AkanaWiki - User contributions [en]

Hanheliubl

2013-04-02T22:16:41Z

Nortaneous:

{{Language
| language = Hanheliubl
| phonetic =
| date = c. -1000 YP?
| place = to be determined
| speakers = to be determined
| script = to be determined
| family = Western
| word-or = SVO
| mor-type = agglutinating
| morphalign = ergative
| author = [[User:Nortaneous|Nortaneous]]
}}

'''Hanheliubl''' is a language in the [[Western languages| Western language family]] spoken around ??? in the ???. Its ancestor language is [http://home.comcast.net/~ilaisu/ingomoe.html Iŋomœ´], and it is thus one of the [[Steppe Languages| Steppe languages]].

The people who spoke Hanheliubl, called the ???, were a nomadic sheep-herding people.

The language has an agglutinating verb morphology and a complex, mostly non-concatenative noun morphology with an ergative-absolutive case distinction.

==Phonology==

The Hāňheliubľ language consist of 35 consonant phonemes, 16 vowel phonemes, and three diphthongs. It is characterized by a complex syllable structure with syllabic consonants. There is no stress accent, but there is a contrasting series of long vowels.

===Consonants===

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! !!Labial!!Dental!!Retroflex!!Alveolo- Palatal!!Velar!!Glottal
|- align="center"
!Plosives
||p b||t d||ʈ  ||c ɟ||k  ||ʔ
|- align="center"
!Fricatives
||f v|| ||s̺ z̺||s̻ z̻||x ɣ||h
|- align="center"
!Nasals
||m̥ m||n̥ n|| ||ɲ̊ ɲ||ŋ̊ ŋ||
|- align="center"
!Laterals
|| || ||ɬ ɺ|| || ||
|}

The laminal sibilants are commonly realized as [θ ð], especially before back vowels, and can be realized as [ç ʝ~j] before front vowels. Some speakers always realize /z̻/ as [j]. /ɬ/ is more narrowly a fricated retroflex lateral flap [ɺ̝̠̊], the voiceless parallel to the retroflex lateral flap /ɺ/ [ɺ̠]: in the articulation of both, the tongue is brought up to the back of the alveolar ridge and flapped forwards, hitting the back of the bottom teeth. /ɣ/ may be realized as uvular; if so, it will lower preceding vowels.

===Vowels===

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! | !!Front!!Back unrounded!!Back rounded
|- align="center"
!Close
||i iː||ɯ ɯː||u uː
|- align="center"
!Close-mid
||e eː||ɤ ɤː||o oː
|- align="center"
!Open
|| ||a aː||
|}

Diphthongs: /æɪ ɒʊ ɪʊ/

Diphthongs do not contrast for length.

== Orthography ==
/ʈ ɟ s̺ z̺ s̻ z̻ ɲ ɺ/ are <ṭ j ṣ ẓ s z ñ l>. Voiceless sonorants are written with a following <h>.

== Noun Grammar ==
TODO

=== Cases ===
Hanheliubl has an ergative-absolutive case system: the absolutive is used for the subject of intransitive verbs and the patient of transitive verbs, and the ergative is used elsewhere. The plural does not mark for case.

The formation of the two cases and plural can only be predicted from the form of the root in Ingomoe. This chart shows how they are formed, with examples given in their Ingomoe form. Capital consonant letters = consonants, lowercase vowels = vowels. Underdot means mutation. Ergatives are always stressed on the last syllable; absolutives are almost always stressed on the first; and plurals are usually stressed on the first syllable. Longer words are more likely to have irregular stress placement: only words with three or more syllables have irregular plural stress, and only words with four or more syllables have irregular absolutive stress.

Note that many words have consonant mutations in the absolutive; these are regular, and descend from the absolutive edible in Ingomoe.

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! Original form | !! Ergative !! Absolutive !! Plural !! Example
|-
! Ca
|| Ca || Ca || Ca: || ''lo''
|-
! CaDe
|| CDe || CaD || CaDe: || ''kabó''
|-
! Ca:De
|| Ca:De || Ca:D || Ca:De: || ''ke:bú''
|-
! CaDeFi
|| CaDFi || CaDeF || CaDFi: ||
|-
! Ca:DeFi
|| Ca:DFi || Ca:DeF || Cá:DFi: ||
|-
! CaDe:Fi
|| CDe:Fi || CaDe:F || CáDe:Fi: ||
|-
! CaDeFiGo
|| CDeFGo || CaDFiG || CaDeFGo: ||
|-
! CaDeFi:Go
|| CaDFi:Go || CaDFi:G || CaDFi:Go: ||
|}

=== Noun classes ===
There are seven noun classes, preserved largely unchanged from Ingomoe.

=== Pronouns ===
Hāňheliubľ has developed a gender distinction in the 2p pronoun, from an Ingomoe T-V distinction. The 3p pronouns inflect for noun class. The 2m pronoun inflects for case; the others don't. The absolutive form is given first. The 1p pronoun also has an inclusive form, ''na:''.

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! | !!1!!2m!!2f
|-
!sg
||no||loẓ lẓɯ||to
|-
!pl
||ha||loẓɯ:||to:
|}
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! | !!3p ana.!!3p cata.
|-
!1
||a:f||lo
|-
!2
||aẓ||kẹẓ
|-
!3
||a:||kiu
|-
!4
||a:s||kius
|-
!5
||a||ke
|-
!6
||axk||kẹxk
|-
!7
||ar||kẹr
|}

=== Numerals ===
The numeral system of Hanheliubl is base-eight. The cardinal numbers are marked with a class suffix agreeing with their head noun; the ordinal numbers are invariant. Both precede the head nouns they modify. The ordinals are formed from the cardinals with the suffix '''-ɤs''', or '''-s''' for numbers ending in vowels.

Cardinals: 
1. taħ 
2. še 
3. noḍ 
4. miunh 
5. ē 
6. ēḍaħ 
7. nạ̄voš 
8. ŋof

=== Demonstratives ===

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! !! near me !! near you !! distant
|-
! C1
| jāif || ṣu || ṭāf
|-
! C2
| jai || šiu || tsai
|-
! C3
| jai || ṣẹ || ṭā
|-
! C4
| jej || ṣūf ||ṭā
|-
! C5
| i || ṣ || ṭ
|-
! C6
| ig || ṣag || ṭag
|}

=== Possessive prefixes ===
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
! !! 1 !! 2 !! 3
|-
! sg.
| n || š || h
|-
! pl.
| eŋ || eh || k
|}

=== Questions ===
In all questions, the speculative evidential (zero morpheme) must be used. The interrogative particle is '''šīv'''.

Yes/no questions are formed by placing the particle after the constituent to be questioned. Neutrally it is placed after the verb, but it may also follow an NP that is to be questioned.

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
! where
| '''mašīv'''
|-
! why
| '''ltšīv'''
|-
! how
| '''mešīv'''
|-
! when
| '''ntšīv'''
|}

"Who", "what", and "which" questions are formed by '''šīv''' + cataphoric pronoun.
=== Minor cases ===
The minor cases come from Ingomoe postpositions. They are formed by adding a suffix to the oblique form of the noun.
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
! locative
| '''-ṭ'''
|-
! dative
| '''-k'''
|}

== Verb Grammar ==

=== Evidentiality ===

'''-ʔ''' - known through senses 
'''-uš''' - hearsay 
'''-lị̄š''' - physical evidence 
'''-ẹ''' - general knowledge 
'''-š''' - past experience 
'''-0''' - speculative/fictional/anything else 

These suffixes go between the verb and the class marker.

=== Relative clauses ===
Relative clauses are formed by adding the subjunctive marker '''-fẹ''' to the class marker and separating it from the main clause with the demonstrative '''ʈʰ'''. Their position is determined the same way as the position of nouns.

=== Imperative ===
The imperative is formed by adding the prefix '''t-''' to the verb root.

=== Past tense ===
The past tense is formed by '''ef''' before vowels and single consonants, and '''eva''' before consonant clusters (this auxiliary is cognate to Ingomoe "éiusa" = "come"), followed by the subjunctive form of the verb. The auxiliary takes the class marking. This is the only tense.

