Following is the Proto-Western lexicon as it currently stands, at 327 words. Of course, as more words are added to the lexicon, be they new roots or derived from existing ones, this page will be updated. Nominals and verbs are both given in their citation forms- the unmarked absolutive singular for the former and the bare root for the latter. Where a nominal is followed by a hyphen, this indicates that the nominal in question obligatorily takes a classifier.
Abbreviations
This lexicon makes use of the following abbreviations as guides to parts of speech:
- it
- intransitive verb
- mt
- monotransitive verb
- dt
- ditransitive verb
- n
- nominal
- ip
- inalienably possessed nominal
- coll
- collective
- adv
- adverb
- pre
- adjectival prefix
- pp
- postposition
- par
- particle
Lexicon
| bakʰe | n | holiness |
| bebesa | mt | split |
| bẽdza | mt | know |
| besa | mt | cut |
| besadzũ | n | knife |
| błama | it | fart |
| blũła | ip | belly |
| ca | par | and |
| caca | par | moreover |
| cał | par | also |
| čeka | it | sit |
| čekadza | mt | seat |
| čelda | mt | see |
| čełdza | n | heart |
| čʰe- | n | that over there (visible) |
| čʰekʰã | n | earth |
| čʰepʰu | n | deer |
| čʰilpu | ip | arm |
| čʰiłta | dt | teach |
| cʰuy | adv | yesterday |
| čika- | pre | yellow |
| činu- | pre | full |
| čiye | mt | want |
| cuba | n | fruit |
| cupʰu | mt | itch, irritate |
| cupʰudaya | n | louse |
| da- | n | that near you |
| dãbu- | pre | thick |
| dadłe | n | here |
| dalã | it | swim, fly |
| daγa | it | shout |
| daγadza | mt | call to |
| dła | pp | for |
| dłeʔa | n | land |
| dłeʔka | n | tribe |
| dłũ- | pre | long |
| dudže | n | sky |
| duk | par | therefore |
| duγa- | pre | good |
| dzači | mt | say |
| dzalã | mt | stab |
| dzaldayã | n | bird |
| dzaldayãʔu ʔilsa | ip | wing |
| dzama- | pre | red |
| dže | pp | through |
| dže- | n | this near me |
| džẽsa | mt | dance |
| džet | par | however |
| dzĩči- | pre | straight |
| džiña | ip | fingernail |
| džĩʔĩ | n | bee |
| džĩʔĩkʰa | n | honey, sweetness |
| džũbłi | ip | breast |
| dzupʰu | mt | gather, hunt, collect, fish |
| ka | pp | on behalf of |
| kaca | n | friend |
| kačʰa | pre | soil, make dirty |
| kačʰi- | pre | dirty |
| kamã | mt | fear |
| katʰa- | pre | correct |
| kãʔči | pp | towards |
| ke | pp | to |
| kʰakʷʰa | it | laugh |
| kʰakʷʰadza | mt | mock |
| kʰalu | mt | tie, fasten |
| kʰapa | n | tree |
| kʰapacũ | n | forest |
| kʰawa- | pre | narrow |
| kʰaya | n | fire |
| kʰayałacũ | n | ashes |
| kʰayałpa | mt | burn |
| kʰãʔa- | pre | black |
| kʰeči | par | instead |
| kʰełka | coll | stone |
| kʰelna | n | horn |
| kʰesa | n | dung |
| kʰesałpa | it | defecate |
| kʰetu | it | lie down |
| kʰetudza | mt | place |
| kʰeya | coll | soil |
| kʰeyakʷi | coll | sand |
| kʰeyasłũ | n | wall, rampart |
| kʰeybu | n | worm |
| kʰibła- | pre | dry |
| kʰiña- | pre | together |
| kʰiñã- | pre | thin |
| kʰiñatʰa | mt | build, put together, create |
| kʰułda | n | boat |
| kʰulpa | mt | hunt |
| kʰulu | n | anus |
| kiʔka | adv | continuously |
| kłače | n | mix |
| kłãke | n | skin |
| kłama | coll | berries |
| kłephã | n | wild animal, game |
| kłutʰa- | pre | short |
| kluwa | ip | leg |
| kuda | it | sleep |
| kʷadu | ip | tail |
| kʷe | par | but |
| kʷẽdu | ip | head |
| kʷekʷu | mt | cook |
| kʷela | n | child |
| kʷi- | n | cataphoic stem |
| kʷisa | mt | squeeze, press |
| kʷisa | it | make felt |
| kʷucu | pp | after, behind |
| kʷułu | n | wolf |
| kyupʰe | n | water |
| la | ip | husband |
| la | n | man |
| lãca | n | egg |
| lãca- | n | many |
| łakʷa- | pre | near |
| lalaña | mt | dig |
| lałka | ip | ear |
| lãma- | pre | warm |
| laña | mt | scratch |
| łãši | n | horse |
| lãsu | ip | back |
| lat | pp | under |
