dur gaŋii v.it leave, go away (from here) | |
| *kʔam ? | walk | RT kòun attr gyòun go nowhere in particular, move around, roam, wander , RTJ k’à walk , MT cam walk , RTI kee vi. walk | |
| *kʔaŋ | stay, remain | RTJ q’àì stay, remain , MT k’ang stay, remain | |
| *kʔaʀ | pain | RTJ q’á pain , MT k’ā pain | see also kaʀ |
| *kʔe | but | RT kè but, however , RTJ q’e but, however , MT k’e but , RRK ge adv however, in contrast | |
| *kʔeH | bucket | RT ngèa-kàc pl ngào-kàc bucket , RTJ kh’áí bowl, bucket , MT k’ē bucket , RTI kat n. in. bowl | |
| *kʔend | flesh, meat | RT kànc sgv tśànc meat, flesh, muscle , RTJ tr’éd ŋàì meat, flesh, muscle , MT k’an flesh, meat , RTI čin n. in. meat, flesh , RRK gin pl rıgin n.i meat, flesh , ARŊ kʷos flesh | |
| *kʔə | mountain range, mountain(s) | RT kè sgv kyè mountain range , RTJ k’ĭ mountain range , MT p’ungk’a mountain range, mountain(s) , RTI ši n. in. mountain , RRK gi pl gı n.i mountain | |
| *kʔəj | beak | RT nggae (no pl) beak (of a bird) , RTJ k’í beak , MT k’í beak | |
| *kʔət | grandparents | RT kèc sgv kì ancestors , RTJ k’íd grandparents , MT k’andath grandparents | |
| *kʔi | warn | RTJ q’ĭ warn , MT k’i warn , RRK hugì dur huugi v.tr warn | |
| *kʔik | hail | RTJ tr’íg hail , MT k’íkh hail | |
| *kʔim | white, light (in color) | MT k’im white, light (in color) , RTI čiňey adj. bright, white , RRK gyɛɛ adj bright, white | im |
| *kʔimb | chalk, calcium | RT kàonc sgv kyùnc chalk, limestone , RTJ k’íb ngè chalk, calcium, white color, white pigment , MT k’imac chalk, calcium , RTI šim n. in. chalk , ARŊ qʲ'if white (colour) | |
| *kʔin | itch | RT ruguo pass hruguo, attr gruguo annoy, bother , RTJ q’è itch, irritate , MT k’in itch , RTI čey vi. itch , RRK ŋgɛɛ dur ŋıŋgɛɛ v.tr annoy, bother, itch | |
| *kʔit | bone | RTJ q’íd bone , MT k’ith bone , RTI čis n. an. bone , RRK git pl gwit, cnstr ŋit, cnstr.pl ŋgit n.a bone , ARŊ kʲ'itʃ bone | |
| *kʔit | frost | RTJ q’íd frost , MT tauk’ith frost , RTI čis n. in. frost | |
| *kʔja | hawk | RTJ q’ă hawk , MT k’alí hawk , RTI ca n. an. hawk | |
| *kʔo | last | RT kòa last, final , RTJ hngô kh’ŏ be last, the last , MT co last , RTI ko adj. last, final | onset uncertain |
| *kʔosot ? | RT kò soc lend , RTJ k’ĕsód lend , RRK kšot dur šukšot v.tr lend (to sb.) | ||
| *kʔup | stink | RT nggùc attr gunggùc stink , RTJ gĕk’úb stink , MT k'uph stink , RTI ňičup vi. stink | |
| *kʔVV ? | twins | RT kyòc sgv kàe twins , RTJ k’ú twin , MT cíwû twins , RTI čeyhaw n. hu. twin , RRK gıı pl got, cnstr ŋıı, cnstr.pl ŋot n.h twin | |
| *kʔwe ? | vulva | RT kwè (no pl) vagina, vulva , MT cé vulva | |
| *la | be female, be feminine | RT la attr tla be female , RTJ lă be female, be feminine , MT la be female, be feminine , RTI la adj. female, feminine , RRK la adj female, feminine | |
| *la | limestone | RTJ lyă limestone , MT lak’im limestone , RTI la n. in. limestone | |
| *Lat | nit(s) (louse eggs) | RTJ lád nit(s) (eggs of louse or similar) , MT wathsiya nit(s) (louse eggs) | |
| *lCat | deciduous tree | MT láth deciduous tree | derivation |
| *ɬCV | fist | RT dlíe pl dlác fist , RTJ dlyă fist , MT sawú fist , RTI sa n. an. fist | |
| *lda | termite | RTJ ĕdă dlă termite , MT lra termite , ƏD ıta n. liv. termite | |
| *le | dove, pigeon | RT le pl hloa dove , RTJ lyĕ dove , MT lelí dove, pigeon , RTI le n. an. dove, pigeon , RRK le pl hle n.a dove , ƏD leguś n. liv. dove | |
| *lej | drip, drop(s) | RT lou pl ndlou drop (of water) , RTJ lyé drip, drops , MT lau drip, drop(s) , RTI lii n. in. drop (small quantity of liquid) pl. lee | see also *ij |
| *lek | waste, squander | RT léc pass hléc, attr tléc waste, squander , RTJ drég waste , MT lec waste, squander | |
| *lemman | morning | RT emàn (no sgv) morning , RTJ lyàìma morning , MT lámman morning , RRK lɛmaa pl nılɛmaa n.a morning | |
| *leŋg | forest of deciduous trees | RT lenc sgv yenc forest of deciduous trees , RTJ lyég forest of deciduous trees , MT leng forest of deciduous trees , RRK leŋ pl nıleŋ n.i forest | |
| *leŋg | smile | RT nenc pass nénc, attr denc smile at , RTJ lyég smile , MT leng smile , RTI leň vi. smile | |
| *let | train, practice, learn | RT lec pass léc, attr tlec learn (practical skills) , RTJ lyéd train, practice, learn , MT leth train, practice, learn , RTI let vt. practice, learn , RRK let dur lıset v.tr learn, study, train, practice | |
| *ləCaw | size | RT zrou sgv źou size, quantity , RTJ lĕdráú dlráú size , MT lalau size , RTI litruu n. in. size , RRK avɔɔ (no pl) n.i size, height , ƏD ıgrah erg uləgrah n. stat. size | |
| *lgu | destroy | RTJ kŭ ĕkŭ destruction, ruin , MT klu destroy , RTI čiču vt. destroy | < gu |
| *lgu | paternal aunt | RT tlu pl tlúo paternal aunt , RTJ drŭ dlŭ paternal aunt , RRK lagyù pl lasù, cnstr lılù, cnstr.pl lıglù n.h paternal aunt (sister of father) | |
| *ɬgV | be sticky | RTJ dlĕdrĕ be sticky , MT sangga be sticky , RTI čisiňi adj. sticky , RRK ksıŋı adj sticky | |
| *ɬi | turnip(s) | RT lí sgv yí turnips , RTJ dlĭ turnips , MT sayā turnip(s) , RTI si n. in. turnip , RRK asì pl asanì n.i turnip | |
| *li | pull | RT li pass lí, attr tli pull , RTJ lyĭ pull, milk (an animal) , MT li pull , RTI lyi vt. pull | |
| *ɬij | cloud | RT léi sgv yéi cloud(s) , RTJ dlyí cloud , MT lílā cloud , RRK sɛɛ pl sii n.a cloud , ƏD ɬeśónbgıə n. dyn cloud | |
| *lik | cloth, fabric | RT lic sgv yec cloth, fabric , RTJ lyíg fabric , MT likh cloth, fabric , RTI lyiš n. in. cloth, fabric , RRK lik pl nılik n.i cloth, fabric (piece of) | |
| *lin | lie, recline | RT lin attr tlin lie, recline , RTJ lyè lie down, recline , MT lin lie, recline , RTI lyey vi. lie, recline , RRK sɛɛ dur lırɛɛ v.it lie, recline , ARŊ rʲixnʷa lie (on side, recline), ƏD len vi. lie | |
| *ɬip | thin (in dimension), narrow | RT líc attr tlíc be thin (2D) , RTJ cíb dlyíb be thin , MT siph thin (in dimension), narrow , RTI šip adj. narrow, thin , RRK sip adj slim, narrow, thin | |
| *ɬjo | mud | RT yóu sgv láo mud , RTJ dlyó mud , MT súmam mud , RTI sil n. in. mud , RRK šyɛɛ (no pl), cnstr dyɛɛ n.i mud | |
| *lju | fear, be afraid of | RT źù attr dźù be fearful, be afraid , RTJ lyí fear, be afraid of , MT lú fear, be afraid of , RRK lılɔɔ dur lılılɔɔ v.tr fear, be afraid of | |
| *lɬo | grime, filth, muck | RTJ dlŏ grime, filth, muck, garbage, human feces , MT lalo grime, filth, muck , RTI lihi n. in. filth, dirt, grime | |
| *lɬVl | examine, inspect, investigate, study | RT laláo pass hlaláo, attr glaláo examine, study , RTJ lĕdlré examine, inspect, investigate, study , MT lalú examine, inspect, investigate, study , RTI lišil vt. examine, inspect, investigate, study , RRK lısıl dur lılısıl v.tr examine, inspect, investigate | |
| *lnan | new, young | RT nyèn attr dźen be new, be young , RTJ ĕnyàì lyàì be new, young , MT lán new, young , RTI lyee adj. new, young, early , RRK lıyaa adj new, young, early | |
| *lngju | fear, fright | MT langgú fear, fright | derivative |
| *lŋil | be afraid | MT langgú be afraid , RTI liňily vi. be afraid | |
| *lŋrat | dot, mark, blemish | RT ndrác pl nandrác mark, symbol , RTJ ĕtrád dot, mark, blemish , MT ngláth dot, mark, blemish , RRK nen pl nan n.i mark, token, characteristic attribute | |
| *lo | come, approach (towards somewhere other than speaker or listener) | RT do attr dlo come, approach (towards something) , RTJ lŏ come, approach (towards somewhere other than speaker or listener) , MT lo come, approach (towards somewhere other than speaker or listener) , RTI lo vi. come, approach (towards somewhere other than speaker or listener) , RRK lo pp to, towards (movement) | |
| *lot | ball, sphere | RT ploc attr gubloc be round (3D) , RTJ lód ball , MT loth ball, sphere , RTI lit n. in. ball pl. lot | |
| *lu | bar, keep out | RTJ lŭ bar, keep out , MT lu bar, keep out , RTI lu vt. block, hinder, keep out | |
| *lu | be silent | RTJ lŭ be silent , MT lu be silent | |
| *lumb | thick (in dimension) | RT lunc attr tlunc be thick (2D) , RTJ ĕnòb lúb be thick , MT lum thick (in dimension) , RTI lum adj. broad, wide, thick , RRK lum adj broad, wide, thick | |
| *lup | toe | RT luc pl hluc toe , RTJ lúb toe , MT luph toe , RTI lup n. an. toe , RRK lup pl hlup n.a toe | |
| *luq | be rough (of weather or water) | RT loc attr tloc be rough (of weather) , RTJ lúgh be rough (of sea or weather) , MT luc be rough (of weather or water) , RTI luk vi. be rough, become rough (of a body of water) | |
| *ɬVl | be dangerous | RT lae attr tlae be dangerous , RTJ lú be dangerous , MT lí be dangerous , RRK sil adj dangerous | |
| *lVV | laugh | RTJ lá laugh , MT lau laugh , RTI lee vi. laugh , RRK lɛɛ dur lɛlɛɛ v.it laugh, smile | |
| *ɬa | rattle, clatter | RTJ dlă rattle, clatter , MT sa rattle, clatter | |
| *ɬa, ɬja | six | RT yé 6 , RTJ dlyă six , MT sa six , RRK sa ord rɛsà qu 6 | |
| *ɬand | time, duration | RT lánc sgv línc time , RTJ dlréd time, duration , MT san time, duration | |
| *ɬaq | keep, retain, hold onto | RT lóc pass hlóc, attr tlóc hold, cling to , RTJ dlágh keep, retain, hold onto , MT sac keep, retain, hold onto , RTI šak vt. keep, retain, store | |
| *ɬat | twelve | RT lác 12 , RTJ dlád twelve , MT sath twelve , RRK sat ord rɛsat qu 12 | |
| *ɬaw | sense of smell | RTJ ĕdláú grĕlráú sense of smell , MT sau sense of smell , RRK ksii pl rıksii n.i sensation, perception | |
| *ɬaw | smell, perceive a scent | RT hlou pass huhlou, attr tlou smell, perceive a scent , RTJ dláú smell, perceive a scent , MT sau smell, perceive a scent , RTI huu vt. smell, perceive a scent , RRK šyuu dur šıdyuu v.tr smell, perceive a scent | |
| *ɬep | spill | RTJ dlyéb spill , MT seph spill , RTI sep vt. spill | |
| *ɬə | sculpt, put together, mold | RTJ dlrĕ sculpt, mash, put together , MT sa sculpt, put together, mold , RTI ši vt. sculpt, mold, join together | |
| *ɬəwraj | wet snow | RTJ dlyé wet snow, sleet , MT saurai wet snow | |
| *ɬidru | loosen, untie | RTJ dlyĕzrŭ loosen, untie , MT sirú loosen, untie , RTI šitru vt. loosen, untie , RRK tastù dur tatastù v.tr loosen, untie | derivation in RT? |
| *ɬiŋ | worm | RT hlin (no pl) worm , RTJ dlyè ĕlrè worm , MT síng worm , RTI tračee n. an. worm | |
| *ɬit | soup, stew, porridge, mush | RT hlíc (no sgv) soup, stew , RTJ dlyíd soup, stew , MT sith soup, stew, porridge, mush , RTI šis n. in. soup, stew , RRK sit pl nısit n.i soup, stew | |
| *ɬjip | dung | RTJ dlyíb ĕlríb dung , MT síph dung | |
| *ɬo | get, receive | RTJ dlŏ get, recieve , MT so get, receive , RTI šo vt. get, receive | |
| *ɬoʀ | there | RT lóa there , RTJ dláú there (at a distance from the speaker) , MT sō there , ƏD ɬa deict. there | |
| *ɬrat | each | RT hac each (member of a collection) , RTJ dlréd each , MT hath each , RRK hıt qu each, every (inanimate referent) , , RNW hǝt qtf. each, every | |
| *ɬro | beans | RT hlo sgv syo beans , RTJ dlrŏ beans , MT sówai beans , RTI hiyo n. in. broad bean , RRK šyo pl nıšyò, cnstr dyo n.i bean | |
| *ɬrVl | watch, look at | RT láo pass hláo, attr tláo watch, look at , RTJ dlré watch, look at , MT sú watch, look at , RTI šil vt. watch, look at , RRK pusıl dur pupusıl v.tr watch, observe | |
| *ɬu | bind, tie | RT lú pass hlú, attr tlú bind, tie, fasten , RTJ dlŭ bind, tie , MT su bind, tie , RTI šu vt. bind, tie , RRK vısù dur vıvısù v.tr bind, tie, attach | |
| *ɬup | snail | RT lúc pl hlúc snail , RTJ dlúb snail , MT suphsíng snail , RTI šup n. an. snail , ƏD ɬup n. liv. snail | |
| *ma | die | RT ma attr ba die , RTJ mà stop, halt, cease, come to an end, die , MT ma die , RTI mam vi. stop, halt, cease, end , ARŊ pozama die (verb), ƏD ma vi. die | |
| *magaQ | turtle | MT malā turtle , RTI wačee n. an. turtle , RRK vagaa pl hwagaa n.a turtle | |
| *maj | pray to | RT myei pass myéi, attr byei pray to , RTJ mì pray to , MT mai pray to , RTI wii vt. beseech, pray to , RRK vii dur vivii v.tr worship | |
| *maj | flour | RT mei (no sgv) flour , RTJ màì flour , MT mai flour | |
| *mam | lip | RT manc sgv moun lips , RTJ mà lip , MT mamúth lip , RTI wee n. an. lip; (pl) mouth , RRK vaa pl van, cnstr ıvaa, cnstr.pl ıvan n.a lip; (pl) mouth , ƏD mən n. liv. lip | ma- |
