Proto-Mbingmik/Lexicon

baem

v.

admire

kbaem

v.stat

be impressive

bao

pron.

1sg.nom pronoun

bəńjee

v.

sigh, moan

boap

n.a

jaw

chaa

v.

fry

chaay

n.a

dog

chkaay

n.a

large dog; alpha dog (in a pack)

chaoŋ

v.stat

be young

chrəmaoŋ

n.i

youth, childhood

chɛŋ

n.i

left side

chmoo

v.stat

happen in the same timeframe; ~ ‘when’

chnaŋ

n.i

pot

chŋaay

v.stat

far, distant

caʔŋaay

n.i

distance

chpuŋ

v.

inhale, breathe

chrean

qu.

much, many

chruoŋ

v.

cross

chuu

v.

succeed; accomplish

chnuu

v.stat

be successful

chuʔ

n.mass

foreigners (back-formed from *mənchuʔ)

mənchuʔ

n.h

village (of a foreign people) (< PIsl. míntzuq ‘clan’)

cieh

v.

fall

cieŋ

n.i

bone

cik

v.

dig

cuok

n.a

sky

cuol

v.stat

be acquainted with

cuńcuol

n.h

acquaintance

cuom

n.h

person

cuoŋ

v.

tie; tighten

chluoŋ

n.a

rope

cut

v.

exceed

cuup

v.

hear

cəcuup

v.

know, understand

chnucuup

v.stat

be wise

cuŋcuup

v.

teach

deek

v.

lie down

din

pron.

this (here)

diŋ

n.h

family

diliŋ

v.stat

be related to

doay

v.stat

by, with, due to, because of

dum

pron.

1sg.dat pronoun

duoh

pron.

1sg.acc pronoun

duy

n.a

sea, ocean (< PIsl. dúy)

əmao

v.

hit

əmɛɛ

v.

hold; bring

muymɛɛ

v.stat

be carried; result from

əŋgii

v.

smile, enjoy oneself, be delighted

əpwan

n.a

forest

hae

adv.

already

hɛɛt

v.stat

be distinct

phɛɛt

n.a

type, kind, species

heam

n.i

side, edge, boundary

hep

n.i

box

həkaay

n.i

mountain

həhkaay

n.i

mountain range

hilkaay

v.stat

high; steep

həmnaʔ

n.i

cliff (< PIsl. hámnaq)

həŋgwəy

v.stat

be strong

hmao

n.i

grass; hay

hmin

v.stat

be large

hŋiem

v.stat

be silent, be quiet

hrap

v.

die, fade, wilt

hrie

v.stat

be red, be colorful

keat

v.

rise

khreat

v.

raise, lift from the ground

kha

pron.

3sg.f.abs.fam pronoun

khaam

n.i

nut (< PIsl. kukamh ‘nuts (pl)’, reanalysed as reduplicated)

khae

cj.

but

khea

n.a

earth, soil, ground

kheaŋ

v.

use

kamneaŋ

v.stat

be useful, be suitable

khreaŋ

v.

prepare

khen

v.

see

khtyen

n.h

guard

kheń

n.a

tail

khəy

v.stat

rest, stay, wait

khic

n.a

blood

khnic

v.

shed blood

khiew

n.h

man

cəkhiew

n.h

group (of men)

khiey

v.stat

be dry

khrəmiey

n.i

drought

khluo

n.h

people, tribe, ethnicity

məŋkhluo

n.h

fellow tribesman

khməy

v.stat

be brave

khmuun

v.stat

happy, content

kaʔmuun

n.i

happiness

khnae

n.a

claw; blade

kilnae

v.stat

sharp; deadly

khpen

n.a

armpit, back of knee

khral

n.a

moon

khreal

v.

sing

khruc

v.stat

be angry

kathruc

n.a

anger, fury

khruʔ

v.

grow; derive from

khtɛɛm

n.a

tongue

khuy

v.stat

be small

kɨəh

adv.

and then, next, subsequently

ksac

n.i

sand

ksɔɔ

pron.

