AkanaWiki - Recent changes [en]

Timeline/Before -2000

Inzan — Mon, 09 Nov 2026 06:19:41 GMT

-3000 – -2000

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:19, 8 November 2026
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	= -4000 – -3000 =		= -4000 – -3000 =
	{{Event\|~~Lotoka~~\|c. -4000\|Canoe Culture ~~reaches~~ Lotoka~~.}}~~		{{Event\|Siixtaguana\|c. -4000\|Canoe Culture expands, splitting into 4 new cultures in different places, including Lotoka and Sumarušuxi.}}
	~~{{Event\|Sumarushuxi\|c. -4000\|Canoe Culture reaches~~ Sumarušuxi.}}
	{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -4000\|Domestication of cattle in the [[Bwimbai]] valley. Probably by the Proto-[[Macro-Edastean languages\|Macro-Edastean]]-speaking people}}		{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -4000\|Domestication of cattle in the [[Bwimbai]] valley. Probably by the Proto-[[Macro-Edastean languages\|Macro-Edastean]]-speaking people}}
	~~{{Event\|Mrisanfa\|c. -4000\|Pre-Peninsular people settles the Peninsular.}}~~
	{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -4000–-3600\|Beginnings of [[Ngauro]] civilization in [[Kasca\|Kasadgad]].}}		{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -4000–-3600\|Beginnings of [[Ngauro]] civilization in [[Kasca\|Kasadgad]].}}
	{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -3800\|Invention of bronze by the Ngauro.}}		{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -3800\|Invention of bronze by the Ngauro.}}
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	= -3000 – -2000 =		= -3000 – -2000 =
	{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -3000\|Old Ngauro is the first [[Oryziform\|written]] language in [[Peilaš]].}}		{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -3000\|Old Ngauro is the first [[Oryziform\|written]] language in [[Peilaš]].}}
	{{Event\|~~Lasomo~~\|c. -3000\|[[~~Miwan languages\|~~Proto-~~Miwan~~]] ~~speakers spread up~~ the [[~~Aiwa~~]]~~, and [[Talo~~-~~Edastean languages~~\|~~Talo~~-~~Edasteans~~]] ~~settle~~ the [[~~Bwimbai~~]] valley.}}		{{Event\|Gourun\|c. -3000\|[[Proto-Xoronic]] splitted from the [[Talo-Edastean]].}}
	{{Event\|~~Rathedan~~\|c. -3000\|[[~~Gezoro~~]] ~~migrate into~~ the [[~~Rathedān~~]].}}		{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -3000\|The Pre-[[Meshi]] start migrating from the lower [[Milīr]] to the middle [[Aiwa valley]].}}
	{{Event\|~~WSteppe~~\|c. -3000\|Western ~~peoples spread northwards~~ into the ~~steppe~~.}}		{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -3000\|[[Miwan languages\|Proto-Miwan]] speakers spread up the [[Aiwa]].}}
			{{Event\|WCorridor\|c. -3000\|The [[Proto-Western]] people migrates across western Peilaš.}}
			{{Event\|Sumarushuxi\|c. -3000–-2500\|The Southeast Canoe culture evolved into the [[Sumarušuxi Culture]].}}
	{{Event\|WTuysafa\|c. -3000–-2500\|Tuysáfa Fishing Culture.}}		{{Event\|WTuysafa\|c. -3000–-2500\|Tuysáfa Fishing Culture.}}
	{{Event\|Isthmus\|c. -2800\|Domestication of the goat in [[Proto-Isthmus\|Isthmus]] territory.}}		{{Event\|Isthmus\|c. -2800\|Domestication of the goat in [[Proto-Isthmus\|Isthmus]] territory.}}
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	{{Event\|Xshalad\|c. -2500\|Foundation of the [[Old Kingdom]] in the Yima valley (Xšalad).}}		{{Event\|Xshalad\|c. -2500\|Foundation of the [[Old Kingdom]] in the Yima valley (Xšalad).}}
	{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -2400\|Ngauro control the Aiwa valley as far as the Bwimbai, ruling over the southern Talo-Edasteans (pre-Ndak).}}		{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -2400\|Ngauro control the Aiwa valley as far as the Bwimbai, ruling over the southern Talo-Edasteans (pre-Ndak).}}
			{{Event\|Dagaem\|c. -2400\|The Isthmus people colonizes the Dagæm islands.}}
	{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -2300\|Ngauro rule declines. Ndak kingdom of [[Lasomo\|Latsomo]] established; several Ndak-Ngauro wars follow.}}		{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -2300\|Ngauro rule declines. Ndak kingdom of [[Lasomo\|Latsomo]] established; several Ndak-Ngauro wars follow.}}
	{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -2200\|Ndak conquer Kasadgad; [[Ndak Ta]] begins to replace Ngauro as the dominant spoken language of the Aiwa delta.}}		{{Event\|Isthmus\|c. -2300\|[[Proto-Isthmus]] splits into the western and the eastern.}}
	{{Event\|Rathedān\|c. -2200\|[[Gezoro]] develop iron metallurgy.}}		{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -2200\|Ndak conquer [[Kasadgad]]; [[Ndak Ta]] begins to replace Ngauro as the dominant spoken language of the Aiwa delta.}}
	{{Event\|~~Kasca~~\|c. -2200~~–~~-2000\|~~Ndak conquered once by northern hill tribes, twice by western nomads~~.}}		{{Event\|Rathedān\|c. -2200\|The [[Gezoro]] develop iron metallurgy.}}
			{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -2200--1900\|The [[Gezoro]] start migrating eastward to the area around Lasomo.}}
			{{Event\|Huyfarah\|c. -2100--2000\|The Pre-[[Proto-Ferogh\|Ferogh]] raids all the way to Kasadgad.}}
	{{Event\|Xshalad\|c. -2100\|[[Xšali]] invade the Yima valley and destroy the Old Kingdom.}}		{{Event\|Xshalad\|c. -2100\|[[Xšali]] invade the Yima valley and destroy the Old Kingdom.}}

Akana timeline

Inzan — Mon, 09 Nov 2026 05:57:23 GMT

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	* Huyfárah {{Toggler\|Huyfarah}}		* Huyfárah {{Toggler\|Huyfarah}}
	* Ici forest/Tæm Hou {{Toggler\|Ici}}		* Ici forest/Tæm Hou {{Toggler\|Ici}}
			* Lu Tal {{Toggler\|Tal}}
			* Dagæm islands {{Toggler\|Dagaem}}
	\|- class="bg2"		\|- class="bg2"
	\| Isles/Siixtaguna sphere		\| Isles/Siixtaguna sphere

Timeline/Before -2000

Inzan — Mon, 09 Nov 2026 05:29:42 GMT

-4000 – -3000

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:29, 8 November 2026
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	{{Event\|ETuysafa\|c. -7000–-6000\|Mediundic peoples reach the eastern end of Tuysáfa.}}		{{Event\|ETuysafa\|c. -7000–-6000\|Mediundic peoples reach the eastern end of Tuysáfa.}}
	{{Event\|Siixtaguna\|c. -6000–-5000\|[[Canoe Culture]] develops in northeastern [[Peilaš]].}}		{{Event\|Siixtaguna\|c. -6000–-5000\|[[Canoe Culture]] develops in northeastern [[Peilaš]].}}
	{{Event\|\|c. -5000\|The hypothetical Proto-[[Tæm-Hou languages\|Tæm-Hou]] people in [[Tæm Hou]].}}		{{Event\|Ici\|c. -5000\|The hypothetical Proto-[[Tæm-Hou languages\|Tæm-Hou]] people in [[Tæm Hou]].}}
	{{Event\|Huyfarah\|c. -4500\|[[Proto-Eigə-Isthmus]] is spoken, presumably in the region between the lower Aiwa and the [[Oltu]].}}		{{Event\|Huyfarah\|c. -4500\|[[Proto-Eigə-Isthmus]] is spoken, presumably in the region between the lower Aiwa and the [[Oltu]].}}
	{{Event\|Lukpanic\|c. -4500\|Beginnings of [[Western Neolithic\|agriculture]] in the [[Lukpanic coast]].}}		{{Event\|Lukpanic\|c. -4500\|Beginnings of [[Western Neolithic\|agriculture]] in the [[Lukpanic coast]].}}
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	{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -3800\|Invention of bronze by the Ngauro.}}		{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -3800\|Invention of bronze by the Ngauro.}}
	{{Event\|WCorridor\|c. -3500\|[[Proto-Western]]ers domesticate the pig.}}		{{Event\|WCorridor\|c. -3500\|[[Proto-Western]]ers domesticate the pig.}}
	{{Event\|\|c. -3500\|The [[Proto-Hitatc]] in the Ici Forest.}}		{{Event\|Ici\|c. -3500\|The [[Proto-Hitatc]] in the Ici Forest.}}
	{{Event\|WTuysafa\|c. -3500–-3000\|[[Ultimundic]] peoples (presumably descended from the Canoe Culture) reach Tuysáfa.}}		{{Event\|WTuysafa\|c. -3500–-3000\|[[Ultimundic]] peoples (presumably descended from the Canoe Culture) reach Tuysáfa.}}
	{{Event\|WCorridor\|c. -3200\|Domestication of the horse by [[Western languages\|Western]] peoples.}}		{{Event\|WCorridor\|c. -3200\|Domestication of the horse by [[Western languages\|Western]] peoples.}}

Akana timeline

Inzan — Mon, 09 Nov 2026 05:28:57 GMT

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	* Kasca {{Toggler\|Kasca}}		* Kasca {{Toggler\|Kasca}}
	* Huyfárah {{Toggler\|Huyfarah}}		* Huyfárah {{Toggler\|Huyfarah}}
			* Ici forest/Tæm Hou {{Toggler\|Ici}}
	\|- class="bg2"		\|- class="bg2"
	\| Isles/Siixtaguna sphere		\| Isles/Siixtaguna sphere

Main Page

Inzan — Sun, 08 Nov 2026 08:26:38 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:26, 8 November 2026
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	::Talo languages • ''[[Tlaliolz]]''		::Talo languages • ''[[Tlaliolz]]''
	::[[Edastean languages]] • ''[[Ndak Ta]]''		::[[Edastean languages]] • ''[[Ndak Ta]]''
	:::''[[Adāta]]'' • ''[[Ndok Aisô]]'' • ''[[Buruya Nzaysa]]'' • ''[[Delta Naidda\|Naidda]]'' • ''[[Fáralo]]''		:::Daiadāk languages • ''[[Adāta]]''
			::::''[[Æðadĕ]]'' • ''[[Aθáta]]'' • ''[[Ayāsthi]]'' • ''[[Mavakhalan]]'' • ''[[Kuyʔūn]]'' • ''[[Pencek]]''
			:::Fáralo languages • ''[[Fáralo]]''
			::::''[[Namɨdu]]'' • ''[[Woltu Falla]]'' • ''[[Cəssın]]''
			:::''[[Ndok Aisô]]'' • ''[[Buruya Nzaysa]]'' • ''[[Delta Naidda\|Naidda]]'' • ''[[Fáralo]]''
	:[[Xoronic languages]] • ''[[Proto-Xoronic]]''		:[[Xoronic languages]] • ''[[Proto-Xoronic]]''
	:[[Isles languages]] • ''[[Proto-Isles]]''		:[[Isles languages]] • ''[[Proto-Isles]]''
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	:::''[[Rrób Tè Jĕhnò]]'' • ''[[Ree Rɛɛ Kıbyaa]]'' • ''[[Əktoś Duəmeuk]]'' • ''[[Mhakh Thandim]]'' • ''[[Ronc Tyu]]''		:::''[[Rrób Tè Jĕhnò]]'' • ''[[Ree Rɛɛ Kıbyaa]]'' • ''[[Əktoś Duəmeuk]]'' • ''[[Mhakh Thandim]]'' • ''[[Ronc Tyu]]''
	:[[Leic languages]] • ''[[Proto-Leic]]''		:[[Leic languages]] • ''[[Proto-Leic]]''
			::[[Áżädgä]]
	:''([[Languages of Akana\|more...]])''		:''([[Languages of Akana\|more...]])''

Timeline/Before -2000

Inzan — Sat, 07 Nov 2026 06:46:25 GMT

Yād/Sound changes

Inzan — Fri, 06 Nov 2026 13:32:24 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:32, 6 November 2026
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	# '''Palatalization''': Some palatalized consonant, including consonants before /j/, changes it's articulation: /kʲ tʲ ɡʲ dʲ sʲ zʲ nʲ lʲ/ becomes /t͡ʃ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ d͡ʒ ʃ ʒ ɲ ʎ/.		# '''Palatalization''': Some palatalized consonant, including consonants before /j/, changes it's articulation: /kʲ tʲ ɡʲ dʲ sʲ zʲ nʲ lʲ/ becomes /t͡ʃ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ d͡ʒ ʃ ʒ ɲ ʎ/.
	# /ð/ drops, creating hiatuses that then desolves as best as it can be.		# /ð/ drops, creating hiatuses that then desolves as best as it can be.
	# /x/ ~~drops word-finally &~~ before voiced ~~stops~~, and lengthens the vowel before it. /x/ fortites into /g/ before non-plosive consonants and becomes /h/ otherwise.		# '''Velar Fricative Dropping''': If /x/ is after a vowel and before a voiced stop or the end of the word, it drops and lengthens the vowel before it. /x/ fortites into /g/ before non-plosive consonants and becomes /h/ otherwise.
	# '''Liquid Assimilation''': Liquid clusters become geminates from the last liquid in the cluster.		# '''Liquid Assimilation''': Liquid clusters become geminates from the last liquid in the cluster.
	# Word-final /r/ is deleted ONLY in nominals.		# Word-final /r/ is deleted ONLY in nominals.