| *mam | earth, dirt | RT myaon (no sgv) earth, soil , MT mam earth, dirt , RTI woo n. in. earth, soil | |
| *man | day | RT man (no pl) day , MT man day | |
| *mand | be tired | RT manc attr banc be tired , RTJ màd be tired , MT man be tired , RTI wan vi. become tired, tire out | |
| *mankŋomb | winter solstice | RT man-honc (no pl) winter solstice , RTJ hngób winter solstice , MT manggom winter solstice , RRK vatom (no pl) n.a winter solstice | |
| *manseŋg | equinox | RTJ màxeg equinox , MT mandang equinox , RRK vašaŋ (no pl) n.a equinox | |
| *maŋg | taste, try (of food or drink) | RTJ màg taste , MT mang taste, try (of food or drink) | |
| *maq | individual rock, piece of stone, stone block | MT mac individual rock, piece of stone, stone block , RTI wak n. in. (piece of) stone, rock , RRK vak pl rıvak n.i stone , ARŊ mʲaq stone | |
| *maw | beehive | MT mauyí beehive , RTI waw n. in. beehive , RRK voo pl rıvoo n.i beehive | |
| *maw | strawberries | RT mao sgv myao strawberries , MT músandai bed of strawberries | |
| *mCiC | metal | RTJ hmí nrí metal , MT mbí metal | |
| *mCum | good, well | RT mbùn attr mùn be good; do well , RTJ hmò mò be good, well , MT bum good, well , RTI mow adj. good, correct , RRK mɔɔ adj good, distinctive, exemplary, typical , ƏD b’on adj. good | |
| *mCV | be lonely | RT mbí attr gimbí be lonely , RTJ mĕhmê be lonely , MT mama be lonely | same or different reduplications of the same word |
| *mCVn | small | RT mbìn attr mìn be small , RTJ hmè mè be small , MT ban small , RTI muu adj. small, weak , RRK mıı adj small, weak | |
| *mCVn | wash, clean | RT bwìn pass hpwìn, attr gubwìn clean, tidy up , RTJ hmè wash, clean, clean up , MT pan wash, clean , RRK spoo dur sıspoo v.tr clean up, brush, sweep , ƏD bənəns perf penəns vt. wash | |
| *md?ul | apple tree | RT ndùo (no sgv) apple trees , RTJ ĕdú apple trees , MT mándú apple tree , RTI wanol n. in. apple tree , RRK vanul pl rıvanul n.i apple tree | |
| *mdaj | fingernail(s) | RT ndzei (no sgv) fingernail(s) , RTJ ĕzí hnyí fingernails , MT mrai fingernail(s) , RTI wutii n. in. fingernail , RRK vıdii pl rıvıdii n.i fingernail | |
| *mden | bay | RT ndźéan pl nindźéan bay , RTJ ĕqàì ĕjàì bay , MT mlan bay , RTI wucee n. in. bay | |
| *mdo | RT ndro (3i.sgv pronoun) , RTJ ĕdŏ it, its , MT mro it | <m-do | |
| *mdʔul | apple orchard, grove of apple trees | MT mandú apple orchard, grove of apple trees | the original vowel of the first element could have been either o, reduced to a in MT, or a, rounded to o elsewhere |
| *me | tell, say towards | RT me pass mé, attr be tell, say towards , RTJ mê tell, say toward , MT me tell, say towards , RTI we vt. tell, say toward , RRK ve dur vo v.tr tell, say towards | |
| *mek | belief, faith, religion | RT mèc sgv myèc religion, culture , RTJ mèg belief, faith, religion , MT mekhsang belief, faith, religion | |
| *meŋ | plot, conspire, scheme | RT myein pass myéin, attr byein plot, conspire , RTJ màì plot, conspire, scheme , MT méng plot, conspire, scheme , RTI mii vt. plot, conspire, scheme | |
| *məpmik | turn, rotate, revert | RT mimbíc attr bimbíc turn the tables; change a situation completely , RTJ mĕhmèg turn, rotate, revert , MT mamikh turn, rotate, revert , RTI wupiš vt. turn, rotate , RRK vıpik dur vıvıpik v.tr spin, rotate | |
| *mfend ? | stream, brook, creek | RT mbenc pl mbíenc creek, brook, small river , RTJ mèfai mèfed stream, brook, creek , MT bambán stream, brook, creek , RRK mısan pl hmısan n.a creek, brook | irr form of RTJ cognate |
| *mga | elephant | RT nggá pl ngkwá forest elephant , RTJ ĕkă elephant , MT mā elephant , RTI wuča n. an. elephant , RRK vıkà pl rıvıkà n.a forest elephant | |
| *mgend | RTJ ĕjéd ĕxéd judgement, decision , RTI wucen n. in. decision , RRK k’en dur gin v.tr decide, conclude (in favor of) | ||
| *mho | cover | RT mó pass fwó, attr bó cover, protect , RTJ hmô cover , MT mho cover , RTI po vt. cover, conceal, hide | |
| *mi | hold, grasp, catch | RT bí pass hpí, attr kwí catch, capture , RTJ mê hold, grip, catch , MT mi hold, grasp, catch , RTI wi vt. hold, grasp | |
| *mik | turn around | RT mic attr bic turn around , RTJ mèg turn around , MT mikh turn around , RTI wiš vi. turn around , RRK vik dur vivik v.it turn around | |
| *miroʀ | be unimportant | RTJ mĕzráú be unimportant , MT mirô be unimportant | derivation from *widrop |
| *mja | come, approach (towards listener) | RT mya attr bya come, approach (towards listener) , RTJ mâ come, approach (towards listener) , MT má come, approach (towards listener) , RTI ma vi. come, approach (towards listener) , RRK vıgyɛɛ dur vıvıgyɛɛ v.tr approach | |
| *mjar | leader | RT myae pl mfwáe leader, guide, scout , RRK vyar pl hwer, cnstr ıvyar, cnstr.pl ıgyar n.h leader, spokesperson (of a group) | |
| *mjen | look, look around | RT myen attr byen look , MT mén look, look around , RTI wiň vi. look, look around | |
| *mɬjok | lilies (type of flower) | RT mblóc sgv mbléac lily (type of flower) , RTJ hlyóg hnyóg lily (flower) , MT mholókh lilies (type of flower) , RTI pusiš n. in. lily pl. poseš | |
| *mne | sleeve, leg (of pants) | RT mbré pl nimbré tube; tunnel (of a cave); sleeve (of clothes) , RTJ nĕhnê hnê sleeve (of shirt), leg (of pants) , MT mane sleeve, leg (of pants) | |
| *mŋir | bull (male bovine) | RT mbràe pl mpràe bull (male bovine) , RTJ bĕngè ĕdré bull (male bovine) , MT banggí bull (male bovine) , RTI muňir n. an. bull , RRK mıŋır pl hmıŋır n.a bull | |
| *mol | knead | RTJ mò knead , MT mú knead , RTI wol vt. knead , RRK vol dur vul v.tr form, sculpt, mold, knead | |
| *momb | be lazy, unhelpful, useless | RT mònc attr bonc be lazy , RTJ wób be lazy , MT wom be lazy, unhelpful, useless | |
| *moqʔrik | individual crystal, piece of crystal | MT mak’íkh individual crystal, piece of crystal | m- derivation |
| *moʀ | be important | RT pòun attr gwóun be important, be relevant, be prominent , RTJ màù be important , MT mō be important , RRK vuu dur vuvuu v.it be important, be relevant | |
| *mou | flowers | RT mou sgv myou flowers , RTJ mòpe flowers , MT múmú flowers , RTI yuu n. in. flower , RRK vyɔɔ pl vuu, cnstr ıvyɔɔ, cnstr.pl ıvuu n.i flower | |
| *mow | dandelions | RTJ hxĕmò hnyĕmò dandelion , MT múmbú dandelions , ƏD b’asel n. dyn. dandelion | |
| *mow | RT mao if , RTJ hmo if , RRK voo pp if, in case of | ||
| *mpi | sun | RT mbí (no pl) sun , RTJ ĕpĭ ĕbĭ sun , MT mwi sun , RRK ramir (no pl) n.a summer solstice , ARŊ mifʲi sun | |
| *mpʔan | long | RT mbàn attr gambàn be long , RTJ bĕp’à p’à be long , MT p’an long , RTI poo adj. long , RRK baa adj long, far, distant , ARŊ p'an be long (not wide), ƏD bon port/stat bon adj. long, tall | |
| *mpʔeŋ | nest (of birds) | RT mbèin pl nimbèin nest (of birds or other animals) , RTJ ĕp’à hmà bird's nest , MT mbang nest (of birds) , RTI wupyee n. in. nest (of birds) pl . wupoo, RRK byaa pl rıvyaa n.i nest (of birds) | |
| *mpʔi | grow up, become an adult | RT zimí pl dimí unmarried young adult , RTJ ĕp’ĭ grow up, become an adult , MT mbi grow up, become an adult , RTI yupi vi. grow up, become an adult (of human and animate subjects) , RRK hiivi dur iviivi v.it grow (of people and animals) | |
| *mre | grasshopper | RT mbze pl mpse grasshopper , RTJ ĕbrí grasshopper , MT máse grasshopper , RTI weše n. an. cricket, grasshopper , ƏD mironk n. liv. grasshopper | |
| *mrind | be brave, be courageous | RT mbrinc attr gimbrinc be brave, be courageous , RTJ mríd be brave, be courageous , MT myin be brave, be courageous , RRK prin dur vırin v.it be brave, be courageous | |
| *mʀa | scales (of a reptile) | RTJ mĕgră scales (of a reptile) , MT mbō scales (of a reptile) | |
| *msat | duck | RT mbzac pl mpsac duck, goose , RTJ hsád hnád duck , MT mhásath duck , RTI šahat n. an. duck , ARŊ mazat bird, ƏD flásat cnstr mlásat n. liv. duck | |
| *mse | news, message(s) | RT be sgv bye message, news, facts, information , RTJ hmê news, message , MT same news, message(s) , RRK mıtıı pl rımıtıı n.i anecdote, piece of information | |
| *mu | quartz | RT oc-mu sgv moc-mu quartz , RTJ mô quartz , MT muyac quartz | |
| *mul | apple(s) | RT muo sgv myuo apple(s) , RTJ mò apples, cider (alcohol made from apples) , MT múwong apple(s) , RTI wul n. in. apple pl. ul, RRK vıl pl ul, cnstr ıvıl, cnstr.pl ıʔul n.i apple | |
| *muɴɢ | help, assistance | RT byao pass hpyao, attr gibyao support, help , RTJ mògh help, assistance , MT ung help, assistance | |
| *muŋ | you | RT mun you , RTJ mò you (singular), your , MT mung you , ƏD mon pron. pers. you | |
| *muŋg | squirrel | RT mwinc pl hmúnc squirrel , RTJ mòg squirrel , MT mummung squirrel , RTI uň n. an. squirrel , RRK uŋ pl ruŋ n.a squirrel | |
| *muq | confuse | RT moc pass móc, attr boc confuse, mix up, fail to distinguish , MT muc confuse , RTI uk vt. confuse , RRK uk dur ɔɔk v.tr mix, jumble | |
| *muw | deer | RT mae pl mfwáe deer , RTJ mù deer , MT mí deer , RTI wow n. an. deer , RRK vıı pl huu, cnstr ıvıı, cnstr.pl ıguu n.a deer | |
| *mV | hard | RTJ nrágh mê be hard , MT ma hard , RTI wu adj. hard , RRK vı adj hard, solid | cognate with the irr form |
| *mVmaʀ | turtle shell, armor | RTJ màì armor, shell (e.g. of a turtle) , MT mamā turtle shell, armor , RTI wihwaw n. in. shell (of a turtle, etc.) , RRK abaa pl rabaa n.i armor | |
| *mwai | wheat, grain in general | RT mwei sgv myei wheat , RTJ wáí wheat , MT wai wheat, grain in general , RTI way n. in. grain, wheat , RRK mii pl mee n.i grain, wheat | |
| *mwiC | bark cloth | RTJ mĕwè bark cloth , MT mwímbōm bark cloth | |
| *mʔo | infant, baby | RT mbò pl mpwò baby , RTJ hmô ĕbŏ baby , MT bombo infant, baby , RTI momo n. hu. baby, infant , RRK momò pl hmomò n.h baby, infant , ƏD b’ənb’a n. sen. baby | |
| *nah | all | RT na all (of many) , RTJ nà all , MT nā all , RRK raa qu all (human or animate referent) , , RNW noà qtf. all | |
| *najŋg, naj | bed, sleeping place | RT ninc pl ndinc bed , RTJ nàì bed , MT nai bed, sleeping place , RTI yiň n. in. bed pl. yeň, RRK aseŋ pl naseŋ n.i bed | |
| *nal | cry, scream | RT nwao attr dwao cry, weep , RTJ nyé cry, scream , MT nau cry, scream , RTI rol vi. cry, scream , RRK tol dur rol v.it shout, scream | |
| *nand | name(s) | RT nànc pl twánc name , RTJ nà nàd name , MT dandai name(s) , RTI nen n. in. name pl. nan, ARŊ aftʃa name | |
| *nat | both | RT nac both , RTJ nàd both , MT nath both | |
| *natnak | foal (horse offspring) | RT mandaoc pl mindźinc foal (horse offspring) , RTJ nyĕhnyèg foal (horse offspring) , MT nanakh foal (horse offspring) , RTI rataš n. an. foal (young horse) | |
| *nbʔa | garden, yard | RT mbà pl nambà yard, enclosed area , RTJ ĕbă hmâ agricultural field, yard, garden , MT namba garden, yard , RTI ruma n. in. garden , RRK rımà pl nırımà n.i garden | |
| *nda | fleet, group of boats (collective plural) | RT dye pl ndye rowboat, canoe , RTJ ĕdá ĕdá fleet, group of boats (collective plural) | |
| *ndi | group | RT źec (no sgv) group , RTJ ĕzĭ group, organization, society , MT nandi group | |
| *ndja | succeed at | RT ndza attr gandza be successful, hit the target , RTJ ĕză succeed , MT ndá succeed at , RTI yiša vt. succeed (at doing something) | |
| *ndʔin | herd of goats | MT nandin herd of goats | infixation |
| *ndʔrap | weak | RT zròc attr dròc be weak , RTJ dĕcr'áb zráb be weak , MT ndáph weak , ƏD ndrop port/stat ədrop adj. weak | |
| *ndʔut | battle, skirmish | RT ndùc pl nundùc battle, skirmish , RTJ ĕdúd battle, skirmish , MT nanduth battle, skirmish | |
| *ne | I, me | RT ne I , RTJ nyâ hnyè I, me, my , MT na I, me , ƏD na pron. pers. I, me | |
| *nek | wish | RTJ nyèg wish, wish for , MT nakh wish , RTI raš vt. wish | |
| *nek | wish(es) | RTJ nyèg wish , MT nakh wish(es) | |
| *nek | mare (female horse; less marked) | RT nyec pl tśinc female horse, mare , RTJ nyèg mare , MT nakh mare (female horse; less marked) , RTI raš n. an. mare (female horse) | |
| *nemb | own, possess | RTJ nyèb own, possess , MT nem own, possess , RTI rem vt. own, possess | |
| *neŋ | smoke | RT nèan (no sgv) smoke , RTJ nyàì smoke , MT nangkda smoke , RRK naa (no pl) n.a smoke | |
