http://akana.conlang.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Nort AkanaWiki - User contributions [en] 2026-08-20T05:49:52Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.39.8 http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=16108 Tserzou 2021-11-21T20:14:01Z <p>Nort: Undo revision 16107 by Nort (talk) - actually yes this is correct</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || (ɯ &lt;ou&gt;) || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yoe&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;‌u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'' and '''oahtqouj''' ''hammer'', could be explained with final /s t/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> /β/ is written &lt;v&gt; word-initially.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|zeeloek|zeeloek|urinate}}<br /> {{glend|The dog is pissing.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|bijnihgoe|bij-nih-goe|2SG.POSS-mother-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|seemdaq|seem-daq|goat-IA.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|Your mother fucks goats.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|dog}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|zeezi|zee-zi|man-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|uahtqcujden|uahtqcuj-den|hammer-IC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vihjdahla|vihj-dahla|boulder-IC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|tlouk|tlouk|break}}<br /> {{glend|The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaj|k'yoej-daj|deer-IA.ACC:ANIM}}<br /> {{gl|k'imyng|k'im-Ing|shoot-A}}<br /> {{glend|I shot a deer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vakeisqaqala|va-keisqaq-kala|1SG.POSS-candle-DC.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejzin|k'yoej-zin|man-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khating|khat-Ing|give-A}}<br /> {{glend|I gave the man my candle.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|tl'oizi|tl'oi-zi|hill-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going to the hill.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vatihnga'|va-tihn-ga'|1SG.POSS-house-DC.???}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going home.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vak'ahmjrohjzala|va-k'ahmjrohj-zala|1SG.POSS-bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ts'uahjboen|ts'uahjboen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt with a bow and arrow.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|imk'ih,|imk'ih|next_day}}<br /> {{gl|ritl'utl'ujzi|ritl'utl'uj-zi|mockingbird-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|rantsyn,|rantsyn|awaken}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggan|teibohn-gan|sky-DA.PAR}}<br /> {{gl|t'yn|t'yn|LOC}}<br /> {{gl|qohjden|qohj-den|throat-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khoi|khoi|vomit}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|lucj|bring_forth\PLURACT}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|'oequaraj|'oequa-raj|bird-IA.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|oung|oung|behold}}<br /> {{glend|the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Ergative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Inanimate Agent =====<br /> <br /> ===== Adpositional Ergative =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Composition =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Location =====<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === Pluractionality ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs take a separate form when either the action is habitual or the object is plural. Pluractional forms are occasionally suppletive, but are more commonly marked by lateralization of a consonant:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjboen|ts'wahpoen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going hunting in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjdloen|ts'wahtloen|hunt\PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Pluractionality may optionally be marked on verbs with no mutated form with the verbal suffix ''-dloen'':<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|douj|douj|2PL}}<br /> {{gl|nihraq|nih-raq|mother-DC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I fucked all your mothers.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Tense ===<br /> <br /> Non-future vs. future.<br /> <br /> === The irrealis ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs are composed of a root and an absolute marker. This absolute marker is lost TODO<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sim-boen|sin-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{glend|I ate a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sin|sin|eat\IRR}}<br /> {{gl|tuvq|tuvq|be_able_to}}<br /> {{glend|I could eat a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Some verbs have irregular irrealis forms.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'ucn|t'ucn|be_in}}<br /> {{glend|Yesterday the goat was in the house.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|lee|lee|and}}<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'yhn|t'yhn|be_in\IRR}}<br /> {{glend|If the goat had been in the house yesterday...}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> <br /> === Noun phrase ===<br /> <br /> The noun phrase is composed of a case-bearing element, optionally preceded by modifiers. The case-bearing element may be an independent pronoun or demonstrative, or a nominal with an article.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-da|owl-IA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|an owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-doe|owl-IC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|a white owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|'oequa|'oequa|bird}}<br /> {{gl|keila|kei-la|DEM.DIST-DO}}<br /> {{gl|simboen|sim-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ucgoe|ts'uc-goe|owl-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|the white owl that ate that bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Examples ==<br /> <br /> === Seven Kill Stele ===<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|duaj|duaj|great}}<br /> {{gl|teibohn-goe|teibohn-goe|sky-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|kyoe'|kyoe'|hundred}}<br /> {{gl|quaqtoeq|quaq-toeq|mass-IC.DIR.INAN.PL}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|l\'ucj|PLUR\produce}}<br /> {{gl|lhaj|l\khaj|PLUR\give}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdej|k'yoej-dej|man-IA.LAT.PL}}<br /> {{gl|noeyn|noeyn|ANTIP.CONT.CONSTR}}<br /> {{gl|tucj|tucj|eat}}<br /> {{glend|}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaq|k'yoej-daq|man-IA.NOM.PL}}<br /> {{gl|fohm|fohm|good}}<br /> {{gl|q'ujdoe|q'uj-doe|thing0-IC.DIR.INAN.PL|}}<br /> {{gl|duaj|duaj|great}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggoen|teibohn-goen|sky-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|dlehq|dl\rehq|PLUR\NEG.CONT}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|l\'ucj|PLUR\produce}}<br /> {{glend|}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Veic languages]]</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=16107 Tserzou 2021-11-21T15:56:17Z <p>Nort: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || (ɯ &lt;ou&gt;) || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yoe&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;‌u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> /β/ is written &lt;v&gt; word-initially.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|zeeloek|zeeloek|urinate}}<br /> {{glend|The dog is pissing.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|bijnihgoe|bij-nih-goe|2SG.POSS-mother-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|seemdaq|seem-daq|goat-IA.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|Your mother fucks goats.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|dog}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|zeezi|zee-zi|man-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|uahtqcujden|uahtqcuj-den|hammer-IC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vihjdahla|vihj-dahla|boulder-IC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|tlouk|tlouk|break}}<br /> {{glend|The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaj|k'yoej-daj|deer-IA.ACC:ANIM}}<br /> {{gl|k'imyng|k'im-Ing|shoot-A}}<br /> {{glend|I shot a deer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vakeisqaqala|va-keisqaq-kala|1SG.POSS-candle-DC.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejzin|k'yoej-zin|man-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khating|khat-Ing|give-A}}<br /> {{glend|I gave the man my candle.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|tl'oizi|tl'oi-zi|hill-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going to the hill.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vatihnga'|va-tihn-ga'|1SG.POSS-house-DC.???}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going home.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vak'ahmjrohjzala|va-k'ahmjrohj-zala|1SG.POSS-bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ts'uahjboen|ts'uahjboen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt with a bow and arrow.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|imk'ih,|imk'ih|next_day}}<br /> {{gl|ritl'utl'ujzi|ritl'utl'uj-zi|mockingbird-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|rantsyn,|rantsyn|awaken}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggan|teibohn-gan|sky-DA.PAR}}<br /> {{gl|t'yn|t'yn|LOC}}<br /> {{gl|qohjden|qohj-den|throat-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khoi|khoi|vomit}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|lucj|bring_forth\PLURACT}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|'oequaraj|'oequa-raj|bird-IA.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|oung|oung|behold}}<br /> {{glend|the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Ergative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Inanimate Agent =====<br /> <br /> ===== Adpositional Ergative =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Composition =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Location =====<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === Pluractionality ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs take a separate form when either the action is habitual or the object is plural. Pluractional forms are occasionally suppletive, but are more commonly marked by lateralization of a consonant:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjboen|ts'wahpoen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going hunting in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjdloen|ts'wahtloen|hunt\PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Pluractionality may optionally be marked on verbs with no mutated form with the verbal suffix ''-dloen'':<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|douj|douj|2PL}}<br /> {{gl|nihraq|nih-raq|mother-DC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I fucked all your mothers.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Tense ===<br /> <br /> Non-future vs. future.<br /> <br /> === The irrealis ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs are composed of a root and an absolute marker. This absolute marker is lost TODO<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sim-boen|sin-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{glend|I ate a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sin|sin|eat\IRR}}<br /> {{gl|tuvq|tuvq|be_able_to}}<br /> {{glend|I could eat a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Some verbs have irregular irrealis forms.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'ucn|t'ucn|be_in}}<br /> {{glend|Yesterday the goat was in the house.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|lee|lee|and}}<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'yhn|t'yhn|be_in\IRR}}<br /> {{glend|If the goat had been in the house yesterday...}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> <br /> === Noun phrase ===<br /> <br /> The noun phrase is composed of a case-bearing element, optionally preceded by modifiers. The case-bearing element may be an independent pronoun or demonstrative, or a nominal with an article.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-da|owl-IA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|an owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-doe|owl-IC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|a white owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|'oequa|'oequa|bird}}<br /> {{gl|keila|kei-la|DEM.DIST-DO}}<br /> {{gl|simboen|sim-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ucgoe|ts'uc-goe|owl-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|the white owl that ate that bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Examples ==<br /> <br /> === Seven Kill Stele ===<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|duaj|duaj|great}}<br /> {{gl|teibohn-goe|teibohn-goe|sky-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|kyoe'|kyoe'|hundred}}<br /> {{gl|quaqtoeq|quaq-toeq|mass-IC.DIR.INAN.PL}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|l\'ucj|PLUR\produce}}<br /> {{gl|lhaj|l\khaj|PLUR\give}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdej|k'yoej-dej|man-IA.LAT.PL}}<br /> {{gl|noeyn|noeyn|ANTIP.CONT.CONSTR}}<br /> {{gl|tucj|tucj|eat}}<br /> {{glend|}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaq|k'yoej-daq|man-IA.NOM.PL}}<br /> {{gl|fohm|fohm|good}}<br /> {{gl|q'ujdoe|q'uj-doe|thing0-IC.DIR.INAN.PL|}}<br /> {{gl|duaj|duaj|great}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggoen|teibohn-goen|sky-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|dlehq|dl\rehq|PLUR\NEG.CONT}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|l\'ucj|PLUR\produce}}<br /> {{glend|}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Veic languages]]</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=16099 Tserzou 2021-11-20T04:44:45Z <p>Nort: /* Phonology */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || (ɯ &lt;ou&gt;) || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yoe&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;‌u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'' and '''oahtqouj''' ''hammer'', could be explained with final /s t/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> /β/ is written &lt;v&gt; word-initially.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|zeeloek|zeeloek|urinate}}<br /> {{glend|The dog is pissing.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|bijnihgoe|bij-nih-goe|2SG.POSS-mother-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|seemdaq|seem-daq|goat-IA.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|Your mother fucks goats.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|dog}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|zeezi|zee-zi|man-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|uahtqcujden|uahtqcuj-den|hammer-IC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vihjdahla|vihj-dahla|boulder-IC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|tlouk|tlouk|break}}<br /> {{glend|The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaj|k'yoej-daj|deer-IA.ACC:ANIM}}<br /> {{gl|k'imyng|k'im-Ing|shoot-A}}<br /> {{glend|I shot a deer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vakeisqaqala|va-keisqaq-kala|1SG.POSS-candle-DC.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejzin|k'yoej-zin|man-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khating|khat-Ing|give-A}}<br /> {{glend|I gave the man my candle.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|tl'oizi|tl'oi-zi|hill-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going to the hill.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vatihnga'|va-tihn-ga'|1SG.POSS-house-DC.???}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going home.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vak'ahmjrohjzala|va-k'ahmjrohj-zala|1SG.POSS-bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ts'uahjboen|ts'uahjboen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt with a bow and arrow.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|imk'ih,|imk'ih|next_day}}<br /> {{gl|ritl'utl'ujzi|ritl'utl'uj-zi|mockingbird-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|rantsyn,|rantsyn|awaken}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggan|teibohn-gan|sky-DA.PAR}}<br /> {{gl|t'yn|t'yn|LOC}}<br /> {{gl|qohjden|qohj-den|throat-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khoi|khoi|vomit}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|lucj|bring_forth\PLURACT}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|'oequaraj|'oequa-raj|bird-IA.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|oung|oung|behold}}<br /> {{glend|the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Ergative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Inanimate Agent =====<br /> <br /> ===== Adpositional Ergative =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Composition =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Location =====<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === Pluractionality ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs take a separate form when either the action is habitual or the object is plural. Pluractional forms are occasionally suppletive, but are more commonly marked by lateralization of a consonant:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjboen|ts'wahpoen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going hunting in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjdloen|ts'wahtloen|hunt\PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Pluractionality may optionally be marked on verbs with no mutated form with the verbal suffix ''-dloen'':<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|douj|douj|2PL}}<br /> {{gl|nihraq|nih-raq|mother-DC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I fucked all your mothers.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Tense ===<br /> <br /> Non-future vs. future.<br /> <br /> === The irrealis ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs are composed of a root and an absolute marker. This absolute marker is lost TODO<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sim-boen|sin-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{glend|I ate a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sin|sin|eat\IRR}}<br /> {{gl|tuvq|tuvq|be_able_to}}<br /> {{glend|I could eat a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Some verbs have irregular irrealis forms.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'ucn|t'ucn|be_in}}<br /> {{glend|Yesterday the goat was in the house.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|lee|lee|and}}<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'yhn|t'yhn|be_in\IRR}}<br /> {{glend|If the goat had been in the house yesterday...}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> <br /> === Noun phrase ===<br /> <br /> The noun phrase is composed of a case-bearing element, optionally preceded by modifiers. The case-bearing element may be an independent pronoun or demonstrative, or a nominal with an article.