=== Reduplication ===
Partial reduplication is used to form the habitual aspect:
* '''hāvegen''' "I am washing myself" -> '''hanhāvegen''' "I wash myself"
* '''hāuʔạħn''' "I am fighting it" -> '''hauħnhāuʔạħn''' "I fight it"
This aspect is formed by taking the first syllable, shortening the vowel, and adding the class marking. (note that the <nh> here is /nh/, not /n_0/)

Full reduplication is used to form the atelic aspect: (is this an aspect? probably a mood. not even sure if it's really atelic, but similar. means that the action was unsuccessful or maybe incomplete.)
* '''fēhaħn''' "I cut it" -> '''fēhaħnfēhaħn''' "I tried to cut it"

=== Verb Class Marking ===
Verbs in main clauses must be marked with a suffix marking the noun class (and number in the second person) of the subject and object. Object pronouns are usually omitted, since they are non-ambiguously marked in this class marking, and object nouns can even be omitted if they are obvious from context.
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|- align="center"
! !!!!!!obj.!!!!
|-
! subj. !! 0 !! 1 !! 2s !! 2p !! 3
|-
! 1
| '''n''' || '''n''' || '''tš''' || '''ʃn'''̩ || '''ʁn'''
|-
! 2 or 3
| '''ʃ''' || '''n''' || '''tš''' || '''ʃn'''̩ || '''ʁ'''
|}

This suffix is added after the evidentiality marker. No marking is used for sentences with no subject.

=== Negation ===
Negation is formed with the suffix '''-ai''', after all the other verb suffixes.

== Vowel mutation ==
The mutation is not completely regular, although it is completely regular within a noun class.

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
! unmut.
|| a || e || ạ || o
|-
! mut.
| a e || i || ạ o || u
|}

== Vowel harmony ==
There are two sets of vowels: front and back. Historically, vowel harmony was progressive, working from the first vowel of the word. Vowel harmony also applies to affixes.
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
! front
|| a || e || i || ai || i || iu
|-
! back
|| ạ || o || ị || ẹ || au || u
|}

== Substrate influences ==
There is possible substrate influence from a language with vowel harmony, reduplication to form aspect, length distinctions but no lexical stress, complex syllable structure, auxiliary verb constructions, and a large vowel inventory. (will construct later, probably called naaurstandva or something along those general lines)

== Lexicon ==
Nouns are cited in their oblique form.

mŋ̥̩æː - sheep

loŋɑn̥ɑː - boneœ

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
| măŋhā || sheep || n
|-
| šikā || hill || n
|-
| šēṣ || see || v
|-
| hăňhē || horse || n
|-
| ožnẹ̄ || woman || n
|-
| fēša || cut || v
|-
| dlā || wool || n
|-
| kṣēni || child || n
|-
| lār || milk || n
|-
| tfādsiuni || man || n
|-
| ʔaʔā || fire || n
|-
| īuvē || kill || v
|-
| kēħe || cook || n
|-
| jāše || say || v
|-
| ị̄ʔẹ̄ || cause pain || v
|-
| tāṭ || use || v
|-
| sị || thus ||
|-
| enī || human || n
|-
| šīk || want || v
|-
| šīʔa || hear || v
|-
| āše || eat || v
|-
| šaiš || run || v
|-
| šauħ- || quick || prefix
|-
| pạpẹ̄rẹkšō || shoot || v
|-
| da || do || v
|-
| fnhā || know || v
|-
| ka || however || ?
|-
| kdeňē || time || n
|-
| ṣḷ || fly || v
|-
| pa || all, every (takes obl. when used as modifier) || ?
|-
| vaħē || place || n
|}

Sik{: hill Se:s` - see hJh=e: - horse oZŋ7: - woman fe:S{ - cut dl{: - wool k_hs`e:ni - child l{:r - milk t_hf{:tsiuni - man i:wve: - kill ?{?{: - fire k_he:Re - cook j{:Se - say ɯ:?7: - cause pain t_h{:t`_h - use sɯ - thus eni: - human Si:k_h - want Si:?{ - hear {:Se - eat S{IS - run SQUR- - quick p_hAp7:r\`7k_hSo: - shoot t{ - do

== Example text ==
̌Šikāṭ, hňē ef šērăħ măŋhā măŋhā. Ožăŋ ef fēšaħ hă taħes măŋhā dlā, kṣēn ef lārăħ šes măŋhā, tfadsiun ef īuvēħ noḍẹs măŋhā. Kēħe miunhes măŋhā kă ̄ʔaʔāḍ. Hňē ef jāšeħ măŋhāk ṭ: "Ini tāṭă̄ʔfe măŋā măŋā ṭ ị̄̄ʔẹ̄ħ na." Măŋhā ef jāšeħ hňēk ṭ: "Na šīkă̄ʔăħ ṭ ta šīʔafeħ na. Pạbẹ̄rẹkšōfọ ha āšefe šauħ šaifešaišfe hňē ṭ ị̄ʔẹ̄ʔăħ na. Inī fnhāaiħai ṭ mešīv tāṭfaiħ šăšauħ.

=== Gloss and IPA ===
note: clean up gloss + update to fit new subj/obj agreement

šikāṭ hňē ef šērăħ măŋhā măŋhā 
ʃikæːʈʰ hɲ̥eː ef ʃeːɻɐʁ mɐŋ̥æː mɐŋ̥æ 
hill-LOC PAST horse see-3>3 sheep PLURAL 
Hill-on, did horse see sheep sheep. 
On a hill, a horse saw some sheep.

ožăŋ ef fēšaħ hă taħes măŋhā dlā 
oʒɐŋ ef feːʃæʁ hɐ tʰæʁes mɐŋ̥æː dlæː 
woman-DIR PAST cut-3>3 GEN first sheep wool 
Woman did cut of first sheep wool. 
A woman was cutting the wool of the first sheep,

kṣēn ef lārăħ šes măŋhā 
kʰʂeːn ef læːɻɐʁ ʃes mɐŋ̥æː 
child-DIR PAST milk-3>3 second sheep 
Child did milk second sheep. 
a child was milking the second sheep,

tfadsiun ef īuvēħ noḍẹs măŋhā 
tʰfætsiʊ̯n ef iːʊ̯veːʁ noʈɤs mɐŋ̥æː 
man-DIR PAST kill-3>3 third sheep 
Man did kill third sheep. 
and a man was slaughtering the third sheep. (note: "and" not used in 1, 2, 3 ... seqs, add when I'm not tired. all intonation.)

kēħe miunhes măŋhā kă ̄ʔaʔāḍ 
kʰeːʁe miʊ̯n̥es mɐŋ̥æː kʰɐ ʔæʔæːʈ 
cook fourth sheep 3p.GEN fire-LOC 
Cook fourth sheep their fire-on. 
On their fire, a fourth sheep was being cooked.

hňē ef jāšeħ măŋhāk ṭ 
hɲ̩eː ef jæːʃeʁ mɐŋ̥æːk ʈʰ 
horse PAST say-3>3 sheep.DAT this.distant.C5 
Horse did say to sheep this: 
The horse said this to a sheep:

ini tāṭă̄ʔfe măŋā măŋā ṭ ị̄̄ʔẹ̄ħ na 
ini tʰæːʈʰɐʔfe mɐŋ̥æː mɐŋ̥æ ʈʰ ɯːʔɤːʁ næ 
human.PL use-E1-SUBJ sheep PLURAL that hurt-3>3 1p 
I see humans use sheep sheep this hurt me. 
"It pains me that humans use sheep this way."

măŋhā ef jāšeħ hňēk ṭ 
mɐŋ̥æː ef jæːʃeʁ hɲ̩eːk ʈʰ 
sheep PAST say-3>3 horse.DAT this.distant.C5 
Sheep did say to horse this: 
One sheep said this to the horse:

na šīkă̄ʔăħ ṭ ta šīʔafeħ na 
næ ʃiːkʰɐʔʁ ʈʰ tʰæ ʃiʔæfeʁ næ 
1p want-E1-3>3 this.distant.C5 you.MASC hear-SUBJ-3>3 1p 
I want this you hear me. 
"I want you to listen to me.

pạbẹ̄rẹkšōfọ ha āšefe šauħ šaifešaišfe hňē ṭ ị̄ʔẹ̄ʔăħ na 
pʰɑpɤːɻɤkʰʃoːfɤ hæ æːʃefe ʃɒʊʁ ʃæɪfeʃæɪʃfe hɲeː ʈʰ ɯːʔɤːʔʁ næ 
shoot and eat quick run run horse this hurt me 
shoot-SUBJ and eat-SUBJ quick run.HABIT-SUBJ horse this.distant.C5 hurt-E1-3>3 1p 
It pains me that the horse who runs quickly is shot and eaten.

inī fnhāaiħai ṭ mešīv tāṭfaiħ šăšauħ 
iniː fn̥æːæɪ̯ʁæɪ̯ ʈʰ meʃiːʋ tæːʈʰfæɪ̯ʁ ʃɐʃɒʊ̯ʁ 
human.PL know-E4-3>3 CAT.C5 how use-SUBJ-3>3 2P.GEN-quick 
humans know not that how your quick 
Humans do not know how to use your swiftness.