| *neq | win, be victorious | RT nyac attr dźac win, be victorious; very (when used in a SVC with a positive quality verb) , RTJ nyègh win, be victorious , MT nec win, be victorious , RTI rek vi. win, be victorious , RRK rek dur rıtek v.it win, be victorious | |
| *net | kitten | RTJ nyèd kitten , MT neth kitten , RTI ret n. an. kitten , RRK ret pl hret n.a kitten (young cat) | |
| *nə | and, with (of noun phrases) | RT na and , RTJ ne and (coordinates non-subject nouns) , MT na and, with (of noun phrases) | |
| *nədek ? | magic | RT drac attr krac be holy, be sacred, be magical , RTJ nèd magic , MT narékh magic | derivations from the same root |
| *nənow | steam | RT nou (no sgv) steam , RTJ hnò hnò steam , MT nanú steam , RRK naruu (no pl) n.a steam | |
| *nəŋir | autumn | RT nggèi (no sgv) autumn, fall , RTJ nĕdrí autumn, fall , MT nínggí autumn , RTI ruuňir n. in. autumn , RRK ruŋir (no pl) n.a autumn, fall | |
| *nəʀ | perry (alcohol made from pears) | RTJ nè perry (alcohol made from pears) , MT nāwe perry (alcohol made from pears) | |
| *nət | teeth | RT nac sgv nic teeth , RTJ nèd teeth , MT nath teeth | |
| *ngdVl | be bad, behave badly | RT huo attr kúo be bad , RTJ ĕqé ú be bad , MT mlau be bad, behave badly , RTI čucal adj. bad, incorrect | |
| *nge | float | RTJ ĕjĕ float , MT nle float , RTI riče vi. float (in a passive manner) | |
| *nHi | many | RT ni many , MT ni many , RRK hni qu many, much, a lot of (inanimate referent) , ARŊ naʃa many, , RNW ne qtf. many | |
| *nhur | cliff(s) | RT nóa pl ndóa cliff, rocky slope , RTJ hnò corner, cliff , MT nūfai cliff(s) , RRK hur pl hnur, cnstr hwar, cnstr.pl nıhwar n.i rock, boulder | see 'corner' |
| *nidʔi | be unknown | RTJ nyĕhnyè be unknown , MT ndiŋai be unknown | |
| *niɬ | see | RT nyu pass nyú, attr dźu see , RTJ nyè see , MT ngú see , RTI ily vt. see , RRK sıl dur sısıl v.tr see, look at , ARŊ nʲiʃ see (verb) | |
| *nin | nannygoat (female goat; less marked) | RT nin pl mfwín goat , RTJ nyè nannygoat , MT nin nannygoat (female goat; less marked) | |
| *ninənin | kid (goat offspring) | RTJ nyĕhnyè kid (goat offspring) , MT ninanin kid (goat offspring) , RTI rirey n. an. kid (young goat) , RRK rɛnɛɛ pl hrɛnɛɛ n.a kid (young goat) , ƏD nenənen erg ndénənen n. liv. kid (baby goat) | |
| *nit | incisor, front tooth | MT nithdau incisor, front tooth , RTI ris n. in. human tooth pl. rit, RRK arɛɛ pl narɛɛ n.a tooth , ARŊ nʷot tooth (front) | |
| *njam | be excited | RTJ nyà be excited , MT nám be excited | |
| *nje | be safe | RT nye attr dźe be safe , RTJ nyê be safe , MT né be safe | |
| *nɬend | south | RT nrenc to the south of , RTJ nĕlréd the south , MT nwen south , RRK len pp to the south of; at the bottom of; under | |
| *nɬomb | winter | RT ntronc (no sgv) winter , RTJ nĕrú winter , MT nílom winter , RTI ruuhum n. in. winter , RRK rusom (no pl) n.a winter | lexical contamination in RTJ? |
| *nŋwi | shirt, upper body clothing | RT ndwin pl nundwin shirt , MT núngú shirt, upper body clothing , RTI iňwiyaw n. in. shirt , RRK ŋuyoo pl rıŋuyoo n.i shirt | |
| *nono | seagull | RTJ hnô hnô seagull , MT nono seagull , RTI roro n. an. seagull | |
| *noɴɢ | girl | RT nonc pl mfwónc girl, daughter , RTJ nògh girl , MT nonnong girl , RRK roŋ pl hroŋ n.h girl, daughter | reduplication in MT |
| *nʀV | bandage(s) | RT nòa (no sgv) bandage , MT nūrau bandage(s) | |
| *ntaj | know (a person), be acquainted with | RT ndźei pass hindźei, attr gindźei know, be acquainted with , RTJ hnyé know, be acquainted with , MT ndai know (a person), be acquainted with | |
| *ntiC | a little | RT ndźi much, a lot, a large amount of , RTJ hnyĭ a lot , MT ndé a little | MT length is unaccounted for |
| *ntra | tiger | RT ndra pl ntśwá tiger , RTJ hnră nĕră tiger , MT ndá tiger , RTI riša n. an. tiger | |
| *ntu | admit, confess | RT ndù pass syù, attr gundù admit, confess , RTJ hnô admit, confess , MT dandu admit, confess , RTI ninu vt. admit, confess | |
| *ntuw ?? | wall(s) (of a house) | RT ndòu (no sgv) wall(s) (of a house) , RTJ tó wall (of a building) , MT nhándú wall(s) (of a house) , RTI ešu n. in. wall, fence , RRK agyù pl ragyù n.i wall, fence | |
| *nu | push | RT nu pass nú, attr du push, have an impact on , RTJ nô push , MT nu push , RTI ru vt. push | |
| *nun | ocean | RT nùn (no pl) sea, ocean , RTJ nò ocean , MT dum ocean , RRK nɔɔ (no pl) n.a sea, ocean | |
| *nut | serve, be a servant | RT ndúc pass hundúc, attr gundúc obey, be ruled by , RTJ nòd serve , MT nuth serve, be a servant , RTI rut vi. serve, be a servant | |
| *nVpʔi | spring | RT mbì (no sgv) spring (season) , RTJ nĕp’ĭ spring (season) , MT níp’i spring , RTI ruupi n. in. spring , RRK ruvì (no pl) n.a spring (season) | |
| *nwa | exceed, surpass, be greater than | RT nwa pass nwá, attr dwa exceed, surpass , RTJ nâ exceed, surpass, be greater than , MT ná exceed, surpass, be greater than , RRK ro dur dɔwa v.tr exceed, surpass | |
| *ŋa | milk | RT nga (no sgv) milk , RTJ ngâ milk , MT nga milk , RTI ya n. in. milk , RRK ya (no pl) n.i milk | |
| *ŋaj | a little | RT ngei a little, a small amount of , RTJ ngàì a little , MT ngai a little , ƏD ngrat port/stat mben adj. small, little | |
| *ŋaj | seek, look for | RT ndźù pass hundźù, attr gundźù search for , RTJ ngàì seek, look for , MT ngai seek, look for , RTI yay vt. seek, look for , RRK yee dur ikee v.tr search, look for | |
| *ŋal | chick, bird offspring, baby bird | RT nyào pl kyáo chick, baby bird , MT ngaungau chick, bird offspring, baby bird , RTI ňal n. an. chick, baby bird , RRK ŋal pl hŋal n.a chick, baby bird , ƏD g’al n. liv. baby bird | |
| *ŋand | bear, give birth | RT ngànc pass kànc, attr gànc give birth to , RTJ ngà bear, give birth to , MT can bear, give birth , RTI ňan vi. bear a child, give birth, be in labor | |
| *ŋaŋagjal | boil | RTJ ngĕqó boil , MT ngangalau boil , RTI yiyicaw vt. boil | |
| *ŋap | owl species | RTJ nyàb owl species , MT ngaphkí owl species , RTI yap n. an. owl , RRK yap pl hyap n.a owl | |
| *ŋat | nipple | RT ngec sgv nyec nipples , RTJ ngàd nipples , MT ngath nipple , RTI yet n. in. nipple, teat pl. yat, RRK yet pl yat n.a breast, nipple | |
| *ŋgim | light, shine, glow, rays | MT nggim light, shine, glow, rays | see also *agim |
| *ŋgim | shine | RT źùn attr dźùn shine , RTJ ngè shine , MT nggim shine , RTI iňey vi. shine , RRK hŋɛɛ dur ıŋɛɛ v.it shine | |
| *ŋgjaw | cook | RT ndźáo pass handźáo, attr gandźáo cook , RTJ ĕqó cook , MT nglau cook , RTI yicaw vt. cook , RRK ikoo dur ikyoo v.tr cook, prepare food | |
| *ŋgrok | hunter, predatory animal | RT nròc pl hnròc hunter , RTJ ĕdróg hunter , MT ínggókh hunter, predatory animal , RTI uutroš n. hu. hunter , RRK uguk pl uguguk n.h hunter | |
| *ŋken | be different, be unusual, be another | RT ngèn attr gèn be different, be unusual, be foreign , RTJ ngàì be different, be unusual, be another , MT gen be different, be unusual, be another | |
| *ŋkit | snow | RT ndźìc sgv ndźèc snow , RTJ hnyèd ĕjíd snow , MT ganggith snow , RRK gwik (no pl) n.a snow | |
| *ŋɬat | stain, blot, blemish, colored spot | RT dinggéc attr glinggéc be colorful , MT ngāth stain, blot, blemish, colored spot , RTI yišat n. in. flaw, stain, blemish | |
| *ŋɬomb | firefly | RT ngglónc pl ngglúnc firefly , RTJ hlyób hnyób firefly , MT ngholóm firefly , RTI čosom n. an. firefly , RRK ksım pl kusım, cnstr ıksım, cnstr.pl rıksım n.a firefly | |
| *ŋlond | grease, fat | RT ngùnc sgv ngìnc grease, fat , RTJ ngè ngèd grease, fat , MT cón grease, fat , RTI lin n. in. oil, grease, fat , ARŊ dʐas grease (fat) | suppletivism in RTJ |
| *ŋo | RT guo attr kyuo be angry , RTJ ngô anger | ||
| *ŋo | rapids (of a river) | RTJ ngô rapids (of a river) , MT ngofán rapids (of a river) , RTI yo n. in. rapids (of a river) , RRK yaʔuu pl rıyaʔuu n.a rapids, turbulence | |
| *ŋo | flint | RT oc-ngòa sgv moc-ngòa flint , RTJ ghŏ ngô flint | |
| *ŋon | nose | RT ngan pl mfwán nose , RTJ ngàì nose , MT ngan nose , RTI ňey n. an. nose , ARŊ ŋʷon nose, ƏD ńən n. liv. nose | |
| *ŋu | east | RT ngù to the east of , RTJ ngô the east , MT ngu east | |
| *ŋul | clothes | RT nu sgv nyu clothes , RTJ ngò clothes , MT ngúfamo clothes | |
| *ŋumb | become old | RT vùnc attr bunc be old, be ancient (of things) , RTJ ngòb become old , MT ngum become old , RTI yum vi. become old , RRK hŋum adj ancient | |
| *ŋuŋ | open | RT ngwìn attr gwìn be open , RTJ ngò be open , MT cundung open , RTI ňow adj. open | infixation in MT |
| *ŋut | vengeance, intense rage, vendetta, feud, blood feud, revenge | RT guc attr kyuc take revenge , RTJ ngòd vengeance, intense rage, vendetta, feud, revenge , MT ngúth vengeance, intense rage, vendetta, feud, blood feud, revenge , RTI ňut n. in. feud, rivalry, vendetta | |
| *ŋV | notice, take note, note | RTJ hnyè notice, take note of , MT ngangú notice, take note, note , RTI yi’ily vt. notice, take note of | |
| *ŋwi | be kind | RT ngwi attr gwi be kind, be gentle , RTJ ngù be kind , MT ngí be kind , RRK kɛɛ dur ikɛɛ v.it be nice, be kind | |
| *ŋʔu | far, faraway, distant | RT nggù attr gunggù be distant, be far away , RTJ hngô gŭ be far, faraway, distant , MT cu far, faraway, distant , RTI ňu adj. far, faraway, distant | |
| *o | and | RT o and, also , RTJ o and (coordinates clauses) , MT o and , RTI o conj. and , RRK o cj and, also , , RNW ul adv. also | |
| *ol | be calm (of weather or water) | RTJ ó be calm (of sea or weather) , MT ú be calm (of weather or water) , RTI ol vi. calm, become calm (of a body of water) , RRK ol adv steadily, reliably, easily | |
| *oqʔrik | crystal(s) | RTJ ĕgĕtr’íg crystal(s) , MT ak’íkh crystal(s) , RTI wootriš n. in. crystal , RNW uqlek n. in. crystal | see also jewel |
| *ow | water | RTJ ó water , MT ú water , RTI uu n. in. water , RRK uu (no pl) n.i water , ARŊ urʷe water (noun) | |
| *pa | row | RT pá pass hpá, attr gwá row , RTJ pă row , MT pha row , RTI pupa vt. paddle, row (a boat or raft) | |
| *pal | four | RT pyáo 4 , RTJ pé four , MT phau four , RRK pal ord rɛpal qu 4 | optional singulative infix |
| *pCeq | receive in trade | RT paec pass páec, attr gwaec acquire, buy , RTJ págh recieve in trade, buy , MT pēc receive in trade , RTI piiš vt. receive in trade | |
| *pdek | soul, spirit | RT brec pl orà spirit, soul, personality , RTJ pĕzrég hsrég soul, spirit , MT pdékh soul, spirit , RTI putreš n. hu. soul, spirit , RRK dubrek pl ruuša, cnstr rusek, cnstr.pl ruuška n.h soul, spirit | |
| *pem | bake | RT páon pass hpáon, attr gwáon bake , RTJ pàì bake , MT phem bake , RTI pii vt. bake | |
| *pgo | stick | RT byo pl mbyo stick, twig, shaft , RTJ kŏ pŏ stick , MT pgo stick , RTI puso n. in. stick pl. pučo, RRK pso pl rıpsò n.i stick | |
| *pi | go between, pass between, be between | RT pí pass hpí, attr gwí go between , RTJ pĭ go between, pass between, be between , MT phi go between, pass between, be between , RTI pi vt. go between, pass between, be between | |
| *pind | oak woodland | RT pínc sgv pyénc oak forest , RTJ píd oak woodland , MT phin oak woodland | |
| *piŋ | be peaceful | RT pín attr gwín be innocent, be peaceful , RTJ pè be peaceful, calm (of emotions) , MT phing be peaceful | |
| *pjend | oak tree | MT phén oak tree , RTI piň n. in. oak tree , RRK pin pl rıpin n.i oak tree | could it be from pjint instead? |
| *pma | ditch(es) | RT má sgv myá ditch, moat, trench, furrow , MT mhawō ditch(es) | |
| *pmak | first | RT mác first , RTJ hmèg first (ordinal) , MT mhakh first | |
| *pmaq | slaughter | RT móc pass fwóc, attr bóc kill , RTJ hmàgh slaughter , MT mhac slaughter , RTI pak vt. kill | |
| *pmat | egg(s) | RT mwác sgv myéc egg(s) , RTJ hmàd egg(s) , MT mháth egg(s) , RTI pet n. in. egg pl. šat, RRK pet pl sat, cnstr myat, cnstr.pl rımyat n.i egg , ARŊ mʲat egg, ƏD fıət cnstr mıət n. port. egg | infixed -w- in RT |
| *pmeget | asters (type of star-shaped flower) | RT ndźec (no sgv) asters (type of flower) , RTJ hmĕjéd ĕjéd asters (flower) , MT mhalath asters (type of star-shaped flower) , RTI pecat n. in. aster (a type of flower) pl. pacat | |
| *pmet | stars | RT myéc (no sgv) star(s) , RTJ hmèd star , MT mhath stars , RTI pet n. in. star pl. pat, RRK pet pl pat, cnstr vet, cnstr.pl vat n.i star , ARŊ mʲat star | |