Namɨdu

Inzan — Thu, 05 Nov 2026 08:39:25 GMT

Sound Changes from Fáralo

User:Inzan

Inzan — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 08:49:20 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:49, 4 November 2026
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	Hello, I'm Inzan, a Thai collaborator of this wiki since 2026.		Hello, I'm Inzan, a Thai collaborator of this wiki since 2026.

	Akana is not dead, it's just really quite. I, who discovered this project very recently, being the ~~Only~~ one who carries the changes this year.		Akana is not dead, it's just really quite. I, who discovered this project very recently, being the ONLY one who carries the changes this year, with the most recent user other than me is [[User:Arzena]] (shoutout).

	I collaborate by creating new pages or expanding the pages using only the information from the wiki itself, because I can't have access to the old Zompist's board		I collaborate by creating new pages or expanding the pages using only the information from the wiki itself, because I can't have access to the old Zompist's board

User:Inzan

Inzan — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 08:46:44 GMT

Created page with "Hello, I'm Inzan, a Thai collaborator of this wiki since 2026. Akana is not dead, it's just really quite. I, who discovered this project very recently, being the Only one who carries the changes this year. I collaborate by creating new pages or expanding the pages using only the information from the wiki itself, because I can't have access to the old Zompist's board I'm planning to create a better Namïdu descendant, but you can see I didn't finish it because i'm quit..."

New page

Hello, I'm Inzan, a Thai collaborator of this wiki since 2026.

Akana is not dead, it's just really quite. I, who discovered this project very recently, being the Only one who carries the changes this year.

I collaborate by creating new pages or expanding the pages using only the information from the wiki itself, because I can't have access to the old Zompist's board

I'm planning to create a better Namïdu descendant, but you can see I didn't finish it because i'm quite lazy person.

Man I hope someone would revive this uniquely wonderful project.

Timeline/Before -2000

Inzan — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 08:34:11 GMT

Before -4000

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:34, 4 November 2026
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	{{Event\|WTuysafa\|c. -8000–-7500\|Second wave of migration to Tuysáfa: Arrival of the [[Mediundic]] peoples.}}		{{Event\|WTuysafa\|c. -8000–-7500\|Second wave of migration to Tuysáfa: Arrival of the [[Mediundic]] peoples.}}
	{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -7000\|Beginnings of [[Aiwa Valley Neolithic\|agriculture]] in the [[Aiwa]] valley.}}		{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -7000\|Beginnings of [[Aiwa Valley Neolithic\|agriculture]] in the [[Aiwa]] valley.}}
	{{Event\|Xshalad\|c. -7000\|Beginnings of [[Yima Valley Neolithic\|agriculture]] in Xšalad.}}		{{Event\|Xshalad\|c. -7000\|Beginnings of [[Yima Valley Neolithic\|agriculture]] in [[Xšalad]].}}
	{{Event\|Sumarushuxi\|c. -7000\|Domestication of the dog; development of pottery. Probably in [[Sumarušuxi]].}}		{{Event\|Sumarushuxi\|c. -7000\|Domestication of the dog; development of pottery. Probably in [[Sumarušuxi]].}}
	{{Event\|ETuysafa\|c. -7000–-6000\|Mediundic peoples reach the eastern end of Tuysáfa.}}		{{Event\|ETuysafa\|c. -7000–-6000\|Mediundic peoples reach the eastern end of Tuysáfa.}}
	{{Event\|Siixtaguna\|c. -6000–-5000\|[[Canoe Culture]] develops in northeastern [[Peilaš]].}}		{{Event\|Siixtaguna\|c. -6000–-5000\|[[Canoe Culture]] develops in northeastern [[Peilaš]].}}
			{{Event\|\|c. -5000\|The hypothetical Proto-[[Tæm-Hou languages\|Tæm-Hou]] people in [[Tæm Hou]].}}
	{{Event\|Huyfarah\|c. -4500\|[[Proto-Eigə-Isthmus]] is spoken, presumably in the region between the lower Aiwa and the [[Oltu]].}}		{{Event\|Huyfarah\|c. -4500\|[[Proto-Eigə-Isthmus]] is spoken, presumably in the region between the lower Aiwa and the [[Oltu]].}}
			{{Event\|Lukpanic\|c. -4500\|Beginnings of [[Western Neolithic\|agriculture]] in the [[Lukpanic coast]].}}
	{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -4300\|Earliest copper artifacts (found near Buruya).}}		{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -4300\|Earliest copper artifacts (found near Buruya).}}
			{{Event\|Lotoka\|c. -4000\|Canoe Culture reaches Lotoka.}}
	{{Event\|Sumarushuxi\|c. -4000\|Canoe Culture reaches Sumarušuxi.}}		{{Event\|Sumarushuxi\|c. -4000\|Canoe Culture reaches Sumarušuxi.}}
	{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -4000\|Domestication of cattle in the [[Bwimbai]] valley. Probably by the [[Proto-Macro-Edastean]]-speaking people}}		{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -4000\|Domestication of cattle in the [[Bwimbai]] valley. Probably by the [[Proto-Macro-Edastean]]-speaking people}}
			{{Event\|Mrisanfa\|c. -4000\|Pre-Peninsular people settles the Peninsular.}}

	= -4000 – -3000 =		= -4000 – -3000 =

Yād/Sound changes

Inzan — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 06:32:58 GMT

Team B languages

Inzan — Tue, 03 Nov 2026 03:26:18 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:26, 2 November 2026
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	The Team B languages were created for the 2020 Reconstruction relay. They are spoken in south-western Peilaš.		The Team B languages , also known as Island-Highland lanuages, is a language family that were created for the 2020 Reconstruction relay. They are spoken in south-western Peilaš.

			== Languages ==
			* [[Dzoqi]] {{context\|(southwestern Peilaš, c. 0 YP - [[User:Akam Chinjir\|akam chinjir]])}}
			* [[Ethange]] {{context\|(southwestern Peilaš, c. 0 YP - H13)}}
			* [[Jarang]] {{context\|(southwestern Peilaš, c. 0 YP - Nortaneous)}}
			* [[Kʰajlun]] {{context\|(southwestern Peilaš, c. 0 YP - Zju)}}
			* [[Pʰeśin]] {{context\|(southwestern Peilaš, c. 0 YP - Zju)}}
			* [[Puvaŋeŋo]] {{context\|(southwestern Peilaš, c. 0 YP - [[User:Frislander\|Frislander]])}}
			* [[Thud]] {{context\|(Vüha Island, c. 0 YP - Nortaneous)}}
			* [[Tomē Nilōyi]] {{context\|(southwestern Peilaš, c. 0 YP - dhok)}}


	[[Category:Team B languages]]		[[Category:Team B languages]]

Lewsfárah

Inzan — Tue, 03 Nov 2026 03:23:48 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:23, 2 November 2026
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	Lewsfárah was a ~~country~~.		{{article}}

			Lewsfárah ("Free Fárah") was a federation nation. It's de facto capital is [[Miədu]].

			Lewsfárah enshrined the local vernacular as a new spoken and written standard (by convention called "Southern Neo-Fáralo," SNF).

			=History=

			In 547 YP, Civil war broke out in [[Huyfárah]], among three principal factions. In the aftermath, the Malei Dynasty is deposed. The empire shrinks further and loses the coast from Mæmedéi south, which reorganizes as a federation of city-states under the name of Lewsfárah, run by religious and political reformists (calling themselves the Kəgeiru/Zgeiru, or "Cynics/Atheists").

			Later in 579 YP, Lewsfárah stops fighting Huyfárah, but it is mired in revolutionary chaos.

			In the late 700s YP, Lewsfárah is dissolved, and splits into its constituent city-states.

			The city-states was reunited as [[Union of Huyfárah and Kasca]] a millennium later.

	{{stub}}		{{stub}}
			[[Category:1st millennium]]
			[[Category:Nations]]

Yād/Sound changes

Inzan — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 12:27:59 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:27, 29 October 2026
(3 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
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			# Stressed /æ/ merges with /e/.
			# Palatalization occurs in consonant before either long and short /i/ (turning into /ʲ/), except in labial consonants, /r/ and /h/.
			# Stressed /iː/ become /oj/ except word-finally or before consonant clusters, stressed /eː aː oː uː/ shifts into /iː oː uː yː/.
			# /aj æj ej/ diphthongs becomes /eː/, /uj/ diphthong becomes /y/, /æw ew/ diphthongs .becomes /ø/.
			# /aː/ becomes /o/ in closing diphthongs, /eːj eːw oːj/ diphthongs become /iː iw uj/.
			# Short vowels become long word-finally, if the final syllable is closed, vowels before the most final intervocalic consonant will lengthen. /ə/ becomes /a/ in the same previous conditions.
			# Unstressed /e o/ rises to /i u/ interconsonantally, unstressed /a/ drops in the same previous conditions, other unstressed short vowel that is not /a/ drops word-finally. Now all untressed /ə/ becomes /a/.
			# Syllabic nasals loss it's syllabicity by inserting /a/ before it, same goes with syllabic liquids but /u/ is inserted instead.
			# Palatalized consonant changes it's articulation: /kʲ tʲ ɡʲ dʲ sʲ zʲ nʲ lʲ/ becomes /t͡ʃ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ d͡ʒ ʃ ʒ ɲ ʎ/.
			# /ð/ drops, creating hiatuses that then desolves as best as it can be.
			# /x/ drops word-finally & before voiced stops, and lengthens the vowel before it. /x/ fortites into /g/ before non-plosive consonants and becomes /h/ otherwise.
			# Liquid clusters become geminates from the last liquid in the cluster.
			# Word-final /r/ is deleted ONLY in nominals.

	This is a sound change file [[Æðadĕ]] > [[Yād]], for use with the old version of GSCA. I'll just post it here so people can use it to derive more words for Yād from the [[Æðadĕ/Lexicon\|extended Æðadĕ vocabulary]]. -- [[User:Cedh\|Cedh]] 14:46, 14 January 2009 (UTC)		This is a sound change file [[Æðadĕ]] > [[Yād]], for use with the old version of GSCA. I'll just post it here so people can use it to derive more words for Yād from the [[Æðadĕ/Lexicon\|extended Æðadĕ vocabulary]]. -- [[User:Cedh\|Cedh]] 14:46, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Yād/Lexicon

Inzan — Sat, 24 Oct 2026 10:08:01 GMT

Show changes

Yād/Lexicon

Inzan — Sat, 24 Oct 2026 07:17:12 GMT

Created page with "{| {{bluetable|sortable lightbluebg l}} |- ! class="l"| word ! stem ! type ! meaning ! etymology |- | abaz* || || n. || fish || ''apâza'' |- | abæza* || abæz- || v. || to make || ''āpáza-'' |- | abena* || aben-/pen-, abenjĕn || v.irr. || to cry || ''apêna-'' |- | abjab || || adj. || light (not heavy) || ''epiâp'' |- | āboz || || n. || workshop || ''āpōza'' |- | aðar || || adj. || dirty || {{Adh|*àḋarr}} |- | ajnilo || || n. || military, army || {{Fá|æŋ..."

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User:Inzan/Namur/Lexicon

Inzan — Thu, 22 Oct 2026 11:09:08 GMT

Created page with "Notes: *Most words can function as either nouns, verbs or adjectives. Sometimes all of these senses are included, sometimes not. *When unspecified, the source language of a word is Namɨdu. Otherwise, it's from: **F Fáralo **WF Woltu Falla **Wip Wippwo '''a''' ''pron'' he, she [''a''] '''ay''' ''n, v'' fear, worry [''aya''] '''av''' ''n'' construction worker [''aba'' "mason"] '''axau''' ''a'' wrong [F ''ægóu''] '''aux''' ''n'' flower;..."

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User:Inzan/Namur

Inzan — Thu, 22 Oct 2026 11:00:20 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:00, 22 October 2026
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	{{Article}}		{{Article}}
	{{Language		{{Language
	\| language = ~~Namudo~~		\| language = Namur
	\| phonetic = [nɐ.ˈmuɾ]		\| phonetic = [nɐ.ˈmuɾ]
	\| date = c. 2000 YP		\| date = c. 2000 YP

User:Inzan/Namudo

Inzan — Thu, 22 Oct 2026 10:59:08 GMT

Redirected page to User:Inzan/Namur

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User:Inzan/Namur

Inzan — Thu, 22 Oct 2026 10:56:33 GMT

Created page with "{{Article}} {{Language | language = Namudo | phonetic = [nɐ.ˈmuɾ] | date = c. 2000 YP | place = Southern Huyfárah, northern Kasca | speakers = | script = adapted Fáralo alphabet | family = Edastean Fáralo Namɨdu Namudo | word-or = AuxSVO | mor-type = fusional | morphalign = direct | author = Inzan }} '''Namur''' is the language spoken in and around the city o..."

New page

{{Article}}
{{Language
| language = Namudo
| phonetic = [nɐ.ˈmuɾ]
| date = c. 2000 YP
| place = Southern Huyfárah, northern Kasca
| speakers =
| script = adapted [[Fáralo alphabet]]
| family = Edastean  Fáralo    Namɨdu     Namudo
| word-or = AuxSVO
| mor-type = fusional
| morphalign = direct
| author = [[User:Inzan|Inzan]]
}}
'''Namur''' is the language spoken in and around the city of [[Mɨdu|Mur]] and in northern [[Kasca]] around 2000 YP. It is a descendant of [[Namɨdu]].