3sg.i.abs pronoun

ksuk

v.

kill

kuom

v.

support

kuuc

n.a

fog, mist

kyuuc

v.

obscure, hide from view

kuuy

v.

do

kəkuuy

v.

repeat, do sth. over and over

kwaaʔ

v.

get, obtain

kwaʔ

v.stat

blind

kwəy

n.i

cloth

kwip

v.

make, create

kukwip

v.

work intensively on sth.; refine, improve

khlɨɨp

n.a

tool

kyao

n.h

grandparent

kyɔm

v.

dwell

kyul

n.a

wind, air

laaw

v.stat

be ashamed, be embarrassed

ləlaaw

v.

do something stupid, make a mistake

luŋaaw

v.

expose, play a trick on sb., cause sb. to make a fool of themselves

phlaaw

n.i

blunder, faux pas

lɛʔ

pron.

reflexive pronoun (‘-self’)

leec

n.a

fire

ləndeec

v.

burn (intentionally); perform fire sacrifice

sleec

n.a

flame

lep

v.stat

be near

ləh

pron.

contrastive pronoun (‘the other one’)

ləkat

v.stat

be dead

ləkɔɔw

n.h

older sister

ləmbrik

v.

wake up

liet

v.stat

be forced to move

ləliet

v.stat

tremble

lieʔ

v.stat

be white, be bright

liiń

v.

turn, revolve

khliiń

v.stat

be busy; continue

liiw

n.h

child

mae

n.i

boat (< PIsl. máyh)

cumae

n.h

boat traveller

mal

v.

feel, sense, know intuitively

mamnal

v.stat

be alert, be watchful

mao

n.h

mother

mbaay

v.

say (privately), confide

mbamnaay

v.stat

be an intimate friend of; trust

mumbaay

v.

listen to someone's worries

mimbaay

v.

whisper

kəmbaay

v.stat

be secret, be confidential

mburaay

n.i

secret

mbak

v.

go, walk

mbao

n.a

fish

mbəmuy

n.i

meal

mbəthum

v.

lick

mbiim

n.h

woman

mbəmbiim

n.h

group (of women)

mbream

n.a

finger

mbəsream

v.

point at sth.

mbriw

v.

be polite, show respect to

mbuŋgriw

v.stat

be superior, be of high rank

mbəmbriw

v.stat

have good manners

mbathriw

n.i

politeness, respect

pəmbriw

n.i

gesture of goodwill, small favor

nəmbriw

adv

politely

mbrəw

n.i

horn

mbrəy

v.

move away from, leave, abandon

men

qu.

one

məw

par.

(case particle: dative-benefactive)

mieŋ

n.h

aunt (mother's sister or cousin or sister-in-law)

miew

v.stat

be rotten

mpaeŋ

n.a

skin

muop

v.

make sth. turn into sth.

muoh

n.a

insect

muu

v.

wrap, roll up

pəmuu

n.i

roll, bundle, package

myun

pron.

2sg.acc.fam pronoun

myuuk

v.

form, shape, create

muʔmyuuk

v.stat

resemble, be shaped like

naay

n.a

mouth

nisaay

v.

whisper; notify

nal

v.

forecast, predict

bənal

n.a

omen

ndae

n.h

aunt (father's sister or cousin or sister-in-law)

ndaʔ

n.i

cliff; edge

ndɛk

v.stat

sit; be located

ndrəmɛk

n.i

position, place, situation, posture, stance (lit. ‘state of sitting’)

ndɛp

n.a

hip

ndek

n.a

eye

ndeʔ

v.stat

be behind, be after

ndiŋ

v.

say (in a normal conversation)

ndəndiŋ

v.

babble, talk too much

ndrəmiŋ

n.i

conversation

nduriŋ

n.i

topic

ndɨɨʔ

v.

find, discover

ndliiŋ

v.

remember

ndəŋgliiŋ

n.i

memory; myth

ndluo

n.a

star

ndrɛŋ

n.h

sibling, cousin

ndrɛŋ-ndrɛŋ

n.h

all one's relatives

mindrɛŋ

n.h

youngest brother or sister, nesthäkchen

niiŋ

pron.