| *pmij ? | age, epoch, long time, long period | RT hmi for as long as , RTJ hmì age, epoch, long time, long period , MT mhírí age, epoch, long time, long period | |
| *pmok | valley | RT hmóc (no pl) valley , RTJ hmòg valley , MT mhokh valley , RTI puš n. in. valley pl. poš, RRK pık pl pok, cnstr vık, cnstr.pl vok n.i valley | |
| *pmomb ? | rash(es), hives, breakout, acne | RTJ hmàb hmàb rash(es), hives, acne , MT mhōm rash(es), hives, breakout, acne , RTI puum n. in. rash, acne, any visable skin condition | |
| *pmoʀ | order, command, instruct | RT myóa pass fyóa, attr byóa order, command, instruct , RTJ hmàù order, command, instruct , MT mhô order, command, instruct , RRK puu dur vıruu v.tr order, command, instruct (aor); rule over, govern (dur) | |
| *pmu | nut(s) | RT mú sgv myú nuts , MT mhuwong nut(s) , RTI pi n. in. nut pl. pu, RRK pı pl pu, cnstr vı, cnstr.pl vu n.i nut | |
| *pnan ? | new moon | RT ndán pl pyán new moon , RTJ hnà nĕhnà new moon , MT banan new moon , RTI mowhee n. in. new moon | |
| *pnum | fix, repair | RT ruhrùn pass hruhrùn, attr gruhrùn fix, repair , RTJ hnò fix, repair , MT bundum fix, repair , RTI munow vt. fix, repair , RRK mınɔɔ dur mımınɔɔ v.tr repair , ƏD b’ond’on vt. fix, repair | |
| *po | overlook, offer a view of | RTJ pŏ overlook, offer a view of , MT phó overlook, offer a view of | |
| *pom | skull | RTJ jĕbĕpàù nyĕbĕpàù skull , MT githpom skull | |
| *pom | head | RTJ pàù head , MT phom head , RTI ňeypuu n. an. head , RRK ŋɛpuu pl rıŋɛpuu n.a head , ARŊ p'aznʷux head, ƏD pon n. liv. head | |
| *pow | north | RTJ pó the north , MT phú north , RRK buu pp to the north of; on top of; above | |
| *pqra | dough | RT bwaon (no sgv) dough , RTJ práí dough , MT phā dough , RTI poo n. in. dough | |
| *prak | wild, untamed, lively | RT piec attr gwiec be wild, be fierce , RRK prak adj wild, untamed, lively | |
| *prip | be salty | RT pric attr gibric be salty , RRK trip adj salty | p- derivation from *rip |
| *pul | close | RT rubóu pass hrubóu, attr grubóu close , MT phundú close , RTI pul adj. closed, sealed , RRK pıl adj closed, locked | see also RT runc |
| *puw | trunk (of an elephant or anteater) | RT mpúo (no pl) trunk (of an elephant or anteater) , RTJ pú trunk (of an elephant or anteater) , MT phúngan trunk (of an elephant or anteater) | |
| *puw + haj | midday, noon | RT púo (no sgv) midday, noon , RTJ háí midday , MT phúyâi midday, noon , RRK hee pl hree, cnstr gee n.a day , ƏD plu n. dyn. noon | |
| *pV | change | RTJ brĕ change , MT pa change , RTI pu vt. change | |
| *pVl | be closed | RT póu attr gwóu be closed , RTJ pí be closed | |
| *pʔa | grandfather | RT pyè (no pl) grandfather , RTJ p’ă grandfather , MT p’amba grandfather , RTI pa n. hu. grandfather , RRK babà pl pwabà n.h grandfather | |
| *pʔaj | majority | RTJ p’áí majority , MT p’aisani majority | |
| *pʔaŋ | be diagonal to | RTJ p’è be diagonal to , MT p’ang be diagonal to , RTI pow vt. be diagonal to | |
| *pʔat | kiss | RT pàc pass hpàc, attr gwàc kiss , RTJ p’ád kiss , MT p’ath kiss , RTI pat vt. kiss , RRK bat dur mbat v.tr kiss | |
| *pʔdaj | guess | RT prei pass hprei, attr gibrei guess , RTJ p’ĕdráí guess | |
| *pʔe | granite | RT oc-pè sgv moc-pè granite , RTJ p’ĕ granite , MT p’eyac granite | |
| *pʔe | be male, be masculine | RT pè attr gwè be male , RTJ p’ĕ be male, be masculine , MT p’e be male, be masculine , RTI pe adj. male, masculine , RRK be adj male, masculine | |
| *pʔi | grow | RT pì attr gwì grow , RTJ p’ĭ grow , MT p’i grow , RTI pi vi. grow , RRK bi dur mbi v.it grow (of plants) | |
| *pʔidbiŋg | be secret | RT brinc attr gibrinc be secret, be confidential, be hidden , RTJ p’ĕzríg be secret , MT p’iríŋ be secret , RTI čumiš adj. invisible, hidden, secret , RRK bundwiŋ dur bubundwiŋ v.tr keep secret | |
| *pʔik | one | RT pìc 1 , RTJ p’íg one , MT p’ikh one , ARŊ pʲik one | |
| *pʔind | acorn(s) | RT pìnc sgv pyènc acorns , RTJ p’íd mè acorn(s) , MT p’in acorn(s) | |
| *pʔiŋg | be public | RTJ p’íg be public , MT p’ing be public | |
| *pʔip | mite | RTJ p’íb mite , MT p’iph mite | |
| *pʔiq | feathers, coat of feathers | RT pàc sgv pyàc feather(s), coat of feathers , RTJ p’régh feather(s), coat of feathers , MT p’ac feathers, coat of feathers , RTI piš n. in. feather pl. puk, RRK bik pl bık n.i feather , ARŊ pʲ'iq feather, wing | |
| *pʔɬom | lion | RT blóun pl psóun lion , RTJ p’àù hlyàù lion , MT p’olóm lion , RTI pošuu n. an. lion , RRK basyuu pl rıvasyuu n.a lion | various infixations |
| *pʔo | descendant | RT mò pl ndò descendant, offspring , RTJ p’ŏ descendant , MT p’o descendant | the onset correspondance is interesting, it could be that ʔ is an infix and the original word was bo |
| *pʔom | be noble | RTJ p’àù be noble , MT p’om be noble | |
| *pʔom | hat, headgear | RT mbóun pl numbóun headgear, hat , RTJ p’àù headgear, hat , MT p’om hat, headgear , RTI puu n. in. hat, helmet , RRK buu pl rıvuu n.i hat, helmet | derivation from head |
| *pʔon | high, tall | RTJ bĕp’ò p’ò be high, tall , MT p’un high, tall , RTI pow adj. tall | |
| *pʔor | part, component | RTJ p’ó part, component , MT cí part, component , RTI por n. in. part, piece | |
| *pʔot | donate, give freely, give as a gift | RT pòc pass hpòc, attr gwòc give (as a gift) , RTJ p’ód give (as a gift), donate , MT p’oth donate, give freely, give as a gift , RTI pot vt. give freely, give as a gift , RRK tıvot pl rıtıvot n.i gift | |
| *pʔrit | influence | RTJ p’ríd influence , MT p’íth influence | |
| *pʔumb | be parallel to | RT pùnc pass hpùnc, attr gùnc be/move parallel to , RTJ p’úb be parallel to , MT p’um be parallel to , RTI pum vt. be parallel to | |
| *pʔwir | wage, conduct, venture, attempt | RT pwì pass hpwì, attr gubwì try, attempt, strive , RTJ p’ú wage, conduct, venture, attempt , MT p’í wage, conduct, venture, attempt , RTI pur vt. wage, conduct, venture, attempt | |
| *qbjan | homeland | RTJ Grĕpàì mythical homeland , MT kbán homeland , RRK kıbyaa (no pl) n.i the region where Ree Rɛɛ Kıbyaa is spoken , , RNW qǝplu n. homeland | the trill in RTJ is puzzling |
| *qCiŋg (? qʀiŋg) | mind, thoughts | RT hxaenc sgv hśinc mind, thoughts , RTJ qíg hxíg mind, thoughts , MT hling mind, thoughts | |
| *qfa | shoe | RT gwoc sgv gwa pair of shoes , RTJ hfă ghă shoes , MT gfa shoe , RTI kihe n. in. shoe pl. kiho, RRK ke pl kot, cnstr k’e, cnstr.pl k’ot n.i shoe , ƏD ǵəfa coll n. port. shoes | |
| *qiʀ | respect | RT gáe (no sgv) respect, social standing , RTJ khó ĕkhó respect , MT kí respect , RTI kikor vt. respect , RRK kyor dur kıkyor v.tr respect, be polite towards | |
| *qo | boar (male pig) | RTJ khó khó boar (male pig) , MT kîcoléng boar (male pig) | |
| *qo | RTJ khŏ khŏ abacus, any counting tool | simple derivation in RTJ | |
| *qo, qjo ? | count | RT gyoa pass hkyoa, attr gigyoa count , RTJ khŏ count , MT gyo count , RTI ko vt. count | |
| *qol | eighteen | RT kóu 18 , RTJ khó eighteen , MT hú eighteen , RRK kol ord rɛkol qu 18 | |
| *qon | seize, take over, conquer, take by force | RT kóan pass hkóan, attr gyóan seize, conquer , RTJ khàù seize, take over, conquer, take by force , MT hon seize, take over, conquer, take by force , RTI kuu vt. seize, take over, conquer, take by force , RRK gyuu dur kahŋuu v.tr seize, conquer, take by force | |
| *qpʔi | manner, method, way | RT kwì sgv kì manner, method, way , RTJ p’ĭ manner, method, way , MT cí manner, method, way , RRK mi pp in the manner of | |
| *qumb | eat, consume | RTJ khúb eat, consume , MT hum eat, consume , RTI kum vt. eat , ARŊ x̠ʷux eat (verb), ƏD qoanb’ah vt. eat | |
| *quw | hole(s) | RT kóa pl nggóa hole, opening , RTJ káú hole , MT hō hole(s) , RTI kuu n. in. hole, cavity, cave , RRK guu pl rıguu n.i cave | |
| *qʔa | female bird | RTJ kh’ă female bird , MT calí female bird | |
| *qʔaj | bowl | RT kyèi pl kì jar, bowl , MT cai bowl , RRK gii pl gee n.i bowl , ƏD gaś cnstr g’aś n. port. bowl | |
| *qʔaɬ | give in trade, offer in trade | RT kào pass hkào, attr gyào offer, sell, trade away , RTJ q’é give in trade, offer in trade, sell , MT k’au give in trade, offer in trade , RTI kal vt. give in trade, offer in trade , RRK gal dur ŋgal v.tr give , ARŊ qʲ'aʂ give (verb) | |
| *qʔat | carry | RT kàc pass hkàc, attr gyàc bear, carry , RTJ kh’ád bear, carry , MT cath carry , RTI kat vt. bear, carry | |
| *qʔe | hit | RT kèa pass hkèa, attr gyèa hit, strike , RTJ kh’ĕ hit , MT k’e hit , RTI ke vt. hit , RRK ge dur ŋge v.tr hit, strike | |
| *qʔu | noise | RTJ kh’ŭ noise , MT culing noise , RTI ku n. in. sound, noise | |
| *ra | exert influence on, have an impact on | RTJ rră influence, have an impact on , MT ra exert influence on, have an impact on | |
| *ra | power, influence, capacity | RT da attr ksa be powerful, be influential , RTJ rră power, influence, capacity , MT ra power, influence, capacity | |
| *ragjar | fungus, mushroom(s), fairy ring | RT dźei (no sgv) mushrooms , RTJ rrĕjé fungus, mushroom(s), fairy ring , MT ralai fungus, mushroom(s), fairy ring , RTI racar n. in. mushroom , RRK ragar pl nıragar n.i mushroom | |
| *raj | juice | RT rèi sgv yèi juice, sap , RTI ray n. in. juice, sap , RRK remuu (no pl) n.i juice, sap | |
| *raj | ? | RT rae sgv rie bee(s) , RTJ ĕré bee , MT yímú bee , RRK rıı pl nırıı n.a bee | |
| *raj | circle | RT pyei attr gibyei be round (2D) , RTJ ĕré circle (shape) , MT raisau circle , RTI rii n. in. circle, circular object | |
| *raj | sap | RTJ rráí sap , MT raiyâi sap | |
| *rak | wing | RT rec pl hroac wing , RTJ rrág wing , MT rakh wing , RRK rak pl hrak n.a wing | |
| *ran | plain (geographical) | RT roun sgv youn plain, lowlands , RTJ rrà plain (geographic) , MT randau plain (geographical) , RTI yee n. in. plain, grassland, dry lowlands , RRK raa pl nıraa n.i lowlands, plains , ƏD rən n. stat. plain | |
| *raraɢaw | puppy | RTJ rrĕrĕdráú puppy , MT rayacau puppy , RTI rarašuu n. an. puppy , RRK daraguu pl darasuu n.a puppy (young dog) | |
| *rbʔa | paternal aunt | MT ramba paternal aunt , RTI rama n. hu. paternal aunt | |
| *rbʔul | wrist | RTJ rrĕbú wrist , MT rúmbú wrist , RTI reymul n. an. wrist | see apʔu |
| *rdit | attack, assault | RT dric pass htric, attr kric attack , RTJ rrĕzríd attack , MT raríth attack, assault , RTI ritris vt. attack | |
| *rdʔo | year | RTJ rrĕdó year , MT róndí year , RRK durɔɔ pl nıdurɔɔ n.a year | |
| *re | lack, miss, be without | RT re without , RTJ rrĕ lack, miss, be without , MT re lack, miss, be without , RTI re vt. lack, miss, be without , RRK re pp without | |
| *rej | yawn, gape | RT yei attr kyei yawn , RTJ ĕrí yawn, gape , MT rai yawn, gape | |
| *remb | newt | RTJ rréb newt , MT rendá newt , RTI rem n. an. newt | |
| *rep | boy | RTJ rréb boy , MT reph boy , RTI rep n. hu. son, boy , RRK rep pl pep, cnstr hwɛɛ, cnstr.pl hıgii n.h boy, son , ƏD dreh n. sen. boy | |
| *rəridu | curse | RT dru pass htru, attr kru curse, condemn , MT rayirú curse , RTI riritru vt. curse , RRK rıdù dur dırıdù v.tr curse, condemn, exile | |
| *rəru | bless | RT rù pass hrù, attr krù bless , RTJ ĕrŭ bless , MT rayu bless , RTI riru vt. bless , RRK rıturù pl nırıturù n.a blessing, magic spell (benevolent) | |
| *rgVj | convince, persuade | RT dào pass htào, attr ksào convince, persuade , RTJ rrĕdró convince, persuade , MT rlú convince, persuade , RTI ricey vt. convince, persuade | |
| *rgʔVV | summer solstice | RT yenc-wie (no pl) summer solstice , RTJ ĕrĕbí summer solstice , MT ranggí summer solstice , RRK rukoo (no pl) n.a summer | |
| *ri | RT ri pl ndri knot , RTJ rrĭ knot , RTI iruwiš n. in. knot , RRK rıwik pl nırıwik n.i knot | ||
| *ri | jaw | RTJ rrĭ jaw , MT ri jaw | |
| *Rik | flow, blow (of gasses or liquids) | RT wic attr kwic blow , RTJ ĕwíg flow, blow , MT ríkh flow, blow (of gasses or liquids) , RTI riš vi. flow, blow (of fluids) , RRK šık dur rık v.it flow | |
| *rima | kill | RTJ rrĕmâ murder , MT rama kill , RRK rɛva dur drɛva v.tr kill , ARŊ rʲimro kill (verb), ƏD faġrəma perf əmáġrəma vt. murder, slay | |
| *rimb | be black | RTJ ríb be black | |