By this time, Mudo is by far the biggest and most influential city of Huyfárah, and the de facto capital of the [[Union of Huyfárah and Kasca]] (Namudo: ''Śelś Nahuwour wou Nagoźed'', informally just ''Śelś''), which consists of various city-states which retain some degree of autonomy. Because of the great influence of Mur, Namur is the lingua franca of the region and in some areas, particularly in Kasca, it is replacing the local languages.

==Sound changes==
# Following a tendency in Namɨdu, /ɨ/ merges with /u/ if the following syllable contains an /u/ or a /w/, with /i/ at the end of a word and /ɛ/ otherwise.
# /ɔ/ is unrounded to /ʌ/ in a non-rounding environment.
# /w/, /j/, and /ɥ/ raise /a/ into a mid vowel, then /w/ rounds following vowels including /a/, /j/ fronts them, and /ɥ/ does both. /ɥ/ then unlabialized into /j/, but /j/ and /w/ are kept.
# /ʟ/ becomes /χʷ/.
# Chain Shift: Geminated plosives becomes singular, word-final voiceless plosives become voiced, and intervocal plosive becomes taps.
# Mid vowels raises from low-mid to mid/high-mid.
# Syncope: Unstressed final vowels drops, except when after consonant-approximant clusters, turning some geminated into long consonants. Unstressed final /u/ labializes the onset or consonantal clusters before it.
# Approximants drops before consonants.
# Labialization drops (including in /χʷ/), rounding the preceding vowel /i/ to /y/, /e/ to /ø/, /ʌ/ to /o/, and /a/ to /ɒ/.
==Phonology==
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
!
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! Nasal
| m /m/
| n /n/
| ń /ɲ/
| (ń /ŋ/)
|
|-
! Plosive
| p b /p b/
| t d /t d/
|
| k g /k g/
|
|-
! Affricate
|
| c dz /t͡s d͡z/
| ć dź /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/
| k g /k g/
|
|-
! Fricative
| f v /f v/
| s z /s z/
| ś ź /ʃ ʒ/
| ł /χ/
| h /h/
|-
! Tap
| b /β̆~ⱱ~v/
| d /ð̆~z̞~ɾ/
|
| ɡ /ɣ̆/
|
|-
! Trill
|
| r /r/
|
|
|
|-
! Approximants
| w /β̞~ɰᵝ~w/
| l /l/
| y /j/
|
|
|}

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! High
| i iu /i y/
| u /u/
|-
! Mid
| e eu /e ø/
| o ou /ə o~ɔ/
|-
! Low
| a /a/
| au /ɒ~ɔ/
|}

Stress remains unaffected in sound changes.

==Allophony==
# TBA

==Morphology==
===Nouns===
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Unmarked
| beu
| sbeu
|-
! Genitive
| nabeu
| nasbeu
|-
! Dative
| ibeu
| isbeu
|-
! Essive
| abeu
| asbeu
|-
! Locative
| mubeu
| musbeu
|}
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Unmarked
| cak
| kacak
|-
! Genitive
| nacak
| nakacak
|-
! Dative
| icak
| ikacak
|-
! Essive
| acak
| akacak
|-
! Locative
| mucak
| mukacak
|}

*TBA

The nominative/accusative distinction of Namɨdu was dropped, and a new locative case was acquired through the preposition ''mu''.

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
! Person
! Nom.
! Acc.
! Gen.
! Dat.
|-
! 1sg
| i
| ub
| ic
| em
|-
! 2sg
| leku
| leku
| lék
| léñk
|-
! 3sg
| a
| éf
| é
| ma
|-
! 1pl
| lúk
| lús
| lukéš
| lénþ
|-
! 2pl
| do
| do
| dóñ
| döm
|-
! 3pl
| ok
| ǻf
| oxé
| mok
|-
! Interrogative
| za
| zu
| zás
| zum
|}

'''A''' and '''ok''' and their case-forms can only refer to people.

The sound changes made several of the genitive and dative pronouns sound similar, if not identical. In the genitive, they were disambiguated by adding a nominative pronoun which eventually fused with the original genitive. New dative pronouns were invented by adding the regular dative prefixes to the nominative pronouns and then dropping the i-.

====Quantifiers====
* '''mý''' and '''míf''' no, none
* '''mos''' some, few
* '''vőf''' many, most
* '''ek''' all

====Other pronouns====
There are two demonstrative pronouns, '''vǻs''' (this) and '''zes''' (that). These inflect for case and number, just like nouns. '''Zes''' is also used as a definite article. When used as a definite article, the final -s is dropped if the following word begins with a vowel.

Besides these, there are the various interrogative and indefinite (etc.) pronouns:

* '''í?''' which?
* '''ñéf''' something
* '''ñerp''' someone
* '''míf''' nothing
* '''mír''' nobody
* '''őþ''' everything
* '''ér''' everyone

* '''mól?''' where?
* '''vök''' here
* '''sírk''' there
* '''mý''' nowhere
* '''ñef''' somewhere
* '''ekő''' everywhere

* '''hól?''' when?
* '''öslás''' now
* '''šislás''' then
* '''ñep''' sometimes
* '''ekes''' always
* '''ñáþ''' never

* '''duk''' why?

The negative indefinite pronouns are always used together with a negative auxiliary.

===Numerals===
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
!
! x
! 10x
! x+10
|-
! 1
| še
| ro
| ševön
|-
! 2
| ñi
| noñír
| ñivön
|-
! 3
| vås
| våls
| våsön
|-
! 4
| bu
| búr
| buvön
|-
! 5
| då
| dőr
| dåvön
|-
! 6
| es
| els
| esön
|-
! 7
| ñem
| ñerm
| ñemön
|-
! 8
| húþ
| hurt
| huþön
|-
! 9
| nik, nix-
| pinír
| nixön
|-
! 10
| ro
| uvőþ, ep
| noñir
|}
'''Nik''' "nine" becomes '''nix-''' whenever a suffix is added.

Larger numbers are formed using the conjunction '''å'''. Multiples of hundred may be made either by compounding with '''ep''' or by using the plural of either word for hundred. (Note that when used alone '''uvőþ''' is the more common word for "hundred" whereas in compounds '''ep''' predominates.) There is no word for "thousand", instead one says "ten hundreds". The word for 10,000 is '''as'''.

*'''búr å ñi''' 42
*'''uvőþ å noñír å šet''' 121
*'''våsep''' or '''vås zep''' or '''vås zuvőþ''' 300
*'''ro zep å hurt å ñem''' 1087
*'''pinír å nixep å pinír å nik''' 9999
*'''uvőþ å våls å då zas''' 1,350,000

Ordinals are formed by adding -t to the last word. In the standard variety, there are two slightly irregular forms, namely '''döt''' "fifth" and '''hut''' "eighth". In the colloquial language however, the more regular forms '''dåt''' and '''húþt''' are also heard.

In Namɨdu, the words for twenty and ninety had come to sound very similar. Therefore they were disambiguated as ''nom ñiro'' and ''pya niro'' respectively, which is where the forms ''nåñír'' and ''pinír'' come from. Similarly ''ɨbweddu'' was sometimes shortened to ''ɨb'', which is why there are two words for "hundred" as well.

The regular outcomes of the x+10 forms would have been considerably less regular, but they were regularised during the 18th century.

===Verbs===
As in Namɨdu, verbs consist of two parts: the main verb, and an auxiliary verb, which gives some fairly detailed information about tense, mood and aspect. The main verb is not inflected at all.

The auxiliary, on the other hand, distinguishes three tenses, three aspects, affirmative and negative forms, and a large variety of moods, though it is not conjugated for person or number. There are twenty-three basic auxiliaries; in addition there are a few prefixes which are used to make inceptive, cessative and emphatic forms.

====Basic auxiliaries====
The twenty-three basic auxiliaries, along with their prototypical uses, are these.
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Affirmative
! colspan="3" | Negative
|-
! Present
! Perfect
! Imperfect
! Present
! Perfect
! Imperfect
|-
! null
| šis
| sen
| set
| móš
| móns
| móst
|-
! can
| vå
| bön
| böt
| ef
| emp
| ept
|-
! should
| is
| íns
| íst
| mis
| míns
| míst
|-
! need
| éþ
| énþ
| éþt
| ñéþ
| ñénþ
| ñéþt
|-
! want
| ok
| óln
| ólt
| mok
| móln
| mólt
|-
! plan to
| vö
| vön
| vöt
| me
| men
| met
|-
! dare
| ku
| kun
| kut
| ék
| éñk
| ékt
|-
! may
| zes
| zens
| zest
| mes
| mens
| mest
|-
! seem
| íþ
| idrin
| idrit
| míþ
| midrin
| midrit
|-
! start
| šéf
| šémf
| šéft
| ñéf
| ñémf
| ñéft
|-
! continue
| ñek
| ñeñk
| ñekt
| eñek
| eñeñk
| eñekt
|-
! stop
| to
| ton
| tot
| méþ
| ménþ
| méþt
|-
! about to
| péns
| (péns)
| pénst
| epéns
| (epéns)
| epénst
|-
! just did
| píl
| píln
| pílt
| efíl
| efíln
| efílt
|-
! try
| isösk
| isönsk
| isöskt
| misösk
| misönsk
| misöskt
|-
! barely
| šens
| (šens)
| šenst
| ešens
| (ešens)
| ešenst
|-
! fail
| slór
| slórn
| slórt
| mislór
| mislórn
| mislórt
|-
! be
| ǻþ
| ǻnþ
| ǻþt
| mǻþ
| mǻnþ
| mǻþt
|-
! become
| mus
| muns
| must
| emus
| emuns
| emust
|-
! would
| úš
| únš
| úšt
| múš
| múnš
| múšt
|-
! cause
| em
| én
| ént
| mem
| mén
| mént
|-
! emphatic
| pöþ
| pönþ
| pöþt
| eföþ
| efönþ
| eföþt
|-
! imperative
| e
| -
| -
| ma
| -
| -
|}

====Derived auxiliaries====
There are a few prefixes which can be used to derive more specific auxiliary verbs. These prefixes are quite transparently derived from full auxiliaries, and they do not vary for tense, though they do have separate affirmative and negative forms. The prefixes are:
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
!
! Affirmative
! Negative
|-
! Inceptive
| še(f)-
| ñe(f)-
|-
! Cessative
| t(o)-
| me(þ)-
|-
! Emphatic
| pi(þ)-
| e(f)-
|}
The emphatic prefix can combined with either of the other two prefixes. With a few exceptions, all combinations of a prefix and an auxiliary are theoretically possible (though some may be used only very rarely). Strictly ungrammatical combinations include ''*šešéf'', ''*šefǻþ'', ''*toto'', ''*pipöþ'' and anything with '''šis''' as the second part.

As an example, here is the full set of auxiliaries derived from '''vå'''.
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Affirmative
! colspan="3" | Negative
|-
! Present
! Perfect
! Imperfect
! Present
! Perfect
! Imperfect
|-
! Basic
| vå
| bön
| böt
| ef
| emp
| ept
|-
! Inceptive
| ševå
| šebön
| šeböt
| ñefef
| ñefemp
| ñefept
|-
! Cessative
| tovå
| tobön
| toböt
| meþef
| meþemp
| meþept
|-
! Emphatic
| pivå
| pibön
| piböt
| efef
| efemp
| efept
|-
! Emph. inc.
| piševå
| pišebön
| pišeböt
| eñefef
| eñefemp
| eñefept
|-
! Emph. cess.
| pitovå
| pitobön
| pitoböt
| emeþef
| emeþemp
| emeþept
|}

====Tense and aspect usage====
The present is used for things happening in the present. As there is no future tense, the present tense of certain auxiliaries is also used to talk about the future.

The perfect is used to talk about completed actions and refers to a single point in time or the resulting state. The imperfect by contrast refers to longer periods of time, and can also indicate a repetition.

The inceptive and cessative aspects refer to the beginning and the end of an action, respectively. The inceptive perfect often emphasises the resulting state, and the cessative perfect often indicates something which happened further back in the past, much like the past perfect in English. In both the inceptive and the cessative aspect the imperfect tense stresses the process of starting or stopping.

The negative inceptive usually implies that it will start a bit later, and can often be translated as "not yet".

====Remarks on specific auxiliaries====
'''Is''' and '''éþ''' both indicate a necessity or an obligation, though '''is''' is a bit weaker than '''éþ'''. In the negative, however, it is the other way around: '''mis''' means "must not" whereas '''ñéþ''' means "doesn't have to".

'''Ok''' and '''vök''' both indicate an intention, but '''vök''' additionally indicates that it will happen within the near future.

'''Zes''' can indicate both a possibility or permission, depending on the context, and is used to indicate the future if the speaker is not sure it will actually happen.

The inceptive forms of '''ñek''' indicate a repetition, and can be translated as "again".

'''Ǻþ''' and '''mus''' are generally used as copulas and lack a main verb in those cases. They are also used with verbs expressing a state.

'''Úš''' is used for hypothetical things, such as conditionals. It is also used for hearsay.

'''E''' is not only used as an imperative but also to express wishes. In the second person, it is not required to include a subject pronoun, though doing so is considered more polite.

==Syntax==
===Word order===
The basic word order is auxiliary - subject - object - main verb.

'''S'i mik hob.''' 
[s.ˈi ˈmik ˈɦəb] 
NULL.AUX 1SG bread eat. 
I eat bread.

'''Ouł źe mal Imudo neun.''' 
[ˈo̞χ ˈʒe̞ ˈmal ɪ.ˈmuɾ nø̞n] 
want that man DAT-Múþ go 
That man wants to go to Mudo.