| laʔpa | mt | steal |
| łaγa | ip | eye |
| łãγa | n | spirit |
| łãγa | ip | soul |
| łãγlawa | n | priest |
| laγʷa | n | smoke |
| leypʰa | mt | wipe |
| łina | n | lake |
| łiya | n | snake |
| łiyałpa | mt | heal |
| lũma | nt | grind, mill |
| lumẽ | n | right, east |
| ma | n | place, location |
| madłi | n | bear |
| mãdzã | ip | nose |
| madže | n | sea |
| małka- | pre | sharp |
| maše | it | shine |
| Mašeγẽ | n | moon |
| mãsu- | pre | wide |
| maye- | pre | rotten |
| mẽca- | n | four |
| medza | n | dog |
| mek | pp | by means of |
| melã | pp | along |
| mełi | ip | tongue |
| meʔšu | mt | sew |
| mẽγu | n | sheep |
| mĩkʷa- | pre | wet |
| mina | ip | mother |
| miña | adv | the day before yesterday |
| mu | adv | completely |
| na | n | I |
| nãbu | it | think |
| nače- | pre | tame |
| nadũ | n | left, west |
| nadže | adv | rarely |
| ñałdu- | pre | dull, blunt |
| nałtu- | n | three |
| nat | pp | above |
| ñaye | adv | frequently |
| naʔu | pp | up |
| nãγu | ip | foot |
| ñeši- | pre | smooth |
| neγla- | pre | white |
| nipʰa | n | fog |
| pãta | it | find one's way |
| pãtadzũ | n | road, path |
| pʰã | par | then, next |
| pʰa- | n | everyone, everything, all |
| pʰala | it | swell, grow, become tumescent |
| pʰala- | pre | far |
| pʰapʰaʔta | mt | shoot, hurl as a weapon (note that the DO of this verb is always what is being shot (arrow, spear), not what is being shot a) |
| pʰaʔta | mt | throw |
| pʰẽla | n | cloud |
| pʰełi | n | tree bark |
| pʰeyi | n | seed |
| pʰita- | pre | small |
| pʰiwa | it | breathe, blow |
| pʰiwadza | mt | inflate |
| pʰuda | n | chief |
| plãka- | pre | new |
| plama | n | flower |
| pława | it | walk |
| pławaʔadzu | it | walk away |
| sa | n | we |
| sabaya | mt | fight |
| sãk | pp | inside |
| sałtĩ | adv | surprisingly |
| saw | par | or |
| sayi | n | night |
| še | pp | down |
| šešewa | n | star |
| šẽta | mt | sing |
| šeʔtaʔadza | it | flow away |
| šeʔtaʔiłca | it | flow towards |
| ši- | n | two |
| šĩda | n | webbing between the fingers, palm |
| šĩdałpa | mt | count |
| šikã | it | stand |
| šikãdza | mt | stick in the ground |
| šiwka | it | float |
| šiwkaʔadza | it | float downstream |
| sudła | adv | tomorrow |
| sũla- | pre | round |
| šuwa | ip | guts |
| ta | n | you |
| tabe | pp | on, at |
| taka | n | grass |
| takadłe | n | grassland, plain |
| takala | n | rope |
| takʷa- | n | one |
| tʰa | mt | do, make |
| tʰa- | n | that over there (invisible) |
| tʰãbu | it | fall |
| tʰãda- | pre | cold |
| tʰadłe | n | there |
| tʰatʰa | mt | use |
| tʰawa | mt | bend |
| tʰawdzũ | ip | knee |
| tʰaya | n | milk |
| tʰẽʔpi | n | daughter |
| tʰuba | n | root |
| tʰũdu | mt | have sex with |
| tʰula | n | wool |
| tʰunã | ip | head of the family, father |
| tʰunyaʔã | ip | uncle, brother, eldest son of the head of the family |
| tʰuya | mt | become |
| tłãtłã | adv | repeatedly |
| tletle | it | prepare leather |
| tletle | mt | rub |
| tłupʰe | mt | find, discover |
| tłuwa | n | blood |
| tuca | n | house, home |
| tupi- | n | few |
| tyaša | coll | hair |
| wači- | pre | steep |
| wadže | it | die |
| wadžedza | mt | kill |
| walca | mt | hit |
| wapʰa | coll | beans |
| watya | adv | the day after tomorrow |
| wecu | mt | eat vegetables |
| weta | it | turn |
| wetłu | n | liver |
| wetweʔnã | n | next year |
| weʔnã | n | year |
| ya- | n | anaphoric stem |
| yãbu | ip | mouth |
| yãbułpa | mt | suck |
| yada- | pre | old |
| yaka | it | play |
| yãki | n | river |
| Yama | n | sun |
| yamayaʔa | n | human |
| yãsa | n | meat |
| yaši | mt | hold, own, marry |
| yatʰa | mt | tend, garden |
| yatʰapa | n | garden |
| ye | par | not |
| yeca | par | and not |
| yeči | n | arrow |
| yedza | mt | push |
| yeku | mt | eat meat |
| yekʷe | par | but not |