| *riŋg | herd of cows, herd of cattle | RTJ ĕnràìtau herd of (domestic) cattle (collective plural) , MT randang herd of cows, herd of cattle | infixation |
| *rip | salt | RT ric sgv yoc salt , RTJ rríb salt , MT riph salt , RTI rip n. in. salt , RRK rip (no pl) n.i salt | |
| *rɬal | freezing cold, freezing weather | RTJ rrú cold, cold weather , MT ríwau freezing cold, freezing weather , RTI šal adj. cold , RRK sal adj cold | |
| *rŋen ? | stranger, foreigner | RT nrèn pl hnrèn stranger, foreigner , RTJ ĕnràì stranger, foreigner , MT ínggen stranger, foreigner , RTI uuňii n. hu. stranger, foreigner , RRK uŋii pl uguŋii n.h foreigner, non-Rɛɛ-Kıbyaa person | |
| *ro | RT ro or , RRK ro cj or | ||
| *ro | children | RT nàc rò adopt (children) , RTJ rrŏ hnà children (collective plural) | |
| *ron | recite, tell (a story) | RT ron pass rón, attr tron recite, tell (a story) , RTJ rràù recite, tell (of a story) , MT ron recite, tell (a story) , RTI ruu vt. recite, tell (a story) , RRK ruu dur duruu v.tr recite, tell (a story) | |
| *row | male fox | RTJ rrú male fox , MT ríyān male fox , RTI row n. an. fox , RRK rɔɔ pl hrɔɔ n.a fox | |
| *rQar | edge, margin, border | RT rae at the edge of , MT yâi edge, margin, border , RTI iher n. in. edge, side, border pl. ihar, RRK hir pl hyar, cnstr gir, cnstr.pl gyar n.i side, edge, border | |
| *rqumb | feed | RT gónc pass hkónc, attr kyónc feed, nourish , MT rūm feed | |
| *rtrek ? | planet, wandering star | RT tréc pl htréc planet, wandering star , RTJ rrĕcrég the brightest visible planet, one of the titles of Ká | |
| *ruC | be content, be fullfilled | RTJ rró be content, fulfilled , MT rū be content, be fullfilled , RTI rey vi. become content, be fulfilled | |
| *rumb | beside, close to | RT runc beside, close to , RRK rum pp next to, beside | see also RT rubóu |
| *rumb | roast | RTJ rrúb roast , MT rum roast , RTI rum vt. roast | |
| *rut | mouth | RT ruc pl hruc mouth, throat , RTJ rrúd mouth , MT ruth mouth , ARŊ rʷut mouth | |
| *ruteŋ | promise(s), oath(s), pledge(s) | RT udzéin pl nudzéin promise, oath, pledge , RTJ rrĕcàì promise, oath, pledge, contract , MT rórang promise(s), oath(s), pledge(s) , RTI rutee n. in. oath, pledge , RRK rutaa pl nırutaa n.i oath, pledge | |
| *ruw | be deaf | RTJ rrú be deaf , MT rú be deaf | |
| *rVŋg | cow (female bovine) | RT zìnc pl zràenc cow (female bovine) , RTJ ĕrég cow (female bovine) , MT rang cow (female bovine) , RTI riň n. an. cow , RRK rıŋ pl hrıŋ n.a cow | |
| *rVrVŋg | calf (bovine offspring) | RTJ ĕrĕrég calf , MT rayang calf (bovine offspring) , RTI ririň n. an. calf (young bovine) , RRK mırıŋ pl hmırıŋ n.a calf (young bovine) | |
| *rVV | in order to | RT rao in order to, with the goal of , RRK rıı pp in order to, for the purpose of, intended for | |
| *rwighij | mask | RT rigéi (no pl) mask , RTJ rrĕkí mask, veil , MT rwilí mask , RTI ruwičii n. in. mask , RRK rukii pl nırukii n.i mask , ƏD ıwuciś erg urəwúciś n. port. mask | |
| *rwo | big | RT wò attr kwò be big, be large, be tall , RTJ rrĕwŏ ĕwŏ be big , MT ró big , RTI ru adj. big, large , RRK bɔɔ adj big, large, tall , ARŊ bro be big, ƏD roa adj. big, large | also acts as augmentative, honorative prefix |
| *rwobat | palace, majesting house, dwelling of king/chieftain | RTJ ĕwĕbád palace, majesting house, dwelling of king/chieftain , MT rómbáth palace, majesting house, dwelling of king/chieftain , ARŊ rʷobʲat house of the chief , ƏD ránb’oat n. stat. palacial complex, citadel, acropolis | |
| *rwobʔat | town; large, permanent village | RT omàc (no sgv) large village, town , RTJ rrĕpád any large, permanent settlement , MT rómbāth town; large, permanent village , ƏD rə́nb’ant coll n. stat. village, town | |
| *rwofu | storm | RTJ rrĕfŭ storm , MT rófu storm , RRK hru pl nıhrù n.a storm | |
| *rwogaw | shield | RT ugou pl nugou shield , RTJ rrĕgáú shield , MT rócau shield , RTI ručuu n. in. shield , RRK ruguu pl nıruguu n.i shield | |
| *rwogha | raven | RT ogá pl ohká raven , RTJ ĕwĕqă raven , MT róla raven , RTI ruka n. an. raven , RRK ruka pl hruka n.a raven | rwo- |
| *rwogiC | king, ruler, chieftain | RT ugei pl uhkei chieftain, leader , RTJ rrĕjí king, ruler , MT rólí king, ruler, chieftain , RTI rucii n. hu. king, chief, patriarch , ARŊ rʷokʲi chief | |
| *rwogot | royal couple | RTJ rrĕgód the royal couple (queen and king) , MT rócoth royal couple | |
| *rwoɢʀok | queen, matriarch | RT ugwac pl uhkwac queen, matriarch , RTJ ĕwĕgrég queen , MT rócókh queen, matriarch , RTI rušiš n. hu. queen, matriarch , RRK rugik pl hrugik n.h queen, matriarch, chieftain's wife , ƏD róagık pl rə́ng’aś n. sen queen | |
| *rwohan ? | full moon | RT ohán pl ufwán full moon , RTJ rrĕhà full moon , MT róyān full moon , RTI ruhee n. in. full moon , RRK hraa pl nıhraa n.a full moon | |
| *rwoHmpiH | silver | RTJ rrĕhmí silver , MT rómbí silver , RTI rurihir n. in. silver | |
| *rwoqʔeʀ | barrel | RTJ rrĕkh’áí barrel , MT rók’ē barrel , RTI rukii n. in. cask, barrel , RRK rugii pl nırugii n.i cask, barrel | |
| *rwoʀaɴqg | elation, joy | RT reanc pass hreanc, attr kreanc please, make sb. happy , RTJ rrĕgrágh elation, joy, ecstacy , MT rôyang elation, joy | derivative |
| *rwoʀujaɴqg | depression, despair, tragedy | RT heanc attr kéanc feel melancholic, feel nostalgic , RTJ rrĕgrĕyágh depression, despair, agony, tragedy , MT rôyuyang depression, despair, tragedy | |
| *rʔo | choose, select, settle on, adopt | RT rò pass hrò, attr krò embrace; accept , MT ro choose, select, settle on, adopt | |
| *ʀa | breast | RT xa pl hxa breast, chest , RTJ gră breast , MT ārung breast , RTI wa n. an. breast , ARŊ ʁa breasts | |
| *ʀa(tsij) | sharp point, tip | RTJ gră point, tip , MT ârsí sharp point, tip , RRK gee pl gwee, cnstr ŋee, cnstr.pl ŋgee n.i spike, thorn, prong, tip, peak | related to *tsij |
| *ʀan ? | vixen (female fox, less marked) | RT xan pl hxan fox , RTJ ĕrà vixen, fox (less marked) , MT ānggí vixen (female fox, less marked) | |
| *ʀaɴɢ | rightness, righteousness | RTJ grágh rightness, righteousness , MT ang rightness, righteousness | |
| *ʀaŋg | hurt, wound, injure, harm | RT xanc pass hxanc, attr kanc injure, harm , RTJ grág kág hurt, wound, injure, harm , MT āng hurt, wound, injure, harm , RTI waň vt. hurt, wound, injure, harm , RRK aŋ dur aŋaŋ v.tr hurt, injure | |
| *ʀatəmb | sense of touch | RT xònc on, next to, touching , RTJ grĕgráítib sense of touch , MT ēram sense of touch | |
| *ʀe | adze | RT xe pl nae adze , RTJ grĕ adze , MT īwū adze , ƏD iən n. port. adze | |
| *ʀer | feeling, sense, intuition | RT xéa (no sgv) intuition , RTJ ĕháí gréya feeling, sense, intuition , MT ē feeling, sense, intuition , RTI ir n. in. feeling (tactile), texture | perhaps different derivations |
| *ʀi | beauty | MT î beauty | |
| *ʀij | fish(es) | RT xie pl hxáe fish , RTJ grí fish , MT î fish(es) , RTI wey n. an. fish , RRK gɛɛ pl ohɛɛ, cnstr ıgɛɛ, cnstr.pl rıgɛɛ n.a fish | |
| *ʀin | daughter(s) | RTJ gràì daughter , MT īnīn daughter(s) , RTI roň n. hu. daughter, girl | |
| *ʀir | be beautiful, be pretty | RT xei attr kei be pretty, be beautiful , MT î be beautiful, be pretty , RTI čuwir adj. beautiful, handsome, pretty , RRK gir adj beautiful, pretty, handsome, attractive | |
| *ʀkat | color(s) | RT ngèi pl nggèi color , RTJ ĕkád ĕgád color, stain , MT āth color(s) , RTI wučat n. in. color , RRK akat pl rakat n.i color | |
| *ʀo | forbid, ban | RT xo pass hxo, attr ko forbid, ban, disallow, refuse, deny , RTJ gră kă forbid, ban , MT ō forbid, ban , RTI wo vt. forbid, ban , RRK oo dur ogoo v.tr ban, prohibit, forbid | |
| *ʀoŋgkʔut | crotch, groin area | RTJ grógĕk’ud crotch, groin , MT uwōngk’uth crotch, groin area | |
| *ʀor | blood | RT xae sgv xèi blood , RTJ ĕwá éwa blood , MT âi blood , RTI wor n. in. blood , RRK gor (no pl), cnstr awar n.i blood , ARŊ ʁʷar blood | |
| *ʀraɴɢ ? | happiness | RTJ grágh happiness , MT yaŋ happiness | see also jaɴq |
| *ʀuj | defecate | RT kwóa attr gugwóa defecate, poo , RTJ gró defecate , MT hû defecate , RTI šey vi. defecate | |
| *ʀujaɴq | sadness | RTJ grĕyágh sadness, grief , MT yuyang sadness | |
| *ʀup | sense of hearing | RTJ grób hearing , MT ūph sense of hearing | |
| *ʀurek | mistress, lover | RT léac (no pl) lover, sex partner , RTJ grĕrég dlĕrég mistress, prostitute , MT húyakh mistress, lover | |
| *ʀVn | mosquito(es) | RT xaon pl hxín mosquito , MT īndaní mosquito(es) | |
| *ʀVn | root(s) | RT xùon sgv màon root , RTJ ráí root , MT ā root(s) , RTI ee n. in. root | |
| *ʀVn | live | RTJ gràù kàù live , MT ūn live , RTI wow vi. live | |
| *ʀVt | the entire | RT xòac the entirety of, all (of a collection) , RTJ gréd the entire, all (of inanimates) , MT wath the entire | |
| *sa | sister | RT sa pl swá sister, parallel cousin (female) , RTJ să sister , MT sasa sister , RTI ha n. hu. sister , RRK šašà pl šwašà n.h sister | |
| *saCCit (sagrit?) | justice, law enforcement | RTJ sĕdríd justice , MT salíth justice, law enforcement | s- derivative |
| *saɢiʀ | respect | RTJ ghĕkhó respect , MT sayî respect | different derivations of the same root |
| *saj | word(s), utterance(s), question(s) | RT sei sgv śei words, statement, utterance , RTJ sáí word, utterance , MT sai word(s), utterance(s), question(s) , RTI hay n. in. word, utterance , RRK šii pl šee n.i word, name; (pl) language , ƏD sədaś n. stat. word | |
| *saɴɢ | truth | RTJ ságh truth , MT sang truth , RTI haň adj. true, right , RRK haŋ adj true, correct | |
| *sar | ask, question, interrogate | RT śae pass hśae, attr gźae ask (sb.) , RTJ xá ask, question, interrogate (never "request") , MT sai ask, question, interrogate , RTI her vt. ask, question , RRK šer dur šırii v.tr ask | |
| *saw | shape(s) | RTJ sáú shape, figure , MT sau shape(s) | |
| *sba | similarity | RTJ pă similarity , MT sawa similarity | |
| *sba | vegetation, plant(s) | RT zwà sgv zwìe vegetation, plants , MT samba vegetation, plant(s) , RTI oomuu n. in. legume, vegetable pl. oomanuu, RRK amuu pl amanuu n.i legume, vegetable | see MT crop(s) |
| *sbəpiŋ | love | RTJ pè ĕpè love , MT safwing love | |
| *sbi ? | crop(s) | RTJ pĭ hmê plants, crops, vegetation , MT sambi crop(s) , RTI humi n. in. crop (collective) | see individual plant |
| *sCir | dance(s), game(s) (for playing) | RT źwi sgv źu dance; celebration , RTJ zú dance , MT sasí dance(s), game(s) (for playing) , RTI hihir n. in. dance | |
| *sCVdi | male genitalia (collectively), testicles and scrotum | RTJ sĕzĭ testicles and scrotum , MT sóri male genitalia (collectively), testicles and scrotum , RRK šiidi pl nıšiidi n.a testicle | |
| *sdaɬ | fly | RT dao attr ksao fly , RTJ tá tá fly , MT srau fly , RTI hitral vi. fly , RRK štal dur šıštal v.it fly , ARŊ sataʃ fly (verb) | |
| *sdar | grass | RT zèi (no sgv) grass , RTJ cé hnyè grass , MT sandai grass , RTI hinar n. in. grass (collective) , RRK šınar (no pl) n.i grass | |
| *sdet | barn, corral, housing for animals | RT dec sgv dzec barn, stables , RTJ zĕhxég barn, housing for animals , MT sréth barn, corral, housing for animals , RTI hiset n. in. corral, barn, shelter for animals pl. hitet, RRK hišak pl hnišak n.i barn, stables, house or enclosure for livestock | |
| *sdrip | offense(s), insult(s) | RTJ sĕzríb offense, insult , MT saríph offense(s), insult(s) | |
| *sdrip | hate | RTJ sĕzríb hate, hatred , MT saríph hate | |
| *sdʔo | put, place, position | RT zò pass hsò, attr dzò put, place , RTJ sĕdŏ put, place , MT sóndo put, place, position , RTI huno vt. put, place | |
| *sdʔor | painting(s), mural(s), man made art | RTJ ĕdró painting, mural, man-made image, art , MT sandí painting(s), mural(s), man made art , RTI hiňor n. in. man-made image, work of art , RRK šınor pl nıšınor n.i picture, painting | |
| *se | no, none | RT se no, none (of many) , RTJ xe no, not (negative particle) , MT se no, none , RRK še qu no, none of , , RNW sa qtf. no(ne) | |
| *sek | animal, creature | RT śec pl síec animal , RTJ xég ĕrég animal, creature , MT sakh animal, creature , RTI haš n. an. animal, creature , RRK šak pl šwak n.a animal, creature , ƏD ragdah n. liv. animal, mammal, reptile, amphibian | |