When there is both a direct and an indirect object in a sentence the direct object comes first.

'''Sen śak śet em miz.''' 
[sən ˈʃak ˈʃe̞t əm ˈmiz] 
PERF king coin 1SG.DAT give 
The king gave me a coin.

The subject can be fronted for emphasis. Doing this requires the use of an emphatic auxiliary.

'''I pyeut Mumudo tśed, a epyeut.''' 
[ˈi pjøt mʊ.ˈmuɾ ˈt͡ʃed, ˈa e̞.ˈpjøt] 
1SG EMPH LOC-Múþ live, 2SG NEG.EMPH. 
''I'' live in Múþ, ''he'' don't.

===The noun phrase===
The word order of noun phrases is determiner - number - adjectives - noun - genitive/dative/prepositional phrase.

'''Wuz pye swuł iźak''' 
[ˈɰᵝʊz ˈpje̞ ˈsɰᵝʊχ ɪ.ˈʒak]
three big PL-castle DAT-king 
The king's three big castles

'''mal pyeun wuz sizło''' 
[ˈmal pjøn ˈɰᵝʊz ˈsizχᵊ]
man with three PL-son 
the man with three sons

Genitive pronouns come in the determiner slot, unlike genitive nouns.

'''éš vuk''' but '''vuk našak''' 
1SG.GEN castle / castle GEN-king 
my castle / the king's castle

===Subordination===
There are several subordinating particles. The most basic one is '''rém''', which can form both noun classes and relative clauses.

'''sen do šeþ kósk''' > '''šeþ rém sen do kósk''' 
PERF 2PL house see > house REL PERF 2PL see 
You (pl) saw the house > the house that you (pl) saw

Within the relative clause, a pronoun referring to the antecedent is always included.

'''mál rém šis a úf kósk''' 
man REL NULL.AUX 3SG.NOM 1SG.ACC see 
the man that sees me

'''mál rém šis i éf kósk''' 
man REL NULL.AUX 1SG.NOM 3SG.ACC see 
the man that I see

Occasionally, it is not directly clear whether the antecedent is the subject or the object of the relative clause, as in the below example in which either of the two third person singular pronouns could refer to the man. In such cases, that has to be inferred from the context.

'''mál rém šis a éf kósk''' 
mal REL NULL.AUX 3SG.NOM 3SG.ACC see 
the man that sees him/the man that he sees

The same particle can also be used to form noun clauses.

'''Šis i musúþ rém píl a vök åþ.''' 
NULL.AUX 1SG.NOM believe REL just.did 3SG.NOM here arrive 
I believe he's just arrived.

After verbs relating to speech, however, noun clauses are not introduced by the particle '''rém''', but rather by '''bi'''.

'''Sen i ma ǻs bi píl lék vök åþ.''' 
PERF 1SG.NOM 3SG.DAT tell QUOT just.did 2SG.NOM here arrive 
I've told him that you're here.

The particle '''bi''' can also be followed by a direct quotation.

'''Sen i ma ǻs bi: "ǻþ lék ñesk pisk."''' 
PERF 1SG.NOM 3SG.DAT tell QUOT: be 2SG.GEN cow dead. 
I said to him: "your cow is dead."

Relative "where" uses the particle '''ruñk'''.

'''edől ruñk šis i šeþ''' 
city where.REL NULL.AUX 1SG.NOM live 
the city where I live

There are four temporal subordinating particles: '''sorm''' "when", '''ik''' "before", '''uk''' "after" and '''gryk''' "until". '''Ik''' always takes an inceptive auxiliary, and '''uk''' always takes a cessative auxiliary.

'''sårm ǻþt a mulefék éf''' 
when be.IMPF 3SG.NOM LOC-throne sit 
when he sat on the throne

'''ik šéft a mulefék éf''' 
before start.IMPF 3SG.NOM LOC-throne sit 
before he sat on the throne

'''uk tot a mulefék éf''' 
after stop.IMPF 3SG.NOM LOC-throne sit 
after he sat on the throne

===Conditionals===
Conditionals are expressed by the conjunctions '''sorm''' ... '''šis'''. Either of these may be left out, though it is necessary to include at least one of the two.

'''Sorm úš lék öslás nön, šis úš lék lǻþ mulás åþ.''' 
if would 2SG.NOM now leave, then would 2SG.NOM correct LOC-hour arrive 
''If you leave now, you will arrive on time.''

As can be seen, usually a form of the auxiliary '''úš''' is used in both parts of the sentence. However, when expressing general truths, it is only used in the if-part.

'''Sorm úš ñál sen, šéf muzáþ.''' 
if would too.much drink, start get.drunk 
''If you drink too much, you get drunk.''

In the past tenses, '''úš''' in the if-part indicates a counterfactual. When simply expressing a condition in the past, another auxiliary must be used.

'''Sorm únš i ñok hop, šis múš i én azes öslás.''' 
if would.PERF 1SG more eat, then NEG.would 1SG hungry ESS-that now 
''If I had eaten more, I wouldn't be so hungry now.''

===Questions===
All questions use an interrogative particle '''le''', which is put at the end of the phrase.

'''Sen lék ze kus ñåk le?''' 
PERF 2SG.NOM DEF book read Q? 
Did you read read the book?

Interrogative pronouns are placed at the beginning of the sentence, before the auxiliary. Questions with an interrogative pronoun still require the particle '''le'''.

'''Mól ǻþ éš šiñxs le?''' 
Where be 1SG.GEN beer Q? 
Where is my beer?

The particle '''le''' can also be used to form tag questions after both affirmative and negative sentences.

'''Šis lék izuk lúm, le?''' 
NULL.AUX 2SG.NOM DAT-cheese like, Q? 
You like cheese, right?

===Case usage===
The neutral case is used for both subjects and direct objects.

'''Šis ze pi šeþ kósk.''' 
NULL.AUX DEF child house see. 
The child sees a house.

The genitive is used to indicate possession and other types of relationships. Often it can be, and is, replaced by a dative, but when a pronoun is used, you have to use a genitive.

'''skexp našak''' or '''skexp išak.''' 
clothes GEN-king / DAT-king 
the king's clothes

'''lék méxt''' but not '''*léñk méxt''' 
2SG.GEN brother / 2SG.DAT brother 
your brother

The genitive cannot be replaced by a dative when it indicates composition.

'''šeþ nagoþ''' 
house GEN-wood 
a wooden house

The dative is used for indirect object, and, as mentioned above, for possession.

'''Sen a kus imám mís.''' 
PERF 3SG.NOM book DAT-mother give. 
He gave a book to his mother.

The essive indicates a state or a similarity.

'''Set i afi öf őr.''' 
IMPF 1SG.NOM ESS-child swim like 
As a child, I liked swimming.

'''Ǻþ a pe ånåk.''' 
be 3SG big ESS-bear 
He is as big as a bear.

It is also used for appositive phrases.

'''i améxt iléþk å ilúmp''' 
1SG.NOM ESS-brother DAT-sun and DAT-moon 
I, brother to the sun and moon

'''Vǻs''' "this" and '''zes''' "that", when used as determiners, are followed by nouns in the essive case.

'''Ǻþ zes amál ő.''' 
be that ESS-man stupid 
''That man is stupid.''

The locative is used to indicate a place, but only if there is no preposition. Generally the locative is used when the exact position relative to the noun is somehow implied (i.e. you tend to sit ''on'' a chair, sitting ''next to'' it would make less sense).

'''sorm set i mulefék éf''' 
when IMPF 1SG.NOM LOC-throne sit 
when I sat on the throne

By extension, the locative can also indicate a time.

'''Ǻþt i vőf muzñek våk.''' 
be.IMPF 1SG many LOC-PL-day silent 
I was silent for many days.

==Sample==
''Updated translation will appear at an unspecified point in the future. I, knowing myself, am unfortunately unable to promise it will be soon.''

''([[Tsinakan text]])''

==Lexicon==
See [[/Lexicon]].

User:Inzan/Namudo

Inzan — Thu, 22 Oct 2026 02:38:50 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:38, 21 October 2026
Line 682:		Line 682:

	'''Wuz pye swuł iźak'''<br>		'''Wuz pye swuł iźak'''<br>
	[ˈɰᵝʊz ~~ˈpje̞ˈsɰᵝʊχ~~ ɪ.ˈʒak]		[ˈɰᵝʊz ˈpje̞ ˈsɰᵝʊχ ɪ.ˈʒak]
	<small>three big PL-castle DAT-king</small><br>		<small>three big PL-castle DAT-king</small><br>
	The king's three big castles		The king's three big castles

Siŋmeasita

Inzan — Wed, 21 Oct 2026 14:07:01 GMT

Created page with "{{Article}} '''Siŋmeasita''' is one of the wealthiest cities on the Lukpanic coast of western Peilaš, located on the western coast of the Naunupai peninsula, to the southwest of Kpitamoa. Hu Shĩmyashta is the language spoken in the city, evolved from one of a prestige dialect of Proto-Lukpanic. ==Names== {| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}} |- ! Language ! Name ! Pronunciation ! Etymology |- ! Proto-Lukpanic | Siŋmeasita | [si.ŋ͡me.ˈa.si.ta] | ''..."

New page

{{Article}}

'''Siŋmeasita''' is one of the wealthiest cities on the [[Lukpanic coast]] of western [[Peilaš]], located on the western coast of the Naunupai peninsula, to the southwest of [[Kpitamoa]]. [[Hu Shĩmyashta]] is the language spoken in the city, evolved from one of a prestige dialect of [[Proto-Lukpanic]].

==Names==
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! Language
! Name
! Pronunciation
! Etymology
|-
! [[Proto-Lukpanic]]
| Siŋmeasita
| [si.ŋ͡me.ˈa.si.ta]
| ''"heron beach"''
|-
! [[Fu Pitão]]
| Sĩmesita
| [ʃĩ.me.ʃi.ta]
|
|-
! [[Ru Negwẽ]]
|
|
|
|-
! [[Hu Shĩmyashta]]
| Shĩmyashta
| [ʃĩ.mjaʃ.ta]
|
|-
! [[U Ishe]]
|
|
|
|-
! [[U Adonupu]]
|
|
|
|-
! [[Doayâu]]
| Sìmésita
| [sʲḭ.mé.sʲi.ta]
| ← {{KpL|Sĩmesita}} (borrowed)
|-
! [[Ìletlégbàku]]
|
|
|
|-
! [[Ishoʻu ʻOhu]]
|
|
|
|-
! [[U Bol]]
| Šiméšita
| [ʃi.ˈme.ʃi.ta]
|
|-
! [[O Ayōndui]]
| Shimeshita
| [ɕi.ˈme.ɕi.ta]
| ← {{UB|Šiméšita}} (borrowed)
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Hu Shĩmyashta]]

{{Stub}}

[[Category:Cities]]

Proto-Lukpanic/Lexicon

Inzan — Wed, 21 Oct 2026 13:34:34 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:34, 21 October 2026
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	This is a lexicon of [[~~Lukpanic languages\|~~Proto-Lukpanic]].		This is a lexicon of [[Proto-Lukpanic]].

	{\| {{bluetable\|sortable lightbluebg l}}		{\| {{bluetable\|sortable lightbluebg l}}

Languages of Akana/Lukpanic

Inzan — Wed, 21 Oct 2026 13:30:58 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:30, 21 October 2026
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	* [[Proto-Lukpanic]] {{context\|(Lukpanic coast, c. -1500 YP - [[User:Dunomapuka\|Dunomapuka]])}}		* [[Proto-Lukpanic]] {{context\|(Lukpanic coast, c. -1500 YP - [[User:Dunomapuka\|Dunomapuka]])}}
	** [[Lukpanic languages/Naəgbum dialect\|Ru Negwẽ]] {{context\|(Naəgbum, c. -900 YP - [[User:Alces\|Alces]])}}		** '''East Lukpanic languages'''
	** [[Lukpanic languages/Kpitamoa dialect\|Fu Pitão]] {{context\|(Kpitamoa, c. -750 YP - [[User:Cedh\|Cedh]])}}		*** [[Lukpanic languages/Naəgbum dialect\|Ru Negwẽ]] {{context\|(Naəgbum, c. -900 YP - [[User:Alces\|Alces]])}}
	** [[Lukpanic languages/Siŋmeasita dialect\|Hu Shĩmyashta]] {{context\|(Siŋmeasita, c. -700 YP - [[User:Corumayas\|Corumayas]])}}		*** [[Lukpanic languages/Kpitamoa dialect\|Fu Pitão]] {{context\|(Kpitamoa, c. -750 YP - [[User:Cedh\|Cedh]])}}
	*** [[Fu]] {{context\|(Poalugbum, c. 100 YP - [[User:Dunomapuka\|Dunomapuka]] - descended from a dialect similar to Hu Shĩmyashta)}}		*** [[Lukpanic languages/Siŋmeasita dialect\|Hu Shĩmyashta]] {{context\|(Siŋmeasita, c. -700 YP - [[User:Corumayas\|Corumayas]])}}
			**** [[Fu]] {{context\|(Poalugbum, c. 100 YP - [[User:Dunomapuka\|Dunomapuka]] - descended from a dialect similar to Hu Shĩmyashta)}}
	** [[Lukpanic languages/Isi dialect\|U Ishe]] {{context\|(Isi, c. -750 YP - [[User:Thedukeofnuke\|thedukeofnuke]])}}		** [[Lukpanic languages/Isi dialect\|U Ishe]] {{context\|(Isi, c. -750 YP - [[User:Thedukeofnuke\|thedukeofnuke]])}}
	** [[Lukpanic languages/Doanu dialect\|U Adonupu]] {{context\|(Doanu, c. -500 YP - [[User:CatDoom\|CatDoom]])}}		** [[Lukpanic languages/Doanu dialect\|U Adonupu]] {{context\|(Doanu, c. -500 YP - [[User:CatDoom\|CatDoom]])}}
	** [[Lukpanic languages/Eaunutul dialect\|O Ayōndui]] {{context\|(Yōndui islands, c. -300 YP - [[User:Cedh\|Cedh]])}}		** [[Lukpanic languages/Eaunutul dialect\|O Ayōndui]] {{context\|(Yōndui islands, c. -300 YP - [[User:Cedh\|Cedh]])}}

Languages of Akana/Talo-Edastean

Inzan — Wed, 21 Oct 2026 13:13:44 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:13, 21 October 2026
Line 13:		Line 13:
	****Late [[Tlaliolz]] <small>(c. 300 YP)</small>		****Late [[Tlaliolz]] <small>(c. 300 YP)</small>
	***'''Antaggic languages'''		***'''Antaggic languages'''
	****~~...~~		****[[Antagg]]

User:Inzan/Namudo

Inzan — Tue, 20 Oct 2026 09:27:31 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:27, 20 October 2026
(2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
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	The basic word order is auxiliary - subject - object - main verb.		The basic word order is auxiliary - subject - object - main verb.