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Western languages]]

Hāňheliubľ

2013-04-02T21:55:15Z

Nortaneous: Nortaneous moved page Hāňheliubľ to Hanheliubl: none of the diacritics used there are used anymore and the endonym will probably change

#REDIRECT [[Hanheliubl]]

Hanheliubl

2013-04-02T21:55:11Z

Nortaneous: Nortaneous moved page Hāňheliubľ to Hanheliubl: none of the diacritics used there are used anymore and the endonym will probably change

{{Language
| language = Hāňheliubľ́
| phonetic = [hæːɲ̥elɪʊ̯bʎ̩]
| date = c. -1000 YP?
| place = to be determined
| speakers = to be determined
| script = to be determined
| family = Western
| word-or = SVO
| mor-type = agglutinating
| morphalign = ergative
| author = [[User:Nortaneous|Nortaneous]]
}}

'''Hāňheliubľ''', or more formally '''Hāňheliubľ mešē''' (/hæːɲ̊elɪʊbʎ̩ meʃeː/, the horse people language), is a language in the [[Western languages| Western language family]] spoken around ??? in the ???. Its ancestor language is [http://home.comcast.net/~ilaisu/ingomoe.html Iŋomœ´], and it is thus one of the [[Steppe Languages| Steppe languages]].

The people who spoke Hāňheliubľ', called the ???, were a nomadic sheep-herding people.

The language has an agglutinating verb morphology and a complex, mostly non-concatenative noun morphology with an ergative-absolutive case distinction.

==Phonology==

The Hāňheliubľ language consist of 35 consonant phonemes, 16 vowel phonemes, and three diphthongs. It is characterized by a complex syllable structure with syllabic consonants. There is no stress accent, but there is a contrasting series of long vowels.

===Consonants===

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! !!Labial!!Dental!!Retroflex!!Alveolo- Palatal!!Velar!!Glottal
|- align="center"
!Plosives
||p b||t d||ʈ  ||c ɟ||k  ||ʔ
|- align="center"
!Fricatives
||f v|| ||s̺ z̺||s̻ z̻||x ʁ||h
|- align="center"
!Nasals
||m̥ m||n̥ n|| ||ɲ̊ ɲ||ŋ̊ ŋ||
|- align="center"
!Laterals
|| || ||ɬ ɺ|| || ||
|}

The laminal sibilants are commonly realized as [θ ð], especially before back vowels. /ɬ/ is more narrowly a fricated retroflex lateral flap [ɺ̝̠̊], the voiceless parallel to the retroflex lateral flap /ɺ/ [ɺ̠]: in the articulation of both, the tongue is brought up to the back of the alveolar ridge and flapped forwards, hitting the back of the bottom teeth.

===Vowels===

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! | !!Front!!Back unrounded!!Back rounded
|- align="center"
!Close
||i iː||ɯ ɯː||u uː
|- align="center"
!Close-mid
||e eː||ɤ ɤː||o oː
|- align="center"
!Open
|| ||a aː||
|}

Diphthongs: /æɪ ɒʊ ɪʊ/

Diphthongs do not contrast for length.

== Orthography ==
/ʈ ɟ s̺ z̺ s̻ z̻ ɲ ɺ/ are <ṭ j ṣ ẓ s z ñ l>. Voiceless sonorants are written with a following <h>.

== Noun Grammar ==
TODO

=== Cases ===
Hāňheliubľ has a direct-oblique case system, but case is not distinguished in the plural. The direct and plural can be formed, mostly regularly, from the oblique. The direct drops the last vowel of the oblique, and the plural mutates the first and shortens the last. Although the l-mutation may look irregular, which vowel to use is mostly determined by the class of the noun.

For example:
'''loŋạnhạ̄''' "bone" (obl.) -> '''loŋạnh''' (erg.) -> '''luŋạnhạ''' (pl.)

The direct form of a monosyllabic noun is the same as the oblique, and the plural is formed by full reduplication. There are also other cases, but they are always formed with suffixes from the oblique.

=== Noun classes ===
There are six noun classes, descended from the seven in Ingomoe.

(descriptions taken from the Ingomoe description where applicable) 
1. '''-f''' - Humans, other beings capable of speech: people, gods, spirits, demons, ancestors, animals in fables, etc. 
2. '''-j''' - Solid inedible objects, anything not in the other classes: rocks, stones, cliffs, pots, sticks, weapons, fingers, penises, legs, arms, trees, etc. 
3. '''-0 '''- Edible objects, animals: most foodstuffs, ripe fruit, meat, rabbits, pulp of fruit, etc. 
4. '''-j''' - Liquids, fire or wind: milk, water, flames, breath, urine, rivers, etc. 
5. '''-0''' - Intangible things: air, celestial bodies, ideas, colors, etc. 
6. '''-k''' - Granular masses, non-liquid collectives, mushy inedible objects: feces, mud, rotting things, quicksand, grains, berries, soil, sand, etc. 

=== Pronouns ===
Hāňheliubľ has developed a gender distinction in the 2p pronoun, from an Ingomoe T-V distinction. The 3p pronouns inflect for noun class.

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! | !!1!!2m!!2f
|-
!sg
||na||lās||ta
|-
!pl
||ha||lās||tẹ̄
|}
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! | !!3p ana.!!3p cata.
|-
!1
||af||kiuf
|-
!2
||ai||kej
|-
!3
||a||kiu
|-
!4
||ai||kiuf
|-
!5
||a||ke
|-
!6
||ag||keg
|}

=== Numerals ===
The numeral system of Hǣňheliubľ is base-eight. The cardinal numbers are marked with a class suffix agreeing with their head noun; the ordinal numbers are invariant. Both precede the head nouns they modify. The ordinals are formed from the cardinals with the suffix '''-ɤs''', or '''-s''' for numbers ending in vowels.

Cardinals: 
1. taħ 
2. še 
3. noḍ 
4. miunh 
5. ē 
6. ēḍaħ 
7. nạ̄voš 
8. ŋof

=== Demonstratives ===

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! !! near me !! near you !! distant
|-
! C1
| jāif || ṣu || ṭāf
|-
! C2
| jai || šiu || tsai
|-
! C3
| jai || ṣẹ || ṭā
|-
! C4
| jej || ṣūf ||ṭā
|-
! C5
| i || ṣ || ṭ
|-
! C6
| ig || ṣag || ṭag
|}

=== Possessive prefixes ===
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
! !! 1 !! 2 !! 3
|-
! sg.
| n || š || h
|-
! pl.
| eŋ || eh || k
|}

=== Questions ===
In all questions, the speculative evidential (zero morpheme) must be used. The interrogative particle is '''šīv'''.

Yes/no questions are formed by placing the particle after the constituent to be questioned. Neutrally it is placed after the verb, but it may also follow an NP that is to be questioned.

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
! where
| '''mašīv'''
|-
! why
| '''ltšīv'''
|-
! how
| '''mešīv'''
|-
! when
| '''ntšīv'''
|}

"Who", "what", and "which" questions are formed by '''šīv''' + cataphoric pronoun.
=== Minor cases ===
The minor cases come from Ingomoe postpositions. They are formed by adding a suffix to the oblique form of the noun.
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
! locative
| '''-ṭ'''
|-
! dative
| '''-k'''
|}

== Verb Grammar ==

=== Evidentiality ===

'''-ʔ''' - known through senses 
'''-uš''' - hearsay 
'''-lị̄š''' - physical evidence 
'''-ẹ''' - general knowledge 
'''-š''' - past experience 
'''-0''' - speculative/fictional/anything else 

These suffixes go between the verb and the class marker.