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-da|owl-IA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|an owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-doe|owl-IC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|a white owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|'oequa|'oequa|bird}}<br /> {{gl|keila|kei-la|DEM.DIST-DO}}<br /> {{gl|simboen|sim-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ucgoe|ts'uc-goe|owl-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|the white owl that ate that bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Examples ==<br /> <br /> === Seven Kill Stele ===<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|duaj|duaj|great}}<br /> {{gl|teibohn-goe|teibohn-goe|sky-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|kyoe'|kyoe'|hundred}}<br /> {{gl|quaqtoeq|quaq-toeq|mass-IC.DIR.INAN.PL}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|l\'ucj|PLUR\produce}}<br /> {{gl|lhaj|l\khaj|PLUR\give}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdej|k'yoej-dej|man-IA.LAT.PL}}<br /> {{gl|noeyn|noeyn|ANTIP.CONT.CONSTR}}<br /> {{gl|tucj|tucj|eat}}<br /> {{glend|}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaq|k'yoej-daq|man-IA.NOM.PL}}<br /> {{gl|fohm|fohm|good}}<br /> {{gl|q'ujdoe|q'uj-doe|thing0-IC.DIR.INAN.PL|}}<br /> {{gl|duaj|duaj|great}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggoen|teibohn-goen|sky-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|dlehq|dl\rehq|PLUR\NEG.CONT}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|l\'ucj|PLUR\produce}}<br /> {{glend|}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Veic languages]]</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=16098 Tserzou 2021-11-18T23:42:15Z <p>Nort: /* Seven Kill Stele */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || (ɯ &lt;ou&gt;) || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;‌u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'' and '''uahtqouj''' ''hammer'', could be explained with final /s t/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> /β/ is written &lt;v&gt; word-initially.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|zeeloek|zeeloek|urinate}}<br /> {{glend|The dog is pissing.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|bijnihgoe|bij-nih-goe|2SG.POSS-mother-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|seemdaq|seem-daq|goat-IA.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|Your mother fucks goats.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|dog}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|zeezi|zee-zi|man-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|uahtqcujden|uahtqcuj-den|hammer-IC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vihjdahla|vihj-dahla|boulder-IC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|tlouk|tlouk|break}}<br /> {{glend|The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaj|k'yoej-daj|deer-IA.ACC:ANIM}}<br /> {{gl|k'imyng|k'im-Ing|shoot-A}}<br /> {{glend|I shot a deer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vakeisqaqala|va-keisqaq-kala|1SG.POSS-candle-DC.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejzin|k'yoej-zin|man-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khating|khat-Ing|give-A}}<br /> {{glend|I gave the man my candle.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|tl'oizi|tl'oi-zi|hill-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going to the hill.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vatihnga'|va-tihn-ga'|1SG.POSS-house-DC.???}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going home.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vak'ahmjrohjzala|va-k'ahmjrohj-zala|1SG.POSS-bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ts'uahjboen|ts'uahjboen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt with a bow and arrow.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|imk'ih,|imk'ih|next_day}}<br /> {{gl|ritl'utl'ujzi|ritl'utl'uj-zi|mockingbird-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|rantsyn,|rantsyn|awaken}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggan|teibohn-gan|sky-DA.PAR}}<br /> {{gl|t'yn|t'yn|LOC}}<br /> {{gl|qohjden|qohj-den|throat-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khoi|khoi|vomit}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|lucj|bring_forth\PLURACT}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|'oequaraj|'oequa-raj|bird-IA.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|oung|oung|behold}}<br /> {{glend|the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Ergative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Inanimate Agent =====<br /> <br /> ===== Adpositional Ergative =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Composition =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Location =====<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === Pluractionality ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs take a separate form when either the action is habitual or the object is plural. Pluractional forms are occasionally suppletive, but are more commonly marked by lateralization of a consonant:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjboen|ts'wahpoen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going hunting in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjdloen|ts'wahtloen|hunt\PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Pluractionality may optionally be marked on verbs with no mutated form with the verbal suffix ''-dloen'':<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|douj|douj|2PL}}<br /> {{gl|nihraq|nih-raq|mother-DC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I fucked all your mothers.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Tense ===<br /> <br /> Non-future vs. future.<br /> <br /> === The irrealis ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs are composed of a root and an absolute marker. This absolute marker is lost TODO<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sim-boen|sin-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{glend|I ate a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sin|sin|eat\IRR}}<br /> {{gl|tuvq|tuvq|be_able_to}}<br /> {{glend|I could eat a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Some verbs have irregular irrealis forms.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'ucn|t'ucn|be_in}}<br /> {{glend|Yesterday the goat was in the house.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|lee|lee|and}}<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'yhn|t'yhn|be_in\IRR}}<br /> {{glend|If the goat had been in the house yesterday...}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> <br /> === Noun phrase ===<br /> <br /> The noun phrase is composed of a case-bearing element, optionally preceded by modifiers. The case-bearing element may be an independent pronoun or demonstrative, or a nominal with an article.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-da|owl-IA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|an owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-doe|owl-IC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|a white owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|'oequa|'oequa|bird}}<br /> {{gl|keila|kei-la|DEM.DIST-DO}}<br /> {{gl|simboen|sim-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ucgoe|ts'uc-goe|owl-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|the white owl that ate that bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Examples ==<br /> <br /> === Seven Kill Stele ===<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|duaj|duaj|great}}<br /> {{gl|teibohn-goe|teibohn-goe|sky-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|kyoe'|kyoe'|hundred}}<br /> {{gl|quaqtoeq|quaq-toeq|mass-IC.DIR.INAN.PL}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|l\'ucj|PLUR\produce}}<br /> {{gl|lhaj|l\khaj|PLUR\give}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdej|k'yoej-dej|man-IA.LAT.PL}}<br /> {{gl|noeyn|noeyn|ANTIP.CONT.CONSTR}}<br /> {{gl|tucj|tucj|eat}}<br /> {{glend|}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaq|k'yoej-daq|man-IA.NOM.PL}}<br /> {{gl|fohm|fohm|good}}<br /> {{gl|q'ujdoe|q'uj-doe|thing0-IC.DIR.INAN.PL|}}<br /> {{gl|duaj|duaj|great}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggoen|teibohn-goen|sky-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|dlehq|dl\rehq|PLUR\NEG.CONT}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|l\'ucj|PLUR\produce}}<br /> {{glend|}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Veic languages]]</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=16097 Tserzou 2021-11-18T21:24:12Z <p>Nort: /* Seven Kill Stele */ completely wrong word</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || (ɯ &lt;ou&gt;) || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;‌u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'' and '''uahtqouj''' ''hammer'', could be explained with final /s t/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> /β/ is written &lt;v&gt; word-initially.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|zeeloek|zeeloek|urinate}}<br /> {{glend|The dog is pissing.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|bijnihgoe|bij-nih-goe|2SG.POSS-mother-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|seemdaq|seem-daq|goat-IA.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|Your mother fucks goats.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|dog}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|zeezi|zee-zi|man-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|uahtqcujden|uahtqcuj-den|hammer-IC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vihjdahla|vihj-dahla|boulder-IC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|tlouk|tlouk|break}}<br /> {{glend|The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaj|k'yoej-daj|deer-IA.ACC:ANIM}}<br /> {{gl|k'imyng|k'im-Ing|shoot-A}}<br /> {{glend|I shot a deer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vakeisqaqala|va-keisqaq-kala|1SG.POSS-candle-DC.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejzin|k'yoej-zin|man-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khating|khat-Ing|give-A}}<br /> {{glend|I gave the man my candle.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|tl'oizi|tl'oi-zi|hill-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going to the hill.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vatihnga'|va-tihn-ga'|1SG.POSS-house-DC.???}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going home.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vak'ahmjrohjzala|va-k'ahmjrohj-zala|1SG.POSS-bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ts'uahjboen|ts'uahjboen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt with a bow and arrow.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|imk'ih,|imk'ih|next_day}}<br /> {{gl|ritl'utl'ujzi|ritl'utl'uj-zi|mockingbird-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|rantsyn,|rantsyn|awaken}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggan|teibohn-gan|sky-DA.PAR}}<br /> {{gl|t'yn|t'yn|LOC}}<br /> {{gl|qohjden|qohj-den|throat-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khoi|khoi|vomit}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|lucj|bring_forth\PLURACT}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|'oequaraj|'oequa-raj|bird-IA.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|oung|oung|behold}}<br /> {{glend|the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Ergative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Inanimate Agent =====<br /> <br /> ===== Adpositional Ergative =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Composition =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Location =====<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === Pluractionality ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs take a separate form when either the action is habitual or the object is plural. Pluractional forms are occasionally suppletive, but are more commonly marked by lateralization of a consonant:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjboen|ts'wahpoen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going hunting in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjdloen|ts'wahtloen|hunt\PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Pluractionality may optionally be marked on verbs with no mutated form with the verbal suffix ''-dloen'':<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|douj|douj|2PL}}<br /> {{gl|nihraq|nih-raq|mother-DC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I fucked all your mothers.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Tense ===<br /> <br /> Non-future vs. future.<br /> <br /> === The irrealis ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs are composed of a root and an absolute marker. This absolute marker is lost TODO<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sim-boen|sin-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{glend|I ate a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sin|sin|eat\IRR}}<br /> {{gl|tuvq|tuvq|be_able_to}}<br /> {{glend|I could eat a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Some verbs have irregular irrealis forms.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'ucn|t'ucn|be_in}}<br /> {{glend|Yesterday the goat was in the house.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|lee|lee|and}}<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'yhn|t'yhn|be_in\IRR}}<br /> {{glend|If the goat had been in the house yesterday...}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> <br /> === Noun phrase ===<br /> <br /> The noun phrase is composed of a case-bearing element, optionally preceded by modifiers. The case-bearing element may be an independent pronoun or demonstrative, or a nominal with an article.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-da|owl-IA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|an owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-doe|owl-IC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|a white owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|'oequa|'oequa|bird}}<br /> {{gl|keila|kei-la|DEM.DIST-DO}}<br /> {{gl|simboen|sim-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ucgoe|ts'uc-goe|owl-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|the white owl that ate that bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Examples ==<br /> <br /> === Seven Kill Stele ===<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|duaj|duaj|great}}<br /> {{gl|teibohn-goe|teibohn-goe|sky-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|kyoe'|kyoe'|hundred}}<br /> {{gl|quaqtoeq|quaq-toeq|mass-IC.DIR.INAN.PL}}<br /> {{gl|luoj|l\'uoj|PLUR\produce}}<br /> {{gl|lhaj|l\khaj|PLUR\give}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdej|k'yoej-dej|man-IA.LAT.PL}}<br /> {{gl|noeyn|noeyn|ANTIP.CONT.CONSTR}}<br /> {{gl|tucj|tucj|eat}}<br /> {{glend|}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaq|k'yoej-daq|man-IA.NOM.PL}}<br /> {{gl|fohm|fohm|good}}<br /> {{gl|q'ujdoe|q'uj-doe|thing0-IC.DIR.INAN.PL|}}<br /> {{gl|duaj|duaj|great}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggoen|teibohn-goen|sky-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|dlehq|dl\rehq|PLUR\NEG.CONT}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|l\'ucj|PLUR\produce}}<br /> {{glend|}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Veic languages]]</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=16096 Tserzou 2021-11-18T21:20:52Z <p>Nort: /* Seven Kill Stele */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || (ɯ &lt;ou&gt;) || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;‌u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'' and '''uahtqouj''' ''hammer'', could be explained with final /s t/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> /β/ is written &lt;v&gt; word-initially.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|zeeloek|zeeloek|urinate}}<br /> {{glend|The dog is pissing.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|bijnihgoe|bij-nih-goe|2SG.POSS-mother-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|seemdaq|seem-daq|goat-IA.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|Your mother fucks goats.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|dog}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|zeezi|zee-zi|man-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|uahtqcujden|uahtqcuj-den|hammer-IC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vihjdahla|vihj-dahla|boulder-IC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|tlouk|tlouk|break}}<br /> {{glend|The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaj|k'yoej-daj|deer-IA.ACC:ANIM}}<br /> {{gl|k'imyng|k'im-Ing|shoot-A}}<br /> {{glend|I shot a deer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vakeisqaqala|va-keisqaq-kala|1SG.POSS-candle-DC.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejzin|k'yoej-zin|man-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khating|khat-Ing|give-A}}<br /> {{glend|I gave the man my candle.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|tl'oizi|tl'oi-zi|hill-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going to the hill.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vatihnga'|va-tihn-ga'|1SG.POSS-house-DC.???}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going home.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vak'ahmjrohjzala|va-k'ahmjrohj-zala|1SG.POSS-bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ts'uahjboen|ts'uahjboen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt with a bow and arrow.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|imk'ih,|imk'ih|next_day}}<br /> {{gl|ritl'utl'ujzi|ritl'utl'uj-zi|mockingbird-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|rantsyn,|rantsyn|awaken}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggan|teibohn-gan|sky-DA.PAR}}<br /> {{gl|t'yn|t'yn|LOC}}<br /> {{gl|qohjden|qohj-den|throat-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khoi|khoi|vomit}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|lucj|bring_forth\PLURACT}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|'oequaraj|'oequa-raj|bird-IA.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|oung|oung|behold}}<br /> {{glend|the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Ergative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Inanimate Agent =====<br /> <br /> ===== Adpositional Ergative =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Composition =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Location =====<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === Pluractionality ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs take a separate form when either the action is habitual or the object is plural. Pluractional forms are occasionally suppletive, but are more commonly marked by lateralization of a consonant:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjboen|ts'wahpoen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going hunting in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjdloen|ts'wahtloen|hunt\PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Pluractionality may optionally be marked on verbs with no mutated form with the verbal suffix ''-dloen'':<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|douj|douj|2PL}}<br /> {{gl|nihraq|nih-raq|mother-DC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I fucked all your mothers.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Tense ===<br /> <br /> Non-future vs. future.