	'''~~Šis~~ i mik ~~hop~~.'''<br>		'''S'i mik hob.'''<br>
	<small>NULL.AUX 1SG bread eat.</small><br>		[s.ˈi ˈmik ˈɦəb]<br>
	I~~'m eating some~~ bread.		<small>NULL.AUX 1SG bread eat.</small><br>
			I eat bread.

	'''~~Ok ze mál Imúþ nön~~.'''<br>		'''Ouł źe mal Imudo neun.'''<br>
	<small>want ~~DEF~~ man DAT-Múþ go</small><br>		[ˈo̞χ ˈʒe̞ ˈmal ɪ.ˈmuɾ nø̞n]<br>
	That man wants to go to ~~Múþ~~.		<small>want that man DAT-Múþ go</small><br>
			That man wants to go to Mudo.

	When there is both a direct and an indirect object in a sentence the direct object comes first.		When there is both a direct and an indirect object in a sentence the direct object comes first.

	'''Sen ~~ze šak šet mi mís~~.'''<br>		'''Sen śak śet em miz.'''<br>
	<small>PERF ~~DEF~~ king coin 1SG.DAT.</small><br>		[sən ˈʃak ˈʃe̞t əm ˈmiz]<br>
			<small>PERF king coin 1SG.DAT give</small><br>
	The king gave me a coin.		The king gave me a coin.

	The subject can be fronted for emphasis. Doing this requires the use of an emphatic auxiliary.		The subject can be fronted for emphasis. Doing this requires the use of an emphatic auxiliary.

	'''I ~~pöþ Mumúþ šeþ~~, ~~lék eföþ~~.'''<br>		'''I pyeut Mumudo tśed, a epyeut.'''<br>
			[ˈi pjøt mʊ.ˈmuɾ ˈt͡ʃed, ˈa e̞.ˈpjøt]<br>
	<small>1SG EMPH LOC-Múþ live, 2SG NEG.EMPH.</small><br>		<small>1SG EMPH LOC-Múþ live, 2SG NEG.EMPH.</small><br>
	''I'' live in Múþ, ''~~you~~'' don't.		''I'' live in Múþ, ''he'' don't.

	===The noun phrase===		===The noun phrase===
	The word order of noun phrases is determiner - number - adjectives - noun - genitive/dative/prepositional phrase.		The word order of noun phrases is determiner - number - adjectives - noun - genitive/dative/prepositional phrase.

	'''~~ze vǻs pe zvuk išak~~'''<br>		'''Wuz pye swuł iźak'''<br>
	<small>~~DEF~~ three big PL-castle DAT-king</small><br>		[ˈɰᵝʊz ˈpje̞ˈsɰᵝʊχ ɪ.ˈʒak]
	~~the~~ king's three big castles		<small>three big PL-castle DAT-king</small><br>
			The king's three big castles

	'''~~ze mál pön vǻs sisk~~'''<br>		'''mal pyeun wuz sizło'''<br>
	<small>~~DEF~~ man with three PL-son</small><br>		[ˈmal pjøn ˈɰᵝʊz ˈsizχᵊ]
			<small>man with three PL-son</small><br>
	the man with three sons		the man with three sons

User:Inzan/Namudo

Inzan — Mon, 19 Oct 2026 13:30:06 GMT

Created page with "{{Article}} {{Language | language = Namudo | phonetic = [nɐ.ˈmuɾ] | date = c. 2000 YP | place = Southern Huyfárah, northern Kasca | speakers = | script = adapted Fáralo alphabet | family = Edastean Fáralo Namɨdu Namudo | word-or = AuxSVO | mor-type = fusional | morphalign = direct | author = Inzan }} '''Namudo''' is the language spoken in and around the city..."

New page

{{Article}}
{{Language
| language = Namudo
| phonetic = [nɐ.ˈmuɾ]
| date = c. 2000 YP
| place = Southern Huyfárah, northern Kasca
| speakers =
| script = adapted [[Fáralo alphabet]]
| family = Edastean  Fáralo    Namɨdu     Namudo
| word-or = AuxSVO
| mor-type = fusional
| morphalign = direct
| author = [[User:Inzan|Inzan]]
}}
'''Namudo''' is the language spoken in and around the city of [[Mɨdu|Mudo]] and in northern [[Kasca]] around 2000 YP. It is a descendant of [[Namɨdu]].

By this time, Mudo is by far the biggest and most influential city of Huyfárah, and the de facto capital of the [[Union of Huyfárah and Kasca]] (Namudo: ''Śelś Nahuwor wo Nagoźed'', informally just ''Śelś''), which consists of various city-states which retain some degree of autonomy. Because of the great influence of Mudo, Namudo is the lingua franca of the region and in some areas, particularly in Kasca, it is replacing the local languages.

==Sound changes==
# Following a tendency in Namɨdu, /ɨ/ merges with /u/ if the following syllable contains an /u/ or a /w/, with /i/ at the end of a word and /ɛ/ otherwise.
# /ɔ/ is unrounded to /ʌ/ in a non-rounding environment.
# /w/, /j/, and /ɥ/ raise /a/ into a mid vowel, then /w/ rounds following vowels including /a/, /j/ fronts them, and /ɥ/ does both. /ɥ/ then unlabialized into /j/, but /j/ and /w/ are kept.
# /ʟ/ becomes /χʷ/.
# Chain Shift: Geminated plosives becomes singular, word-final voiceless plosives become voiced, and intervocal plosive becomes taps.
# Mid vowels raises from low-mid to mid/high-mid.
# Syncope: Unstressed final vowels drops, except when after consonant-approximant clusters, turning some geminated into long consonants. Unstressed final /u/ labializes the onset or consonantal clusters before it.
# Approximants drops before consonants.
# Labialization drops (including in /χʷ/), rounding the preceding vowel /i/ to /y/, /e/ to /ø/, /ʌ/ to /o/, and /a/ to /ɒ/.
==Phonology==
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
!
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! Nasal
| m /m/
| n /n/
| ń /ɲ/
| (ń /ŋ/)
|
|-
! Plosive
| p b /p b/
| t d /t d/
|
| k g /k g/
|
|-
! Affricate
|
| c dz /t͡s d͡z/
| ć dź /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/
| k g /k g/
|
|-
! Fricative
| f v /f v/
| s z /s z/
| ś ź /ʃ ʒ/
| ł /χ/
| h /h/
|-
! Tap
| b /β̆~ⱱ~v/
| d /ð̆~z̞~ɾ/
|
| ɡ /ɣ̆/
|
|-
! Trill
|
| r /r/
|
|
|
|-
! Approximants
| w /β̞~ɰᵝ~w/
| l /l/
| y /j/
|
|
|}

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! High
| i iu /i y/
| u /u/
|-
! Mid
| e eu /e ø/
| o ou /ə o~ɔ/
|-
! Low
| a /a/
| au /ɒ~ɔ/
|}

Stress remains unaffected in sound changes.

==Allophony==
# TBA

==Morphology==
===Nouns===
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Unmarked
| beu
| sbeu
|-
! Genitive
| nabeu
| nasbeu
|-
! Dative
| ibeu
| isbeu
|-
! Essive
| abeu
| asbeu
|-
! Locative
| mubeu
| musbeu
|}
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Unmarked
| cak
| kacak
|-
! Genitive
| nacak
| nakacak
|-
! Dative
| icak
| ikacak
|-
! Essive
| acak
| akacak
|-
! Locative
| mucak
| mukacak
|}

*TBA

The nominative/accusative distinction of Namɨdu was dropped, and a new locative case was acquired through the preposition ''mu''.

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
! Person
! Nom.
! Acc.
! Gen.
! Dat.
|-
! 1sg
| i
| ub
| ic
| em
|-
! 2sg
| leku
| leku
| lék
| léñk
|-
! 3sg
| a
| éf
| é
| ma
|-
! 1pl
| lúk
| lús
| lukéš
| lénþ
|-
! 2pl
| do
| do
| dóñ
| döm
|-
! 3pl
| ok
| ǻf
| oxé
| mok
|-
! Interrogative
| za
| zu
| zás
| zum
|}

'''A''' and '''ok''' and their case-forms can only refer to people.

The sound changes made several of the genitive and dative pronouns sound similar, if not identical. In the genitive, they were disambiguated by adding a nominative pronoun which eventually fused with the original genitive. New dative pronouns were invented by adding the regular dative prefixes to the nominative pronouns and then dropping the i-.

====Quantifiers====
* '''mý''' and '''míf''' no, none
* '''mos''' some, few
* '''vőf''' many, most
* '''ek''' all

====Other pronouns====
There are two demonstrative pronouns, '''vǻs''' (this) and '''zes''' (that). These inflect for case and number, just like nouns. '''Zes''' is also used as a definite article. When used as a definite article, the final -s is dropped if the following word begins with a vowel.

Besides these, there are the various interrogative and indefinite (etc.) pronouns:

* '''í?''' which?
* '''ñéf''' something
* '''ñerp''' someone
* '''míf''' nothing
* '''mír''' nobody
* '''őþ''' everything
* '''ér''' everyone

* '''mól?''' where?
* '''vök''' here
* '''sírk''' there
* '''mý''' nowhere
* '''ñef''' somewhere
* '''ekő''' everywhere

* '''hól?''' when?
* '''öslás''' now
* '''šislás''' then
* '''ñep''' sometimes
* '''ekes''' always
* '''ñáþ''' never

* '''duk''' why?

The negative indefinite pronouns are always used together with a negative auxiliary.

===Numerals===
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
!
! x
! 10x
! x+10
|-
! 1
| še
| ro
| ševön
|-
! 2
| ñi
| noñír
| ñivön
|-
! 3
| vås
| våls
| våsön
|-
! 4
| bu
| búr
| buvön
|-
! 5
| då
| dőr
| dåvön
|-
! 6
| es
| els
| esön
|-
! 7
| ñem
| ñerm
| ñemön
|-
! 8
| húþ
| hurt
| huþön
|-
! 9
| nik, nix-
| pinír
| nixön
|-
! 10
| ro
| uvőþ, ep
| noñir
|}
'''Nik''' "nine" becomes '''nix-''' whenever a suffix is added.

Larger numbers are formed using the conjunction '''å'''. Multiples of hundred may be made either by compounding with '''ep''' or by using the plural of either word for hundred. (Note that when used alone '''uvőþ''' is the more common word for "hundred" whereas in compounds '''ep''' predominates.) There is no word for "thousand", instead one says "ten hundreds". The word for 10,000 is '''as'''.

*'''búr å ñi''' 42
*'''uvőþ å noñír å šet''' 121
*'''våsep''' or '''vås zep''' or '''vås zuvőþ''' 300
*'''ro zep å hurt å ñem''' 1087
*'''pinír å nixep å pinír å nik''' 9999
*'''uvőþ å våls å då zas''' 1,350,000

Ordinals are formed by adding -t to the last word. In the standard variety, there are two slightly irregular forms, namely '''döt''' "fifth" and '''hut''' "eighth". In the colloquial language however, the more regular forms '''dåt''' and '''húþt''' are also heard.

In Namɨdu, the words for twenty and ninety had come to sound very similar. Therefore they were disambiguated as ''nom ñiro'' and ''pya niro'' respectively, which is where the forms ''nåñír'' and ''pinír'' come from. Similarly ''ɨbweddu'' was sometimes shortened to ''ɨb'', which is why there are two words for "hundred" as well.

The regular outcomes of the x+10 forms would have been considerably less regular, but they were regularised during the 18th century.

===Verbs===
As in Namɨdu, verbs consist of two parts: the main verb, and an auxiliary verb, which gives some fairly detailed information about tense, mood and aspect. The main verb is not inflected at all.

The auxiliary, on the other hand, distinguishes three tenses, three aspects, affirmative and negative forms, and a large variety of moods, though it is not conjugated for person or number. There are twenty-three basic auxiliaries; in addition there are a few prefixes which are used to make inceptive, cessative and emphatic forms.

