To Be Continued...
Zju is still working on this article. The contents are incomplete and likely to undergo changes.
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Osetke
['ɔzɛtkɛ]
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| Period
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~ 1000 YP
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| Spoken in
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western Tuysáfa
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| Total speakers
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unknown
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| Writing system
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none
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| Classification
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Leic
Áżädgä
Osetke
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| Typology
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| Basic word order
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SOV
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| Morphology
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fusional, slightly agglutinative
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| Alignment
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accusative
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| Credits
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| Created by
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Zju
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Changes from Áżädgä
- ɨ ɨː > ə əː
- In cases where 1.PL ends in -æ 2.PL is extended with -æ.
- Methatheses in certain word-initial consonant clusters - on euphonic principles:
- dm > md / #_V
- fx fs fʃ > xf sf ʃf / #_V
- bg bgʷ > gb / #_V
- lɲ > ɲl / #_V
- mc mk mg mv > cm km gm vm / #_V
- ɣb ɣd ɣdm > bɣ dɣ mdɣ / #_V
- C Cː > əC əːC - Loss of syllabic consonants, C stands for any syllabic continuant.
- The marker for I class nouns -b(-) is dropped when preceded by z, this makes -z(-) the regular marker of I class nouns with the few I class nouns retaining -b(-) becoming irregular. The marker -z(-) is not dropped in up-to-now class-independant case endings, creating a new declensional dichotomy.
- V[+half long] > V[+short] - loss of half-long (long) vowels in monovocalic words.
- This sounc change occured simultaneously with the previous one, with their interaction giving rise to inconsistent correspondencies of the type TVˑTR > TVTəR ~ TVːTəR. It also created paradigmatic length alternations of the type TVT ~ TVːTV(T), where T is any number of consonants.
- ə əː ɑ ɑː> u uː ɔ ɔː / Cʷ_ - rounding.
- Cʷ > C - loss of labialisation.
- j̃ w̃ r̃ ṽ l̃ > j w r v l - loss of nasalised sonorants.
- ə a ɑ ɛ ɔ > ɐ æ ɒ ɛ ɔ > a ɛ ɔ e o - vowel chain shift.
- ɐ > ɪ > i / _($$)*$[+stress], $[+stress]($$)*_, #_[-stress], ! _# - unstressed ɐ becomes i when it's even number of syllables away from the stress, always word initially when unstressed and never word finally. This sound change takes place before the second part of the previous one.
- Irregular negative prefix imbá- simplifies to imá- or má-, depending on the variety.
- n > ŋ / _C[+velar]
- ŋ > n / _C[-velar]
- t͡ɕ d͡ʑ ɕ > t͡s d͡z s
- T[+voice] > T[-voice] - loss of voicing due to adstratum influence.
- p͡ɸ t͡s t͡ss t͡ʃ t͡ʃʃ k͡x > f s ts ʃ tʃ x
- [+stop] > ∅ / [+sonorant]_([+fricative])#
- T[-voice] > T[+voice] / V_V
- e o > ɛ ɔ / _C*a
- e o > i u
- ɣ > h
- t > t͡ʃ / _{i u}
- ts tʃ > t͡s t͡ʃ
- t͡s t͡ʃ > s ʃ / _[-continuant]
- t͡s > t͡ʃ / _V[+front]
- t͡s > s
Phonology
Phonemic inventory
Consonants
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labial
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dental
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post-alveolar
and palatal
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velar
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glottal
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| nasal
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m
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n
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ɲ ņ
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stop
affr.
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p
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t
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t͡ʃ ț
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k
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| fricative
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f
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s
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ʃ ș
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x
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h
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| sonorant
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w
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l r
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j
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- /x/ and /h/ contrast only word initially before a vowel. Elsewhere they are in complementary distribution - [h] appears intervocally and [x] everywhere else.
Vowels
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front
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central
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back
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| close
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i
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u
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| open-mid
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ɛ e
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ɔ o
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| open
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ä a
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- Vowels can be long - length is indicated by writing the same vowel twice.
Stress
Stress is phonemic and is marked with acute accent. Stress is not marked when:
- It falls on the first syllable.
- It falls on a long vowel.
Allophony
All obstruents, except for /x/, voice intervocally; /x/ debuccalises intervocally to [h] instead.
Morphophonology
Stress
Stress is dynamic and phonemic. Suffixal syllables may attract stress if immediately after the stressed syllable - that is a property of the suffix. If the stress is attracted and the formerly stressed nucleus was long, it shortens and the newly stressed nucleus lengthens.
Morphology
The copula
With the copula the continuous tenses are used for locations and temporary states, whereas the simple tenses are used for permanent states.
- Present continuous & present simple
| PrC
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Sg |
Pl |
Neg Sg |
Neg Pl
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| 1.
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jem |
jens |
imném |
imnéns
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| 2.
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aaņe |
jes |
maaņe |
imnés
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| 3.
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aņ |
je |
maņ |
imné
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| PrS
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Sg |
Pl |
Neg Sg |
Neg Pl
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| 1.
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joosim |
joosme |
imájusam |
imájusme
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| 2.
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jooș |
jooste |
imájuș |
imájuste
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| 3.
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joos |
joose |
imájus |
imájuse
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- Past continuous & past simple
| PaC
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Sg |
Pl |
Neg Sg |
Neg Pl
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| 1.
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pofkim |
poofkme |
imápufkam |
imápufkme
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| 2.
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pofkis |
poofkse |
imápufkas |
imápufkse
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| 3.
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pofk |
poofke |
imápufk |
imápufke
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| PaS
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Sg |
Pl |
Neg Sg |
Neg Pl
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| 1.
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pofim |
poofme |
imápufam |
imápufme
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| 2.
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pof |
poofse |
imápuf |
imápufse
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| 3.
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pof |
poofe |
imápuf |
imápufe
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| PaS
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Sg |
Pl |
Neg Sg |
Neg Pl
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| Hortative
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- |
(im)faams
(im)faamis |
- |
imimfaams
imimfaamis
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| Imperative
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amf
amif |
amfis |
imámf
imámif |
imámfis
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| Optative
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aamfe |
imaamfe
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