<br /> <br /> === The irrealis ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs are composed of a root and an absolute marker. This absolute marker is lost TODO<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sim-boen|sin-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{glend|I ate a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sin|sin|eat\IRR}}<br /> {{gl|tuvq|tuvq|be_able_to}}<br /> {{glend|I could eat a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Some verbs have irregular irrealis forms.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'ucn|t'ucn|be_in}}<br /> {{glend|Yesterday the goat was in the house.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|lee|lee|and}}<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'yhn|t'yhn|be_in\IRR}}<br /> {{glend|If the goat had been in the house yesterday...}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> <br /> === Noun phrase ===<br /> <br /> The noun phrase is composed of a case-bearing element, optionally preceded by modifiers. The case-bearing element may be an independent pronoun or demonstrative, or a nominal with an article.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-da|owl-IA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|an owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-doe|owl-IC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|a white owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|'oequa|'oequa|bird}}<br /> {{gl|keila|kei-la|DEM.DIST-DO}}<br /> {{gl|simboen|sim-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ucgoe|ts'uc-goe|owl-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|the white owl that ate that bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Examples ==<br /> <br /> === Seven Kill Stele ===<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|duaj|duaj|great}}<br /> {{gl|teibohn-goe|teibohn-goe|sky-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|kyoe'|kyoe'|hundred}}<br /> {{gl|quaqtoeq|quaq-toeq|mass-IC.DIR.INAN.PL}}<br /> {{gl|luoj|l\'uoj|PLUR\produce}}<br /> {{gl|lhaj|l\khaj|PLUR\give}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdej|k'yoej-dej|man-IA.LAT.PL}}<br /> {{gl|noeyn|noeyn|ANTIP.CONT.CONSTR}}<br /> {{gl|sin|sin|eat}}<br /> {{glend|}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaq|k'yoej-daq|man-IA.NOM.PL}}<br /> {{gl|fohm|fohm|good}}<br /> {{gl|q'ujdoe|q'uj-doe|thing0-IC.DIR.INAN.PL|}}<br /> {{gl|duaj|duaj|great}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggoen|teibohn-goen|sky-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|dlehq|dl\rehq|PLUR\NEG.CONT}}<br /> {{gl|luoj|l\'uoj|PLUR\produce}}<br /> {{glend|}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Veic languages]]</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=16095 Tserzou 2021-11-18T21:20:42Z <p>Nort: /* Seven Kill Stele */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || (ɯ &lt;ou&gt;) || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;‌u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'' and '''uahtqouj''' ''hammer'', could be explained with final /s t/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> /β/ is written &lt;v&gt; word-initially.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|zeeloek|zeeloek|urinate}}<br /> {{glend|The dog is pissing.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|bijnihgoe|bij-nih-goe|2SG.POSS-mother-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|seemdaq|seem-daq|goat-IA.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|Your mother fucks goats.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|dog}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|zeezi|zee-zi|man-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|uahtqcujden|uahtqcuj-den|hammer-IC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vihjdahla|vihj-dahla|boulder-IC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|tlouk|tlouk|break}}<br /> {{glend|The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaj|k'yoej-daj|deer-IA.ACC:ANIM}}<br /> {{gl|k'imyng|k'im-Ing|shoot-A}}<br /> {{glend|I shot a deer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vakeisqaqala|va-keisqaq-kala|1SG.POSS-candle-DC.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejzin|k'yoej-zin|man-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khating|khat-Ing|give-A}}<br /> {{glend|I gave the man my candle.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|tl'oizi|tl'oi-zi|hill-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going to the hill.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vatihnga'|va-tihn-ga'|1SG.POSS-house-DC.???}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going home.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vak'ahmjrohjzala|va-k'ahmjrohj-zala|1SG.POSS-bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ts'uahjboen|ts'uahjboen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt with a bow and arrow.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|imk'ih,|imk'ih|next_day}}<br /> {{gl|ritl'utl'ujzi|ritl'utl'uj-zi|mockingbird-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|rantsyn,|rantsyn|awaken}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggan|teibohn-gan|sky-DA.PAR}}<br /> {{gl|t'yn|t'yn|LOC}}<br /> {{gl|qohjden|qohj-den|throat-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khoi|khoi|vomit}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|lucj|bring_forth\PLURACT}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|'oequaraj|'oequa-raj|bird-IA.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|oung|oung|behold}}<br /> {{glend|the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Ergative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Inanimate Agent =====<br /> <br /> ===== Adpositional Ergative =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Composition =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Location =====<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === Pluractionality ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs take a separate form when either the action is habitual or the object is plural. Pluractional forms are occasionally suppletive, but are more commonly marked by lateralization of a consonant:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjboen|ts'wahpoen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going hunting in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjdloen|ts'wahtloen|hunt\PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Pluractionality may optionally be marked on verbs with no mutated form with the verbal suffix ''-dloen'':<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|douj|douj|2PL}}<br /> {{gl|nihraq|nih-raq|mother-DC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I fucked all your mothers.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Tense ===<br /> <br /> Non-future vs. future.<br /> <br /> === The irrealis ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs are composed of a root and an absolute marker. This absolute marker is lost TODO<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sim-boen|sin-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{glend|I ate a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sin|sin|eat\IRR}}<br /> {{gl|tuvq|tuvq|be_able_to}}<br /> {{glend|I could eat a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Some verbs have irregular irrealis forms.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'ucn|t'ucn|be_in}}<br /> {{glend|Yesterday the goat was in the house.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|lee|lee|and}}<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'yhn|t'yhn|be_in\IRR}}<br /> {{glend|If the goat had been in the house yesterday...}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> <br /> === Noun phrase ===<br /> <br /> The noun phrase is composed of a case-bearing element, optionally preceded by modifiers. The case-bearing element may be an independent pronoun or demonstrative, or a nominal with an article.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-da|owl-IA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|an owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-doe|owl-IC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|a white owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|'oequa|'oequa|bird}}<br /> {{gl|keila|kei-la|DEM.DIST-DO}}<br /> {{gl|simboen|sim-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ucgoe|ts'uc-goe|owl-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|the white owl that ate that bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Examples ==<br /> <br /> === Seven Kill Stele ===<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|duaj|duaj|great}}<br /> {{gl|teibohn-goe|teibohn-goe|sky-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|kyoe'|kyoe'|hundred}}<br /> {{gl|quaqtoeq|quaq-toeq|mass-IC.DIR.INAN.PL}}<br /> {{gl|luoj|l\'uoj|PLUR\produce}}<br /> {{gl|lhaj|l\khaj|PLUR\give}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdej|k'yoej-dej|man-IA.LAT.PL}}<br /> {{gl|noeyn|noeyn|ANTIP.CONT.CONSTR}}<br /> {{gl|sin|sin|eat}}<br /> {{glend|}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaq|k'yoej-daq|man-IA.NOM.PL}}<br /> {{gl|fohm|fohm|good}}<br /> {{gl|q'ujdoe|q'uj-doe|thing0-IC.DIR.INAN.PL|}}<br /> {{gl|duaj|duaj|great}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggoen|teibohn-goen|sky-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|dlehq|dl\rehq|PLUR\NEG.CONT}}<br /> {{gl|luoj|l\'uoj|PLUR\produce}}<br /> {{glend|}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Veic languages]]</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=16094 Tserzou 2021-11-18T21:20:16Z <p>Nort: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || (ɯ &lt;ou&gt;) || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;‌u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'' and '''uahtqouj''' ''hammer'', could be explained with final /s t/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> /β/ is written &lt;v&gt; word-initially.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|zeeloek|zeeloek|urinate}}<br /> {{glend|The dog is pissing.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|bijnihgoe|bij-nih-goe|2SG.POSS-mother-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|seemdaq|seem-daq|goat-IA.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|Your mother fucks goats.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|dog}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|zeezi|zee-zi|man-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|uahtqcujden|uahtqcuj-den|hammer-IC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vihjdahla|vihj-dahla|boulder-IC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|tlouk|tlouk|break}}<br /> {{glend|The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaj|k'yoej-daj|deer-IA.ACC:ANIM}}<br /> {{gl|k'imyng|k'im-Ing|shoot-A}}<br /> {{glend|I shot a deer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vakeisqaqala|va-keisqaq-kala|1SG.POSS-candle-DC.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejzin|k'yoej-zin|man-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khating|khat-Ing|give-A}}<br /> {{glend|I gave the man my candle.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|tl'oizi|tl'oi-zi|hill-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going to the hill.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vatihnga'|va-tihn-ga'|1SG.POSS-house-DC.???}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going home.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vak'ahmjrohjzala|va-k'ahmjrohj-zala|1SG.POSS-bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ts'uahjboen|ts'uahjboen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt with a bow and arrow.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|imk'ih,|imk'ih|next_day}}<br /> {{gl|ritl'utl'ujzi|ritl'utl'uj-zi|mockingbird-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|rantsyn,|rantsyn|awaken}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggan|teibohn-gan|sky-DA.PAR}}<br /> {{gl|t'yn|t'yn|LOC}}<br /> {{gl|qohjden|qohj-den|throat-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khoi|khoi|vomit}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|lucj|bring_forth\PLURACT}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|'oequaraj|'oequa-raj|bird-IA.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|oung|oung|behold}}<br /> {{glend|the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Ergative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Inanimate Agent =====<br /> <br /> ===== Adpositional Ergative =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Composition =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Location =====<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === Pluractionality ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs take a separate form when either the action is habitual or the object is plural. Pluractional forms are occasionally suppletive, but are more commonly marked by lateralization of a consonant:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjboen|ts'wahpoen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going hunting in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjdloen|ts'wahtloen|hunt\PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Pluractionality may optionally be marked on verbs with no mutated form with the verbal suffix ''-dloen'':<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|douj|douj|2PL}}<br /> {{gl|nihraq|nih-raq|mother-DC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I fucked all your mothers.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Tense ===<br /> <br /> Non-future vs. future.<br /> <br /> === The irrealis ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs are composed of a root and an absolute marker. This absolute marker is lost TODO<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sim-boen|sin-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{glend|I ate a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sin|sin|eat\IRR}}<br /> {{gl|tuvq|tuvq|be_able_to}}<br /> {{glend|I could eat a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Some verbs have irregular irrealis forms.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'ucn|t'ucn|be_in}}<br /> {{glend|Yesterday the goat was in the house.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|lee|lee|and}}<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'yhn|t'yhn|be_in\IRR}}<br /> {{glend|If the goat had been in the house yesterday...}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> <br /> === Noun phrase ===<br /> <br /> The noun phrase is composed of a case-bearing element, optionally preceded by modifiers. The case-bearing element may be an independent pronoun or demonstrative, or a nominal with an article.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-da|owl-IA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|an owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-doe|owl-IC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|a white owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|'oequa|'oequa|bird}}<br /> {{gl|keila|kei-la|DEM.DIST-DO}}<br /> {{gl|simboen|sim-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ucgoe|ts'uc-goe|owl-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|the white owl that ate that bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Examples ==<br /> <br /> === Seven Kill Stele ===<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|duaj|duaj|great}}<br /> {{gl|teibohn-goe|teibohn-goe|sky-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|kyoe'|kyoe'|hundred}}<br /> {{gl|quaqtoeq|quaq-toeq|mass-IC.DIR.INAN.PL}}<br /> {{gl|luoj|l\'uoj|PLUR\produce}}<br /> {{gl|lhaj|l\khaj|PLUR\give}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdej|k'yoej-dej|man-IA.LAT.PL}}<br /> {{gl|noeyn|noeyn|ANTIP.CONT.CONSTR}}<br /> {{gl|sin|sin|eat}}<br /> {{glend|}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaq|k'yoej-daq|man-IA.NOM.PL}}<br /> {{gl|fohm|fohm|good}}<br /> {{gl|q'ujdoe|q'uj-doe|thing0-IC.DIR.INAN.PL|}}<br /> {{gl|duaj|duaj|great}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggoen|teibohn-goen|sky-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|dlehq|dl\rehq|PLUR\NEG.CONT}}<br /> {{gl|luoj|l\'uoj|PLUR\produce}}<br /> {{glend|}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> {{gl|teijp'vq|teijp'vq|kill}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Veic languages]]</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Veic_languages&diff=16089 Category:Veic languages 2021-11-10T04:47:36Z <p>Nort: Created page with &quot;Page for the languages developed by Team A of the 2021 Reconstruction Relay. They are spoken in a temperate area of southern Zeluzhia.&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Page for the languages developed by Team A of the 2021 Reconstruction Relay. They are spoken in a temperate area of southern Zeluzhia.</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Srugthod&diff=16088 Srugthod 2021-11-10T04:41:03Z <p>Nort: category</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Srugthod<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~1000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |author = [[User:Karch]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Srugthod ([ˈsruktʰot]) is a language spoken by some people living in a swamp.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | pʰ p ⟨p b⟩ || tʰ t ⟨t d⟩ || tsʰ ts ⟨c ʒ⟩ || kʰ k ⟨k g⟩ || ʔ ⟨ˀ⟩<br /> |-<br /> | m || n || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | || r || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | || s z || ʃ ⟨š⟩ || || h<br /> |-<br /> | w || l || j || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front !! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | i || || u<br /> |-<br /> | ie || || uo<br /> |-<br /> | e || ə || o<br /> |-<br /> | æ ⟨ä⟩ || a ⟨ȧ⟩ || ɑ ⟨a⟩<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The vowels can be split into two groups: reducing (i u ə ä a) and non-reducing (the rest). Reducing vowels have a tendency to elide when they're an odd vowel (counting from the beginning of the word). All words starting with consonant clusters in fact start with a sequence of a consonant and an underlying reducing vowel, which elides unless preceded by a prefix, since it's the first vowel of the word.<br /> Non-reducing vowels can't occur in syllables closed with nasals or /r/<br /> <br /> The low central vowel is marginal and only occurs before reducing high vowels, e.g. in the word ''brȧš'' (hill), underlyingly ''burȧš'' or ''buruoš''.<br /> <br /> The aspirates only contrast with the tenuis stops prevocalically and before /r/.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns, as in most related languages, inflect for definiteness, state, case and number using a single fused suffix. Each noun has two surface stems - long stem, which is used with the nominative, animate accusative and, and short stem, which is used with all other cases. These stems are predictably derived from an underlying representation by the aforementioned reduced vowel deletion rule (i.e. all odd reduced vowels are deleted). Suffixes unpredictably taking the short stem will be marked by a preceding $ in the following table.