=== Relative clauses ===
Relative clauses are formed by adding the subjunctive marker '''-fẹ''' to the class marker and separating it from the main clause with the demonstrative '''ʈʰ'''. Their position is determined the same way as the position of nouns.

=== Imperative ===
The imperative is formed by adding the prefix '''t-''' to the verb root.

=== Past tense ===
The past tense is formed by '''ef''' before vowels and single consonants, and '''eva''' before consonant clusters (this auxiliary is cognate to Ingomoe "éiusa" = "come"), followed by the subjunctive form of the verb. The auxiliary takes the class marking. This is the only tense.

=== Reduplication ===
Partial reduplication is used to form the habitual aspect:
* '''hāvegen''' "I am washing myself" -> '''hanhāvegen''' "I wash myself"
* '''hāuʔạħn''' "I am fighting it" -> '''hauħnhāuʔạħn''' "I fight it"
This aspect is formed by taking the first syllable, shortening the vowel, and adding the class marking. (note that the <nh> here is /nh/, not /n_0/)

Full reduplication is used to form the atelic aspect: (is this an aspect? probably a mood. not even sure if it's really atelic, but similar. means that the action was unsuccessful or maybe incomplete.)
* '''fēhaħn''' "I cut it" -> '''fēhaħnfēhaħn''' "I tried to cut it"

=== Verb Class Marking ===
Verbs in main clauses must be marked with a suffix marking the noun class (and number in the second person) of the subject and object. Object pronouns are usually omitted, since they are non-ambiguously marked in this class marking, and object nouns can even be omitted if they are obvious from context.
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|- align="center"
! !!!!!!obj.!!!!
|-
! subj. !! 0 !! 1 !! 2s !! 2p !! 3
|-
! 1
| '''n''' || '''n''' || '''tš''' || '''ʃn'''̩ || '''ʁn'''
|-
! 2 or 3
| '''ʃ''' || '''n''' || '''tš''' || '''ʃn'''̩ || '''ʁ'''
|}

This suffix is added after the evidentiality marker. No marking is used for sentences with no subject.

=== Negation ===
Negation is formed with the suffix '''-ai''', after all the other verb suffixes.

== Vowel mutation ==
The mutation is not completely regular, although it is completely regular within a noun class.

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
! unmut.
|| a || e || ạ || o
|-
! mut.
| a e || i || ạ o || u
|}

== Vowel harmony ==
There are two sets of vowels: front and back. Historically, vowel harmony was progressive, working from the first vowel of the word. Vowel harmony also applies to affixes.
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
! front
|| a || e || i || ai || i || iu
|-
! back
|| ạ || o || ị || ẹ || au || u
|}

== Substrate influences ==
There is possible substrate influence from a language with vowel harmony, reduplication to form aspect, length distinctions but no lexical stress, complex syllable structure, auxiliary verb constructions, and a large vowel inventory. (will construct later, probably called naaurstandva or something along those general lines)

== Lexicon ==
Nouns are cited in their oblique form.

mŋ̥̩æː - sheep

loŋɑn̥ɑː - boneœ

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
| măŋhā || sheep || n
|-
| šikā || hill || n
|-
| šēṣ || see || v
|-
| hăňhē || horse || n
|-
| ožnẹ̄ || woman || n
|-
| fēša || cut || v
|-
| dlā || wool || n
|-
| kṣēni || child || n
|-
| lār || milk || n
|-
| tfādsiuni || man || n
|-
| ʔaʔā || fire || n
|-
| īuvē || kill || v
|-
| kēħe || cook || n
|-
| jāše || say || v
|-
| ị̄ʔẹ̄ || cause pain || v
|-
| tāṭ || use || v
|-
| sị || thus ||
|-
| enī || human || n
|-
| šīk || want || v
|-
| šīʔa || hear || v
|-
| āše || eat || v
|-
| šaiš || run || v
|-
| šauħ- || quick || prefix
|-
| pạpẹ̄rẹkšō || shoot || v
|-
| da || do || v
|-
| fnhā || know || v
|-
| ka || however || ?
|-
| kdeňē || time || n
|-
| ṣḷ || fly || v
|-
| pa || all, every (takes obl. when used as modifier) || ?
|-
| vaħē || place || n
|}

Sik{: hill Se:s` - see hJh=e: - horse oZŋ7: - woman fe:S{ - cut dl{: - wool k_hs`e:ni - child l{:r - milk t_hf{:tsiuni - man i:wve: - kill ?{?{: - fire k_he:Re - cook j{:Se - say ɯ:?7: - cause pain t_h{:t`_h - use sɯ - thus eni: - human Si:k_h - want Si:?{ - hear {:Se - eat S{IS - run SQUR- - quick p_hAp7:r\`7k_hSo: - shoot t{ - do

== Example text ==
̌Šikāṭ, hňē ef šērăħ măŋhā măŋhā. Ožăŋ ef fēšaħ hă taħes măŋhā dlā, kṣēn ef lārăħ šes măŋhā, tfadsiun ef īuvēħ noḍẹs măŋhā. Kēħe miunhes măŋhā kă ̄ʔaʔāḍ. Hňē ef jāšeħ măŋhāk ṭ: "Ini tāṭă̄ʔfe măŋā măŋā ṭ ị̄̄ʔẹ̄ħ na." Măŋhā ef jāšeħ hňēk ṭ: "Na šīkă̄ʔăħ ṭ ta šīʔafeħ na. Pạbẹ̄rẹkšōfọ ha āšefe šauħ šaifešaišfe hňē ṭ ị̄ʔẹ̄ʔăħ na. Inī fnhāaiħai ṭ mešīv tāṭfaiħ šăšauħ.

=== Gloss and IPA ===
note: clean up gloss + update to fit new subj/obj agreement

šikāṭ hňē ef šērăħ măŋhā măŋhā 
ʃikæːʈʰ hɲ̥eː ef ʃeːɻɐʁ mɐŋ̥æː mɐŋ̥æ 
hill-LOC PAST horse see-3>3 sheep PLURAL 
Hill-on, did horse see sheep sheep. 
On a hill, a horse saw some sheep.

ožăŋ ef fēšaħ hă taħes măŋhā dlā 
oʒɐŋ ef feːʃæʁ hɐ tʰæʁes mɐŋ̥æː dlæː 
woman-DIR PAST cut-3>3 GEN first sheep wool 
Woman did cut of first sheep wool. 
A woman was cutting the wool of the first sheep,

kṣēn ef lārăħ šes măŋhā 
kʰʂeːn ef læːɻɐʁ ʃes mɐŋ̥æː 
child-DIR PAST milk-3>3 second sheep 
Child did milk second sheep. 
a child was milking the second sheep,

tfadsiun ef īuvēħ noḍẹs măŋhā 
tʰfætsiʊ̯n ef iːʊ̯veːʁ noʈɤs mɐŋ̥æː 
man-DIR PAST kill-3>3 third sheep 
Man did kill third sheep. 
and a man was slaughtering the third sheep. (note: "and" not used in 1, 2, 3 ... seqs, add when I'm not tired. all intonation.)

kēħe miunhes măŋhā kă ̄ʔaʔāḍ 
kʰeːʁe miʊ̯n̥es mɐŋ̥æː kʰɐ ʔæʔæːʈ 
cook fourth sheep 3p.GEN fire-LOC 
Cook fourth sheep their fire-on. 
On their fire, a fourth sheep was being cooked.

hňē ef jāšeħ măŋhāk ṭ 
hɲ̩eː ef jæːʃeʁ mɐŋ̥æːk ʈʰ 
horse PAST say-3>3 sheep.DAT this.distant.C5 
Horse did say to sheep this: 
The horse said this to a sheep:

ini tāṭă̄ʔfe măŋā măŋā ṭ ị̄̄ʔẹ̄ħ na 
ini tʰæːʈʰɐʔfe mɐŋ̥æː mɐŋ̥æ ʈʰ ɯːʔɤːʁ næ 
human.PL use-E1-SUBJ sheep PLURAL that hurt-3>3 1p 
I see humans use sheep sheep this hurt me. 
"It pains me that humans use sheep this way."