====Basic auxiliaries====
The twenty-three basic auxiliaries, along with their prototypical uses, are these.
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Affirmative
! colspan="3" | Negative
|-
! Present
! Perfect
! Imperfect
! Present
! Perfect
! Imperfect
|-
! null
| šis
| sen
| set
| móš
| móns
| móst
|-
! can
| vå
| bön
| böt
| ef
| emp
| ept
|-
! should
| is
| íns
| íst
| mis
| míns
| míst
|-
! need
| éþ
| énþ
| éþt
| ñéþ
| ñénþ
| ñéþt
|-
! want
| ok
| óln
| ólt
| mok
| móln
| mólt
|-
! plan to
| vö
| vön
| vöt
| me
| men
| met
|-
! dare
| ku
| kun
| kut
| ék
| éñk
| ékt
|-
! may
| zes
| zens
| zest
| mes
| mens
| mest
|-
! seem
| íþ
| idrin
| idrit
| míþ
| midrin
| midrit
|-
! start
| šéf
| šémf
| šéft
| ñéf
| ñémf
| ñéft
|-
! continue
| ñek
| ñeñk
| ñekt
| eñek
| eñeñk
| eñekt
|-
! stop
| to
| ton
| tot
| méþ
| ménþ
| méþt
|-
! about to
| péns
| (péns)
| pénst
| epéns
| (epéns)
| epénst
|-
! just did
| píl
| píln
| pílt
| efíl
| efíln
| efílt
|-
! try
| isösk
| isönsk
| isöskt
| misösk
| misönsk
| misöskt
|-
! barely
| šens
| (šens)
| šenst
| ešens
| (ešens)
| ešenst
|-
! fail
| slór
| slórn
| slórt
| mislór
| mislórn
| mislórt
|-
! be
| ǻþ
| ǻnþ
| ǻþt
| mǻþ
| mǻnþ
| mǻþt
|-
! become
| mus
| muns
| must
| emus
| emuns
| emust
|-
! would
| úš
| únš
| úšt
| múš
| múnš
| múšt
|-
! cause
| em
| én
| ént
| mem
| mén
| mént
|-
! emphatic
| pöþ
| pönþ
| pöþt
| eföþ
| efönþ
| eföþt
|-
! imperative
| e
| -
| -
| ma
| -
| -
|}

====Derived auxiliaries====
There are a few prefixes which can be used to derive more specific auxiliary verbs. These prefixes are quite transparently derived from full auxiliaries, and they do not vary for tense, though they do have separate affirmative and negative forms. The prefixes are:
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
!
! Affirmative
! Negative
|-
! Inceptive
| še(f)-
| ñe(f)-
|-
! Cessative
| t(o)-
| me(þ)-
|-
! Emphatic
| pi(þ)-
| e(f)-
|}
The emphatic prefix can combined with either of the other two prefixes. With a few exceptions, all combinations of a prefix and an auxiliary are theoretically possible (though some may be used only very rarely). Strictly ungrammatical combinations include ''*šešéf'', ''*šefǻþ'', ''*toto'', ''*pipöþ'' and anything with '''šis''' as the second part.

As an example, here is the full set of auxiliaries derived from '''vå'''.
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Affirmative
! colspan="3" | Negative
|-
! Present
! Perfect
! Imperfect
! Present
! Perfect
! Imperfect
|-
! Basic
| vå
| bön
| böt
| ef
| emp
| ept
|-
! Inceptive
| ševå
| šebön
| šeböt
| ñefef
| ñefemp
| ñefept
|-
! Cessative
| tovå
| tobön
| toböt
| meþef
| meþemp
| meþept
|-
! Emphatic
| pivå
| pibön
| piböt
| efef
| efemp
| efept
|-
! Emph. inc.
| piševå
| pišebön
| pišeböt
| eñefef
| eñefemp
| eñefept
|-
! Emph. cess.
| pitovå
| pitobön
| pitoböt
| emeþef
| emeþemp
| emeþept
|}

====Tense and aspect usage====
The present is used for things happening in the present. As there is no future tense, the present tense of certain auxiliaries is also used to talk about the future.

The perfect is used to talk about completed actions and refers to a single point in time or the resulting state. The imperfect by contrast refers to longer periods of time, and can also indicate a repetition.

The inceptive and cessative aspects refer to the beginning and the end of an action, respectively. The inceptive perfect often emphasises the resulting state, and the cessative perfect often indicates something which happened further back in the past, much like the past perfect in English. In both the inceptive and the cessative aspect the imperfect tense stresses the process of starting or stopping.

The negative inceptive usually implies that it will start a bit later, and can often be translated as "not yet".

====Remarks on specific auxiliaries====
'''Is''' and '''éþ''' both indicate a necessity or an obligation, though '''is''' is a bit weaker than '''éþ'''. In the negative, however, it is the other way around: '''mis''' means "must not" whereas '''ñéþ''' means "doesn't have to".

'''Ok''' and '''vök''' both indicate an intention, but '''vök''' additionally indicates that it will happen within the near future.

'''Zes''' can indicate both a possibility or permission, depending on the context, and is used to indicate the future if the speaker is not sure it will actually happen.

The inceptive forms of '''ñek''' indicate a repetition, and can be translated as "again".

'''Ǻþ''' and '''mus''' are generally used as copulas and lack a main verb in those cases. They are also used with verbs expressing a state.

'''Úš''' is used for hypothetical things, such as conditionals. It is also used for hearsay.

'''E''' is not only used as an imperative but also to express wishes. In the second person, it is not required to include a subject pronoun, though doing so is considered more polite.

==Syntax==
===Word order===
The basic word order is auxiliary - subject - object - main verb.

'''Šis i mik hop.''' 
NULL.AUX 1SG bread eat. 
I'm eating some bread.

'''Ok ze mál Imúþ nön.''' 
want DEF man DAT-Múþ go 
That man wants to go to Múþ.

When there is both a direct and an indirect object in a sentence the direct object comes first.

'''Sen ze šak šet mi mís.''' 
PERF DEF king coin 1SG.DAT. 
The king gave me a coin.

The subject can be fronted for emphasis. Doing this requires the use of an emphatic auxiliary.

'''I pöþ Mumúþ šeþ, lék eföþ.''' 
1SG EMPH LOC-Múþ live, 2SG NEG.EMPH. 
''I'' live in Múþ, ''you'' don't.

===The noun phrase===
The word order of noun phrases is determiner - number - adjectives - noun - genitive/dative/prepositional phrase.

'''ze vǻs pe zvuk išak''' 
DEF three big PL-castle DAT-king 
the king's three big castles

'''ze mál pön vǻs sisk''' 
DEF man with three PL-son 
the man with three sons

Genitive pronouns come in the determiner slot, unlike genitive nouns.

'''éš vuk''' but '''vuk našak''' 
1SG.GEN castle / castle GEN-king 
my castle / the king's castle

===Subordination===
There are several subordinating particles. The most basic one is '''rém''', which can form both noun classes and relative clauses.

'''sen do šeþ kósk''' > '''šeþ rém sen do kósk''' 
PERF 2PL house see > house REL PERF 2PL see 
You (pl) saw the house > the house that you (pl) saw

Within the relative clause, a pronoun referring to the antecedent is always included.

'''mál rém šis a úf kósk''' 
man REL NULL.AUX 3SG.NOM 1SG.ACC see 
the man that sees me

'''mál rém šis i éf kósk''' 
man REL NULL.AUX 1SG.NOM 3SG.ACC see 
the man that I see

Occasionally, it is not directly clear whether the antecedent is the subject or the object of the relative clause, as in the below example in which either of the two third person singular pronouns could refer to the man. In such cases, that has to be inferred from the context.

'''mál rém šis a éf kósk''' 
mal REL NULL.AUX 3SG.NOM 3SG.ACC see 
the man that sees him/the man that he sees

The same particle can also be used to form noun clauses.

'''Šis i musúþ rém píl a vök åþ.''' 
NULL.AUX 1SG.NOM believe REL just.did 3SG.NOM here arrive 
I believe he's just arrived.

After verbs relating to speech, however, noun clauses are not introduced by the particle '''rém''', but rather by '''bi'''.

'''Sen i ma ǻs bi píl lék vök åþ.''' 
PERF 1SG.NOM 3SG.DAT tell QUOT just.did 2SG.NOM here arrive 
I've told him that you're here.

The particle '''bi''' can also be followed by a direct quotation.

'''Sen i ma ǻs bi: "ǻþ lék ñesk pisk."''' 
PERF 1SG.NOM 3SG.DAT tell QUOT: be 2SG.GEN cow dead. 
I said to him: "your cow is dead."

Relative "where" uses the particle '''ruñk'''.

'''edől ruñk šis i šeþ''' 
city where.REL NULL.AUX 1SG.NOM live 
the city where I live

There are four temporal subordinating particles: '''sorm''' "when", '''ik''' "before", '''uk''' "after" and '''gryk''' "until". '''Ik''' always takes an inceptive auxiliary, and '''uk''' always takes a cessative auxiliary.

'''sårm ǻþt a mulefék éf''' 
when be.IMPF 3SG.NOM LOC-throne sit 
when he sat on the throne

'''ik šéft a mulefék éf''' 
before start.IMPF 3SG.NOM LOC-throne sit 
before he sat on the throne

'''uk tot a mulefék éf''' 
after stop.IMPF 3SG.NOM LOC-throne sit 
after he sat on the throne

===Conditionals===
Conditionals are expressed by the conjunctions '''sorm''' ... '''šis'''. Either of these may be left out, though it is necessary to include at least one of the two.

'''Sorm úš lék öslás nön, šis úš lék lǻþ mulás åþ.''' 
if would 2SG.NOM now leave, then would 2SG.NOM correct LOC-hour arrive 
''If you leave now, you will arrive on time.''

As can be seen, usually a form of the auxiliary '''úš''' is used in both parts of the sentence. However, when expressing general truths, it is only used in the if-part.

'''Sorm úš ñál sen, šéf muzáþ.''' 
if would too.much drink, start get.drunk 
''If you drink too much, you get drunk.''

In the past tenses, '''úš''' in the if-part indicates a counterfactual. When simply expressing a condition in the past, another auxiliary must be used.

'''Sorm únš i ñok hop, šis múš i én azes öslás.''' 
if would.PERF 1SG more eat, then NEG.would 1SG hungry ESS-that now 
''If I had eaten more, I wouldn't be so hungry now.''

===Questions===
All questions use an interrogative particle '''le''', which is put at the end of the phrase.

'''Sen lék ze kus ñåk le?''' 
PERF 2SG.NOM DEF book read Q? 
Did you read read the book?

Interrogative pronouns are placed at the beginning of the sentence, before the auxiliary. Questions with an interrogative pronoun still require the particle '''le'''.

'''Mól ǻþ éš šiñxs le?''' 
Where be 1SG.GEN beer Q? 
Where is my beer?

The particle '''le''' can also be used to form tag questions after both affirmative and negative sentences.

'''Šis lék izuk lúm, le?''' 
NULL.AUX 2SG.NOM DAT-cheese like, Q? 
You like cheese, right?

===Case usage===
The neutral case is used for both subjects and direct objects.

'''Šis ze pi šeþ kósk.''' 
NULL.AUX DEF child house see. 
The child sees a house.

The genitive is used to indicate possession and other types of relationships. Often it can be, and is, replaced by a dative, but when a pronoun is used, you have to use a genitive.

'''skexp našak''' or '''skexp išak.''' 
clothes GEN-king / DAT-king 
the king's clothes

'''lék méxt''' but not '''*léñk méxt''' 
2SG.GEN brother / 2SG.DAT brother 
your brother

The genitive cannot be replaced by a dative when it indicates composition.

'''šeþ nagoþ''' 
house GEN-wood 
a wooden house

The dative is used for indirect object, and, as mentioned above, for possession.

'''Sen a kus imám mís.''' 
PERF 3SG.NOM book DAT-mother give. 
He gave a book to his mother.

The essive indicates a state or a similarity.

'''Set i afi öf őr.''' 
IMPF 1SG.NOM ESS-child swim like 
As a child, I liked swimming.

'''Ǻþ a pe ånåk.''' 
be 3SG big ESS-bear 
He is as big as a bear.

It is also used for appositive phrases.

'''i améxt iléþk å ilúmp''' 
1SG.NOM ESS-brother DAT-sun and DAT-moon 
I, brother to the sun and moon

'''Vǻs''' "this" and '''zes''' "that", when used as determiners, are followed by nouns in the essive case.

'''Ǻþ zes amál ő.''' 
be that ESS-man stupid 
''That man is stupid.''

The locative is used to indicate a place, but only if there is no preposition. Generally the locative is used when the exact position relative to the noun is somehow implied (i.e. you tend to sit ''on'' a chair, sitting ''next to'' it would make less sense).

'''sorm set i mulefék éf''' 
when IMPF 1SG.NOM LOC-throne sit 
when I sat on the throne

By extension, the locative can also indicate a time.

'''Ǻþt i vőf muzñek våk.''' 
be.IMPF 1SG many LOC-PL-day silent 
I was silent for many days.

==Sample==
''Updated translation will appear at an unspecified point in the future. I, knowing myself, am unfortunately unable to promise it will be soon.''

''([[Tsinakan text]])''

==Lexicon==
See [[/Lexicon]].

Kuaguatia

Inzan — Mon, 19 Oct 2026 03:16:18 GMT

Created page with "{{Article}} Kuaguatia is a region/country to the southwest of Kasca, where Puoni was spoken. =Towns= Many towns were known in Kuaguatia, Din Tor to the north, Faluin to the west, Nazakualo to the east, Tivoremio to the central, and the largest Vontovar to the south =Culture= "Bolavaria" is a dance popular in many villages of Kuaguatia. Kuaguatia also have it's own religion, "Etiotu" which stands for "New Etúgə" and is considered..."