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> !rowspan=&quot;3&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; |<br /> !colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Absolute<br /> !colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Construct<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Definite<br /> !colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Indefinite<br /> !colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Definite<br /> !colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Indefinite<br /> |-<br /> ! SG<br /> ! DU<br /> ! PL<br /> ! SG<br /> ! DU<br /> ! PL<br /> ! SG<br /> ! DU<br /> ! PL<br /> ! SG<br /> ! DU<br /> ! PL<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;3&quot; | NOM<br /> | -hi<br /> | -hir<br /> | -hik<br /> | -dä<br /> | -där<br /> | -däk<br /> | -ku<br /> | -kur<br /> | -kuk<br /> | -du<br /> | -dur<br /> | -duk<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ACC<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ANIM<br /> | -hit<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -git<br /> | -dät<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -kät<br /> | -kut<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -rut<br /> | -dut<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -rut<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | INAN<br /> ! C-<br /> | -nikan<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -nikat<br /> | -nidan<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -nidat<br /> | -nikun<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -nikut<br /> | -niban<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -nibat<br /> |-<br /> ! V-<br /> | -nkan<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -nkat<br /> | -ntan<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -ntat<br /> | -nkun<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -nkut<br /> | -nban<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -nbat<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ABL<br /> | -hirni<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -girni<br /> | -därni<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -kärni<br /> | -kurni<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -rurni<br /> | -durni<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -rurni<br /> |}<br /> <br /> There are also some cases that are expressed with separate suffixes, such as the lative, expressed with the suffix ''-zi'' affixed to the nominative form (with an irregular DC.SG form ''-həzi''), or the ablative, expressed with a suffix ''-rni'', suffixed to the animate accusative, which was included in the table above due to deleting the accusative article's final consonant.<br /> (the table is unfinished, i'm tired)<br /> <br /> == Predicates ==<br /> <br /> Predicates are marked by person suffixes indexing the subject of the clause. These person prefixes are ''h(ä)-'' (1st person), ''b(ä)-'' (2nd person), ''k(i)-'' (3rd person) and ''ka-'' (3rd person near - this is purely deictic, i.e. not a proximate!)<br /> Predicates can be nominal, e.g. ''kkarpuhi suohi'' (''kI-karApu-hi suo-hi'' (3-bird-DA.NOM owl-DA.NOM) “owls are birds”), or verbal.<br /> <br /> == Sample text ==<br /> <br /> <br /> {{gl|bitiedə|bitiedə|long_ago}}<br /> {{gl|kdəšˀəti|kIdəšˀət-hi|mockingbird-DA.NOM.SG}}<br /> {{gl|ningut|ni-ngut|‌tree-DC.GEN.PL}}<br /> {{gl|suopsotnigun|suop-sot-nigun|COLL-animal-DC.GEN.PL}}<br /> {{gl|ksasyuhi|kI-sa-sAyu-hi|3-REL-chief-DA.NOM.SG}}<br /> {{gl|ksänisik|kI-sä-ni-sik|3-say-PST-CONT}}<br /> {{glend|Once there was a mockingbird who declared himself king of the forest,}}<br /> <br /> '''&quot;ktəbir bu ut kieksuo bingaməš nuotwəškuzi unʔukuogrohəzi hgatu&quot; ksäni'''<br /> <br /> ktəbir bu uo-t k-ieksuo bin-gaməš nuotwəšƏ-ku-zi un-kʔuogro-hi-zi hÄ-gat-u kI-sä-ni<br /> <br /> any.ANIM 2PL 1SG-ACC 1-meddle.with\IRR 2SG.POSS-head hammer-DC.NOM.SG-LAT 1SG.POSS-beak-DA.NOM.SG-LAT 1-split\IRR-fut 3-say-PST<br /> <br /> ''and said, “if any of you fuck with me I’ll split your head with my hammerous beak!”''<br /> <br /> '''brəškuowhi kinkan kumsirnəsik tiezoynigun binrəhit kmieknəsik'''<br /> <br /> brəškuow-hi ki-nkan k-um-sir-ni-sik tiezoy-nigun binrə-hit k-miek-ni-sik<br /> <br /> spider-DA.NOM.SG this-DA.ACC.INAN.SG 3-ear-behold-PST-CONT clear_water-DC.GEN.SG pool-DA.ACC.SG 3-find-PST-SEQ<br /> <br /> ''Lyqou, upon hearing this, sought out a pool of clean water''<br /> <br /> '''gän huknikut nenkat kihrȧkni'''<br /> <br /> gän huk-nikut ne-nkat ki-hrȧk-ni<br /> <br /> bleen bunch_of_small_things-DC.GEN.PL small_rock-DA.GEN.PL 3-fill-PST<br /> <br /> ''and filled it with blue rocks.''<br /> <br /> [[Category:Veic languages]]</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Sallup&diff=16087 Sallup 2021-11-10T04:40:50Z <p>Nort: category</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Sallup<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |author = [[User:Karch]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Sallup (/səlˈlup/) is a language spoken by some people living near a river.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p b || t d || tɕ dʑ &lt;c j&gt; || k g || q || ʔ<br /> |-<br /> | m || n || ɲ &lt;ñ&gt; || ŋ || ||<br /> |-<br /> | || r || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | || s z || ɕ ʑ &lt;š ž&gt; || || || h<br /> |-<br /> | w || l || j || || ʕ ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front !! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | i || || u<br /> |-<br /> | e || ə || o<br /> |-<br /> | ɛ || a || ɔ<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> Stress is word-final (but some clitics are unstressed, see below). In unstressed syllables, only /i u e ə a/ can occur, and /e/ only before palatals or uvulars (in which case it can be analyzed as an allophone of /i/).<br /> <br /> The maximal syllable structure is CVC2, where C2 = /p t c~k q ʔ m n ɲ~ŋ r w j ʕ/. /c ɲ/ occur only before front vowels, whereas /k ŋ/ occur before the rest. Word-internally, only two codas are permitted - Q and N, where Q triggers gemination of the following consonant and N surfaces as a homorganic nasal.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> === Case ===<br /> Sallup nouns distinguish four cases: nominative, accusative, locative and instrumental.<br /> <br /> The nominative case, which is unmarked, is used for arguments of intransitive verbs and subjects of transitive clauses.<br /> <br /> The accusative case, which is marked with the suffix ''-ŋ'' (which replaces the final consonant) in absolute state and with the unstressed clitic ''cat'' in the construct state, is used for direct objects of transitive clauses, and in prepositional phrases.<br /> <br /> The locative, marked with the suffix ''-ʕ'' (which also replaces the final consonant) on nouns in the absolute state and with the unstressed clitic ''ca:'' in the construct state, is used to signify location within.<br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|yuŋqɛ|yuŋqɛ|tomorrow}}<br /> {{gl|gicəʔət|gicəʔət|mockingbird}}<br /> {{gl|gəccuŋ|gəccuŋ|wake_up.PST}}<br /> {{gl|ca|ca|3SG}}<br /> {{gl|huyu|huyu|vomit}}<br /> {{gl|ʔukuwak|ʔukuwa-k|bird-CON}}<br /> {{gl|wijjea|wijjiy-ʕ|sky-LOC}}<br /> {{gl|səriñ|sir-ŋ|see-PST}}<br /> {{glend|The next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird,}}<br /> }}<br /> The instrumental, marked with the unstressed clitic ''caʔ'', is used for instruments.<br /> <br /> === State ===<br /> <br /> Sallup nouns distinguish between absolute state, which is unmarked, and construct state, marked with the suffix -k. The construct state signifies that a noun is governed by another noun.<br /> <br /> ==== Construct state ====<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness ===<br /> <br /> In Sallup, definiteness of the core argument closest to the verb is marked on said verb - i.e. there is a separate suffix for intransitive verbs (''ci-''), marking that the subject is definite, and for transitive verbs (''ciC-''), marking that the ''object'' is definite.<br /> <br /> == Sample text ==<br /> <br /> === How Lyqou the spider outsmarted the mockingbird ===<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|bitəyət|bitəyət|long_ago}}<br /> {{gl|gicəʔət|gicəʔət|mockingbird}}<br /> {{gl|ca|ca|3SG}}<br /> {{gl|žancic|žancic|forest}}<br /> {{gl|səyok|səyo-k|animal-CON}}<br /> {{gl|sayəcuk|sayəcur-k|king-CON}}<br /> {{gl|sa|sa|REL}}<br /> {{gl|səʔ|səʔ|say.PST}}<br /> {{glend|Once there was a mockingbird who declared himself king of the forest,}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|“bəʔ|bəʔ|2SG}}<br /> {{gl|kit|kit|any}}<br /> {{gl|wat|wat|1SG.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|gassɔŋ|gassɔŋ|disturb\FUT}}<br /> {{gl|wa|wa|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ja:|jaʕ|2SG}}<br /> {{gl|ʔic-cat|ʔi-c꞊cat|head-CON꞊ACC.CON}}<br /> {{gl|wa|wa|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ləʕʕəwəak|ləʕʕəwəʕ-k|hammer-CON}}<br /> {{gl|capəkək-caʔ|capəkər-k꞊caʔ|hammer-CON꞊INST}}<br /> {{gl|gat”|gat|split\FUT}}<br /> {{gl|səʔ|səʔ|say.PST}}<br /> {{glend|and said, “if any of you fuck with me I’ll split your head with my hammerous beak!”}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Veic languages]]</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=16086 Tserzou 2021-11-10T04:40:38Z <p>Nort: category</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || (ɯ &lt;ou&gt;) || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;‌u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'' and '''uahtqouj''' ''hammer'', could be explained with final /s t/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> /β/ is written &lt;v&gt; word-initially.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|zeeloek|zeeloek|urinate}}<br /> {{glend|The dog is pissing.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|bijnihgoe|bij-nih-goe|2SG.POSS-mother-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|seemdaq|seem-daq|goat-IA.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|Your mother fucks goats.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|dog}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|zeezi|zee-zi|man-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|uahtqcujden|uahtqcuj-den|hammer-IC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vihjdahla|vihj-dahla|boulder-IC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|tlouk|tlouk|break}}<br /> {{glend|The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaj|k'yoej-daj|deer-IA.ACC:ANIM}}<br /> {{gl|k'imyng|k'im-Ing|shoot-A}}<br /> {{glend|I shot a deer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vakeisqaqala|va-keisqaq-kala|1SG.POSS-candle-DC.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejzin|k'yoej-zin|man-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khating|khat-Ing|give-A}}<br /> {{glend|I gave the man my candle.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|tl'oizi|tl'oi-zi|hill-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going to the hill.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vatihnga'|va-tihn-ga'|1SG.POSS-house-DC.???}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going home.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vak'ahmjrohjzala|va-k'ahmjrohj-zala|1SG.POSS-bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ts'uahjboen|ts'uahjboen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt with a bow and arrow.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|imk'ih,|imk'ih|next_day}}<br /> {{gl|ritl'utl'ujzi|ritl'utl'uj-zi|mockingbird-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|rantsyn,|rantsyn|awaken}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggan|teibohn-gan|sky-DA.PAR}}<br /> {{gl|t'yn|t'yn|LOC}}<br /> {{gl|qohjden|qohj-den|throat-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khoi|khoi|vomit}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|lucj|bring_forth\PLURACT}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|'oequaraj|'oequa-raj|bird-IA.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|oung|oung|behold}}<br /> {{glend|the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Ergative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Inanimate Agent =====<br /> <br /> ===== Adpositional Ergative =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Composition =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Location =====<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === Pluractionality ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs take a separate form when either the action is habitual or the object is plural. Pluractional forms are occasionally suppletive, but are more commonly marked by lateralization of a consonant:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjboen|ts'wahpoen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going hunting in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjdloen|ts'wahtloen|hunt\PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Pluractionality may optionally be marked on verbs with no mutated form with the verbal suffix ''-dloen'':<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|douj|douj|2PL}}<br /> {{gl|nihraq|nih-raq|mother-DC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I fucked all your mothers.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Tense ===<br /> <br /> Non-future vs. future.<br /> <br /> === The irrealis ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs are composed of a root and an absolute marker. This absolute marker is lost TODO<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sim-boen|sin-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{glend|I ate a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sin|sin|eat\IRR}}<br /> {{gl|tuvq|tuvq|be_able_to}}<br /> {{glend|I could eat a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Some verbs have irregular irrealis forms.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'ucn|t'ucn|be_in}}<br /> {{glend|Yesterday the goat was in the house.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|lee|lee|and}}<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'yhn|t'yhn|be_in\IRR}}<br /> {{glend|If the goat had been in the house yesterday...}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> <br /> === Noun phrase ===<br /> <br /> The noun phrase is composed of a case-bearing element, optionally preceded by modifiers. The case-bearing element may be an independent pronoun or demonstrative, or a nominal with an article.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-da|owl-IA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|an owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-doe|owl-IC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|a white owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|'oequa|'oequa|bird}}<br /> {{gl|keila|kei-la|DEM.DIST-DO}}<br /> {{gl|simboen|sim-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ucda|ts'uc-goe|owl-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|the white owl that ate that bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Veic languages]]</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Drambyuk&diff=16085 Drambyuk 2021-11-10T04:40:23Z <p>Nort: category</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Drambyuk<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~1000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Drambyuk /ʈaⁿbyʉ̰/ is a language.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | pʰ p ⁿb &lt;‌p b mb&gt; || t̪ʰ t̪ ⁿd̪ &lt;t d nd&gt; || || ʈʰ ʈ || tɕʰ tɕ || kʰ k &lt;k g&gt; || qʰ q &lt;‌q r&gt; || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | f || θ || s || ʂ || || || χ || h<br /> |- <br /> | ʋ &lt;v&gt; || ð̞ || l || || j &lt;y&gt; || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || || ŋ || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded <br /> |-<br /> | i ḭ || ʉ ʉ̰ || ɨ ɨ̰ || u ṵ <br /> |-<br /> | e ḛ || || || o o̰ <br /> |-<br /> | ɛ ɛ̰ || œ œ̰ || || ɔ ɔ̰<br /> |-<br /> | || || a a̰ ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Diphthongs are /ae̯ ao̯ əi̯ əu̯/ and their creaky equivalents. Syllables with diphthongs cannot take finals.<br /> <br /> Maximal syllable structure is CyVC; finals are -p -t -k -m -n -ŋ -h. In unstressed position, syllabic nasals may occur, optionally preceded by a glottal.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> <br /> The finals -p -t -k are lenited to [b d g] or [β̞ ð̞ ɣ̞] in modal syllables, and preglottalized as [ˀp ˀt ˀk] in creaky syllables. <br /> <br /> The phonations have tonal correlates: creaky voice is typically higher than modal voice.<br /> <br /> === Sandhi ===<br /> <br /> Prenasalized stops do not contrast with N + homorganic C sequences intervocalically, but place neutralization is absent.<br /> <br /> Final h merges with a following voiceless plosive to form an aspirate.<br /> <br /> === Underspecification ===<br /> <br /> Some affixes contain vowels that harmonize in height with the preceding stressed vowel (or semivowel, in the case of diphthongs). This is complicated by the prohibition on /i/ after retroflexes: the definite affix -ʂI is /ʂe/ after mid vowels, but /ʂɨ/ after high vowels.<br /> <br /> /a/ is treated as a mid-high vowel for the purposes of harmony. <br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> There are three cases - the direct, the ergative, and the lative - and three numbers. The direct and ergative take vowel harmony; the lative does not.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| <br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Definite <br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Indefinite<br /> |-<br /> ! SG <br /> ! DU <br /> ! PL <br /> ! SG <br /> ! DU <br /> ! PL<br /> |- <br /> !rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|ABS <br /> ! DIR <br /> | ʂI <br /> | ʂA <br /> | ʂUk <br /> | dI <br /> | dA <br /> | dIk <br /> |- <br /> ! ERG <br /> | ʔŋ̩ <br /> | kA <br /> | kIt <br /> | n̩ <br /> | dA <br /> | dIt<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT <br /> | ʂɯ̰ <br /> | ʂɯ̰ <br /> | ʂɯ <br /> | dɛ̰ <br /> | dɛ̰ <br /> | dɛ<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|CON<br /> ! DIR <br /> | kU <br /> | kU <br /> | kUk <br /> | dU <br /> | dU <br /> | dUk<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG <br /> | ŋ̩ <br /> | kU <br /> | kUt <br /> | m̩ <br /> | bU<br /> | bUt<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | kṵ<br /> | kṵ <br /> | ku <br /> | dṵ<br /> | dṵ<br /> | du<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === TAM ===<br /> <br /> There are seven tenses. They are formed with prefixes and suffixes. <br /> <br /> ==== Present continuous ====<br /> <br /> The present continuous is formed from the root with:<br /> <br /> - the suffix ''-It'' in class 1 verbs<br /> - no suffix in class 2 verbs<br /> <br /> ==== Present habitual ====<br /> <br /> The present habitual is formed from the present continuous with:<br /> <br /> - prefixal prenasalization in plosive-initial verbs<br /> - ''m̩-'' in vowel-initial verbs<br /> - ''vI-'' in all other verbs<br /> <br /> ==== Present inchoative ====<br /> <br /> The present inchoative is formed from the preterite with the prefix ''buŋ-''<br /> .<br /> ==== Preterite ====<br /> <br /> The preterite is formed from the root with:<br /> <br /> - no suffix in class 1 verbs<br /> - final nasal mutation for class 2 verbs<br /> <br /> ==== Past continuous ====<br /> <br /> The past continuous is formed from the root withː<br /> <br /> - ''θʉt-'' in class 1 verbs<br /> - ''θi-'' in class 2 verbs<br /> <br /> ==== Near future continuous ====<br /> <br /> The near future continuous is formed from the near future perfect in the same manner as the present habitual.<br /> <br /> ==== Near future perfect ====<br /> <br /> The near future perfect is formed from the root with:<br /> <br /> - final nasal mutation in class 1 verbs<br /> - the suffix ''-U'' in class 2 verbs<br /> <br /> ==== Indeterminate preterite ====<br /> <br /> The indeterminate preterite is formed from the root with:<br /> <br /> - ablaut in some verbs<br /> - the suffix ''-a''<br /> <br /> ==== Indeterminate inchoative ====<br /> <br /> The indeterminate inchoative is formed from the present inchoative in the same manner as the indeterminate preterite.