măŋhā ef jāšeħ hňēk ṭ 
mɐŋ̥æː ef jæːʃeʁ hɲ̩eːk ʈʰ 
sheep PAST say-3>3 horse.DAT this.distant.C5 
Sheep did say to horse this: 
One sheep said this to the horse:

na šīkă̄ʔăħ ṭ ta šīʔafeħ na 
næ ʃiːkʰɐʔʁ ʈʰ tʰæ ʃiʔæfeʁ næ 
1p want-E1-3>3 this.distant.C5 you.MASC hear-SUBJ-3>3 1p 
I want this you hear me. 
"I want you to listen to me.

pạbẹ̄rẹkšōfọ ha āšefe šauħ šaifešaišfe hňē ṭ ị̄ʔẹ̄ʔăħ na 
pʰɑpɤːɻɤkʰʃoːfɤ hæ æːʃefe ʃɒʊʁ ʃæɪfeʃæɪʃfe hɲeː ʈʰ ɯːʔɤːʔʁ næ 
shoot and eat quick run run horse this hurt me 
shoot-SUBJ and eat-SUBJ quick run.HABIT-SUBJ horse this.distant.C5 hurt-E1-3>3 1p 
It pains me that the horse who runs quickly is shot and eaten.

inī fnhāaiħai ṭ mešīv tāṭfaiħ šăšauħ 
iniː fn̥æːæɪ̯ʁæɪ̯ ʈʰ meʃiːʋ tæːʈʰfæɪ̯ʁ ʃɐʃɒʊ̯ʁ 
human.PL know-E4-3>3 CAT.C5 how use-SUBJ-3>3 2P.GEN-quick 
humans know not that how your quick 
Humans do not know how to use your swiftness.

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Western languages]]

2009-12-03T02:15:00Z

Nortaneous: Hǣňheliubľ moved to Hāňheliubľ

'''Hǣňheliubľ''', or more formally '''Hǣňheliubľ mešē''' (/hæːɲ̊elɪʊbʎ̩ meʃeː/, the horse people language), is a language in the [[Western languages| Western language family]] spoken around ??? in the ???. Its ancestor language is [http://home.myfairpoint.net/~parker_parker/ingomoe.html Iŋomœ´], and it is thus one of the [[Steppe Languages| Steppe languages]].

The people who spoke Hǣňheliubľ', called the '''Nāuṣḍandva''' /nɒːʊ̯ʂʈɑndvɑ/, were a nomadic sheep-herding people.

The language has an ??? verb morphology, and a ??? noun morphology mostly consisting of ???.

==Phonology==

The Hǣňheliubľ language consist of 34 consonant phonemes, 16 vowel phonemes, and four diphthongs. It is characterized by a complex syllable structure with syllabic consonants. There is a fortis-lenis contrast in all consonants besides approximants and /ʔ/. There is no stress accent, but there is a contrasting series of long vowels.

===Consonants===

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! !!Labial!!Dental!!Retroflex!!Alveolo- Palatal!!Velar!!Glottal
|- align="center"
!Plosives
||pʰ p||tʰ t||ʈʰ ʈ||tʃʰ tʃ||kʰ k||ʔ
|- align="center"
!Nasals
||m̥ m||n̥ n||ɳ̥ ɳ||ɲ̊ ɲ||ŋ̊ ŋ||
|- align="center"
!Fricatives
||f||s z||ʂ||ʃ ʒ|| ||
|- align="center"
!Approximants
||w||ʋ||ɻ||j||ʁ||h
|- align="center"
!lateral
|| ||l|| ||ʎ || ||
|}

Voiced plosives and fricatives are usually devoiced, but shorter than their voiceless equivalents. Voiceless stops are aspirated word-initially. /ʁ/ is unmarked for voice and varies between uvular and pharyngeal.

===Vowels===

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! | !!Front!!Back unrounded!!Back rounded
|- align="center"
!Close
||i iː||ɯ ɯː||u uː
|- align="center"
!Close-mid
||e eː||ɤ ɤː||o oː
|- align="center"
!Open
||æ æː||(ɐ)||ɑ ɑː
|}

Diphthongs: /æɪ ɒʊ iʊ/

Length is contrastive for both vowels and diphthongs. /iʊ/ is always [ɪʊ].

/ɐ/ is an epenthetic vowel.

=== Orthography ===
* /pʰ p tʰ t ʈʰ ʈ tʃʰ tʃ kʰ k ʔ/ '''p b t d ṭ ḍ ts ds k g ʔ'''
* /m n ɳ ɲ ŋ/ '''m n ṇ ň ŋ'''
* /f s z ʂ ʃ ʒ/ '''f s z ṣ š ž'''
* /w ʋ ɻ j ʁ h/ '''w v r j ħ h'''
* /l ʎ/ '''l ľ'''
* /æ ɑ e ɤ o i ɯ u/ '''a ạ e ẹ o i ị u'''
* /æɪ ɒʊ ɪʊ/ '''ai au iu'''

=== Noun Grammar ===
The word order is (GEN S)SV(TMP)(GEN O)O, but any element of the sentence can be made the topic by putting it at the start of the sentence, unless ambiguity would result. (can't move anything related to the object)

genitive of subject - subject - verb - time - manner - place - genitive of object - object

==== Cases ====
Hǣňheliubľ has a direct-oblique case system, but case is not distinguished in the plural. The direct and plural can be formed, mostly regularly, from the oblique. The direct drops the last vowel of the oblique, and the plural mutates the first and shortens the last. Although the l-mutation may look irregular, which vowel to use is mostly determined by the class of the noun.

For example:
'''loŋɑn̥ɑː''' "bone" (obl.) -> '''loŋɑn̥''' (erg.) -> '''luŋɑn̥ɑ''' (pl.)

The direct form of a monosyllabic noun is the same as the oblique, and the plural is formed by full reduplication. There are also other cases, but they are always formed with suffixes from the oblique.

==== Noun classes ====
There are six noun classes, descended from the seven in Ingomoe.

(descriptions taken from the Ingomoe description where applicable) 
1. '''-'f''' - Humans, other beings capable of speech: people, gods, spirits, demons, ancestors, animals in fables, etc. 
2. '''-j''' - Solid inedible objects, anything not in the other classes: rocks, stones, cliffs, pots, sticks, weapons, fingers, penises, legs, arms, trees, etc. 
3. '''-' '''- Edible objects, animals: most foodstuffs, ripe fruit, meat, rabbits, pulp of fruit, etc. 
4. '''-'j''' - Liquids, fire or wind: milk, water, flames, breath, urine, rivers, etc. 
5. '''-0''' - Intangible things: air, celestial bodies, ideas, colors, etc. 
6. '''-k''' - Granular masses, non-liquid collectives, mushy inedible objects: feces, mud, rotting things, quicksand, grains, berries, soil, sand, etc. 

==== Pronouns ====
Hǣňheliubľ has developed a gender distinction in the 2p pronoun, from an Ingomoe T-V distinction. The 3p pronouns inflect for noun class.

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! | !!1!!2m!!2f
|-
!sg
||næ||læːs||tʰæ
|-
!pl
||hæ||læːs||tʰɤː
|}
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! | !!3p ana.!!3p cata.
|-
!1
||æf||kʰɪʊf̯
|-
!2
||æɪ̯||kʰeɪ̯
|-
!3
||æ||kʰɪʊ̯
|-
!4
||æɪ̯||kʰɪʊ̯f
|-
!5
||æ||kʰe
|-
!6
||æk||kʰek
|}

==== Numerals ====
The numeral system of Hǣňheliubľ is base-eight. The cardinal numbers are marked with a class suffix agreeing with their head noun; the ordinal numbers are invariant. Both precede the head nouns they modify. The ordinals are formed from the cardinals with the suffix '''-ɤs''', or '''-s''' for numbers ending in vowels.