| *sen | fight, conflict | MT sen fight, conflict , RTI hii n. in. fight, brawl | see also *sen |
| *sEN | RT śun (no sgv) light , RTJ xè shine, glow, rays (of light) | iim | |
| *seŋg | night | RT śenc (no sgv) night , RTJ xég ĕrég night , MT sangngom night , RRK šaŋ pl nıšaŋ n.a night , ARŊ ʃax̠ night, ƏD səg'lənt n. dyn. nighttime | |
| *seq | finish, complete | RT dzac pass htsac, attr ksac finish, complete , RTJ xégh finish, complete , MT sec finish, complete , RTI hek vt. finish, complete | |
| *set | shooting star | RT sec pl swéc shooting star , RTJ xéd shooting star , MT seth shooting star , RTI his n. in. shooting star pl. het, RRK šit pl šet n.a shooting star | |
| *səbo | window | RTJ sĕbŏ window , MT sawó window , RTI hipu n. in. window , RRK špı pl rıšpî, cnstr bı n.i window | |
| *səsjaw | swamp | RT źao (no sgv) marshland, bog , RTJ hxó sĕró swamp , MT sasau swamp , RTI hihaw n. in. waterlogged soil, marshland | |
| *səswo | ladder | RT zuo sgv zwea ladder , RTJ hsĕwĕ hsrè ladder , MT saswo ladder , RTI hihuwo n. in. ladder , RRK išù pl nišù n.i ladder | |
| *sfaj | source, origin | RTJ hfáí sréí source, origin , MT safai source, origin , RTI hihoy n. in. source, origin | |
| *sfeŋg | thanks | RTJ hfég srég thanks , MT safeng thanks | |
| *sɢaw | bitch, female dog (less marked) | RT gou pl hkou female dog, bitch , RTJ káú bitch (female dog) , MT sácau bitch, female dog (less marked) , RTI hačuu n. an. dog , RRK šaguu pl šasuu, cnstr laguu, cnstr.pl lasuu n.a dog , ARŊ ʃʷaqo bitch, ƏD slágah cnstr rəlágah n. liv. dog, bitch, female dog | |
| *shriq | rape | RTJ hsrígh ĕhrígh rape , MT sayîc rape | |
| *shwim | marriage | RT swín (no pl) marriage , RTJ hsrè ĕhwím marriage, wedding , MT sayîm marriage | |
| *sik | lower leg | RT śic pl kwóu leg , RTJ xíg lower leg , MT siphsikh calf, lower leg | |
| *sik | type, kind | RT ric (no pl) type, kind, variety , RTJ xíg type, kind, quality , MT sikh type, kind , RTI hiš n. in. type, kind, quality | |
| *sil | torso, trunk of the body | RTJ xé yé body, torso , MT xúsalú torso, trunk of the body , RTI hily n. an. torso, trunk of the body | |
| *sil | intention(s), plan(s) | RTJ sré intention, plan , MT súrī intention(s), plan(s) | |
| *simb | war(s) | RT sen sgv śen war , RTJ xíb war , MT sinden war(s) , RRK šanim pl nıšanim n.i war, feud, rivalry | |
| *sip, stip | go though, pass through | RT dzic pass htsic, attr ksic go through, pass through , RTJ xíb go through, pass through , MT siph go though, pass through , RTI hityip vt. go through, pass through , RRK šip pp through | infixation in some cases |
| *siregja | willow tree, grove of willows | RT dźea (no sgv) willow trees , RTJ sĕrĕjĕ grove of willows , MT síyala willow tree, grove of willows , RTI hireca n. in. willow tree , RRK šyaga pl nıšyaga, cnstr dyaga n.i willow tree | or just sregja? |
| *sja | louse | RT śie (no sgv) louse , RTJ xă ĕră louse , MT siya louse , ARŊ ʃia louse | |
| *sja | hide | RT śea pass hśea, attr gźea hide , MT sá hide | |
| *sjamb | flood | RTJ xáb ĕráb flood , MT sám flood | |
| *sjap | rest | RT śoc attr gźoc rest, relax, take a break , RTJ xáb rest , MT sáph rest , RRK špum dur šıšpum v.it rest, relax , ƏD sıəp vt. rest | |
| *sje | angle, curve, bend | RT ragá pass hragá, attr gragá bend , RTJ xĕ ĕrĕ angle, curve, bend , MT saye angle, curve, bend | |
| *sjen | music | RT sin sgv śin music , RTJ xè ĕrè music , MT sayen music , RTI hiyey n. in. music | |
| *sjil | meet | RT syu pass syú, attr tśa meet , RTJ hí meet , MT hú meet , RTI hily vt. meet , RRK hil dur hısil v.tr meet, spend time with (aor); meet regularly, be friends with (dur) , ƏD iənləsas perf enlənas vt. meet, be introduced to perf ‘know, have met, recognize’ (connaître) | |
| *sju | ancestor | RTJ xó ĕró ancestor , MT rusú ancestor , RTI huu n. hu. ancestor , RRK šyuu pl šyanuu, cnstr dyuu n.h ancestor | |
| *sjur ? | dance | RT ntào pass ntsào, attr gantào dance , RTJ hxú ĕsrú dance , RTI šur vt. dance , RRK sur dur tsur v.it dance | |
| *sjV | waist | RTJ xí waist , MT súfōm waist , RTI reyšey n. an. waist | |
| *skund | spoils, booty, loot, plunder | RTJ kúd ĕtrúd spoils, booty, loot, plunder , MT sacun spoils, booty, loot, plunder , RTI hičun n. in. spoils, loot, stolen goods | |
| *slgu | destruction, ruin | MT salcu destruction, ruin | < gu |
| *slider | grass snake | RT hli-zèi pl fwá-zèi grass snake , RTJ ĕcé grass snake , MT soléndai grass snake , ƏD soɬénd’as n. liv. grass snake | |
| *sLum | late winter/early spring | RT hlun (no sgv) late winter / early spring , RTJ srò ĕlrò late winter / early spring , MT sawum late winter/early spring , RRK rulɔɔ (no pl) n.a late winter / early spring | |
| *sLVŋ | leftovers, remains | RT zrein sgv źein leftovers , RTJ hsàì ĕsràì leftovers , MT saleng leftovers, remains | |
| *sɬaw | smell | RTJ sĕlráú smell, odor , MT sawau smell , RTI hilyuu n. in. scent, smell | |
| *sɬrVV | vigil, patrol, watch | RTJ sĕlré vigil, patrol , MT sawú vigil, patrol, watch | |
| *sma | death | RT śao pl śwao dead body , RTJ hmâ death , MT sama death , RTI čuwa adj. dead , RRK kwa adj dead | |
| *sme | dew | RT swec sgv syec frost, dew , RTJ mê dew , MT mé dew , RTI wi n. in. dew | |
| *smoŋ | song | RT śin pl ndźin song , RTJ sràù song , MT sawong song , RTI hiwuu n. in. song , RRK šuu pl nıšuu, cnstr vuu n.i song, piece of music , ƏD səmoan n. dyn. song | perhaps of different origins |
| *smun | spring, well | RT vyei pl zwei spring, well , RTJ brò well, spring, watering hole , MT mun spring, well , RTI šowuu n. in. well, spring pl. čowuu, RRK skuu pl rıskuu n.a spring, well | |
| *smwa | clay | RT mbza (no sgv) clay , RTJ srĕ clay , MT samam clay , RTI hi n. in. clay , RRK sol (no pl) n.i clay | |
| *sni | quantity | RTJ hnyê quantity, number , MT sani quantity , RTI hiri n. in. amount, quantity, measure | |
| *sno | notch, nock (of an arrow) | RT nó pl ndó notch, indentation , RTJ hnô notch, nock (of an arrow) , MT nonggín notch, nock (of an arrow) | |
| *so | follow | RT so pass hso, attr gzo follow, accompany , RTJ sŏ follow | |
| *somb | tongue | RT sonc pl swónc tongue , RTJ sób tongue, language , MT som tongue , RTI hom n. an. tongue , RRK šom pl šum n.a tongue , ARŊ sox tongue, ƏD sonp n. liv. tongue | |
| *sot | give | RT soc pass hsoc, attr gzoc give (in general) , RTJ sód give , MT soth give | |
| *sow | soap | RTJ sò soap , RTI how n. in. soap | |
| *spem | baked goods | RTJ pàì baked goods, pastries , MT sawem baked goods | derivation from PR *pem |
| *spmind | sacrifice (not a person or animal) | RTJ mè sacrifice, give as an offering , MT samin sacrifice (not a person or animal) , RRK šıvin pl nıšıvin n.i sacrifice | |
| *spmoʀ | order(s), command(s), instruction(s) | RTJ hmàù orders, commands, instructions , MT samô order(s), command(s), instruction(s) , RTI heyruu n. in. order(s), command(s), instruction(s) | |
| *squmb | meal(s) | RT gonc sgv gyunc food; meal (event of eating) , RTJ khúb ĕkhúb meal , MT sacum meal(s) , RTI hišum n. in. piece of food, meal see also tyi, RRK škum pl rıškum, cnstr gum n.i meal , ƏD gənt cnstr g’ənt, coll, no pl n. port. food | |
| *sraC | pear orchard, grove of pear trees | RT zrà sgv źà pear trees , RTJ sráí pear trees , MT sālath pear orchard, grove of pear trees , RTI ilyeehee n. in. pear tree sg. ileehee | |
| *sraj | demand | RTJ sĕrá demand , MT syai demand , RTI hirii vt. demand | |
| *srajn | embers | RT saen sgv śin embers , RTJ sràì embers | |
| *srek | flea | RT srec pl śwéc flea , RTJ srĕbĭ flea , MT sékh flea , RTI šeš n. an. flea | |
| *sreq | end, ending, culmination | RT yàc (no pl) end; culmination; result , RTJ srégh end, ending, culmination , MT sayec end, ending, culmination , RTI hirek n. in. end, ending, culmination | |
| *sri | pierce | RT sri pass hsri, attr gri pierce, stab , RTJ srĭ pierce , MT sí pierce , RTI hip vt. pierce, penetrate , RRK šwi dur šırì v.tr stab, pierce | |
| *sro | chase, pursue | RT sro pass hsro, attr gro chase, pursue, hunt , RTJ srŏ chase, pursue , MT syo chase, pursue , RTI hiro vt. chase, pursue | |
| *sro | wait for, await | RT sruo attr gruo wait , RTJ sĕwŏ await , MT syó wait for, await , RTI hiru vt. wait , RRK hro dur do v.it wait, be patient | |
| *sru | holy, sacred | RTJ ĕrŭ rrŭ be holy, sacred , MT ru holy, sacred , RTI triru adj. holy, sacred, blessed , RRK sırù adj sacred, holy | |
| *sruk | be slow | RT sruc attr gruc be slow , RTJ srúg be slow , MT súkh be slow , RRK šuk dur štuk v.it be slow | |
| *sRVm | liquid, fluid | RTJ srè liquid , MT swam liquid, fluid , RTI hiwow n. in. liquid, fluid | |
| *sʀaj ? | coast | RT ksùn (no sgv) coast (of the ocean) , RTJ xáí ĕráí coast , MT sêyâi coast | |
| *sʀul | center, middle | RTJ sĕgré center, middle , MT salú center, middle , RTI hišil n. in. center, middle | |
| *stot | neither | RT dòc neither, none (of a few) , RTJ tód neither , MT stoth neither , , RNW sjitǫt qtf. neither | |
| *strit | argument | RTJ tríd argument , MT saríth argument , RTI hitrit n. in. argument, disagreement | |
| *stχet ? | storage, inventory | RTJ céd zréd storage, shed, inventory , MT sarāth storage, inventory , RTI hitrat n. in. storehouse, granary | |
| *su | near, nearby, close, neighboring | RT su attr gzu be present, be in reach , RTJ srŭ sŭ be near, nearby, close, neighboring , MT su near, nearby, close, neighboring , RTI čihu adj. near, nearby, neighboring , ƏD su adj. nearby, near | |
| *sul | worry, anxiety | RTJ sú worry, anxiety , MT súk’ā worry, anxiety | |
| *sumb | cheek | RTJ súb cheek , MT sumbōm cheek , RTI hum n. an. cheek | |
| *suŋg | pool, pond | RT wínc pl nwínc pond , RTJ súg pool, pond , MT sung pool, pond , RTI huň n. in. pond, small lake , RRK šuŋ pl nıšuŋ n.i pond, small lake | |
| *sup | punch | RTJ súb punch , MT suph punch , RTI hup vt. punch | |
| *sur | lead, guide, be a leader | RT ksèc attr gigzèc lead, guide , RTJ sú lead, guide, be a leader , MT sí lead, guide, be a leader , RTI hur vi. act as a guide, be a guide | |
| *suw | go upstream, go uphill, take the more difficult course of action | RT sao attr gzao go upstream, go against the flow, push through , RTJ xó go upstream, go against the current , MT sú go upstream, go uphill, take the more difficult course of action , RRK su adv barely, with difficulty | |
| *sVV | elbow | RT sae pl syoc elbow , RTJ sú elbow , MT sísaye elbow , RTI riyetyir n. an. elbow , RRK šıı pl šıt, cnstr rıı, cnstr.pl rıt n.a elbow | |
| *sVVŋg | wound(s) | RT saenc pl ndzaenc wound, injury , RTJ zó wound, injury , MT sayāng wound(s) | |
| *swi | cloak | RT swi pl ndzwi coat, cloak , RTJ jĕbĕtàì cloak , MT sawi cloak , RTI hiwi n. in. cloak , RRK šwi pl nıšwi, cnstr dwi n.i cloak, coat | |
| *swo | stand (used as a general copula) | RT sró (no attr) (interrogative copula) , RTJ srŏ stand (used as a copula) , MT só stand (used as a general copula) , RTI hu vi. stand , ARŊ ʂarʲan stand (verb) | |
| *swo | climb, ascend | RTJ sĕwŏ go up, ascend, climb , MT swo climb, ascend , RTI huwo vi. go up, ascend, climb | |
| *syam | rise, get up | RT ndzu attr gundzu rise, get up , RTJ dlyè rise, get up (from sitting or lying) , MT syan get up (from sitting or lying), rise , RTI siyey vi. rise, stand (up) , RRK pyaseŋ dur pıpyaseŋ v.it get up, start the day | |
| *sʔjor ?? | RT ntrae (no sgv) harvest season , RTJ sĕgró harvest , MT sayî harvest , RTI huur vt. harvest, collect , RRK šoor dur šošoor v.tr pick, gather, harvest | ||
| *sʔor ?? | RT srae pass hsrae, attr grae reap, harvest , RTJ hsó dlád harvest , MT sî harvest | ||
| *taj | pestle | RT po-tóun (no pl) pestle , RTJ tí pestle , MT thíyac pestle , RTI tay n. in. pestle | |
| *tal | cold | RT tsao attr gzao be cold (of things); feel cold (of people) , MT tau cold , ARŊ tʃaʃri cold (of weather) | |
| *tam | crush, grind | RT tóun pass htóun, attr glóun crush, grind , RTJ tà crush, grind , MT tham crush, grind , RTI tree vt. grind, mill , RRK taa dur traa v.tr grind, crush | |
| *tap ? | left side, the left (direction) | RT tac to the left of , RTJ tréb left (direction) , MT thaphyâi left side, the left (direction) , RRK dıp pp to the west of; to the left of | |