<br /> <br /> ==== Indeterminate continuous ====<br /> <br /> [[Category:Veic languages]]</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Drambyuk&diff=16084 Drambyuk 2021-11-10T04:37:23Z <p>Nort: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Drambyuk<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~1000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Drambyuk /ʈaⁿbyʉ̰/ is a language.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | pʰ p ⁿb &lt;‌p b mb&gt; || t̪ʰ t̪ ⁿd̪ &lt;t d nd&gt; || || ʈʰ ʈ || tɕʰ tɕ || kʰ k &lt;k g&gt; || qʰ q &lt;‌q r&gt; || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | f || θ || s || ʂ || || || χ || h<br /> |- <br /> | ʋ &lt;v&gt; || ð̞ || l || || j &lt;y&gt; || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || || ŋ || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded <br /> |-<br /> | i ḭ || ʉ ʉ̰ || ɨ ɨ̰ || u ṵ <br /> |-<br /> | e ḛ || || || o o̰ <br /> |-<br /> | ɛ ɛ̰ || œ œ̰ || || ɔ ɔ̰<br /> |-<br /> | || || a a̰ ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Diphthongs are /ae̯ ao̯ əi̯ əu̯/ and their creaky equivalents. Syllables with diphthongs cannot take finals.<br /> <br /> Maximal syllable structure is CyVC; finals are -p -t -k -m -n -ŋ -h. In unstressed position, syllabic nasals may occur, optionally preceded by a glottal.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> <br /> The finals -p -t -k are lenited to [b d g] or [β̞ ð̞ ɣ̞] in modal syllables, and preglottalized as [ˀp ˀt ˀk] in creaky syllables. <br /> <br /> The phonations have tonal correlates: creaky voice is typically higher than modal voice.<br /> <br /> === Sandhi ===<br /> <br /> Prenasalized stops do not contrast with N + homorganic C sequences intervocalically, but place neutralization is absent.<br /> <br /> Final h merges with a following voiceless plosive to form an aspirate.<br /> <br /> === Underspecification ===<br /> <br /> Some affixes contain vowels that harmonize in height with the preceding stressed vowel (or semivowel, in the case of diphthongs). This is complicated by the prohibition on /i/ after retroflexes: the definite affix -ʂI is /ʂe/ after mid vowels, but /ʂɨ/ after high vowels.<br /> <br /> /a/ is treated as a mid-high vowel for the purposes of harmony. <br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> There are three cases - the direct, the ergative, and the lative - and three numbers. The direct and ergative take vowel harmony; the lative does not.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| <br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Definite <br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Indefinite<br /> |-<br /> ! SG <br /> ! DU <br /> ! PL <br /> ! SG <br /> ! DU <br /> ! PL<br /> |- <br /> !rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|ABS <br /> ! DIR <br /> | ʂI <br /> | ʂA <br /> | ʂUk <br /> | dI <br /> | dA <br /> | dIk <br /> |- <br /> ! ERG <br /> | ʔŋ̩ <br /> | kA <br /> | kIt <br /> | n̩ <br /> | dA <br /> | dIt<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT <br /> | ʂɯ̰ <br /> | ʂɯ̰ <br /> | ʂɯ <br /> | dɛ̰ <br /> | dɛ̰ <br /> | dɛ<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|CON<br /> ! DIR <br /> | kU <br /> | kU <br /> | kUk <br /> | dU <br /> | dU <br /> | dUk<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG <br /> | ŋ̩ <br /> | kU <br /> | kUt <br /> | m̩ <br /> | bU<br /> | bUt<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | kṵ<br /> | kṵ <br /> | ku <br /> | dṵ<br /> | dṵ<br /> | du<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === TAM ===<br /> <br /> There are seven tenses. They are formed with prefixes and suffixes. <br /> <br /> ==== Present continuous ====<br /> <br /> The present continuous is formed from the root with:<br /> <br /> - the suffix ''-It'' in class 1 verbs<br /> - no suffix in class 2 verbs<br /> <br /> ==== Present habitual ====<br /> <br /> The present habitual is formed from the present continuous with:<br /> <br /> - prefixal prenasalization in plosive-initial verbs<br /> - ''m̩-'' in vowel-initial verbs<br /> - ''vI-'' in all other verbs<br /> <br /> ==== Present inchoative ====<br /> <br /> The present inchoative is formed from the preterite with the prefix ''buŋ-''<br /> .<br /> ==== Preterite ====<br /> <br /> The preterite is formed from the root with:<br /> <br /> - no suffix in class 1 verbs<br /> - final nasal mutation for class 2 verbs<br /> <br /> ==== Past continuous ====<br /> <br /> The past continuous is formed from the root withː<br /> <br /> - ''θʉt-'' in class 1 verbs<br /> - ''θi-'' in class 2 verbs<br /> <br /> ==== Near future continuous ====<br /> <br /> The near future continuous is formed from the near future perfect in the same manner as the present habitual.<br /> <br /> ==== Near future perfect ====<br /> <br /> The near future perfect is formed from the root with:<br /> <br /> - final nasal mutation in class 1 verbs<br /> - the suffix ''-U'' in class 2 verbs<br /> <br /> ==== Indeterminate preterite ====<br /> <br /> The indeterminate preterite is formed from the root with:<br /> <br /> - ablaut in some verbs<br /> - the suffix ''-a''<br /> <br /> ==== Indeterminate inchoative ====<br /> <br /> The indeterminate inchoative is formed from the present inchoative in the same manner as the indeterminate preterite.<br /> <br /> ==== Indeterminate continuous ====</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Drambyuk&diff=16083 Drambyuk 2021-11-10T04:36:45Z <p>Nort: analyze and format later</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~1000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Drambyuk /ʈaⁿbyʉ̰/ is a language.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | pʰ p ⁿb &lt;‌p b mb&gt; || t̪ʰ t̪ ⁿd̪ &lt;t d nd&gt; || || ʈʰ ʈ || tɕʰ tɕ || kʰ k &lt;k g&gt; || qʰ q &lt;‌q r&gt; || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | f || θ || s || ʂ || || || χ || h<br /> |- <br /> | ʋ &lt;v&gt; || ð̞ || l || || j &lt;y&gt; || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || || ŋ || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded <br /> |-<br /> | i ḭ || ʉ ʉ̰ || ɨ ɨ̰ || u ṵ <br /> |-<br /> | e ḛ || || || o o̰ <br /> |-<br /> | ɛ ɛ̰ || œ œ̰ || || ɔ ɔ̰<br /> |-<br /> | || || a a̰ ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Diphthongs are /ae̯ ao̯ əi̯ əu̯/ and their creaky equivalents. Syllables with diphthongs cannot take finals.<br /> <br /> Maximal syllable structure is CyVC; finals are -p -t -k -m -n -ŋ -h. In unstressed position, syllabic nasals may occur, optionally preceded by a glottal.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> <br /> The finals -p -t -k are lenited to [b d g] or [β̞ ð̞ ɣ̞] in modal syllables, and preglottalized as [ˀp ˀt ˀk] in creaky syllables. <br /> <br /> The phonations have tonal correlates: creaky voice is typically higher than modal voice.<br /> <br /> === Sandhi ===<br /> <br /> Prenasalized stops do not contrast with N + homorganic C sequences intervocalically, but place neutralization is absent.<br /> <br /> Final h merges with a following voiceless plosive to form an aspirate.<br /> <br /> === Underspecification ===<br /> <br /> Some affixes contain vowels that harmonize in height with the preceding stressed vowel (or semivowel, in the case of diphthongs). This is complicated by the prohibition on /i/ after retroflexes: the definite affix -ʂI is /ʂe/ after mid vowels, but /ʂɨ/ after high vowels.<br /> <br /> /a/ is treated as a mid-high vowel for the purposes of harmony. <br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> There are three cases - the direct, the ergative, and the lative - and three numbers. The direct and ergative take vowel harmony; the lative does not.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| <br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Definite <br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Indefinite<br /> |-<br /> ! SG <br /> ! DU <br /> ! PL <br /> ! SG <br /> ! DU <br /> ! PL<br /> |- <br /> !rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|ABS <br /> ! DIR <br /> | ʂI <br /> | ʂA <br /> | ʂUk <br /> | dI <br /> | dA <br /> | dIk <br /> |- <br /> ! ERG <br /> | ʔŋ̩ <br /> | kA <br /> | kIt <br /> | n̩ <br /> | dA <br /> | dIt<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT <br /> | ʂɯ̰ <br /> | ʂɯ̰ <br /> | ʂɯ <br /> | dɛ̰ <br /> | dɛ̰ <br /> | dɛ<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|CON<br /> ! DIR <br /> | kU <br /> | kU <br /> | kUk <br /> | dU <br /> | dU <br /> | dUk<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG <br /> | ŋ̩ <br /> | kU <br /> | kUt <br /> | m̩ <br /> | bU<br /> | bUt<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | kṵ<br /> | kṵ <br /> | ku <br /> | dṵ<br /> | dṵ<br /> | du<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === TAM ===<br /> <br /> There are seven tenses. They are formed with prefixes and suffixes. <br /> <br /> ==== Present continuous ====<br /> <br /> The present continuous is formed from the root with:<br /> <br /> - the suffix ''-It'' in class 1 verbs<br /> - no suffix in class 2 verbs<br /> <br /> ==== Present habitual ====<br /> <br /> The present habitual is formed from the present continuous with:<br /> <br /> - prefixal prenasalization in plosive-initial verbs<br /> - ''m̩-'' in vowel-initial verbs<br /> - ''vI-'' in all other verbs<br /> <br /> ==== Present inchoative ====<br /> <br /> The present inchoative is formed from the preterite with the prefix ''buŋ-''<br /> .<br /> ==== Preterite ====<br /> <br /> The preterite is formed from the root with:<br /> <br /> - no suffix in class 1 verbs<br /> - final nasal mutation for class 2 verbs<br /> <br /> ==== Past continuous ====<br /> <br /> The past continuous is formed from the root withː<br /> <br /> - ''θʉt-'' in class 1 verbs<br /> - ''θi-'' in class 2 verbs<br /> <br /> ==== Near future continuous ====<br /> <br /> The near future continuous is formed from the near future perfect in the same manner as the present habitual.<br /> <br /> ==== Near future perfect ====<br /> <br /> The near future perfect is formed from the root with:<br /> <br /> - final nasal mutation in class 1 verbs<br /> - the suffix ''-U'' in class 2 verbs<br /> <br /> ==== Indeterminate preterite ====<br /> <br /> The indeterminate preterite is formed from the root with:<br /> <br /> - ablaut in some verbs<br /> - the suffix ''-a''<br /> <br /> ==== Indeterminate inchoative ====<br /> <br /> The indeterminate inchoative is formed from the present inchoative in the same manner as the indeterminate preterite.<br /> <br /> ==== Indeterminate continuous ====</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Drambyuk&diff=15991 Drambyuk 2021-10-25T02:30:48Z <p>Nort: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~1000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Drambyuk /ʈaⁿbyʉ̰/ is a language.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ===<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | pʰ p ⁿb &lt;‌p b mb&gt; || t̪ʰ t̪ ⁿd̪ &lt;t d nd&gt; || || ʈʰ ʈ || tɕʰ tɕ || kʰ k &lt;k g&gt; || qʰ q &lt;‌q r&gt; || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | f || θ || s || ʂ || || || χ || h<br /> |- <br /> | ʋ &lt;v&gt; || ð̞ || l || || j &lt;y&gt; || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || || ŋ || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded <br /> |-<br /> | i ḭ || ʉ ʉ̰ || ɨ ɨ̰ || u ṵ <br /> |-<br /> | e ḛ || || || o o̰ <br /> |-<br /> | ɛ ɛ̰ || œ œ̰ || || ɔ ɔ̰<br /> |-<br /> | || || a a̰ ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Diphthongs are /ae̯ ao̯ əi̯ əu̯/ and their creaky equivalents. Syllables with diphthongs cannot take finals.<br /> <br /> Maximal syllable structure is CyVC; finals are -p -t -k -m -n -ŋ -h. In unstressed position, syllabic nasals may occur, optionally preceded by a glottal.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> <br /> The finals -p -t -k are lenited to [b d g] or [β̞ ð̞ ɣ̞] in modal syllables, and preglottalized as [ˀp ˀt ˀk] in creaky syllables. <br /> <br /> The phonations have tonal correlates: creaky voice is typically higher than modal voice.<br /> <br /> === Sandhi ===<br /> <br /> Prenasalized stops do not contrast with N + homorganic C sequences intervocalically, but place neutralization is absent.<br /> <br /> Final h merges with a following voiceless plosive to form an aspirate.<br /> <br /> === Underspecification ===<br /> <br /> Some affixes contain vowels that harmonize in height with the preceding stressed vowel (or semivowel, in the case of diphthongs). This is complicated by the prohibition on /i/ after retroflexes: the definite affix -ʂI is /ʂe/ after mid vowels, but /ʂɨ/ after high vowels.<br /> <br /> /a/ is treated as a mid-high vowel for the purposes of harmony. <br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> There are three cases - the direct, the ergative, and the lative - and three numbers. The direct and ergative take vowel harmony; the lative does not.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| <br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Definite <br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Indefinite<br /> |-<br /> ! SG <br /> ! DU <br /> ! PL <br /> ! SG <br /> ! DU <br /> ! PL<br /> |- <br /> !rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|ABS <br /> ! DIR <br /> | ʂI <br /> | ʂA <br /> | ʂUk <br /> | dI <br /> | dA <br /> | dIk <br /> |- <br /> ! ERG <br /> | ʔŋ̩ <br /> | kA <br /> | kIt <br /> | n̩ <br /> | dA <br /> | dIt<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT <br /> | ʂɯ̰ <br /> | ʂɯ̰ <br /> | ʂɯ <br /> | dɛ̰ <br /> | dɛ̰ <br /> | dɛ<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|CON<br /> ! DIR <br /> | kU <br /> | kU <br /> | kUk <br /> | dU <br /> | dU <br /> | dUk<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG <br /> | ŋ̩ <br /> | kU <br /> | kUt <br /> | m̩ <br /> | bU<br /> | bUt<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | kṵ<br /> | kṵ <br /> | ku <br /> | dṵ<br /> | dṵ<br /> | du<br /> |}</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Drambyuk&diff=15990 Drambyuk 2021-10-25T02:06:30Z <p>Nort: not a thing either</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~1000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Drambyuk /ʈaⁿbyʉ̰/ is a language.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ===<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | pʰ p ⁿb &lt;‌p b mb&gt; || t̪ʰ t̪ ⁿd̪ &lt;t d nd&gt; || || ʈʰ ʈ &lt;tr dr&gt; || tɕʰ tɕ &lt;ch j&gt; || kʰ k &lt;k g&gt; || qʰ q &lt;‌q r&gt; || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | f || θ &lt;th&gt; || s || ʂ &lt;sh&gt; || || || χ &lt;‌x&gt; || h<br /> |- <br /> | ʋ &lt;v&gt; || ð̞ &lt;z&gt; || l || || j &lt;y&gt; || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded <br /> |-<br /> | i ḭ || ʉ ʉ̰ || ɨ ɨ̰ || u ṵ <br /> |-<br /> | e ḛ || || || o o̰ <br /> |-<br /> | ɛ ɛ̰ || œ œ̰ || || ɔ ɔ̰<br /> |-<br /> | || || a a̰ ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Diphthongs are /ae̯ ao̯ əi̯ əu̯/ and their creaky equivalents. Syllables with diphthongs cannot take finals.<br /> <br /> Maximal syllable structure is CyVC; finals are -p -t -k -m -n -ŋ -h. In unstressed position, syllabic nasals may occur, optionally preceded by a glottal.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> <br /> The finals -p -t -k are lenited to [b d g] or [β̞ ð̞ ɣ̞] in modal syllables, and preglottalized as [ˀp ˀt ˀk] in creaky syllables. <br /> <br /> The phonations have tonal correlates: creaky voice is typically higher than modal voice.<br /> <br /> === Sandhi ===<br /> <br /> Prenasalized stops do not contrast with N + homorganic C sequences intervocalically, but place neutralization is absent.<br /> <br /> Final h merges with a following voiceless plosive to form an aspirate.<br /> <br /> === Underspecification ===<br /> <br /> Some affixes contain vowels that harmonize in height with the preceding stressed vowel (or semivowel, in the case of diphthongs). This is complicated by the prohibition on /i/ after retroflexes: the definite affix -ʂI is /ʂe/ after mid vowels, but /ʂɨ/ after high vowels.<br /> <br /> /a/ is treated as a mid-high vowel for the purposes of harmony. <br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> There are three cases - the direct, the ergative, and the lative - and three numbers.</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Drambyuk&diff=15989 Drambyuk 2021-10-25T01:59:21Z <p>Nort: those aren&#039;t real</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~1000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Drambyuk /ɖaⁿbyʉˀ/ is a language.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ===<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | pʰ p ⁿb &lt;‌p b mb&gt; || t̪ʰ t̪ ⁿd̪ &lt;t d nd&gt; || || ʈʰ ʈ &lt;tr dr&gt; || tɕʰ tɕ &lt;ch j&gt; || kʰ k &lt;k g&gt; || qʰ q &lt;‌q r&gt; || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | f || θ &lt;th&gt; || s || ʂ &lt;sh&gt; || || || χ &lt;‌x&gt; || h<br /> |- <br /> | ʋ &lt;v&gt; || ð̞ &lt;z&gt; || l || || j &lt;y&gt; || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded <br /> |-<br /> | i ḭ || ʉ ʉ̰ || ɨ ɨ̰ || u ṵ <br /> |-<br /> | e ḛ || || || o o̰ <br /> |-<br /> | ɛ ɛ̰ || œ œ̰ || || ɔ ɔ̰<br /> |-<br /> | || || a a̰ ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Diphthongs are /ae̯ ao̯ əi̯ əu̯/ and their creaky equivalents. Syllables with diphthongs cannot take finals.<br /> <br /> Maximal syllable structure is CyVC; finals are -p -t -k -m -n -ŋ -h. In unstressed position, syllabic nasals may occur, optionally preceded by a glottal.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> <br /> The finals -p -t -k are lenited to [b d g] or [β̞ ð̞ ɣ̞] in modal syllables, and preglottalized as [ˀp ˀt ˀk] in creaky syllables. <br /> <br /> The phonations have tonal correlates: creaky voice is typically higher than modal voice.<br /> <br /> === Sandhi ===<br /> <br /> Prenasalized stops do not contrast with N + homorganic C sequences intervocalically, but place neutralization is absent.<br /> <br /> Final h merges with a following voiceless plosive to form an aspirate.<br /> <br /> === Underspecification ===<br /> <br /> Some affixes contain vowels that harmonize in height with the preceding stressed vowel (or semivowel, in the case of diphthongs). This is complicated by the prohibition on /i/ after retroflexes: the definite affix -ʂI is /ʂe/ after mid vowels, but /ʂɨ/ after high vowels.<br /> <br /> /a/ is treated as a mid-high vowel for the purposes of harmony. <br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> There are three cases - the direct, the ergative, and the lative - and three numbers.</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Drambyuk&diff=15988 Drambyuk 2021-10-25T01:54:38Z <p>Nort: more phonology. this orthography is so bad. also why does putting C in parens cause an internal server error</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~1000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Drambyuk /ɖaⁿbyʉˀ/ is a language.