Cardinals: 
1. tʰæʁ 
2. ʃe 
3. noʈ 
4. mɪʊ̯n̥ 
5. eː 
6. eːʈæʁ 
7. nɑːvoʃ 
8. ŋof

==== Demonstratives ====

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! !! near me !! near you !! distant
|-
! C1
| jæːɪ̯f || ʂu || ʈʰæːf
|-
! C2
| jæɪ̯ || ʃiʊ̯ || tʃʰæɪ̯
|-
! C3
| jæɪ̯ || ʂɤ || ʈʰæ
|-
! C4
| jeɪ̯ || ʂuːf || ʈʰæː
|-
! C5
| i || ʂ̩ || ʈʰ
|-
! C6
| ik || ʂæk || ʈʰæk
|}

==== Possessive prefixes ====
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
! !! 1 !! 2 !! 3
|-
! sg.
| n || ʃ || h
|-
! pl.
| eŋ || eh || kʰ
|}

==== Questions ====
In all questions, the speculative evidential (zero morpheme) must be used. The interrogative particle is '''šīv'''.

Yes/no questions are formed by placing the particle after the constituent to be questioned. Neutrally it is placed after the verb, but it may also follow an NP that is to be questioned.

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
! where
| mašīv
|-
! why
| ltšīv
|-
! how
| mešīv
|-
! when
| ntšīv
|}

"Who", "what", and "which" questions are formed by '''šīv''' + cataphoric pronoun.
==== Minor cases ====
The minor cases come from Ingomoe postpositions. They are formed by adding a suffix to the oblique form of the noun.

ʈʰ = locative

k = dative

=== Verb Grammar ===

==== Evidentiality ====

'''-ʔ''' - known through senses 
'''-uʃ''' - hearsay 
'''-lɯːʃ''' - physical evidence 
'''-ɤ''' - general knowledge 
'''-ʃ''' - past experience 
'''-0''' - speculative/fictional/anything else 

These suffixes go between the verb and the class marker.

==== Relative clauses ====
Relative clauses are formed by adding the subjunctive marker '''-fɤ''' to the class marker and separating it from the main clause with the demonstrative '''ʈʰ'''. Their position is determined the same way as the position of nouns.

==== Imperative ====
The imperative is formed by adding the prefix '''tʰ-''' to the verb root.

==== Past tense ====
The past tense is formed by '''ef''' before vowels and single consonants, and '''evæ''' before consonant clusters (this auxiliary is cognate to Ingomoe "éiusa" = "come"), followed by the subjunctive form of the verb. The auxiliary takes the class marking. This is the only tense.

==== Reduplication ====
Partial reduplication is used to form the habitual aspect:
* hæːveken "I am washing myself" -> hænhæːveken "I wash myself"
* hɒːuʔɒʁn "I am fighting it" -> hɒuʁnhɒːuʔɒʁn "I fight it"
This aspect is formed by taking the first syllable, shortening the vowel, and adding the class marking. (note that the <nh> here is /nh/, not /n_0/)

Full reduplication is used to form the atelic aspect: (is this an aspect? probably a mood. not even sure if it's really atelic, but similar. means that the action was unsuccessful or maybe incomplete.)
* fe:hæʁn "I cut it" -> fe:hæʁnfe:hæʁn "I tried to cut it"

==== Verb Class Marking ====
Verbs in main clauses must be marked with a suffix marking the noun class (and number in the second person) of the subject and object. Object pronouns are usually omitted, since they are non-ambiguously marked in this class marking, and object nouns can even be omitted if they are obvious from context.
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|- align="center"
! !!!!!!obj.!!!!
|-
! subj. !! 0 !! 1 !! 2s !! 2p !! 3
|-
! 1
| - || n || tʃ || ʃn̩ || ʁn
|-
! 2 or 3
| - || n || tʃ || ʃn̩ || ʁ
|}

This suffix is added after the evidentiality marker. No marking is used for sentences with no subject.

==== Negation ====
Negation is formed with the suffix '''-æɪ̯''', after all the other verb suffixes.

==== Vowel mutation ====
The mutation is not completely regular, although it is completely regular within a noun class.

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
! unmut.
|| æ || e || ɑ || o
|-
! mut.
| æ e || i || ɑ o || u
|}

=== Vowel harmony ===
There are two sets of vowels: front and back. Historically, vowel harmony was progressive, working from the first vowel of the word. Vowel harmony also applies to affixes.
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
! front
|| æ || e || i || æɪ || i || i || iʊ
|-
! back
|| ɑ || o || ɯ || ɤ || ɒʊ || o || u
|}

=== Substrate influences ===
There is possible substrate influence from a language with vowel harmony, reduplication to form aspect, length distinctions but no lexical stress, complex syllable structure, auxiliary verb constructions, and a large vowel inventory. (will construct later, probably called naaurstandva or something along those general lines)

=== Lexicon ===
Nouns are cited in their oblique form.

mŋ̥̩æː - sheep

loŋɑn̥ɑː - bone

Sik{: hill
Se:s` - see
hJh=e: - horse
oZŋ7: - woman
fe:S{ - cut
dl{: - wool
k_hs`e:ni - child
l{:r - milk
t_hf{:tsiuni - man
i:wve: - kill
?{?{: - fire
k_he:Re - cook
j{:Se - say
ɯ:?7: - cause pain
t_h{:t`_h - use
sɯ - thus
eni: - human
Si:k_h - want
Si:?{ - hear
{:Se - eat
S{IS - run
SQUR- - quick
p_hAp7:r\`7k_hSo: - shoot
t{ - do

=== Example text ===
̌Šikāṭ, hňē ef šērăğ šērăħ măŋhā măŋhā. Ožăŋ ef fēšaħ hă taħes măŋhā dlā, kṣēn ef lārăħ šes măŋhā, tfadsiun ef īuvēħ noḍẹs măŋhā. Kēħe miunhes măŋhā kă ̄ʔaʔāḍ. Hňē ef jāšeħ măŋhāk ṭ: "Ini tāṭă̄ʔfe măŋā măŋā ṭ ị̄̄ʔẹ̄ħ na." Măŋhā ef jāšeħ hňēk ṭ: "Na šīkă̄ʔăħ ṭ ta šīʔafeħ na. Pạbẹ̄rẹkšōfọ ha āšefe šauħ šaifešaišfe hňē ṭ ị̄ʔẹ̄ʔăħ na.

==== Gloss and IPA ====
note: clean up gloss

̌šikāṭ hňē ef šērăħ măŋhā măŋhā 
ʃikæːʈʰ hɲ̥eː ef ʃeːɻɐʁ mɐŋ̥æː mɐŋ̥æ 
hill-LOC PAST horse see-3>3 sheep PLURAL 
Hill-on, did horse see sheep sheep. 
On a hill, a horse saw some sheep.

ožăŋ ef fēšaħ hă taħes măŋhā dlā 
oʒɐŋ ef feːʃæʁ hɐ tʰæʁes mɐŋ̥æː dlæː 
woman-DIR PAST cut-3>3 GEN first sheep wool 
Woman did cut of first sheep wool. 
A woman was cutting the wool of the first sheep,

kṣēn ef lārăħ šes măŋhā 
kʰʂeːn ef læːɻɐʁ ʃes mɐŋ̥æː 
child-DIR PAST milk-3>3 second sheep 
Child did milk second sheep. 
a child was milking the second sheep,

tfadsiun ef īuvēħ noḍẹs măŋhā 
tʰfætsiʊ̯n ef iːʊ̯veːʁ noʈɤs mɐŋ̥æː 
man-DIR PAST kill-3>3 third sheep 
Man did kill third sheep. 
and a man was slaughtering the third sheep. (note: "and" not used in 1, 2, 3 ... seqs, add when I'm not tired. all intonation.)

kēħe miunhes măŋhā kă ̄ʔaʔāḍ 
kʰeːʁe miʊ̯n̥es mɐŋ̥æː kʰɐ ʔæʔæːʈ 
cook fourth sheep 3p.GEN fire-LOC 
Cook fourth sheep their fire-on. 
On their fire, a fourth sheep was being cooked.

hňē ef jāšeħ măŋhāk ṭ 
hɲ̩eː ef jæːʃeʁ mɐŋ̥æːk ʈʰ 
horse PAST say-3>3 sheep.DAT this.distant.C5 
Horse did say to sheep this: 
The horse said this to a sheep:

ini tāṭă̄ʔfe măŋā măŋā ṭ ị̄̄ʔẹ̄ħ na 
ini tʰæːʈʰɐʔfe mɐŋ̥æː mɐŋ̥æ ʈʰ ɯːʔɤːʁ næ 
human.PL use-E1-SUBJ sheep PLURAL that hurt-3>3 1p 
I see humans use sheep sheep this hurt me. 
"It pains me that humans use sheep this way."