| *taq | take, remove | RT tóc pass htóc, attr glóc take away, remove , RTJ cágh remove, take away , MT thac take, remove , RTI tak vt. take, remove, take away , RRK tak dur tatak v.tr remove, get rid of, throw away , ƏD tek vt. take | |
| *taq | RT dudźoc pl ndudźoc grate, grill , RTJ cágh fry , RTI tak vt. fry , RRK tanor dur taatanor v.tr fry, roast | tsaq? | |
| *tar | butter | RT tá sgv tsá butter , RTJ tá butter , MT thai butter , RTI trar n. in. butter | |
| *tCaq | stallion (male horse) | RT taoc pl tśinc male horse, stallion , RTJ tágh stallion , MT tōc stallion (male horse) , RTI truuk n. an. stallion (male horse) , RRK t’ook pl k’in, cnstr šook, cnstr.pl hin n.a horse | |
| *te | kneel | RTJ cĕ kneel , MT the kneel | < tiw |
| *tej | spine, backbone, vertebrae | RTJ cáí hsáí spine , MT tīk’ith spine, backbone, vertebrae , RTI trii n. an. spine, backbone | |
| *tek | waterfall | RTJ cég waterfall , MT thakh waterfall , RRK taguu pl tıgyuu, cnstr t’aguu, cnstr.pl t’ıgyuu n.a waterfall | |
| *tek | move around, wander | RT téc near, around , RTJ cég move around, wander, go nowhere in particular , MT thekh move around, wander , RTI teš vi. move around, wander | |
| *tekʔej ? | promise | RT tei ndè promise , RTJ dĕq’àì promise , RRK tegaa dur tetegaa v.tr promise | |
| *temb | event(s) | RTJ céb event , MT them event(s) , RTI sem n. in. event | |
| *ter | black, dark (in color) | RTJ cé black color, black pigment , MT thí black, dark (in color) , ARŊ tʃer black (colour) | |
| *teSfet | armory, army | RTJ zĕhféd armory, army | < fet 'warrior' |
| *tet | copper | RTJ gĕzréd copper, copperware , MT theth copper , RTI tet n. in. copper , RRK tet pl rıtet n.i copper (piece of) | |
| *təŋ | secret(s) | RTJ càì secret , MT thang secret(s) | |
| *tətra | plow, till | RT dza li plow , RTJ tă tă plow , MT tra plow, till , RTI titra vt. plow (a piece of land) , RRK dli dur dıdlì v.tr plow, till | |
| *tgiŋ | threaten | RT tlin pass tlín, attr glin threaten , RTJ jè threaten , MT hing threaten | < *giŋ |
| *tɢa | earlobe | RT tséa pl tác ear , RTJ că earlobe , MT taca earlobe , RTI ta n. an. earlobe | < qga |
| *thi | although | RT tí although, even if , RTJ ti although , MT tha although | the vocalism is puzzling - RT and RTJ suggest a front vowel, but lack the palatalisation, which it would have triggered |
| *ti | already | RT tsí already , RTJ cĭ already , MT thi already | |
| *tij | RT dyóu pl tyóc knee , RTJ cí knee , RTI tii n. an. knee , RRK tii pl twii n.a knee , ƏD tiś cnstr deś n. liv. knee | < tiw | |
| *tim | person, individual | RT tsyún pl twín person , RTJ cè person, individual , MT thim person, individual , RTI tyey n. hu. person, human being , RRK nɛɛ pl nınɛɛ n.h tribe, ethnic group , ARŊ ʃim person | |
| *tin | ewe (female sheep; less marked) | RT tsín pl dźá female sheep, ewe , RTJ cè ewe, sheep (less marked) , MT thin ewe (female sheep; less marked) , RTI tyey n. an. sheep , RRK tsɛɛ pl tusɛɛ, cnstr ıtsɛɛ, cnstr.pl rıtsɛɛ n.a sheep | |
| *tja | work | RT tsa attr gza work , RTJ ză work , MT tá work , RTI ša vi. work , RRK sa dur tsa v.it work, strive | |
| *tja | RTJ că this (near me) | ||
| *tju | human head hair | RT tsyú sgv tsóu hair , RTJ cú hair , MT túwom human head hair , RTI tow n. in. hair , RRK tɔɔ (no pl) n.i hair , ARŊ ŋʷatʃu hair (on head of human) | |
| *tjup | discuss | RT tyuc pyec pwo discuss, negotiate , RRK tyup dur tıtyup v.tr discuss, talk about | |
| *tjuw | thing(s), stuff | RT táo pl ndáo thing, item , RTJ có thing , MT thú thing(s), stuff , RTI tey n. in. thing | |
| *tɬu | axe | RT tlú pl ndlú axe , RTJ trŭ axe , RTI šu n. in. axe | |
| *tɬij | mist, fog bank | RT tléi (no sgv) fog, mist , RTJ hlyí jí fog , MT dsí mist, fog bank , RRK tsii (no pl) n.a mist, fog | |
| *tna | all three | RTJ hnâ all three , MT tna all three | |
| *tnaʀ | pear(s) | RT ná sgv nyá pear(s) , RTJ hnàì pear(s) , MT nhāwong pear(s) , RTI yuuhee n. in. pear , RRK vundaa pl rıvundaa n.i pear | |
| *tne | tail | RT né pl mfwé tail , RTJ hnyê tail , MT nhe tail , RTI te n. an. tail , RRK te pl twe, cnstr re n.a tail , ARŊ p'anʲe tail | |
| *tnemb | be rich | RTJ hnyèb be rich , MT nanem be rich | |
| *tnəl | altar | RTJ hnĕlágh altar , MT nhau altar , RTI tel n. in. altar, ritual place pl. tral, RRK tel pl tal, cnstr rel, cnstr.pl ral n.i altar, ritual place | |
| *tnik | foot | RT źíc (no sgv) footprints, trace , RTJ hnyèg foot , MT nhikh foot , RTI tyiš n. an. foot , RRK tik pl tut, cnstr rik, cnstr.pl rut n.a foot , ARŊ nʲik foot | |
| *tniŋg | beard, facial hair | RT nínc sgv nyénc beard , RTJ zĕhíg beard , MT nhing beard, facial hair , RTI tyiň n. in. beard , RRK tiŋ pl nıtiŋ, cnstr riŋ n.i beard | |
| *tnir | sink | RT níe attr díe sink , RTJ hnyè sink , MT nhí sink , RTI tyir vi. sink , RRK tir dur titir v.it dive, sink | |
| *tnit | skeleton, set of bones | RTJ hnyèd hnyèd skeleton, collection of bones , MT cundith skeleton, set of bones | |
| *tnja | smooth | RTJ hnyâ be smooth , MT kandaná smooth | |
| *tnol | mudbrick | RT nóu sgv nyóu brick , RTJ hnyò brick(s) , MT nhúyac mudbrick , RTI til n. in. brick , RRK tıl pl tol, cnstr rıl, cnstr.pl rol n.i brick | infixation in RTJ |
| *tnot | pants, trousers, lower body clothing | RT nóc sgv nyóc pants, trousers , RTJ hnòd pants, trousers , MT nhothngú pants, trousers, lower body clothing , RTI trot n. in. pants, trousers (pair of) , RRK tot pl nıtot, cnstr rot n.i pants, trousers (pair of) | |
| *tnow | evidence, proof | RT dou pass htou, attr ksou indicate, be evidence for , RTJ hnò proof, evidence , MT núsang evidence, proof | |
| *tnu | the other | RT nú the other one , RTJ hnu the other , MT nhu the other , ƏD su -nu deict. the other place the animal, an animal, a body part | |
| *tnuŋg | marsh | RTJ hnòg marsh , MT nhungéng marsh , RRK tuŋ pl nıtuŋ, cnstr ruŋ n.i bog, fen | |
| *tnVV | summer | RT ndàe (no sgv) summer , RTJ hnò summer , MT dandí summer | |
| *to | fine | RTJ tŏ be fine , MT kandalo fine | |
| *tobin ? | peel | RT tsao bwìn peel , RRK tobıı dur totobıı v.tr peel, strip off | |
| *tra | shiver | RT tréa attr gréa shiver , RTJ tĕră shiver , MT thá shiver , RRK duŋit dur duduŋit v.it shiver | |
| *tram | twenty-four | RT tróun 24 , RTJ crà twenty-four , MT thám twenty-four , RRK twaa ord rɛtwaa qu 24 | |
| *trand | explain | RT tan pass tán, attr glan show, demonstrate, explain , RTJ trĕdrĕ explain , MT thónda explain , RTI truni vt. explain , RRK t’aa dur sanaa v.tr show, indicate, demonstrate | |
| *trat | look forward to, be excited for | RTJ dĕréd gĕzréd look foreward to, be excited for , MT táth look forward to, be excited for , RTI trat vt. look forward to, be excited for | |
| *tre | none of the three | RTJ cĕ none of the three , MT tre none of the three | |
| *treŋ | doubt | RT táen pass htáen, attr gláen doubt , RTJ tràì doubt , MT thang doubt , RTI trey vt. doubt | |
| *tri | scorpion | RT trí pl tśwí scorpion , RTJ crĭ scorpion , MT thílā scorpion , RTI tri n. an. scorpion | |
| *trip | offend, insult | RT réc pass hréc, attr tréc offend, insult, humiliate , RTJ críb offend, insult , MT thíph offend, insult , RTI trip vt. offend, insult | |
| *tRit | argue with | RT twíc pass htwíc, attr gudwíc disagree, protest, argue , RTJ tríd argue with , MT thíth argue with , RTI trit vt. argue with , RRK kıduu dur kıkıduu v.tr protest against, oppose, disagree with | |
| *trja | sole of the foot | RT trá sgv níc feet , RTJ cră sole(s) (of feet), palm(s) (of hands) , MT tánikh sole of the foot | |
| *tRo | strong | RT twó attr glúo be strong , RTJ dĕdrŏ trŏ be strong , MT thó strong , RTI tru adj. strong, powerful , RRK tu adj strong, powerful | |
| *tro | RT tró pl ndró pot, cauldron , RTJ trŏ pot | ||
| *trot | shoulder | RT troc sgv tsac shoulder(s), upper back , RTJ dró shoulder , MT súrí shoulder , RRK t’yot pl t’ut, cnstr šyot, cnstr.pl šut n.a shoulder | the RTJ and MT cognates are doubtful |
| *tsir | sharp | RT dźie attr kśie be sharp , RTJ hxí be sharp , MT kdasí sharp , RRK tšir adj sharp | also see MT ârsí |
| *tsok | shoal, shallow (in a body of water) | RTJ dóg reef, shoal , MT sokhwuth shoal, shallow (in a body of water) | |
| *tsʔa | be easy | RT tsèa attr gzèa be simple, be easy , RTJ c’ă be easy , MT t’a be easy , ƏD dadı perf ədádi vt. be easy to | |
| *tsʔaw | grape vine(s), vineyard | RT tsào (no sgv) grape(s) , RTJ c’ó grape(s), wine , MT thau grape vine(s), vineyard , RTI taw n. in. vineyard , RRK hitoo pl hritoo n.i vineyard | |
| *tu | owl species | RT ntú (no pl) owl , RTJ tŭ owl species , MT thulí owl species | various derivations |
| *tudem | fill, load | MT thundam fill, load , RTI truney vt. fill | |
| *tumb | finger | RT túnc (no pl) finger , RTJ tíb digit, finger (not thumb) , MT tham finger , RTI tum n. an. finger , RRK tım pl tum n.a finger | |
| *tup | heart | RT túc (no pl) heart , RTJ túb heart , MT thuph heart , RTI trup n. an. heart , RRK tup pl rıtup n.a heart , ARŊ sʷuk heart | onom. |
| *turam | too much, excessively | RT tyáon attr gidyáon do too much, do excessively , RTJ tĕrà too much, excessively , MT thuyam too much, excessively , RRK traa adv a lot, too much, excessively | |
| *tusek | horde, throng, any large, disorganized group | RTJ hxég hxég horde, throng, swarm , MT tusakh horde, throng, any large, disorganized group | |
| *tVrV | RT dwá pass htwá, attr gudwá understand , RTJ tĕrĕ understand , RTI tro vi. understand | ||
| *tVV | legend, story | RT táe pl twáe story, legend , RTJ tú story, legend , MT undí legend, story , RRK tıı pl rıtıı n.a story, legend | |
| *tVV | line of succession, heirs | RTJ tú ĕdrú line of succession, heirs , MT sandí line of succession, heirs | |
| *twi | spear | RT twí pl ndwí spear , RTJ tú spear(s) , MT p’andí spear , RRK tɛɛ pl rıtɛɛ n.i spear | |
| *tʔa | grandmother | RT tà pl twá grandmother , RTJ t’ă grandmother , MT t’anda grandmother , RTI tra n. hu. grandmother , RRK dadà pl twadà n.h grandmother | |
| *tʔaj | reason(s), motive(s), explanation | RT tsèi (no pl) reason, explanation, motivation , RTJ c’í reason, explanation, motivation , MT t’ai reason(s), motive(s), explanation | |
| *tʔaʀ | bite | RTJ tă bite , MT t’ā bite , RTI tra vt. bite , ARŊ t'aʁa bite (verb) | various affixations |
| *tʔaw- | grapes | RTJ hmĕc’ó vinyard, patch of grape vines , MT t’auwong grapes , RTI tyiyaw n. in. grape | |
| *tʔe | any | RT tè any (of many) , RTJ c’ĕ any , MT t’e any , RRK de qu many, much, a lot of (human or animate referent) , , RNW tą qtf. any | |
| *tʔeŋ | then (in the future) | RT tèin then (in the future) , MT t’ang then (in the future) , RRK daa adv then, next (irrealis) | |
| *tʔep | bug, insect | RT dzèc sgv dréi swarm of insects , RTJ c’éb insects, bugs, swarm of insects (collective plural) , MT t’éph bug, insect , RRK dip pl rıdip n.a beetle , ƏD daip n. liv. bug, insect, arachnid, worm | |
| *tʔer | thumb | RT tèi pl twéi thumb , RTJ c’é thumb , MT t’í thumb , RTI ter n. an. thumb , RRK der pl dwer n.a thumb | |
| *tʔi | come, approach (towards speaker) | RT tsì attr gzì come, approach (towards speaker) , RTJ c'ĭ come, approach (towards speaker) , MT t’i come, approach (towards speaker) , RTI tyi vi. come, approach (towards speaker) , RRK gri dur ŋgari v.it come, approach (towards here) , ARŊ tʃ'ibra come (verb) | |
| *tʔidra | be difficult | RTJ c’ĕdĕră be difficult , MT t’irá be difficult | |
| *tʔin | wool | RT tsìn sgv tsèn wool , RTJ c’è wool , MT t’in wool , RTI tyey n. in. wool , RRK yorɛɛ pl rıyorɛɛ n.i wool (thread or item of) | |
| *tʔiŋ | claw | RTJ c’è claw , MT t’ing claw , RRK dɛɛ pl rıdɛɛ n.i claw , ARŊ t'in claw | |
| *tʔit | petals, blossoms | RT tsìc sgv tsèc petals , RTJ c’íd petal(s) , MT t’ith petals, blossoms , RTI tyis n. in. petal , RRK dit pl rıdit n.i petal | |
| *tʔjan | become wet, be wet | RTJ c’à be wet , MT t’án become wet, be wet , RTI čityee adj. wet, damp , RRK ndyaa adj wet, damp , ƏD dean vi. be damp the period, the natural phenomenon, the weather | |
| *tʔo | be quiet | RT tò attr glò be calm, be silent , RTJ t’ŏ be quiet , MT t’o be quiet | |