New page

{{Article}}
Kuaguatia is a region/country to the southwest of [[Kasca]], where [[Puoni]] was spoken.

=Towns=

Many towns were known in Kuaguatia, [[Din Tor]] to the north, [[Faluin]] to the west, [[Nazakualo]] to the east, [[Tivoremio]] to the central, and the largest [[Vontovar]] to the south

=Culture=

"Bolavaria" is a dance popular in many villages of Kuaguatia. Kuaguatia also have it's own religion, "[[Etiotu]]" which stands for "New [[Etúgə]]" and is considered heretical elsewhere.

[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Nations]]

Talo

Inzan — Mon, 19 Oct 2026 03:08:55 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:08, 18 October 2026
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	{{Article}}		{{Article}}

	<div style="position:relative">		<div style="position:relative">
	[[Image:Ndak_Empire.png\|thumb\|right\|300px\|A map of the Ndak Empire. The '''Talo''' are shown in the upper center of the map (labeled with the native term ''Tlaliolz'').]]		[[Image:Ndak_Empire.png\|thumb\|right\|300px\|A map of the Ndak Empire. The '''Talo''' are shown in the upper center of the map (labeled with the native term ''Tlaliolz'').]]

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	= -4000 – -3000 =		= -4000 – -3000 =
	{{Event\|~~Lotoka~~\|c. -4000\|Canoe Culture ~~reaches~~ Lotoka~~.}}~~		{{Event\|Siixtaguana\|c. -4000\|Canoe Culture expands, splitting into 4 new cultures in different places, including Lotoka and Sumarušuxi.}}
	~~{{Event\|Sumarushuxi\|c. -4000\|Canoe Culture reaches~~ Sumarušuxi.}}
	{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -4000\|Domestication of cattle in the [[Bwimbai]] valley. Probably by the Proto-[[Macro-Edastean languages\|Macro-Edastean]]-speaking people}}		{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -4000\|Domestication of cattle in the [[Bwimbai]] valley. Probably by the Proto-[[Macro-Edastean languages\|Macro-Edastean]]-speaking people}}
	~~{{Event\|Mrisanfa\|c. -4000\|Pre-Peninsular people settles the Peninsular.}}~~
	{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -4000–-3600\|Beginnings of [[Ngauro]] civilization in [[Kasca\|Kasadgad]].}}		{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -4000–-3600\|Beginnings of [[Ngauro]] civilization in [[Kasca\|Kasadgad]].}}
	{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -3800\|Invention of bronze by the Ngauro.}}		{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -3800\|Invention of bronze by the Ngauro.}}
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	= -3000 – -2000 =		= -3000 – -2000 =
	{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -3000\|Old Ngauro is the first [[Oryziform\|written]] language in [[Peilaš]].}}		{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -3000\|Old Ngauro is the first [[Oryziform\|written]] language in [[Peilaš]].}}
	{{Event\|~~Lasomo~~\|c. -3000\|[[~~Miwan languages\|~~Proto-~~Miwan~~]] ~~speakers spread up~~ the [[~~Aiwa~~]]~~, and [[Talo~~-~~Edastean languages~~\|~~Talo~~-~~Edasteans~~]] ~~settle~~ the [[~~Bwimbai~~]] valley.}}		{{Event\|Gourun\|c. -3000\|[[Proto-Xoronic]] splitted from the [[Talo-Edastean]].}}
	{{Event\|~~Rathedan~~\|c. -3000\|[[~~Gezoro~~]] ~~migrate into~~ the [[~~Rathedān~~]].}}		{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -3000\|The Pre-[[Meshi]] start migrating from the lower [[Milīr]] to the middle [[Aiwa valley]].}}
	{{Event\|~~WSteppe~~\|c. -3000\|Western ~~peoples spread northwards~~ into the ~~steppe~~.}}		{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -3000\|[[Miwan languages\|Proto-Miwan]] speakers spread up the [[Aiwa]].}}
			{{Event\|WCorridor\|c. -3000\|The [[Proto-Western]] people migrates across western Peilaš.}}
			{{Event\|Sumarushuxi\|c. -3000–-2500\|The Southeast Canoe culture evolved into the [[Sumarušuxi Culture]].}}
	{{Event\|WTuysafa\|c. -3000–-2500\|Tuysáfa Fishing Culture.}}		{{Event\|WTuysafa\|c. -3000–-2500\|Tuysáfa Fishing Culture.}}
	{{Event\|Isthmus\|c. -2800\|Domestication of the goat in [[Proto-Isthmus\|Isthmus]] territory.}}		{{Event\|Isthmus\|c. -2800\|Domestication of the goat in [[Proto-Isthmus\|Isthmus]] territory.}}
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	{{Event\|Xshalad\|c. -2500\|Foundation of the [[Old Kingdom]] in the Yima valley (Xšalad).}}		{{Event\|Xshalad\|c. -2500\|Foundation of the [[Old Kingdom]] in the Yima valley (Xšalad).}}
	{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -2400\|Ngauro control the Aiwa valley as far as the Bwimbai, ruling over the southern Talo-Edasteans (pre-Ndak).}}		{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -2400\|Ngauro control the Aiwa valley as far as the Bwimbai, ruling over the southern Talo-Edasteans (pre-Ndak).}}
			{{Event\|Dagaem\|c. -2400\|The Isthmus people colonizes the Dagæm islands.}}
	{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -2300\|Ngauro rule declines. Ndak kingdom of [[Lasomo\|Latsomo]] established; several Ndak-Ngauro wars follow.}}		{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -2300\|Ngauro rule declines. Ndak kingdom of [[Lasomo\|Latsomo]] established; several Ndak-Ngauro wars follow.}}
	{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -2200\|Ndak conquer Kasadgad; [[Ndak Ta]] begins to replace Ngauro as the dominant spoken language of the Aiwa delta.}}		{{Event\|Isthmus\|c. -2300\|[[Proto-Isthmus]] splits into the western and the eastern.}}
	{{Event\|Rathedān\|c. -2200\|[[Gezoro]] develop iron metallurgy.}}		{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -2200\|Ndak conquer [[Kasadgad]]; [[Ndak Ta]] begins to replace Ngauro as the dominant spoken language of the Aiwa delta.}}
	{{Event\|~~Kasca~~\|c. -2200~~–~~-2000\|~~Ndak conquered once by northern hill tribes, twice by western nomads~~.}}		{{Event\|Rathedān\|c. -2200\|The [[Gezoro]] develop iron metallurgy.}}
			{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -2200--1900\|The [[Gezoro]] start migrating eastward to the area around Lasomo.}}
			{{Event\|Huyfarah\|c. -2100--2000\|The Pre-[[Proto-Ferogh\|Ferogh]] raids all the way to Kasadgad.}}
	{{Event\|Xshalad\|c. -2100\|[[Xšali]] invade the Yima valley and destroy the Old Kingdom.}}		{{Event\|Xshalad\|c. -2100\|[[Xšali]] invade the Yima valley and destroy the Old Kingdom.}}

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	{{Event\|ETuysafa\|c. -7000–-6000\|Mediundic peoples reach the eastern end of Tuysáfa.}}		{{Event\|ETuysafa\|c. -7000–-6000\|Mediundic peoples reach the eastern end of Tuysáfa.}}
	{{Event\|Siixtaguna\|c. -6000–-5000\|[[Canoe Culture]] develops in northeastern [[Peilaš]].}}		{{Event\|Siixtaguna\|c. -6000–-5000\|[[Canoe Culture]] develops in northeastern [[Peilaš]].}}
	{{Event\|\|c. -5000\|The hypothetical Proto-[[Tæm-Hou languages\|Tæm-Hou]] people in [[Tæm Hou]].}}		{{Event\|Ici\|c. -5000\|The hypothetical Proto-[[Tæm-Hou languages\|Tæm-Hou]] people in [[Tæm Hou]].}}
	{{Event\|Huyfarah\|c. -4500\|[[Proto-Eigə-Isthmus]] is spoken, presumably in the region between the lower Aiwa and the [[Oltu]].}}		{{Event\|Huyfarah\|c. -4500\|[[Proto-Eigə-Isthmus]] is spoken, presumably in the region between the lower Aiwa and the [[Oltu]].}}
	{{Event\|Lukpanic\|c. -4500\|Beginnings of [[Western Neolithic\|agriculture]] in the [[Lukpanic coast]].}}		{{Event\|Lukpanic\|c. -4500\|Beginnings of [[Western Neolithic\|agriculture]] in the [[Lukpanic coast]].}}
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	{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -3800\|Invention of bronze by the Ngauro.}}		{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -3800\|Invention of bronze by the Ngauro.}}
	{{Event\|WCorridor\|c. -3500\|[[Proto-Western]]ers domesticate the pig.}}		{{Event\|WCorridor\|c. -3500\|[[Proto-Western]]ers domesticate the pig.}}
	{{Event\|\|c. -3500\|The [[Proto-Hitatc]] in the Ici Forest.}}		{{Event\|Ici\|c. -3500\|The [[Proto-Hitatc]] in the Ici Forest.}}
	{{Event\|WTuysafa\|c. -3500–-3000\|[[Ultimundic]] peoples (presumably descended from the Canoe Culture) reach Tuysáfa.}}		{{Event\|WTuysafa\|c. -3500–-3000\|[[Ultimundic]] peoples (presumably descended from the Canoe Culture) reach Tuysáfa.}}
	{{Event\|WCorridor\|c. -3200\|Domestication of the horse by [[Western languages\|Western]] peoples.}}		{{Event\|WCorridor\|c. -3200\|Domestication of the horse by [[Western languages\|Western]] peoples.}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:34, 4 November 2026
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	{{Event\|WTuysafa\|c. -8000–-7500\|Second wave of migration to Tuysáfa: Arrival of the [[Mediundic]] peoples.}}		{{Event\|WTuysafa\|c. -8000–-7500\|Second wave of migration to Tuysáfa: Arrival of the [[Mediundic]] peoples.}}
	{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -7000\|Beginnings of [[Aiwa Valley Neolithic\|agriculture]] in the [[Aiwa]] valley.}}		{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -7000\|Beginnings of [[Aiwa Valley Neolithic\|agriculture]] in the [[Aiwa]] valley.}}
	{{Event\|Xshalad\|c. -7000\|Beginnings of [[Yima Valley Neolithic\|agriculture]] in Xšalad.}}		{{Event\|Xshalad\|c. -7000\|Beginnings of [[Yima Valley Neolithic\|agriculture]] in [[Xšalad]].}}
	{{Event\|Sumarushuxi\|c. -7000\|Domestication of the dog; development of pottery. Probably in [[Sumarušuxi]].}}		{{Event\|Sumarushuxi\|c. -7000\|Domestication of the dog; development of pottery. Probably in [[Sumarušuxi]].}}
	{{Event\|ETuysafa\|c. -7000–-6000\|Mediundic peoples reach the eastern end of Tuysáfa.}}		{{Event\|ETuysafa\|c. -7000–-6000\|Mediundic peoples reach the eastern end of Tuysáfa.}}
	{{Event\|Siixtaguna\|c. -6000–-5000\|[[Canoe Culture]] develops in northeastern [[Peilaš]].}}		{{Event\|Siixtaguna\|c. -6000–-5000\|[[Canoe Culture]] develops in northeastern [[Peilaš]].}}
			{{Event\|\|c. -5000\|The hypothetical Proto-[[Tæm-Hou languages\|Tæm-Hou]] people in [[Tæm Hou]].}}
	{{Event\|Huyfarah\|c. -4500\|[[Proto-Eigə-Isthmus]] is spoken, presumably in the region between the lower Aiwa and the [[Oltu]].}}		{{Event\|Huyfarah\|c. -4500\|[[Proto-Eigə-Isthmus]] is spoken, presumably in the region between the lower Aiwa and the [[Oltu]].}}
			{{Event\|Lukpanic\|c. -4500\|Beginnings of [[Western Neolithic\|agriculture]] in the [[Lukpanic coast]].}}
	{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -4300\|Earliest copper artifacts (found near Buruya).}}		{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -4300\|Earliest copper artifacts (found near Buruya).}}
			{{Event\|Lotoka\|c. -4000\|Canoe Culture reaches Lotoka.}}
	{{Event\|Sumarushuxi\|c. -4000\|Canoe Culture reaches Sumarušuxi.}}		{{Event\|Sumarushuxi\|c. -4000\|Canoe Culture reaches Sumarušuxi.}}
	{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -4000\|Domestication of cattle in the [[Bwimbai]] valley. Probably by the [[Proto-Macro-Edastean]]-speaking people}}		{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -4000\|Domestication of cattle in the [[Bwimbai]] valley. Probably by the [[Proto-Macro-Edastean]]-speaking people}}
			{{Event\|Mrisanfa\|c. -4000\|Pre-Peninsular people settles the Peninsular.}}