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ===<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | pʰ p ⁿb &lt;‌p b mb&gt; || t̪ʰ t̪ ⁿd̪ &lt;t d nd&gt; || || ʈʰ ʈ &lt;tr dr&gt; || tɕʰ tɕ &lt;ch j&gt; || kʰ k &lt;k g&gt; || qʰ q &lt;‌q r&gt; || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | f || θ &lt;th&gt; || s || ʂ &lt;sh&gt; || || || χ &lt;‌x&gt; || h<br /> |- <br /> | ʋ &lt;v&gt; || ð̞ &lt;z&gt; || l || || j &lt;y&gt; || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded <br /> |-<br /> | i ḭ || ʉ ʉ̰ || ɨ ɨ̰ || u ṵ <br /> |-<br /> | e ḛ || || || o o̰ <br /> |-<br /> | ɛ ɛ̰ || œ œ̰ || || ɔ ɔ̰<br /> |-<br /> | || || a a̰ ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Maximal syllable structure is CyVC; finals are -p -t -k -m -n -ŋ -h -y -w. In unstressed position, syllabic nasals may occur, optionally preceded by a glottal.<br /> <br /> <br /> The semivocalic finals only occur in /ay œy oy/ and /aw œw ew/.<br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> <br /> The finals -p -t -k are lenited to [b d g] or [β̞ ð̞ ɣ̞] in modal syllables, and preglottalized as [ˀp ˀt ˀk] in creaky syllables. <br /> <br /> The phonations have tonal correlates: creaky voice is typically higher than modal voice.<br /> <br /> === Sandhi ===<br /> <br /> Prenasalized stops do not contrast with N + homorganic C sequences intervocalically, but place neutralization is absent.<br /> <br /> Final h merges with a following voiceless plosive to form an aspirate.<br /> <br /> === Underspecification ===<br /> <br /> Some affixes contain vowels that harmonize in height with the preceding stressed vowel (or semivowel, in the case of diphthongs). This is complicated by the prohibition on /i/ after retroflexes: the definite affix -ʂI is /ʂe/ after mid vowels, but /ʂɨ/ after high vowels.<br /> <br /> /a/ is treated as a mid-high vowel for the purposes of harmony. <br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> There are three cases - the direct, the ergative, and the lative - and three numbers.</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Drambyuk&diff=15987 Drambyuk 2021-10-25T00:12:30Z <p>Nort: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~1000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Drambyuk /ɖambyʉˀ/ is a language.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | pʰ p ⁿb &lt;‌p b mb&gt; || t̪ʰ t̪ ⁿd̪ &lt;t d nd&gt; || || ʈʰ ʈ &lt;tr dr&gt; || tɕ dʑ &lt;ch j&gt; || kʰ k &lt;k g&gt; || qʰ q &lt;‌q r&gt; || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | f || θ &lt;c&gt; || s || ʂ &lt;sh&gt; || || || χ &lt;‌x&gt; || h<br /> |- <br /> | ʋ &lt;v&gt; || ð̞ &lt;z&gt; || l || || j &lt;y&gt; || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded <br /> |-<br /> | i || ʉ || ɨ || u <br /> |-<br /> | e || || || o<br /> |-<br /> | ɛ || œ || || ɔ<br /> |-<br /> | || || a ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Finals are -p -t -k -ʔ -m -n -ŋ -h -y -w. In unstressed position, syllabic nasals may occur, optionally preceded by a glottal.</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Drambyuk&diff=15986 Drambyuk 2021-10-25T00:05:07Z <p>Nort: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~1000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Drambyuk /ɖambyʉˀ/ is a language.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | pʰ p ⁿb &lt;p b mb&gt; || t̪ʰ t̪ ⁿd̪ &lt;t d nd&gt; || || ʈʰ ʈ &lt;tr dr&gt; || tɕ dʑ &lt;ch j&gt; || kʰ k &lt;k g&gt; || qʰ q &lt;q r&gt; || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | f || θ &lt;c&gt; || s || ʂ &lt;sh&gt; || || || χ &lt;‌x&gt; || h<br /> |- <br /> | ʋ &lt;v&gt; || ð̞ &lt;z&gt; || l || || j &lt;y&gt; || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded <br /> |-<br /> | i || ʉ || ɨ || u <br /> |-<br /> | e || || || o<br /> |-<br /> | ɛ || œ || || ɔ<br /> |-<br /> | || || a ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Finals are -p -t -k -ʔ -m -n -ŋ -h -y -w. In unstressed position, syllabic nasals may occur, optionally preceded by a glottal.</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Drambyuk&diff=15985 Drambyuk 2021-10-25T00:04:56Z <p>Nort: Created page with &quot;{{Article}} {{Language |language = Tserzou |date = c. 0 YP |place = |speakers = ~1000 |word-or = SOV |mor-type = fusional |author = User:Nort }} Drambyuk /ɖambyʉˀ/ is...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~1000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Drambyuk /ɖambyʉˀ/ is a language.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | pʰ p ⁿb &lt;p b mb&gt; || t̪ʰ t̪ ⁿd̪ &lt;t d nd&gt; || || ʈʰ ʈ &lt;tr dr&gt; || tɕ dʑ &lt;ch j&gt; || kʰ k &lt;k g&gt; || qʰ q &lt;q r&gt; || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | f || θ &lt;c&gt; || s || ʂ &lt;sh&gt; || || || χ &lt;‌x&gt; || h<br /> |- <br /> | ʋ &lt;v&gt; || ð̞ &lt;z&gt; || l || || j &lt;y&gt; || || ||<br /> | m || || n || || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded <br /> |-<br /> | i || ʉ || ɨ || u <br /> |-<br /> | e || || || o<br /> |-<br /> | ɛ || œ || || ɔ<br /> |-<br /> | || || a ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Finals are -p -t -k -ʔ -m -n -ŋ -h -y -w. In unstressed position, syllabic nasals may occur, optionally preceded by a glottal.</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=15940 Tserzou 2021-10-17T05:13:19Z <p>Nort: /* Accusative */ numerous typos</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || (ɯ &lt;ou&gt;) || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;‌u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'' and '''uahtqouj''' ''hammer'', could be explained with final /s t/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> /β/ is written &lt;v&gt; word-initially.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|zeeloek|zeeloek|urinate}}<br /> {{glend|The dog is pissing.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|bijnihgoe|bij-nih-goe|2SG.POSS-mother-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|seemdaq|seem-daq|goat-IA.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|Your mother fucks goats.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|dog}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|zeezi|zee-zi|man-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|uahtqcujden|uahtqcuj-den|hammer-IC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vihjdahla|vihj-dahla|boulder-IC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|tlouk|tlouk|break}}<br /> {{glend|The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaj|k'yoej-daj|deer-IA.ACC:ANIM}}<br /> {{gl|k'imyng|k'im-Ing|shoot-A}}<br /> {{glend|I shot a deer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vakeisqaqala|va-keisqaq-kala|1SG.POSS-candle-DC.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejzin|k'yoej-zin|man-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khating|khat-Ing|give-A}}<br /> {{glend|I gave the man my candle.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|tl'oizi|tl'oi-zi|hill-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going to the hill.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vatihnga'|va-tihn-ga'|1SG.POSS-house-DC.???}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going home.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vak'ahmjrohjzala|va-k'ahmjrohj-zala|1SG.POSS-bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ts'uahjboen|ts'uahjboen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt with a bow and arrow.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|imk'ih,|imk'ih|next_day}}<br /> {{gl|ritl'utl'ujzi|ritl'utl'uj-zi|mockingbird-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|rantsyn,|rantsyn|awaken}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggan|teibohn-gan|sky-DA.PAR}}<br /> {{gl|t'yn|t'yn|LOC}}<br /> {{gl|qohjden|qohj-den|throat-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khoi|khoi|vomit}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|lucj|bring_forth\PLURACT}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|'oequaraj|'oequa-raj|bird-IA.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|oung|oung|behold}}<br /> {{glend|the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Ergative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Inanimate Agent =====<br /> <br /> ===== Adpositional Ergative =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Composition =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Location =====<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === Pluractionality ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs take a separate form when either the action is habitual or the object is plural. Pluractional forms are occasionally suppletive, but are more commonly marked by lateralization of a consonant:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjboen|ts'wahpoen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going hunting in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjdloen|ts'wahtloen|hunt\PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Pluractionality may optionally be marked on verbs with no mutated form with the verbal suffix ''-dloen'':<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|douj|douj|2PL}}<br /> {{gl|nihraq|nih-raq|mother-DC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I fucked all your mothers.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Tense ===<br /> <br /> Non-future vs. future.<br /> <br /> === The irrealis ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs are composed of a root and an absolute marker. This absolute marker is lost TODO<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sim-boen|sin-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{glend|I ate a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sin|sin|eat\IRR}}<br /> {{gl|tuvq|tuvq|be_able_to}}<br /> {{glend|I could eat a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Some verbs have irregular irrealis forms.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'ucn|t'ucn|be_in}}<br /> {{glend|Yesterday the goat was in the house.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|lee|lee|and}}<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'yhn|t'yhn|be_in\IRR}}<br /> {{glend|If the goat had been in the house yesterday...}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> <br /> === Noun phrase ===<br /> <br /> The noun phrase is composed of a case-bearing element, optionally preceded by modifiers. The case-bearing element may be an independent pronoun or demonstrative, or a nominal with an article.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-da|owl-IA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|an owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-doe|owl-IC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|a white owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|'oequa|'oequa|bird}}<br /> {{gl|keila|kei-la|DEM.DIST-DO}}<br /> {{gl|simboen|sim-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ucda|ts'uc-goe|owl-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|the white owl that ate that bird}}<br /> }}</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=15939 Tserzou 2021-10-17T05:12:33Z <p>Nort: /* Phonology */ this isn&#039;t ambiguous</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || (ɯ &lt;ou&gt;) || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;‌u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'' and '''uahtqouj''' ''hammer'', could be explained with final /s t/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> /β/ is written &lt;v&gt; word-initially.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|zeeloek|zeeloek|urinate}}<br /> {{glend|The dog is pissing.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|bijnihgoe|bij-nih-goe|2SG.POSS-mother-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|seemdaq|seem-daq|goat-IA.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|Your mother fucks goats.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|dog}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|zeezi|zee-zi|man-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|wahjqcujden|wahjcuj-den|hammer-IC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|wihjdahla|wihj-dahla|boulder-IC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|tlouk|tlouk|break}}<br /> {{glend|The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaj|k'yoej-daj|deer-IA.ACC:ANIM}}<br /> {{gl|k'imyng|k'im-Ing|shoot-A}}<br /> {{glend|I shot a deer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vakeisqaqala|va-keisqaq-kala|1SG.POSS-candle-DC.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejzin|k'yoej-zin|man-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khating|khat-Ing|give-A}}<br /> {{glend|I gave the man my candle.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|tl'oizi|tl'oi-zi|hill-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going to the hill.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vatihnga'|va-tihn-ga'|1SG.POSS-house-DC.???}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going home.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vak'ahmjrohjzala|va-k'ahmjrohj-zala|1SG.POSS-bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ts'uahjboen|ts'uahjboen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt with a bow and arrow.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|imk'ih,|imk'ih|next_day}}<br /> {{gl|ritl'utl'ujzi|ritl'utl'uj-zi|mockingbird-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|rantsyn,|rantsyn|awaken}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggan|teibohn-gan|sky-DA.PAR}}<br /> {{gl|t'yn|t'yn|LOC}}<br /> {{gl|qohjden|qohj-den|throat-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khoi|khoi|vomit}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|lucj|bring_forth\PLURACT}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|'oequaraj|'oequa-raj|bird-IA.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|oung|oung|behold}}<br /> {{glend|the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Ergative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Inanimate Agent =====<br /> <br /> ===== Adpositional Ergative =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Composition =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Location =====<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === Pluractionality ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs take a separate form when either the action is habitual or the object is plural. Pluractional forms are occasionally suppletive, but are more commonly marked by lateralization of a consonant:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjboen|ts'wahpoen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going hunting in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjdloen|ts'wahtloen|hunt\PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Pluractionality may optionally be marked on verbs with no mutated form with the verbal suffix ''-dloen'':<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|douj|douj|2PL}}<br /> {{gl|nihraq|nih-raq|mother-DC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I fucked all your mothers.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Tense ===<br /> <br /> Non-future vs. future.<br /> <br /> === The irrealis ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs are composed of a root and an absolute marker. This absolute marker is lost TODO<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sim-boen|sin-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{glend|I ate a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sin|sin|eat\IRR}}<br /> {{gl|tuvq|tuvq|be_able_to}}<br /> {{glend|I could eat a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Some verbs have irregular irrealis forms.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'ucn|t'ucn|be_in}}<br /> {{glend|Yesterday the goat was in the house.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|lee|lee|and}}<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'yhn|t'yhn|be_in\IRR}}<br /> {{glend|If the goat had been in the house yesterday...}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> <br /> === Noun phrase ===<br /> <br /> The noun phrase is composed of a case-bearing element, optionally preceded by modifiers. The case-bearing element may be an independent pronoun or demonstrative, or a nominal with an article.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-da|owl-IA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|an owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-doe|owl-IC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|a white owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|'oequa|'oequa|bird}}<br /> {{gl|keila|kei-la|DEM.DIST-DO}}<br /> {{gl|simboen|sim-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ucda|ts'uc-goe|owl-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|the white owl that ate that bird}}<br /> }}</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=15938 Tserzou 2021-10-17T05:10:25Z <p>Nort: /* Phonology */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || (ɯ &lt;ou&gt;) || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;‌u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'' and '''uahtqouj''' ''hammer'', could be explained with final /s t/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> /β/ is written &lt;v&gt; in '''vee''' /βeɛ/ ''I'' because it'd look silly otherwise.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|zeeloek|zeeloek|urinate}}<br /> {{glend|The dog is pissing.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|bijnihgoe|bij-nih-goe|2SG.POSS-mother-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|seemdaq|seem-daq|goat-IA.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|Your mother fucks goats.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|dog}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|zeezi|zee-zi|man-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|wahjqcujden|wahjcuj-den|hammer-IC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|wihjdahla|wihj-dahla|boulder-IC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|tlouk|tlouk|break}}<br /> {{glend|The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaj|k'yoej-daj|deer-IA.ACC:ANIM}}<br /> {{gl|k'imyng|k'im-Ing|shoot-A}}<br /> {{glend|I shot a deer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vakeisqaqala|va-keisqaq-kala|1SG.POSS-candle-DC.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejzin|k'yoej-zin|man-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khating|khat-Ing|give-A}}<br /> {{glend|I gave the man my candle.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|tl'oizi|tl'oi-zi|hill-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going to the hill.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vatihnga'|va-tihn-ga'|1SG.POSS-house-DC.???}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going home.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vak'ahmjrohjzala|va-k'ahmjrohj-zala|1SG.POSS-bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ts'uahjboen|ts'uahjboen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt with a bow and arrow.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|imk'ih,|imk'ih|next_day}}<br /> {{gl|ritl'utl'ujzi|ritl'utl'uj-zi|mockingbird-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|rantsyn,|rantsyn|awaken}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggan|teibohn-gan|sky-DA.PAR}}<br /> {{gl|t'yn|t'yn|LOC}}<br /> {{gl|qohjden|qohj-den|throat-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khoi|khoi|vomit}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|lucj|bring_forth\PLURACT}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|'oequaraj|'oequa-raj|bird-IA.