| *tʔokʔam | sneak | RT tò kòun sneak , RTJ t’ĕk’à sneak | |
| *tʔor | paint, color, dye | RT tàe pass htàe, attr glàe paint, color, dye , RTJ t’ó paint, color, dye , MT t’í paint, color, dye , RTI tror vt. paint, dye, color , RRK dor dur ndor v.tr paint, color, dye | |
| *tʔot | either | RT dzòc either, any (of a few) , RTJ t’ód either , MT t’oth either , , RNW tǫt qtf. either | |
| *tʔra | exist | RT trà attr grà exist , RTJ cr’ă exist , MT t’á exist , RRK ndwa dur nındwa v.it exist, be real | |
| *tʔrim | powder | RTJ tr’è nè powder , MT t’ím powder | |
| *tʔrow | beach | RT gròn sgv gyòn beach, gravel bank , RTJ dĕcr’àù hnàù beach , RTI čitruu n. in. beach, shore | |
| *tʔrV | make, create | RT lá pass hlá, attr tlá build, create, manufacture , RTJ drĕ make, create , MT t’únda make, create , RTI truna vt. make, create , ƏD drond’a vt. do, make, create | the RT cognate is only tentative |
| *tʔuk | know (facts, how to do something) | RT tùc pass htùc, attr glùc know (how to do sth.) , RTJ t’úg know (facts, how to do something) , MT t’ukh know (facts, how to do something) , RTI truš vt. know (facts, how to do something) , RRK dɔtıı dur dɔrɔtıı v.tr know (how to do sth.) , ARŊ tʷ'uk know (facts) | |
| *tʔumb | monkey | MT t’um monkey , RTI trum n. an. monkey | |
| *tʔuq | three | RT tòc 3 , RTJ t’úgh three , MT t’uc three , RRK duk ord rɛduk qu 3 | |
| *tʔwe | split, cleave, divide | RT twè pass htwè, attr gudwè cut apart, split, cleave , RTJ tr’ĕ split, divide , MT t’é split, cleave, divide , RRK torı dur tootorı v.tr divide, split | |
| *tʔwit | shake | RT trìc pass htrìc, attr grìc shake, shove, stir , RTJ cr’íd shake , MT t’íth shake , RTI tris vt. shake , RRK dwit dur ndwit v.tr shake, stir, disturb, irritate | |
| *tχau ? | thigh | RTJ káú thigh , MT thóyâu thigh | |
| *tχet ? | store, keep, retain | RT ndè pass hindè, attr gindè store, keep, retain , RTJ téd store, keep, retain , MT thāth store, keep, retain , RRK sak dur sasak v.tr store, keep | |
| *ul | RTJ ú worry about , RTI ul vt. worry about | ||
| *um | old | RT hun attr kún be old (of people and animals) , RTJ mò úb be old , MT um old , RTI um adj. old, late , RRK um adj old, late | |
| *uɴɢ | help, assist | RTJ úgh help, assist , MT ung help, assist , RTI uň vt. help, assist | |
| *up | hear | RT wuc pass huc, attr kuc hear, listen , RTJ úb hear , MT uph hear , RTI up vt. hear , RRK up dur ubup v.tr hear, listen , ARŊ ufqor hear (verb), ƏD ubraś vt. hear, hear and understand hear s-th said by a person | |
| *ur | breathe | RT wuo attr kuo breathe; be alive , RTJ ú breathe , MT í breathe , RTI ur vi. breathe , RRK gɔɔ dur ayɔɔ v.it breathe, be alive | see also *war |
| *urut | saliva, spit | RT rimyuc (no sgv) saliva , RTJ ĕrrúd saliva , MT úyuth saliva, spit , RRK urut (no pl) n.i saliva | |
| *uʀudʔum ? | the world, Akana | RT udou (no sgv) world , RTJ grĕhnò the world (geographical), Akana , MT uwōndum the world, Akana , RTI uwuunow n. in. the world, Akana , RRK ugundɔɔ (no pl) n.a the world | |
| *uw | be white | RTJ ù k’íb be white | for attr see RTJ kʼíb |
| *Vl | male bird | RT no pl hno bird , RTJ é male bird , MT úlí male bird , , RNW al n. an. bird (male) | |
| *Vqak | axe | MT húyākh axe, RRK akak pl rakak n.i axe | |
| *Vswi | leader, guide | RTJ ĕsrú leader, guide , MT ísí leader, guide , RTI uuhur n. hu. leader | |
| *wa | deserve | RT wùo pass fùo, attr kùo deserve, be worthy of , RTJ wă deserve , MT wa deserve , RTI wa vt. deserve | |
| *wam | fertile soil | RT pwaon attr gubwaon be fertile , RTJ yà loam (fertile soil) , MT wam fertile soil | infixation in RTJ |
| *wan | force, pressure | RT wan sgv wìen strength, force, pressure , RTJ wà force, dynamic , MT wan force, pressure | |
| *war | be ready, get ready, prepare | RTJ wá be ready , MT wai be ready, get ready, prepare , RTI war vi. get ready, be prepared | |
| *war | breath | RTJ wá breath , MT waifu breath | see also *ur |
| *wek | chthonic god of wisdom and magic | RT wec pl ufwéc god , RTJ Wég the physical universe, the animating force of the world , MT Wekh chthonic god of wisdom and magic , RTI weš n. hu. god , RRK ruwek pl hruwek n.h god | |
| *wer | lose, misplace | RTJ wé lose, misplace , MT wí lose, misplace , RTI wer vt. lose, misplace | |
| *wədruʀ | defeat | RT ndźác pass handźác, attr gandźác defeat , RTJ wĕdró defeat , MT warū defeat , RTI utrey vt. defeat (in a competition or fight) , RRK adıı dur hwadıı v.tr defeat, be superior to | |
| *wgju | bile | RTJ ĕjú bile , MT úlí bile , RTI uušey n. in. bile | |
| *wiC | light | RT bwí attr gubwí be bright , RTJ wí ĕlrè light | |
| *widrop | be hungry | RTJ wĕzrób be hungry , MT wiróph be hungry , RTI witrop vi. hunger, become hungry , RRK ıdup dur uudup v.it be hungry | |
| *wij | emptiness, air | RT wei sgv yèi air , RTJ wí air, emptiness , MT yuc emptiness, air , RTI wii n. in. air, wind, sky, weather , RRK wii (no pl) n.a air, wind, weather, sky | lexical contamination in MT w kúc |
| *wik | rope(s) | RTJ wíg rope , MT wikh rope(s) , RTI wiš n. in. rope , RRK isù pl nisù n.i rope | |
| *wlejtŋen | shaft (of an arrow) | RTJ ĕlyĕhnyè shaft (of an arrow) , MT withgén shaft (of an arrow) , RTI ulyeyňey n. in. arrow | |
| *wlejttej | shaft (of a spear), handle (of a long-hafted tool) | RTJ ĕlyĕdĕtú shaft (of a spear) , MT withtí shaft (of a spear), handle (of a long-hafted tool) , RTI ulyeytrey n. in. spear , ƏD ulidg’en n. port. spear-shaft | |
| *wɬə | mortar (construction material) | RTJ hlrĕ dlrĕ mortar (construction material) , MT wlanú mortar (construction material) | |
| *wo | use | RTJ wŏ use , MT wo use , RRK vi pp with, using (instrumental) | |
| *won | little, somewhat | RT won attr kwon do a little bit, do partly , RTJ wàù rather, somewhat , MT won rather, somewhat , RRK vuu adv a little, somewhat , , RNW u: qtf. a little (of) | |
| *wop | be full (of food) | RTJ wób be full (from eating) , MT woph be full (of food) | |
| *woq ? | value, price | RT vòc sgv vyòc price, value , MT wōc value, price | |
| *wot | kidney | RTJ wód kidneys , MT woth kidney , RTI wiyot n. it. kidney , RRK ıyot pl rıyot n.i kidney | -ij- infixation in RRK and RTI |
| *woʔsRim ? | brideprice | RT vòc-swín sgv vyòc-swín brideprice , RTJ ĕbĕhsrè ĕmĕhsrè brideprice , MT wōscayîm brideprice | |
| *wra | guard, protect, nurture, raise (dependent) | RT wa pass wá, attr kwa protect, guard , RTJ ĕráí protect, guard , MT wā guard, protect, nurture, raise (dependent) , RTI woo vt. protect, guard , RRK waa dur ıhwaa v.tr protect, guard | |
| *wraj | rain | RT wì sgv mwì rain , RTJ ĕrí rain , MT railau rain , RRK dwee (no pl), cnstr ıwee n.a rain , ARŊ rʷoxʷu rain (noun) | |
| *wren | have sex with | RT rèn pass hrèn, attr krèn have sex with , RTJ ĕràì have sex with (vulgar) , MT yen have sex with , RTI wurii vt. have sex with , RRK arii dur agrii v.tr have sex with | |
| *wtrV | commit | RTJ ĕdrĕ commit , MT wra commit , RTI utri vt. commit | |
| *wuw | slip, slide | RT wie attr kwie slide, slip , RTJ wú slip, slide , MT wú slip, slide , RTI ow vi. slip, slide , RRK ɔɔ dur ıʔɔɔ v.it slide, slip, stumble | |
| *wV | gale, gust | RTJ wĭ gale, gust , MT uwa breeze, gust of wind | |
| *wVVsot | RT wùo soc owe , RTJ wĕsód owe | ||
| *xa | step on, step toward | RT ha pass hxa, attr ká step on , RTJ vă step on , MT xa step on, step toward | |
| *xaw | deep | RT yòu attr kyòu be deep , RTJ ĕváú yáú be deep , MT yau deep , RTI yuu adj. deep , RRK yuu adj high; deep , ƏD ıəh port/stat hah adj. deep, sen./liv. often: meaty, fat | əjaw as prefixed variant |
| *xbʔV | twilight | RT hmào (no sgv) twilight, red sky (at dawn and dusk) , RTJ xábe yábe twilight , MT xāmbú twilight | |
| *xdʔum | seashell(s) | RTJ gáú seashell(s) , MT xaundum seashell(s) | |
| *xjo | table | RTJ xŏ yŏ table , MT xó table | |
| *xju | sinew(s), (length of) string | RT śu pl ndźu string, thread; sinew , RTJ xú yú sinew, string , MT siphxú sinew(s), (length of) string , RTI heykip n. in. string, thread, line (for fishing, etc.) , RRK hyoo pl rıhyoo, cnstr yoo n.i string, thread | |
| *xnimb | scabies | RTJ hnèb hnèb scabies , MT xaním scabies | |
| *xo | omen(s), portent(s) | RT ho pl fwó omen, portent, prophecy , RTJ vŏ omen, portents , MT xo omen(s), portent(s) , RTI hihitra n. in. sign, omen, portent, vision | |
| *xomb | darkness | RT pyonc attr gibyonc be black, be dark , RTJ vób darkness , MT xom darkness | might be related to RT 'be dark, black' |
| *xon | game (hunted animal) | RT yon pl yàon game animal, prey , RTJ vàù prey, game animal , MT xon game (hunted animal) , RRK rakuu pl hrakuu n.a prey, game animal | |
| *xru | quest, mission, task | RTJ sró quest, mission, task , MT xúlin quest, mission, task , RTI hilyey n. in. duty, responsibility, task , RRK šɛruu pl nıšɛruu, cnstr dɛruu n.i task, duty | |
| *xʀup | cockroach | RTJ vĕgrúb hlúb cockroach , MT xcúph cockroach , RTI hišup n. an. cockroach | |
| *xsi | stomach | RTJ hxĭ hxĭ stomach , MT xri stomach | |
| *xu; dsaŋg | fact(s) | RT dzónc attr ksónc be true, be correct , RTJ vŭ fact(s) , MT xusang fact(s) , RTI heň n. in. fact , RRK tıhaŋ pl rıtıhaŋ n.i fact | |
| *zji | urinate | RT źi attr dźi urinate, pee , RTJ xĭ urinate , MT si urinate , RTI ihi vi. urinate | |
| *zraw ? | add, mix in | RT zào pass hsào, attr dzào add, mix in , RTJ sĕrrĕtá add, mix in , MT sâu add, mix in | |
| *ʔge | intestine, rectum | RTJ ĕcrĕ intestine, rectum , MT yale intestine, rectum , RTI iče n. in. colon, rectum, bowel, large intestine | |
| *ʔkej | shovel, scoop | RT kéi pl nggéi shovel, scoop , RTJ kí digging stick, any digging tool , MT khícau shovel, scoop , RRK ikee pl rikee n.i shovel | |
| *ʔlejkfi | blanket(s) | RT hkwi pl ngkwi blanket , RTJ lyĕhfĭ blanket , MT wikhfi blanket(s) , RTI ilyeyhi n. in. blanket , RRK ılɛhı pl nılɛhı n.i blanket | |
| *ʔmi | be alone | RTJ hmê be alone , RRK mik adv alone, by oneself | see 'be lonely' |
| *ʔmind | sacrifice | RT mìnc pass pìnc, attr bìnc sacrifice , RTJ hmèd sacrifice (not a human or animal) , MT bin sacrifice , RTI hiwiň n. in. sacrifice , RRK min dur mimin v.tr sacrifice | |
| *ʔpau | hammer | RT póu pl mbóu hammer , RTJ páú hammer , MT phau hammer , RTI ipuu n. in. hammer , RRK ipuu pl ripuu n.i hammer | |
| *ʔraŋ | be wrong | RTJ gré gĕgré be wrong , MT iráng be wrong , RRK ırɔɔ adj bad, wrong, false | |
| *ʔrij | be thirsty | RT ròu attr kròu be thirsty , RTJ ĕrí be thirsty , MT yí be thirsty , RTI iyii vi. thirst, be thirsty | |
| *ʔrjan | undress, go naked, denude | RT yein attr kyein be naked , RTJ ĕrà undress, go naked , MT rán undress, go naked, denude , RRK togar dur totogar v.it undress (aor); be naked (dur) | |
| *ʔsaq | sacrificial animal | RTJ ĕságh ĕrrágh victim, sacrificial animal , MT sascakh sacrificial animal , RTI ihak n. an. sacrificial animal | |
| *ʔtan | prove | RTJ càì gĕhxàì prove , MT tān prove , RTI itrwoo vt. prove | |
| *ʔtik | triangle (shape) | RTJ ĕcr’íg ĕzríg triangle (shape) , MT t’ikhsau triangle (shape) , RTI ityiš n. in. triangle, triangular object | |
| *ʔtRam | courage, bravery | RTJ cà hxà courage, bravery , MT tēm courage, bravery , RTI itrwii n. in. courage, bravery, vigor, strength | |
| *ʔtsaw | wine | MT t’auwe wine , RTI itaw n. in. wine , RRK ıroo (no pl) n.i wine | |
| *χaj | wave (of water), splash | RTJ fáí wave , MT xai wave (of water), splash | |
| *χend | ashes | RT śenc (no sgv) ashes , RTJ xéd yéd ash, ashes , MT xan ashes , RTI hen n. in. ash(es) , RRK hen (no pl) n.i ashes | |
| *χi | burn | RT fwi attr guvwi burn , RTJ fĭ burn , MT xí burn | |
| *χiʀawn | widow, widower | RT haon pl hxon widow, widower , RTJ xĕgràù yĕgràù widow, widower , MT xíwūn widow, widower , RTI heywow n. hu. widow, widower , RRK hɛgɔɔ pl hrɛgɔɔ n.h widow, widower | |
| *χjam | centipede, millipede | RT śoun pl śwóun centipede , RTJ xà yà centipede, millipede , MT xám centipede, millipede | |
| *χʀaw | shadow, shade | RT xu sgv xào shadow, shade , RTJ háú shadow, shade , MT tauyâu shadow, shade , RTI huu n. in. shadow, shade , RRK huu (no pl), cnstr guu n.i shadow , ƏD anh n. dyn. shadow |