| yelu- | n | other |
| yema | it | row |
| yesaw | par | nor |
| yeʔadzu | it | leave |
| yeʔiłca | it | come |
| yeʔiłcadza | mt | pull |
| ʔadya | mt | fear |
| ʔakʷa | it | rain |
| ʔałpa | n | anger, rage |
| ʔałpadza | mt | anger |
| ʔału | mt | smell |
| ʔama | pp | with |
| ʔašẽ | ip | wife |
| ʔašẽ | n | woman |
| ʔẽda | dt | give |
| ʔel | par | because |
| ʔẽta | n | feather |
| ʔey | pp | if |
| ʔičʰa | mt | fish |
| ʔida- | pre | slow |
| ʔiłma | pp | without |
| ʔilsa | ip | hand |
| ʔĩye | n | name |
| ʔudza- | n | five |
| ʔũta | ip | tooth |
| ʔũtałpa | mt | bite |
| ʔuwa | n | vomit |
| ʔuwałpa | it | vomit |
| ʔuya | n | pain |
| ʔuyadza | mt | cause pain |
| γãdže- | pre | big |
| γalši | ip | neck |
| γaña | n | leaf |
| γaw | pp | outside |
| γaʔle | coll | salt |
| γedže | it | run |
| γelši | n | fat, grease |
| γema- | pre | bad |
| γipa- | n | some |
| γiše | n | day |
| γĩwa | n | pine |
| γiya | mt | hear |
| γlaʔta | mt | milk |
| γłuna- | pre | green |
| γuči | n | fish |
| γũka | n | pig |
| γulši | coll | millet |
| γʷałka | n | spit |
| γʷałkałpa | it | spit |
| γʷałki | mt | wash |
| γʷãsu | n | bone |
| γʷeku- | pre | quick |
| γʷekudu | n | eagle |
| γʷełbu | n | slave |
| γʷeley | n | mountain |
| γʷeye | n | hill |
| γʷibe | mt | drink |
| γʷĩta | n | wind |
| γʷiwa | it | live, be alive |
| γʷiwadza | mt | give birth to, engender |
| γʷuye- | pre | heavy |
Derivational morphology
Reconstructing a secure set of derivational morphemes is somewhat difficult, as the daughter languages innovated considerably in this area. However, we can identify twenty-one morphemes which we can be relatively certain that they were productive in the protolanguage. In the following list, V represents a vowel identical to the final vowel of the base word's stem, e.g. yãki + -ʔayV- > yãkiʔayi.
Yeah, I know examples would help.
- -ʔayV-
- Derives a stative verb from a nominal. See section 3.4 for more details.
- -łpa-
- Derives a non-stative verb from a nominal, whose meaning is related to the base.
- -dayV-
- Derives animate agent-nouns from verbs.
- -dzũ-
- Added to verbs, this suffix produces a nominal indicating the tool by which the base process is carried out.
- -γʷĩ-
- Nominalises verbs. See section 3.2.2.
- -ła-
- Added to verbs, this produces a nominal indicating the result of a verb.
- -cu-
- This derives adverbs from nominals and verbs.
- -dza-
- This suffix increases the valence of a verb by one- creating causatives and transitives.
- -ʔiłca-
- This suffix indicates that the motion of the root is towards the "focus" point (which is often, but not always, the speaker).
- -ʔadzu-
- This suffix indicates the opposite of the preceding, motion away from the focus point.
- -tu-
- This suffix derives nominals from other nominals, the resulting word being an abstract nominal. Something like English -ness.
- -kʰa-
- Added to nominals, this suffix produces nominals which have a relation in some way to the base word.
- -słu-
- Added to nominals, this suffix indicates an object which is made of the referent of the base word.
- -γẽ-
- Derives nominals indicating location, either the location of an action or another nominal.
- -du-
- Derives augmentive/honorific nominals.
- -kʷi-
- Derives diminutives.
- -lawV-
- Added to nominals, this suffix produces nominals referring to people who have a connection in some way to the base word.
- -la- and -cũ-
- Both of these suffixes derived nominals indicating a collection of bases. The two seem to have been interchangeable, although it has been theorised that originally -cũ- was restricted to edible nouns.
- -kĩ-
- Derived the female equivalent of a masculine base nominal.
- -yaʔV-
- Added to nominals, this suffix indicates a descendant or offspring of the base.