	= -4000 – -3000 =		= -4000 – -3000 =

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:30, 21 October 2026
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	* [[Proto-Lukpanic]] {{context\|(Lukpanic coast, c. -1500 YP - [[User:Dunomapuka\|Dunomapuka]])}}		* [[Proto-Lukpanic]] {{context\|(Lukpanic coast, c. -1500 YP - [[User:Dunomapuka\|Dunomapuka]])}}
	** [[Lukpanic languages/Naəgbum dialect\|Ru Negwẽ]] {{context\|(Naəgbum, c. -900 YP - [[User:Alces\|Alces]])}}		** '''East Lukpanic languages'''
	** [[Lukpanic languages/Kpitamoa dialect\|Fu Pitão]] {{context\|(Kpitamoa, c. -750 YP - [[User:Cedh\|Cedh]])}}		*** [[Lukpanic languages/Naəgbum dialect\|Ru Negwẽ]] {{context\|(Naəgbum, c. -900 YP - [[User:Alces\|Alces]])}}
	** [[Lukpanic languages/Siŋmeasita dialect\|Hu Shĩmyashta]] {{context\|(Siŋmeasita, c. -700 YP - [[User:Corumayas\|Corumayas]])}}		*** [[Lukpanic languages/Kpitamoa dialect\|Fu Pitão]] {{context\|(Kpitamoa, c. -750 YP - [[User:Cedh\|Cedh]])}}
	*** [[Fu]] {{context\|(Poalugbum, c. 100 YP - [[User:Dunomapuka\|Dunomapuka]] - descended from a dialect similar to Hu Shĩmyashta)}}		*** [[Lukpanic languages/Siŋmeasita dialect\|Hu Shĩmyashta]] {{context\|(Siŋmeasita, c. -700 YP - [[User:Corumayas\|Corumayas]])}}
			**** [[Fu]] {{context\|(Poalugbum, c. 100 YP - [[User:Dunomapuka\|Dunomapuka]] - descended from a dialect similar to Hu Shĩmyashta)}}
	** [[Lukpanic languages/Isi dialect\|U Ishe]] {{context\|(Isi, c. -750 YP - [[User:Thedukeofnuke\|thedukeofnuke]])}}		** [[Lukpanic languages/Isi dialect\|U Ishe]] {{context\|(Isi, c. -750 YP - [[User:Thedukeofnuke\|thedukeofnuke]])}}
	** [[Lukpanic languages/Doanu dialect\|U Adonupu]] {{context\|(Doanu, c. -500 YP - [[User:CatDoom\|CatDoom]])}}		** [[Lukpanic languages/Doanu dialect\|U Adonupu]] {{context\|(Doanu, c. -500 YP - [[User:CatDoom\|CatDoom]])}}
	** [[Lukpanic languages/Eaunutul dialect\|O Ayōndui]] {{context\|(Yōndui islands, c. -300 YP - [[User:Cedh\|Cedh]])}}		** [[Lukpanic languages/Eaunutul dialect\|O Ayōndui]] {{context\|(Yōndui islands, c. -300 YP - [[User:Cedh\|Cedh]])}}

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	{{Event\|Lukpanic\|c. -4500\|Beginnings of [[Western Neolithic\|agriculture]] in the [[Lukpanic coast]].}}		{{Event\|Lukpanic\|c. -4500\|Beginnings of [[Western Neolithic\|agriculture]] in the [[Lukpanic coast]].}}
	{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -4300\|Earliest copper artifacts (found near Buruya).}}		{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -4300\|Earliest copper artifacts (found near Buruya).}}

			= -4000 – -3000 =
	{{Event\|Lotoka\|c. -4000\|Canoe Culture reaches Lotoka.}}		{{Event\|Lotoka\|c. -4000\|Canoe Culture reaches Lotoka.}}
	{{Event\|Sumarushuxi\|c. -4000\|Canoe Culture reaches Sumarušuxi.}}		{{Event\|Sumarushuxi\|c. -4000\|Canoe Culture reaches Sumarušuxi.}}
	{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -4000\|Domestication of cattle in the [[Bwimbai]] valley. Probably by the [[~~Proto~~-Macro-Edastean]]-speaking people}}		{{Event\|Lasomo\|c. -4000\|Domestication of cattle in the [[Bwimbai]] valley. Probably by the Proto-[[Macro-Edastean languages\|Macro-Edastean]]-speaking people}}
	{{Event\|Mrisanfa\|c. -4000\|Pre-Peninsular people settles the Peninsular.}}		{{Event\|Mrisanfa\|c. -4000\|Pre-Peninsular people settles the Peninsular.}}

	~~= -4000 – -3000 =~~
	{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -4000–-3600\|Beginnings of [[Ngauro]] civilization in [[Kasca\|Kasadgad]].}}		{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -4000–-3600\|Beginnings of [[Ngauro]] civilization in [[Kasca\|Kasadgad]].}}
	{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -3800\|Invention of bronze by the Ngauro.}}		{{Event\|Kasca\|c. -3800\|Invention of bronze by the Ngauro.}}
	{{Event\|WCorridor\|c. -3500\|[[Proto-Western]]ers domesticate the pig.}}		{{Event\|WCorridor\|c. -3500\|[[Proto-Western]]ers domesticate the pig.}}
			{{Event\|\|c. -3500\|The [[Proto-Hitatc]] in the Ici Forest.}}
	{{Event\|WTuysafa\|c. -3500–-3000\|[[Ultimundic]] peoples (presumably descended from the Canoe Culture) reach Tuysáfa.}}		{{Event\|WTuysafa\|c. -3500–-3000\|[[Ultimundic]] peoples (presumably descended from the Canoe Culture) reach Tuysáfa.}}
	{{Event\|WCorridor\|c. -3200\|Domestication of the horse by [[Western languages\|Western]] peoples.}}		{{Event\|WCorridor\|c. -3200\|Domestication of the horse by [[Western languages\|Western]] peoples.}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:39, 5 November 2026
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	3. Vowel breaking creates rising diphthongs: /æ/ ➝ /jɛ/; /e/ ➝ /jə/; /o/ ➝ /wə/. If another vowel follows, then /e/ ➝ /jəj/; /o/➝ /wəw/.<br>		3. Vowel breaking creates rising diphthongs: /æ/ ➝ /jɛ/; /e/ ➝ /jə/; /o/ ➝ /wə/. If another vowel follows, then /e/ ➝ /jəj/; /o/➝ /wəw/.<br>
	4. Monophthongization of falling diphthongs: /iə/ ➝ /i:/; /uw uə/ ➝ /u:/; /aw aə/ ➝ /a:/; /ɔw ɔə/ ➝ /ɔ:/; /ɛw ɛə/ ➝ /ɛ:/; /uj/ ➝ /y:/; /əw əə/ ➝ /ə:/.<br>		4. Monophthongization of falling diphthongs: /iə/ ➝ /i:/; /uw uə/ ➝ /u:/; /aw aə/ ➝ /a:/; /ɔw ɔə/ ➝ /ɔ:/; /ɛw ɛə/ ➝ /ɛ:/; /uj/ ➝ /y:/; /əw əə/ ➝ /ə:/.<br>
	5. /i/ before another vowel reduces to /j/, and /u/ reduces to /w/.<br>		5. High-vowel Desyllabication: /i/ before another vowel reduces to /j/, and /u/ reduces to /w/.<br>
	6. /j/, including any new /j/ from the preceding changes, is deleted when following a postalveolar.<br>		6. /j/, including any new /j/ from the preceding changes, is deleted when following a postalveolar.<br>
	7. Single consonants are geminated after stressed short vowels. The gemination occurs consistently in content words, but is usually blocked in functional words and auxiliaries.<br>		7. The Great Gemination: Single consonants are geminated after stressed short vowels. The gemination occurs consistently in content words, but is usually blocked in functional words and auxiliaries.<br>
	8. Intervocalic single /g/ becomes /j/, while the geminate remains /gg/~~.<br>~~		8. Intervocalic single /g/ becomes /j/, while the geminate remains /gg/, and intervocalic single /f/ becomes /v/, while the geminate remains /ff/.<br>
	~~9. Intervocalic~~ single /f/ becomes /v/, while the geminate remains /ff/.<br>		9. Final /h/, /f/ are lost.<br>
	10. Final /h/, /f/ are lost.<br>
	<br>		<br>
	''Southern Fáralo to Namɨdu ca. 1100''.<br>		''Southern Fáralo to Namɨdu ca. 1100''.<br>
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	18. All coda /l/ velarizes to [ɫ], as does /l/ after a consonant and before a back vowel. Geminate /ll/ is pronounced [ɫɫ].<br>		18. All coda /l/ velarizes to [ɫ], as does /l/ after a consonant and before a back vowel. Geminate /ll/ is pronounced [ɫɫ].<br>
	19. /ə/ merges with /a/; the new phoneme is pronounced [ɐ] in final position and [a] otherwise. /ə:/ becomes /a:/.<br>		19. /ə/ merges with /a/; the new phoneme is pronounced [ɐ] in final position and [a] otherwise. /ə:/ becomes /a:/.<br>
	20. Long vowels ~~simplify~~: /a:/ ➝ /a/; /ɛ:/ ➝ /ɛ/; /ɔ:/ ➝ /ɔ/; /i: u: y:/ ➝ /ɨ/.<br>		20. Long vowels simplification: /a:/ ➝ /a/; /ɛ:/ ➝ /ɛ/; /ɔ:/ ➝ /ɔ/; /i: u: y:/ ➝ /ɨ/.<br>
	21. Various cluster modifications: Any sequence of /jw/ or /wj/ becomes a front rounded glide /ɥ/. /st/ reduces to /s/ (finally) or /ss/ (medially); it remains initially. /sk/ also becomes /s/ finally but remains otherwise; /sts/ is unaffected. /ñl/ becomes /ññ/, and /ñw/ becomes /ñɥ/, but velar [ŋɫ] remains as such.<br>		21. Various cluster modifications: Any sequence of /jw/ or /wj/ becomes a front rounded glide /ɥ/. /st/ reduces to /s/ (finally) or /ss/ (medially); it remains initially. /sk/ also becomes /s/ finally but remains otherwise; /sts/ is unaffected. /ñl/ becomes /ññ/, and /ñw/ becomes /ñɥ/, but velar [ŋɫ] remains as such.<br>
	22. /rw lw/ simpify to /r l/ in the standard dialect; both to [ʒ] in the [[Toło]] dialect.<br>		22. /rw lw/ simpify to /r l/ in the standard dialect; both to [ʒ] in the [[Toło]] dialect.<br>

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	# Stressed /æ/ merges with /e/.		# Stressed /æ/ merges with /e/.
	# Palatalization occurs in consonant before either long and short /i/ (turning into /ʲ/), except in labial consonants, /r/ and /h/.		# '''Palatalization''' occurs in consonant before either long and short /i/ (turning into /ʲ/), except in labial consonants, /r/ and /h/.
	# Stressed /iː/ become /oj/ except word-finally or before consonant clusters, stressed /eː aː oː uː/ shifts into /iː oː uː yː/.		# '''Long Vowel Shift''': Stressed /iː/ become /oj/ except word-finally or before consonant clusters, stressed /eː aː oː uː/ shifts into /iː oː uː yː/.
	# /aj æj ej/ diphthongs becomes /eː/, /uj/ diphthong becomes /y/, /æw ew/ diphthongs .becomes /ø/.		# '''Short-Vowel Diphthong merging''': /aj æj ej/ diphthongs becomes /eː/, /uj/ diphthong becomes /y/, /æw ew/ diphthongs .becomes /ø/.
	# /aː/ becomes /o/ in closing diphthongs, /eːj eːw oːj/ diphthongs become /iː iw uj/.		# '''Long-Vowel Diphthong merging''': /aː/ becomes /o/ in closing diphthongs, /eːj eːw oːj/ diphthongs become /iː iw uj/.
	# Short vowels become long word-finally, if the final syllable is closed, vowels before the most final intervocalic consonant will lengthen. /ə/ becomes /a/ in the same previous conditions.		# '''Vowel Lengthening''': Short vowels become long word-finally, if the final syllable is closed, vowels before the most final intervocalic consonant will lengthen. /ə/ becomes /a/ in the same previous conditions.
	# Unstressed /e o/ rises to /i u/ interconsonantally, unstressed /a/ drops in the same previous conditions, other unstressed short vowel that is not /a/ drops word-finally. Now all ~~untressed~~ /ə/ becomes /a/.		# '''Syncope''': Unstressed /e o/ rises to /i u/ interconsonantally, unstressed /a/ drops in the same previous conditions, other unstressed short vowel that is not /a/ drops word-finally. Now all unstressed /ə/ becomes /a/.
	# Syllabic nasals loss it's syllabicity by inserting /a/ before it, same goes with syllabic liquids but /u/ is inserted instead.		# '''Consonant Desyllabication''': Syllabic nasals loss it's syllabicity by inserting /a/ before it, same goes with syllabic liquids but /u/ is inserted instead.
	# ~~Palatalized~~ consonant changes it's articulation: /kʲ tʲ ɡʲ dʲ sʲ zʲ nʲ lʲ/ becomes /t͡ʃ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ d͡ʒ ʃ ʒ ɲ ʎ/.		# '''Palatalization''': Some palatalized consonant, including consonants before /j/, changes it's articulation: /kʲ tʲ ɡʲ dʲ sʲ zʲ nʲ lʲ/ becomes /t͡ʃ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ d͡ʒ ʃ ʒ ɲ ʎ/.
	# /ð/ drops, creating hiatuses that then desolves as best as it can be.		# /ð/ drops, creating hiatuses that then desolves as best as it can be.
	# /x/ drops word-finally & before voiced stops, and lengthens the vowel before it. /x/ fortites into /g/ before non-plosive consonants and becomes /h/ otherwise.		# /x/ drops word-finally & before voiced stops, and lengthens the vowel before it. /x/ fortites into /g/ before non-plosive consonants and becomes /h/ otherwise.
	# Liquid clusters become geminates from the last liquid in the cluster.		# '''Liquid Assimilation''': Liquid clusters become geminates from the last liquid in the cluster.
	# Word-final /r/ is deleted ONLY in nominals.		# Word-final /r/ is deleted ONLY in nominals.