2sg.m.nom.fgn pronoun

nuk

v.

reach, arrive at

ndluk

n.i

path, way

nuŋ

v.

know (facts)

ńɛɛ

v.stat

agree with, be of the same opinion as, be in concord with

nindyɛɛ

v.

convince, persuade, win sb. over

nilɛɛ

v.stat

be in negotiation with

nińɛɛ

v.stat

side with, support sb's cause

khńɛɛ

v.stat

be similar to

kuńɛɛ

v.stat

disagree with, clash with, be at odds with

nimɛɛ

n.i

agreement, concord

niŋkɛɛ

n.i

peace

ńe

cj.

and

ńjal

v.

slap

ńjəńjal

v.

flap the wings

ńjənao

v.

call, scream

ńjul

n.a

needle

ńjisul

v.

sew; make clothes

ńjəkul

n.a

spear

ŋgak

v.stat

be alive

ŋgəmaay

n.i

hammock (< PIsl. gawmay kupim ‘flying bed’)

ŋgəw

pron.

that (far away)

ŋgəy

n.a

head

ŋgiek

v.stat

be to the west

ŋgriek

v.

go westwards

ŋgiik

v.stat

be within

ńjəŋgiik

v.stat

be in the middle of

ŋgrae

n.i

stick

ŋgoah

v.

jump

ŋgut

n.h

uncle (mother's brother or cousin or brother-in-law)

ŋgwɛt

v.

take

ŋgween

v.

eat

ŋgwɔl

n.a

beard

ŋgyap

v.

experience, come across, undergo, survive (subject takes dative)

ŋədiim

v.stat

be weak

ŋgrəndiim

n.i

weakness, flaw

ŋim

v.

die

ŋglim

v.

be dying

ŋkwaon

v.

help

ŋteah

n.a

promise, pledge, vow, oath

ŋənteah

v.

make a promise, swear

ŋtieh

v.

rely on sb.

pəkhrəy

v.stat

be to the south

prəkhrəy

v.

go southwards

pha

pron.

3sg.m.abs.fam pronoun

phan

n.a

heart

phań

v.

put, place

phao

v.

might have; would not (< PIsl. -pawh ‘subjunctive/irrealis’)

phean

qu.

all

phkaa

n.a

flower

phiel

v.

look, see

phim

n.i

maple (< PIsl. pím)

phiʔ

v.

come; approach

puŋhiʔ

v.

summon

phnae

v.

send

phnum

n.i

mountain

phnuʔ

n.i

basket (< PIsl. punuq)

phŋuk

n.a

hand

phŋuut

v.

bathe, wash (tr.)

phɔk

v.

drink

phraʔ

v.stat

be under

phrɛʔ

v.

sleep

phrəw

n.i

path, way

pəndrəw

v.

clear the way; establish a trade route

phrəw

v.

know (people); be friends with

pəngrəw

n.a

friendship

phrəy

n.h

married couple

psərəy

n.h

spouse

phriəy

v.

marry

phum

n.a

ear

pieh

v.

remove, take away

psaeŋ

v.stat

different

puoh

v.stat

be to the east

phruoh

v.

go eastwards

puol

v.

lift, carry

pyuu

v.

suspend

reeŋ

v.

block, obstruct

bareeŋ

n.a

wall, fence, shield

rep

qu.

few

rəngɔɔ

v.stat

be connected to

rəŋgaʔ

pron.