măŋhā ef jāšeħ hňēk ṭ 
mɐŋ̥æː ef jæːʃeʁ hɲ̩eːk ʈʰ 
sheep PAST say-3>3 horse.DAT this.distant.C5 
Sheep did say to horse this: 
One sheep said this to the horse:

na šīkă̄ʔăħ ṭ ta šīʔafeħ na 
næ ʃiːkʰɐʔʁ ʈʰ tʰæ ʃiʔæfeʁ næ 
1p want-E1-3>3 this.distant.C5 you.MASC hear-SUBJ-3>3 1p 
I want this you hear me. 
"I want you to listen to me.

pạbẹ̄rẹkšōfọ ha āšefe šauħ šaifešaišfe hňē ṭ ị̄ʔẹ̄ʔăħ na
pʰɑpɤːɻɤkʰʃoːfɤ hæ æːʃefe ʃɒʊʁ ʃæɪfeʃæɪʃfe hɲeː ʈ ɯːʔɤːʔʁ næ
shoot and eat quick run run horse this hurt me
shoot-SUBJ and eat-SUBJ quick run.HABIT-SUBJ horse this.distant.C5 hurt-E1-3>3 1p
It pains me that the horse who runs quickly is shot and eaten.

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Western languages]]

Nortaneous: /* Pronouns */ how the hell did that get there

'''Hǽňhelubľ''', or more formally '''Hǽňhelubľ mješé''' (The horse people language), is a language in the [[Western languages| Western language family]] spoken around ??? in the ???. Its ancestor language is [http://home.myfairpoint.net/~parker_parker/ingomoe.html Iŋomœ´], and it is thus one of the [[Steppe Languages| Steppe languages]].

The people who spoke Hǽňhelubľ', called the '''???''' or the ???, were a nomadic sheep-herding people.

The language has an ??? verb morphology, and a ??? noun morphology mostly consisting of ???.

==Phonology==

The Hǽňhelubľ language consist of 34 consonant phonemes, 16 vowel phonemes, and four diphthongs. It is characterized by a complex syllable structure with syllabic consonants. There is a fortis-lenis contrast in all consonants besides approximants and /ʔ/. There is no stress accent, but there is a contrasting series of long vowels.

===Consonants===

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! | !!Labial!!Dental!!Retroflex!!Alveolo- Palatal!!Velar!!Glottal
|- align="center"
!Plosives
||p b||t d||ʈ ɖ||tʃ dʒ||k g||?
|- align="center"
!Nasals
||m̥ m||n̥ n||ɳ̥ ɳ||ɲ̥ ɲ||ŋ̥ ŋ||
|- align="center"
!Fricatives
||f v||s z||ʂ ʐ||ʃ ʒ|| ||
|- align="center"
!Approximants
||w||ʋ||ɻ||j||ʁ||h
|- align="center"
!lateral
|| ||l|| ||ʎ || ||
|}

Geminated consonants are marked orthographically by doubling the consonant letter ('''p''' > '''pp''').

Voiced plosives and fricatives are usually devoiced, but shorter than their voiceless equivalents. Voiceless stops are aspirated word-initially.

===Vowels===

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! | !!Front!!Back unrounded!!Back rounded
|- align="center"
!Close
||i iː||ɯ ɯː||u uː
|- align="center"
!Close-mid
||e eː||ɤ ɤː||o oː
|- align="center"
!Open
||æ æː||ɐ||ɑ ɑː
|}

Diphthongs: /æɪ ɒʊ iʊ ɪʊ/

/ɐ/ is an epenthetic vowel.

=== Orthography ===
normal: should be easy enough to figure out, <h> for fortis ( = /b/, <ph> = /p/)

ASCII:
* /p t ʈ tʃ k ?/ '''p t tr ty k q'''
* /m n ɳ ɲ ŋ/ '''m n nr ny ng'''
* /f s ʂ ʃ/ '''f s sr sy'''
* /w ʋ ɻ j ʁ h/ '''w v r j c h'''
* /l ʎ/ '''l ly'''
* /æ ɑ e ɤ o i ɯ u/ '''a ao e eo o i io u'''
* /æɪ ɒʊ iʊ ɪʊ/ '''ai au iu eu'''

In both systems, ''':''' is used to mark vowel mutation.

=== Noun Grammar ===
The word order is ergative OVS / SV.

==== Cases ====
Hǽňhelubľ has a direct-oblique case system. There are singular and plural numbers, which are only distinguished in the oblique case of monosyllabic nouns.

The direct is formed from the oblique by mutating the first syllable.

==== Noun classes ====
There are six noun classes, descended from the seven in Ingomoe.

(descriptions taken from the Ingomoe description where applicable) 
1. '''-:f''' - Humans, other beings capable of speech: people, gods, spirits, demons, ancestors, animals in fables, etc. 
2. '''-j''' - Solid inedible objects: rocks, stones, cliffs, pots, sticks, weapons, fingers, penises, legs, arms, trees, etc. 
3. '''-:''' - Edible objects: most foodstuffs, ripe fruit, meat, food animals, pulp of fruit, etc. 
4. '''-:j''' - Liquids, fire or wind: milk, water, flames, breath, urine, rivers, etc. 
5. '''-0''' - Intangible things: air, celestial bodies, ideas, colors, etc. 
6. '''-k''' - Granular masses, non-liquid collectives, mushy inedible objects: feces, mud, rotting things, quicksand, grains, berries, soil, sand, etc. 

The ''''''' marks the stress mutation; it only applies to words ending in vowels.

==== Pronouns ====
Hǽňhelubľ has developed a gender distinction in the 2p pronoun, from an Ingomoe T-V distinction. The 3p pronouns inflect for noun class.

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! | !!1!!2m!!2f
|-
!sg
||næ||tʰæ||læːs
|-
!pl
||hæ||tʰɤː||læːs
|}
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! | !!3p ana.!!3p cata.
|-
!1
||æf||kʰɪʊf̯
|-
!2
||æɪ̯||kʰeɪ̯
|-
!3
||æ||kʰɪʊ̯
|-
!4
||æɪ̯||kʰɪʊ̯f
|-
!5
||æ||kʰe
|-
!6
||æk||kʰek
|}

==== Numerals ====
The numeral system of Hǽňhelubľ is base-eight. The cardinal numbers are marked with a class suffix agreeing with their head noun; the ordinal numbers are invariant. Both precede the head nouns they modify. The ordinals are formed from the cardinals with the suffix '''-ɤs''', or '''-s''' for numbers ending in vowels.

Cardinals: 
1. tʰæʁ 
2. ʃe 
3. noʈ 
4. mɪʊ̯n̥ 
5. eː 
6. eːʈæʁ 
7. nɑːvoʃ 
8. ŋof

=== Verb Grammar ===

==== Evidentiality ====

'''-'ʔ''' - known through senses 
'''-uʃ''' - hearsay 
'''-lɯ:ʃ''' - physical evidence 
'''-'''' - general knowledge 
'''-ʃ''' - past experience 
'''-0''' - speculative/fictional/anything else 

These suffixes go between the verb and the class marker.

==== Verb Class Marking ====
Verbs in main clauses must be marked with a suffix marking the noun class (and number in the second person) of the subject and object.
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|- align="center"
! !!!!!!erg.!!!!
|-
! abs. !! 0 !! 1 !! 2s !! 2p !! 3
|-
! 1
| n || n || tʃ || ʃn̩ || ʁn
|-
! 2
| ' || n || tʃ || ʃn̩ || ʁ
|-
! 3C1
| f || ɲef || tʃef || ʃn̩ || ʁef
|-
! 3C2
| t || n || tʃ || ʃn̩ || ʁ
|-
! 3C3
| ' || n || tʃ || ʃn̩ || ʁ
|-
! 3C4
| ' || n || tʃuf || ʃn̩ || ʁuf
|-
! 3C5
| ' || n || tʃ || ʃn̩ || ʁ
|-
! 3C6
| k || ŋk || tʃek || ʃn̩ || ʁek
|}

This suffix is added after the evidentiality marker.