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|oung|oung|behold}}<br /> {{glend|the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Ergative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Inanimate Agent =====<br /> <br /> ===== Adpositional Ergative =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Composition =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Location =====<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === Pluractionality ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs take a separate form when either the action is habitual or the object is plural. Pluractional forms are occasionally suppletive, but are more commonly marked by lateralization of a consonant:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjboen|ts'wahpoen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going hunting in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjdloen|ts'wahtloen|hunt\PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Pluractionality may optionally be marked on verbs with no mutated form with the verbal suffix ''-dloen'':<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|douj|douj|2PL}}<br /> {{gl|nihraq|nih-raq|mother-DC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I fucked all your mothers.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Tense ===<br /> <br /> Non-future vs. future.<br /> <br /> === The irrealis ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs are composed of a root and an absolute marker. This absolute marker is lost TODO<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sim-boen|sin-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{glend|I ate a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sin|sin|eat\IRR}}<br /> {{gl|tuvq|tuvq|be_able_to}}<br /> {{glend|I could eat a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Some verbs have irregular irrealis forms.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'ucn|t'ucn|be_in}}<br /> {{glend|Yesterday the goat was in the house.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|lee|lee|and}}<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'yhn|t'yhn|be_in\IRR}}<br /> {{glend|If the goat had been in the house yesterday...}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> <br /> === Noun phrase ===<br /> <br /> The noun phrase is composed of a case-bearing element, optionally preceded by modifiers. The case-bearing element may be an independent pronoun or demonstrative, or a nominal with an article.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-da|owl-IA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|an owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-doe|owl-IC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|a white owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|'oequa|'oequa|bird}}<br /> {{gl|keila|kei-la|DEM.DIST-DO}}<br /> {{gl|simboen|sim-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ucda|ts'uc-goe|owl-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|the white owl that ate that bird}}<br /> }}</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=15937 Tserzou 2021-10-17T05:08:59Z <p>Nort: that&#039;s not the orthography either but you know what, I don&#039;t feel like fixing it</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || (ɯ &lt;ou&gt;) || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;‌u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'', could be explained with final /s/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> /β/ is written &lt;v&gt; in '''vee''' /βeɛ/ ''I'' because it'd look silly otherwise.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|zeeloek|zeeloek|urinate}}<br /> {{glend|The dog is pissing.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|bijnihgoe|bij-nih-goe|2SG.POSS-mother-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|seemdaq|seem-daq|goat-IA.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|Your mother fucks goats.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|dog}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|zeezi|zee-zi|man-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|wahjqcujden|wahjcuj-den|hammer-IC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|wihjdahla|wihj-dahla|boulder-IC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|tlouk|tlouk|break}}<br /> {{glend|The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaj|k'yoej-daj|deer-IA.ACC:ANIM}}<br /> {{gl|k'imyng|k'im-Ing|shoot-A}}<br /> {{glend|I shot a deer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vakeisqaqala|va-keisqaq-kala|1SG.POSS-candle-DC.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejzin|k'yoej-zin|man-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khating|khat-Ing|give-A}}<br /> {{glend|I gave the man my candle.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|tl'oizi|tl'oi-zi|hill-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going to the hill.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vatihnga'|va-tihn-ga'|1SG.POSS-house-DC.???}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going home.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vak'ahmjrohjzala|va-k'ahmjrohj-zala|1SG.POSS-bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ts'uahjboen|ts'uahjboen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt with a bow and arrow.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|imk'ih,|imk'ih|next_day}}<br /> {{gl|ritl'utl'ujzi|ritl'utl'uj-zi|mockingbird-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|rantsyn,|rantsyn|awaken}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggan|teibohn-gan|sky-DA.PAR}}<br /> {{gl|t'yn|t'yn|LOC}}<br /> {{gl|qohjden|qohj-den|throat-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khoi|khoi|vomit}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|lucj|bring_forth\PLURACT}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|'oequaraj|'oequa-raj|bird-IA.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|oung|oung|behold}}<br /> {{glend|the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Ergative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Inanimate Agent =====<br /> <br /> ===== Adpositional Ergative =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Composition =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Location =====<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === Pluractionality ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs take a separate form when either the action is habitual or the object is plural. Pluractional forms are occasionally suppletive, but are more commonly marked by lateralization of a consonant:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjboen|ts'wahpoen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going hunting in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjdloen|ts'wahtloen|hunt\PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Pluractionality may optionally be marked on verbs with no mutated form with the verbal suffix ''-dloen'':<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|douj|douj|2PL}}<br /> {{gl|nihraq|nih-raq|mother-DC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I fucked all your mothers.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Tense ===<br /> <br /> Non-future vs. future.<br /> <br /> === The irrealis ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs are composed of a root and an absolute marker. This absolute marker is lost TODO<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sim-boen|sin-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{glend|I ate a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sin|sin|eat\IRR}}<br /> {{gl|tuvq|tuvq|be_able_to}}<br /> {{glend|I could eat a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Some verbs have irregular irrealis forms.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'ucn|t'ucn|be_in}}<br /> {{glend|Yesterday the goat was in the house.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|lee|lee|and}}<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'yhn|t'yhn|be_in\IRR}}<br /> {{glend|If the goat had been in the house yesterday...}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> <br /> === Noun phrase ===<br /> <br /> The noun phrase is composed of a case-bearing element, optionally preceded by modifiers. The case-bearing element may be an independent pronoun or demonstrative, or a nominal with an article.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-da|owl-IA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|an owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-doe|owl-IC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|a white owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|'oequa|'oequa|bird}}<br /> {{gl|keila|kei-la|DEM.DIST-DO}}<br /> {{gl|simboen|sim-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ucda|ts'uc-goe|owl-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|the white owl that ate that bird}}<br /> }}</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=15936 Tserzou 2021-10-17T05:04:58Z <p>Nort: /* The irrealis */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || (ɯ &lt;ou&gt;) || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;‌u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'', could be explained with final /s/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|zeeloek|zeeloek|urinate}}<br /> {{glend|The dog is pissing.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|bijnihgoe|bij-nih-goe|2SG.POSS-mother-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|seemdaq|seem-daq|goat-IA.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|Your mother fucks goats.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|dog}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|zeezi|zee-zi|man-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|wahjqcujden|wahjcuj-den|hammer-IC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|wihjdahla|wihj-dahla|boulder-IC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|tlouk|tlouk|break}}<br /> {{glend|The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaj|k'yoej-daj|deer-IA.ACC:ANIM}}<br /> {{gl|k'imyng|k'im-Ing|shoot-A}}<br /> {{glend|I shot a deer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vakeisqaqala|va-keisqaq-kala|1SG.POSS-candle-DC.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejzin|k'yoej-zin|man-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khating|khat-Ing|give-A}}<br /> {{glend|I gave the man my candle.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|tl'oizi|tl'oi-zi|hill-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going to the hill.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vatihnga'|va-tihn-ga'|1SG.POSS-house-DC.???}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going home.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vak'ahmjrohjzala|va-k'ahmjrohj-zala|1SG.POSS-bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ts'uahjboen|ts'uahjboen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt with a bow and arrow.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|imk'ih,|imk'ih|next_day}}<br /> {{gl|ritl'utl'ujzi|ritl'utl'uj-zi|mockingbird-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|rantsyn,|rantsyn|awaken}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggan|teibohn-gan|sky-DA.PAR}}<br /> {{gl|t'yn|t'yn|LOC}}<br /> {{gl|qohjden|qohj-den|throat-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khoi|khoi|vomit}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|lucj|bring_forth\PLURACT}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|'oequaraj|'oequa-raj|bird-IA.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|oung|oung|behold}}<br /> {{glend|the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Ergative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Inanimate Agent =====<br /> <br /> ===== Adpositional Ergative =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Composition =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Location =====<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === Pluractionality ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs take a separate form when either the action is habitual or the object is plural. Pluractional forms are occasionally suppletive, but are more commonly marked by lateralization of a consonant:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjboen|ts'wahpoen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going hunting in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjdloen|ts'wahtloen|hunt\PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Pluractionality may optionally be marked on verbs with no mutated form with the verbal suffix ''-dloen'':<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|douj|douj|2PL}}<br /> {{gl|nihraq|nih-raq|mother-DC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I fucked all your mothers.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Tense ===<br /> <br /> Non-future vs. future.<br /> <br /> === The irrealis ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs are composed of a root and an absolute marker. This absolute marker is lost TODO<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sim-boen|sin-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{glend|I ate a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sin|sin|eat\IRR}}<br /> {{gl|tuvq|tuvq|be_able_to}}<br /> {{glend|I could eat a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Some verbs have irregular irrealis forms.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'ucn|t'ucn|be_in}}<br /> {{glend|Yesterday the goat was in the house.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|lee|lee|and}}<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'yhn|t'yhn|be_in\IRR}}<br /> {{glend|If the goat had been in the house yesterday...}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> <br /> === Noun phrase ===<br /> <br /> The noun phrase is composed of a case-bearing element, optionally preceded by modifiers. The case-bearing element may be an independent pronoun or demonstrative, or a nominal with an article.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-da|owl-IA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|an owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-doe|owl-IC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|a white owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|'oequa|'oequa|bird}}<br /> {{gl|keila|kei-la|DEM.DIST-DO}}<br /> {{gl|simboen|sim-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ucda|ts'uc-goe|owl-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|the white owl that ate that bird}}<br /> }}</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=15935 Tserzou 2021-10-17T05:04:24Z <p>Nort: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || (ɯ &lt;ou&gt;) || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;‌u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'', could be explained with final /s/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|zeeloek|zeeloek|urinate}}<br /> {{glend|The dog is pissing.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|bijnihgoe|bij-nih-goe|2SG.POSS-mother-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|seemdaq|seem-daq|goat-IA.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|Your mother fucks goats.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|dog}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|zeezi|zee-zi|man-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|wahjqcujden|wahjcuj-den|hammer-IC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|wihjdahla|wihj-dahla|boulder-IC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|tlouk|tlouk|break}}<br /> {{glend|The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaj|k'yoej-daj|deer-IA.ACC:ANIM}}<br /> {{gl|k'imyng|k'im-Ing|shoot-A}}<br /> {{glend|I shot a deer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vakeisqaqala|va-keisqaq-kala|1SG.POSS-candle-DC.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejzin|k'yoej-zin|man-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khating|khat-Ing|give-A}}<br /> {{glend|I gave the man my candle.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|tl'oizi|tl'oi-zi|hill-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going to the hill.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vatihnga'|va-tihn-ga'|1SG.POSS-house-DC.???}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going home.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vak'ahmjrohjzala|va-k'ahmjrohj-zala|1SG.POSS-bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ts'uahjboen|ts'uahjboen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt with a bow and arrow.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|imk'ih,|imk'ih|next_day}}<br /> {{gl|ritl'utl'ujzi|ritl'utl'uj-zi|mockingbird-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|rantsyn,|rantsyn|awaken}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggan|teibohn-gan|sky-DA.PAR}}<br /> {{gl|t'yn|t'yn|LOC}}<br /> {{gl|qohjden|qohj-den|throat-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khoi|khoi|vomit}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|lucj|bring_forth\PLURACT}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|'oequaraj|'oequa-raj|bird-IA.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|oung|oung|behold}}<br /> {{glend|the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Ergative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Inanimate Agent =====<br /> <br /> ===== Adpositional Ergative =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Composition =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Location =====<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === Pluractionality ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs take a separate form when either the action is habitual or the object is plural. Pluractional forms are occasionally suppletive, but are more commonly marked by lateralization of a consonant:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjboen|ts'wahpoen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going hunting in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vohmzi|vohm-zi|hills-DA.LAT:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|ts'wahjdloen|ts'wahtloen|hunt\PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt in the hills.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Pluractionality may optionally be marked on verbs with no mutated form with the verbal suffix ''-dloen'':<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|douj|douj|2PL}}<br /> {{gl|nihraq|nih-raq|mother-DC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|I fucked all your mothers.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Tense ===<br /> <br /> Non-future vs. future.<br /> <br /> === The irrealis ===<br /> <br /> Certain verbs are composed of a root and an absolute marker. This absolute marker is lost TODO<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sim-boen|sin-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{glend|I ate a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|doenehq|doenehq|whole}}<br /> {{gl|seem-doe|seem-doe|goat-IC.CON:INAN}}<br /> {{gl|sin|sin|eat\IRR}}<br /> {{gl|tuvq|tuvq|be_able_to}}<br /> {{glend|I could eat a whole goat.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Some verbs have irregular irrealis forms.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'ucn|t'ucn|be_in}}<br /> {{glend|Yesterday the goat was in the house.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|lee|lee|and}}<br /> {{gl|seemzi|seem-zi|goat-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|tihnggan|tihn-gan|house-DA.ERG}}<br /> {{gl|ieqtl'ij|ieqtl'ij|yesterday}}<br /> {{gl|t'wihn|t'wihn|be_in\IRR}}<br /> {{glend|If the goat had been in the house yesterday...