Osetke

To Be Continued... Zju is still working on this article. The contents are incomplete and likely to undergo changes.

Osetke ['ɔzɛtkɛ]
Period	~ 1000 YP
Spoken in	western Tuysáfa
Total speakers	unknown
Writing system	none
Classification	Leic  Áżädgä   Osetke
Typology
Basic word order	SOV
Morphology	fusional, slightly agglutinative
Alignment	accusative
Credits
Created by	Zju

Changes from Áżädgä

• ɨ ɨː > ə əː
• In cases where 1.PL ends in -æ 2.PL is extended with -æ.
• Methatheses in certain word-initial consonant clusters - on euphonic principles:
  • dm > md / #_V
  • fx fs fʃ > xf sf ʃf / #_V
  • bg bgʷ > gb / #_V
  • lɲ > ɲl / #_V
  • mc mk mg mv > cm km gm vm / #_V
  • ɣb ɣd ɣdm > bɣ dɣ mdɣ / #_V
• C Cː > əC əːC - Loss of syllabic consonants, C stands for any syllabic continuant.
• The marker for I class nouns -b(-) is dropped when preceded by z, this makes -z(-) the regular marker of I class nouns with the few I class nouns retaining -b(-) becoming irregular. The marker -z(-) is not dropped in up-to-now class-independant case endings, creating a new declensional dichotomy.
• V[+half long] > V[+short] - loss of half-long (long) vowels in monovocalic words.
  • This sounc change occured simultaneously with the previous one, with their interaction giving rise to inconsistent correspondencies of the type TVˑTR > TVTəR ~ TVːTəR. It also created paradigmatic length alternations of the type TVT ~ TVːTV(T), where T is any number of consonants.
• ə əː ɑ ɑː> u uː ɔ ɔː / Cʷ_ - rounding.
• Cʷ > C - loss of labialisation.
• j̃ w̃ r̃ ṽ l̃ > j w r v l - loss of nasalised sonorants.
• ə a ɑ ɛ ɔ > ɐ æ ɒ ɛ ɔ > a ɛ ɔ e o - vowel chain shift.
  • ɐ > ɪ > i / _($$)*$[+stress], $[+stress]($$)*_, #_[-stress], ! _# - unstressed ɐ becomes i when it's even number of syllables away from the stress, always word initially when unstressed and never word finally. This sound change takes place before the second part of the previous one.
• Irregular negative prefix imbá- simplifies to imá- or má-, depending on the variety.
• n > ŋ / _C[+velar]
• ŋ > n / _C[-velar]
• t͡ɕ d͡ʑ ɕ > t͡s d͡z s
• T[+voice] > T[-voice] - loss of voicing due to adstratum influence.
• p͡ɸ t͡s t͡ss t͡ʃ t͡ʃʃ k͡x > f s ts ʃ tʃ x
• [+stop] > ∅ / [+sonorant]_([+fricative])#
• T[-voice] > T[+voice] / V_V
• e o > ɛ ɔ / _C*a
• e o > i u
• ɣ > h
• t > t͡ʃ / _{i u}
• ts tʃ > t͡s t͡ʃ
  • t͡s t͡ʃ > s ʃ / _[-continuant]
  • t͡s > t͡ʃ / _V[+front]
  • t͡s > s

Phonology

Phonemic inventory

Consonants

	labial	dental	post-alveolar and palatal	velar	glottal
nasal	m	n	ɲ ņ
stop affr.	p	t	t͡ʃ ț	k
fricative	f	s	ʃ ș	x	h
sonorant	w	l r	j

• /x/ and /h/ contrast only word initially before a vowel. Elsewhere they are in complementary distribution - [h] appears intervocally and [x] everywhere else.

Vowels

	front	central	back
close	i		u
open-mid	ɛ e		ɔ o
open		ä a

• Vowels can be long - length is indicated by writing the same vowel twice.

Stress

Stress is phonemic and is marked with acute accent. Stress is not marked when:

• It falls on the first syllable.
• It falls on a long vowel.

Allophony

All obstruents, except for /x/, voice intervocally; /x/ debuccalises intervocally to [h] instead.

Morphophonology

Stress

Stress is dynamic and phonemic. Suffixal syllables may attract stress if immediately after the stressed syllable - that is a property of the suffix. If the stress is attracted and the formerly stressed nucleus was long, it shortens and the newly stressed nucleus lengthens.

Morphology

The copula

With the copula the continuous tenses are used for locations and temporary states, whereas the simple tenses are used for permanent states.

• Present continuous & present simple

PrC	Sg	Pl	Neg Sg	Neg Pl
1.	jem	jens	imném	imnéns
2.	aaņe	jes	maaņe	imnés
3.	aņ	je	maņ	imné

PrS	Sg	Pl	Neg Sg	Neg Pl
1.	joosim	joosme	imájusam	imájusme
2.	jooș	jooste	imájuș	imájuste
3.	joos	joose	imájus	imájuse

• Past continuous & past simple

PaC	Sg	Pl	Neg Sg	Neg Pl
1.	pofkim	poofkme	imápufkam	imápufkme
2.	pofkis	poofkse	imápufkas	imápufkse
3.	pofk	poofke	imápufk	imápufke

PaS	Sg	Pl	Neg Sg	Neg Pl
1.	pofim	poofme	imápufam	imápufme
2.	pof	poofse	imápuf	imápufse
3.	pof	poofe	imápuf	imápufe

• Deontic moods

PaS	Sg	Pl	Neg Sg	Neg Pl
Hortative	-	(im)faams (im)faamis	-	imimfaams imimfaamis
Imperative	amf amif	amfis	imámf imámif	imámfis
Optative	aamfe		imaamfe