==== Vowel mutation ====
There were historically other vowel mutations, but they eventually fell out of use in favor of the stress mutation:
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|- align="center"
!æ!!e!!i!!o!!u!!iʊ̯!!i!!ɯ!!ɤ!!ɑ
|- align="center"
|æː||æːɪ̯||iː||ɒːʊ̯||uː||iːʊ̯||iː||ɯː||ɤː||ɑː
|}
All other vowels do not mutate.

=== Example sentences ===
* '''qo'haa syi'zrqcn''' /ʔɒːʊ̯hæː ʃiʐʁɐn/ "I see the wolf"

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Western languages]]

Hanheliubl

2009-11-20T01:12:20Z

Nortaneous:

'''Hǽňhelubľ''', or more formally '''Hǽňhelubľ mješé''' (The horse people language), is a language in the [[Western languages| Western language family]] spoken around ??? in the ???. Its ancestor language is [http://home.myfairpoint.net/~parker_parker/ingomoe.html Iŋomœ´], and it is thus one of the [[Steppe Languages| Steppe languages]].

The people who spoke Hǽňhelubľ', called the '''???''' or the ???, were a nomadic sheep-herding people.

The language has an ??? verb morphology, and a ??? noun morphology mostly consisting of ???.

==Phonology==

The Hǽňhelubľ language consist of 34 consonant phonemes, 16 vowel phonemes, and four diphthongs. It is characterized by a complex syllable structure with syllabic consonants. There is a fortis-lenis contrast in all consonants besides approximants and /ʔ/. There is no stress accent, but there is a contrasting series of long vowels.

===Consonants===

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! | !!Labial!!Dental!!Retroflex!!Alveolo- Palatal!!Velar!!Glottal
|- align="center"
!Plosives
||p b||t d||ʈ ɖ||tʃ dʒ||k g||?
|- align="center"
!Nasals
||m̥ m||n̥ n||ɳ̥ ɳ||ɲ̥ ɲ||ŋ̥ ŋ||
|- align="center"
!Fricatives
||f v||s z||ʂ ʐ||ʃ ʒ|| ||
|- align="center"
!Approximants
||w||ʋ||ɻ||j||ʁ||h
|- align="center"
!lateral
|| ||l|| ||ʎ || ||
|}

Geminated consonants are marked orthographically by doubling the consonant letter ('''p''' > '''pp''').

Voiced plosives and fricatives are usually devoiced, but shorter than their voiceless equivalents. Voiceless stops are aspirated word-initially.

===Vowels===

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! | !!Front!!Back unrounded!!Back rounded
|- align="center"
!Close
||i iː||ɯ ɯː||u uː
|- align="center"
!Close-mid
||e eː||ɤ ɤː||o oː
|- align="center"
!Open
||æ æː||ɐ||ɑ ɑː
|}

Diphthongs: /æɪ ɒʊ iʊ ɪʊ/

/ɐ/ is an epenthetic vowel.

=== Orthography ===
normal: should be easy enough to figure out, <h> for fortis ( = /b/, <ph> = /p/)

ASCII:
* /p t ʈ tʃ k ?/ '''p t tr ty k q'''
* /m n ɳ ɲ ŋ/ '''m n nr ny ng'''
* /f s ʂ ʃ/ '''f s sr sy'''
* /w ʋ ɻ j ʁ h/ '''w v r j c h'''
* /l ʎ/ '''l ly'''
* /æ ɑ e ɤ o i ɯ u/ '''a ao e eo o i io u'''
* /æɪ ɒʊ iʊ ɪʊ/ '''ai au iu eu'''

In both systems, ''':''' is used to mark vowel mutation.

=== Noun Grammar ===
The word order is ergative OVS / SV.

==== Cases ====
Hǽňhelubľ has a direct-oblique case system. There are singular and plural numbers, which are only distinguished in the oblique case of monosyllabic nouns.

The direct is formed from the oblique by mutating the first syllable.

==== Noun classes ====
There are six noun classes, descended from the seven in Ingomoe.

(descriptions taken from the Ingomoe description where applicable) 
1. '''-:f''' - Humans, other beings capable of speech: people, gods, spirits, demons, ancestors, animals in fables, etc. 
2. '''-j''' - Solid inedible objects: rocks, stones, cliffs, pots, sticks, weapons, fingers, penises, legs, arms, trees, etc. 
3. '''-:''' - Edible objects: most foodstuffs, ripe fruit, meat, food animals, pulp of fruit, etc. 
4. '''-:j''' - Liquids, fire or wind: milk, water, flames, breath, urine, rivers, etc. 
5. '''-0''' - Intangible things: air, celestial bodies, ideas, colors, etc. 
6. '''-k''' - Granular masses, non-liquid collectives, mushy inedible objects: feces, mud, rotting things, quicksand, grains, berries, soil, sand, etc. 

The ''''''' marks the stress mutation; it only applies to words ending in vowels.

==== Pronouns ====
Hǽňhelubľ has developed a gender distinction in the 2p pronoun, from an Ingomoe T-V distinction. The 3p pronouns inflect for noun class.

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! | !!1!!2m!!2f
|-
!sg
||næ||tʰæ||læːs
|-
!pl
||hæ||tʰɤː||læːs
|}
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|-
! | !!3p ana.!!3p cata.
|-
!1
||æf||kʰɪʊ̯f̯
|-
!2
||æɪ̯||kʰeɪ̯
|-
!3
||æ||kʰɪʊ̯
|-
!4
||æɪ̯||kʰɪʊ̯f
|-
!5
||æ||kʰe
|-
!6
||æk||kʰek
|}

==== Numerals ====
The numeral system of Hǽňhelubľ is base-eight. The cardinal numbers are marked with a class suffix agreeing with their head noun; the ordinal numbers are invariant. Both precede the head nouns they modify. The ordinals are formed from the cardinals with the suffix '''-ɤs''', or '''-s''' for numbers ending in vowels.

Cardinals: 
1. tʰæʁ 
2. ʃe 
3. noʈ 
4. mɪʊ̯n̥ 
5. eː 
6. eːʈæʁ 
7. nɑːvoʃ 
8. ŋof

=== Verb Grammar ===

==== Evidentiality ====

'''-'ʔ''' - known through senses 
'''-uʃ''' - hearsay 
'''-lɯ:ʃ''' - physical evidence 
'''-'''' - general knowledge 
'''-ʃ''' - past experience 
'''-0''' - speculative/fictional/anything else 

These suffixes go between the verb and the class marker.

==== Verb Class Marking ====
Verbs in main clauses must be marked with a suffix marking the noun class (and number in the second person) of the subject and object.
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|- align="center"
! !!!!!!erg.!!!!
|-
! abs. !! 0 !! 1 !! 2s !! 2p !! 3
|-
! 1
| n || n || tʃ || ʃn̩ || ʁn
|-
! 2
| ' || n || tʃ || ʃn̩ || ʁ
|-
! 3C1
| f || ɲef || tʃef || ʃn̩ || ʁef
|-
! 3C2
| t || n || tʃ || ʃn̩ || ʁ
|-
! 3C3
| ' || n || tʃ || ʃn̩ || ʁ
|-
! 3C4
| ' || n || tʃuf || ʃn̩ || ʁuf
|-
! 3C5
| ' || n || tʃ || ʃn̩ || ʁ
|-
! 3C6
| k || ŋk || tʃek || ʃn̩ || ʁek
|}

This suffix is added after the evidentiality marker.

==== Vowel mutation ====
There were historically other vowel mutations, but they eventually fell out of use in favor of the stress mutation:
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}
|- align="center"
!æ!!e!!i!!o!!u!!iʊ̯!!i!!ɯ!!ɤ!!ɑ
|- align="center"
|æː||æːɪ̯||iː||ɒːʊ̯||uː||iːʊ̯||iː||ɯː||ɤː||ɑː
|}
All other vowels do not mutate.

=== Example sentences ===
* '''qo'haa syi'zrqcn''' /ʔɒːʊ̯hæː ʃiʐʁɐn/ "I see the wolf"

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Western languages]]