1pl.excl.nom pronoun

riem

v.

give

muʔriem

v.

receive

riep

v.stat

be black, be dark

rəndiep

v.

paint (in dark colors)

riet

v.

knead

rɨɨk

v.

fight

ruŋɨɨk

v.

provoke

khrɨɨk

v.

be an enemy of

rənuuk

v.

be aggressive

ratɨɨk

n.a

war

cumrɨɨk

n.h

warrior

ruoŋ

n.a

knee, elbow, shoulder, heel

saa

v.

finish, get done with, fulfill

sac

v.

laugh

sbak

n.a

face; front

sɛk

v.stat

be more

seaʔ

n.a

water

siim

v.

happen, occur

sŋiim

n.a

action, event, occasion, circumstances

sriim

v.

cause, instigate

siiw

v.stat

take (a time); span (a length)

satiiw

n.i

duration; length

sɨp

qu.

many

sɔɔk

v.

break, fall apart

suot

v.stat

do sth. for the benefit of

sun

pron.

2sg.nom.fam pronoun

suu

v.stat

exist, be true

srəmuu

n.i

truth

suʔ

v.

say publicly, announce, declare

sluʔ

v.stat

want to say something, wait impatiently for one's turn in a conversation

samnuʔ

v.stat

be well-known

səsuʔ

v.

issue a law, deliver a judgement

psuʔ

n.i

announcement, declaration

styuʔ

n.h

orator; herald

sweec

n.a

neck

taeń

v.stat

be torn into pieces

phtaeń

n.i

rags, tattered garments

tɛɛ

pron.

3sg.a.abs pronoun

tean

v.

give (also used as a causative auxiliary verb; causee takes dative)

thnuon

v.

provide, offer

thae

n.h

father

thak

v.stat

worthless, unsuitable, defunct

thaŋ

cj.

if

thaem

n.i

chickpea (< PIsl. tawyimh)

thɛɛc

n.i

root

thɛʔ

pron.

1sg.poss pronoun

thiim

v.stat

be strong, be healthy

thɨŋ

n.a

river

thkiʔ

n.h

older brother

thməń

n.a

tooth

thməy

v.stat

new

thrəməy

v.

repair, polish

thnɔm

n.i

medicine

təsnɔm

v.

treat a disease with medicinal herbs

thŋaay

n.a

day; sun

tiŋaay

v.stat

bright, well-lit

ndəthŋaay

n.a

the next day

uthŋaay

n.a

the previous day

threaʔ

v.

be lost

tien

n.a

flame, spark

thnien

v.

light a fire

təphao

v.stat

be to the north

trəphao

v.

go northwards

tɨŋ

v.stat

be taut

tɨʔ

par.

(case particle: ablative)

tuoy

n.a

sun

mtuoy

n.a

torch

tuŋ

v.

want, wish

twań

v.

weave

twɛɛ

n.i

gate, entrance

thkwɛɛ

n.i

main gate (of a house or village)

tyaaŋ

v.

meet, visit, attend

thrəyaaŋ

v.

arrange a meeting

təlyaaŋ

v.

host (guests)

tityaaŋ

v.

meet regularly, know sb. very well

tintyaaŋ

n.i

meeting

cuntyaaŋ

n.h

guest, visitor, the person who one wants to meet

tyak

v.stat

be flat

tuŋyak

v.

flatten

tyuuŋ

v.stat

black, dark

θəy

par.

(case particle: agentive)

θɔɔ

n.h

uncle (father's brother or cousin or brother-in-law)

θwɔɔń

v.stat

love

hlɔɔń

v.

fall in love

hrəwɔɔń

v.

flirt, tease

kswɔɔń

v.stat

be popular

miθwɔɔń

v.stat

like, be attracted to

vɨɨ

pron.

that (nearby)

wɛc

v.

try

wənthiin

n.a

garden, orchard (< PIsl. wíntinq)

yɛɛ

pron.

anaphoric pronoun (‘the same one’)

yeam

n.a

nose

yəthao

v.stat

be above

yəw

v.

want, desire

yamnəw

v.stat

be desirable

yɔɔk

v.

follow

cumyɔɔk

n.h

guide, scout

yuk

n.a

arm, leg

yuun

v.

drink

ʔak

par.

(case particle: accusative/patientive)

ʔiek

qu.

two

ʔiŋ

adv.

(past tense marker)

ʔɨɨy

n.a

foot

384 words.