}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> <br /> === Noun phrase ===<br /> <br /> The noun phrase is composed of a case-bearing element, optionally preceded by modifiers. The case-bearing element may be an independent pronoun or demonstrative, or a nominal with an article.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-da|owl-IA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|an owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-doe|owl-IC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|a white owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|'oequa|'oequa|bird}}<br /> {{gl|keila|kei-la|DEM.DIST-DO}}<br /> {{gl|simboen|sim-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ucda|ts'uc-goe|owl-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|the white owl that ate that bird}}<br /> }}</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=15934 Tserzou 2021-10-14T04:13:47Z <p>Nort: /* Phonology */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || (ɯ &lt;ou&gt;) || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;‌u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'', could be explained with final /s/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|zeeloek|zeeloek|urinate}}<br /> {{glend|The dog is pissing.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|bijnihgoe|bij-nih-goe|2SG.POSS-mother-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|seemdaq|seem-daq|goat-IA.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|Your mother fucks goats.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|dog}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|zeezi|zee-zi|man-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|wahjqcujden|wahjcuj-den|hammer-IC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|wihjdahla|wihj-dahla|boulder-IC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|tlouk|tlouk|break}}<br /> {{glend|The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaj|k'yoej-daj|deer-IA.ACC:ANIM}}<br /> {{gl|k'imyng|k'im-Ing|shoot-A}}<br /> {{glend|I shot a deer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vakeisqaqala|va-keisqaq-kala|1SG.POSS-candle-DC.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejzin|k'yoej-zin|man-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khating|khat-Ing|give-A}}<br /> {{glend|I gave the man my candle.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|tl'oizi|tl'oi-zi|hill-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going to the hill.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vatihnga'|va-tihn-ga'|1SG.POSS-house-DC.???}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going home.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vak'ahmjrohjzala|va-k'ahmjrohj-zala|1SG.POSS-bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ts'uahjboen|ts'uahjboen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt with a bow and arrow.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|imk'ih,|imk'ih|next_day}}<br /> {{gl|ritl'utl'ujzi|ritl'utl'uj-zi|mockingbird-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|rantsyn,|rantsyn|awaken}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggan|teibohn-gan|sky-DA.PAR}}<br /> {{gl|t'yn|t'yn|LOC}}<br /> {{gl|qohjden|qohj-den|throat-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khoi|khoi|vomit}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|lucj|bring_forth\PLURACT}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|'oequaraj|'oequa-raj|bird-IA.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|oung|oung|behold}}<br /> {{glend|the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Ergative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Inanimate Agent =====<br /> <br /> ===== Adpositional Ergative =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Composition =====<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === Pluractionality ===<br /> <br /> === Tense ===<br /> <br /> === The absolute verbal state ===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> <br /> === Noun phrase ===<br /> <br /> The noun phrase is composed of a case-bearing element, optionally preceded by modifiers. The case-bearing element may be an independent pronoun or demonstrative, or a nominal with an article.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-da|owl-IA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|an owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-doe|owl-IC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|a white owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|'oequa|'oequa|bird}}<br /> {{gl|keila|kei-la|DEM.DIST-DO}}<br /> {{gl|simboen|sim-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ucda|ts'uc-goe|owl-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|the white owl that ate that bird}}<br /> }}</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=15933 Tserzou 2021-10-14T04:13:30Z <p>Nort: /* Phonology */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || ɯ &lt;ou&gt; || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;‌u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'', could be explained with final /s/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|zeeloek|zeeloek|urinate}}<br /> {{glend|The dog is pissing.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|bijnihgoe|bij-nih-goe|2SG.POSS-mother-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|seemdaq|seem-daq|goat-IA.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|Your mother fucks goats.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|dog}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|zeezi|zee-zi|man-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|wahjqcujden|wahjcuj-den|hammer-IC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|wihjdahla|wihj-dahla|boulder-IC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|tlouk|tlouk|break}}<br /> {{glend|The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaj|k'yoej-daj|deer-IA.ACC:ANIM}}<br /> {{gl|k'imyng|k'im-Ing|shoot-A}}<br /> {{glend|I shot a deer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vakeisqaqala|va-keisqaq-kala|1SG.POSS-candle-DC.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejzin|k'yoej-zin|man-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khating|khat-Ing|give-A}}<br /> {{glend|I gave the man my candle.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|tl'oizi|tl'oi-zi|hill-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going to the hill.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vatihnga'|va-tihn-ga'|1SG.POSS-house-DC.???}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going home.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vak'ahmjrohjzala|va-k'ahmjrohj-zala|1SG.POSS-bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ts'uahjboen|ts'uahjboen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt with a bow and arrow.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|imk'ih,|imk'ih|next_day}}<br /> {{gl|ritl'utl'ujzi|ritl'utl'uj-zi|mockingbird-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|rantsyn,|rantsyn|awaken}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggan|teibohn-gan|sky-DA.PAR}}<br /> {{gl|t'yn|t'yn|LOC}}<br /> {{gl|qohjden|qohj-den|throat-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khoi|khoi|vomit}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|lucj|bring_forth\PLURACT}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|'oequaraj|'oequa-raj|bird-IA.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|oung|oung|behold}}<br /> {{glend|the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Ergative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Inanimate Agent =====<br /> <br /> ===== Adpositional Ergative =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Composition =====<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === Pluractionality ===<br /> <br /> === Tense ===<br /> <br /> === The absolute verbal state ===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> <br /> === Noun phrase ===<br /> <br /> The noun phrase is composed of a case-bearing element, optionally preceded by modifiers. The case-bearing element may be an independent pronoun or demonstrative, or a nominal with an article.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-da|owl-IA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|an owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-doe|owl-IC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|a white owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|'oequa|'oequa|bird}}<br /> {{gl|keila|kei-la|DEM.DIST-DO}}<br /> {{gl|simboen|sim-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ucda|ts'uc-goe|owl-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|the white owl that ate that bird}}<br /> }}</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=15932 Tserzou 2021-10-14T04:13:19Z <p>Nort: /* Nominative */ i continue to be bad at syntax (ayyy)</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || **ɯ &lt;ou&gt;** || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;‌u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'', could be explained with final /s/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|zeeloek|zeeloek|urinate}}<br /> {{glend|The dog is pissing.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|bijnihgoe|bij-nih-goe|2SG.POSS-mother-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|seemdaq|seem-daq|goat-IA.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|Your mother fucks goats.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|dog}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|zeezi|zee-zi|man-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|wahjqcujden|wahjcuj-den|hammer-IC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|wihjdahla|wihj-dahla|boulder-IC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|tlouk|tlouk|break}}<br /> {{glend|The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaj|k'yoej-daj|deer-IA.ACC:ANIM}}<br /> {{gl|k'imyng|k'im-Ing|shoot-A}}<br /> {{glend|I shot a deer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vakeisqaqala|va-keisqaq-kala|1SG.POSS-candle-DC.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejzin|k'yoej-zin|man-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khating|khat-Ing|give-A}}<br /> {{glend|I gave the man my candle.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|tl'oizi|tl'oi-zi|hill-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going to the hill.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vatihnga'|va-tihn-ga'|1SG.POSS-house-DC.???}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going home.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vak'ahmjrohjzala|va-k'ahmjrohj-zala|1SG.POSS-bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ts'uahjboen|ts'uahjboen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt with a bow and arrow.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|imk'ih,|imk'ih|next_day}}<br /> {{gl|ritl'utl'ujzi|ritl'utl'uj-zi|mockingbird-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|rantsyn,|rantsyn|awaken}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggan|teibohn-gan|sky-DA.PAR}}<br /> {{gl|t'yn|t'yn|LOC}}<br /> {{gl|qohjden|qohj-den|throat-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khoi|khoi|vomit}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|lucj|bring_forth\PLURACT}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|'oequaraj|'oequa-raj|bird-IA.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|oung|oung|behold}}<br /> {{glend|the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Ergative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Inanimate Agent =====<br /> <br /> ===== Adpositional Ergative =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Composition =====<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === Pluractionality ===<br /> <br /> === Tense ===<br /> <br /> === The absolute verbal state ===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> <br /> === Noun phrase ===<br /> <br /> The noun phrase is composed of a case-bearing element, optionally preceded by modifiers. The case-bearing element may be an independent pronoun or demonstrative, or a nominal with an article.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-da|owl-IA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|an owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-doe|owl-IC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|a white owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|'oequa|'oequa|bird}}<br /> {{gl|keila|kei-la|DEM.DIST-DO}}<br /> {{gl|simboen|sim-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ucda|ts'uc-goe|owl-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|the white owl that ate that bird}}<br /> }}</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=15931 Tserzou 2021-10-14T04:12:49Z <p>Nort: /* Postpositional Lative */ whatever, this can just assimilate. it&#039;s not like final n should exist anyway</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || **ɯ &lt;ou&gt;** || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;‌u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'', could be explained with final /s/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|zeeloek|zeeloek|urinate}}<br /> {{glend|The dog is pissing.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|bijnihgoe|bij-nih-goe|2SG.POSS-mother-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|seemdaq|seem-daq|goat-IA.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|Your mother fucks goats.}}<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|dog}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|zeezi|zee-zi|man-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|wahjqcujden|wahjcuj-den|hammer-IC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|wihjdahla|wihj-dahla|boulder-IC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|tlouk|tlouk|break}}<br /> {{glend|The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaj|k'yoej-daj|deer-IA.ACC:ANIM}}<br /> {{gl|k'imyng|k'im-Ing|shoot-A}}<br /> {{glend|I shot a deer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vakeisqaqala|va-keisqaq-kala|1SG.POSS-candle-DC.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejzin|k'yoej-zin|man-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khating|khat-Ing|give-A}}<br /> {{glend|I gave the man my candle.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|tl'oizi|tl'oi-zi|hill-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going to the hill.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vatihnga'|va-tihn-ga'|1SG.POSS-house-DC.???}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going home.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vak'ahmjrohjzala|va-k'ahmjrohj-zala|1SG.POSS-bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ts'uahjboen|ts'uahjboen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt with a bow and arrow.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|imk'ih,|imk'ih|next_day}}<br /> {{gl|ritl'utl'ujzi|ritl'utl'uj-zi|mockingbird-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|rantsyn,|rantsyn|awaken}}<br /> {{gl|teibohnggan|teibohn-gan|sky-DA.PAR}}<br /> {{gl|t'yn|t'yn|LOC}}<br /> {{gl|qohjden|qohj-den|throat-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khoi|khoi|vomit}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|lucj|bring_forth\PLURACT}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|'oequaraj|'oequa-raj|bird-IA.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|oung|oung|behold}}<br /> {{glend|the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Ergative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Inanimate Agent =====<br /> <br /> ===== Adpositional Ergative =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Composition =====<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === Pluractionality ===<br /> <br /> === Tense ===<br /> <br /> === The absolute verbal state ===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> <br /> === Noun phrase ===<br /> <br /> The noun phrase is composed of a case-bearing element, optionally preceded by modifiers. The case-bearing element may be an independent pronoun or demonstrative, or a nominal with an article.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-da|owl-IA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|an owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-doe|owl-IC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|a white owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|'oequa|'oequa|bird}}<br /> {{gl|keila|kei-la|DEM.DIST-DO}}<br /> {{gl|simboen|sim-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ucda|ts'uc-goe|owl-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|the white owl that ate that bird}}<br /> }}</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=15930 Tserzou 2021-10-14T04:11:01Z <p>Nort: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || **ɯ &lt;ou&gt;** || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;‌u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'', could be explained with final /s/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|zeeloek|zeeloek|urinate}}<br /> {{glend|The dog is pissing.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|bijnihgoe|bij-nih-goe|2SG.POSS-mother-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|seemdaq|seem-daq|goat-IA.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|Your mother fucks goats.}}<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|dog}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|zeezi|zee-zi|man-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|wahjqcujden|wahjcuj-den|hammer-IC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|wihjdahla|wihj-dahla|boulder-IC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|tlouk|tlouk|break}}<br /> {{glend|The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaj|k'yoej-daj|deer-IA.ACC:ANIM}}<br /> {{gl|k'imyng|k'im-Ing|shoot-A}}<br /> {{glend|I shot a deer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vakeisqaqala|va-keisqaq-kala|1SG.POSS-candle-DC.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejzin|k'yoej-zin|man-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khating|khat-Ing|give-A}}<br /> {{glend|I gave the man my candle.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|tl'oizi|tl'oi-zi|hill-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going to the hill.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vatihnga'|va-tihn-ga'|1SG.POSS-house-DC.???}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going home.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vak'ahmjrohjzala|va-k'ahmjrohj-zala|1SG.POSS-bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ts'uahjboen|ts'uahjboen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt with a bow and arrow.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|imk'ih,|imk'ih|next_day}}<br /> {{gl|ritl'utl'ujzi|ritl'utl'uj-zi|mockingbird-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|rantsyn,|rantsyn|awaken}}<br /> {{gl|teibohn-gan|teibohn-gan|sky-DA.PAR}}<br /> {{gl|t'yn|t'yn|LOC}}<br /> {{gl|qohjden|qohj-den|throat-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khoi|khoi|vomit}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|lucj|bring_forth\PLURACT}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|'oequaraj|'oequa-raj|bird-IA.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|oung|oung|behold}}<br /> {{glend|the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Ergative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Inanimate Agent =====<br /> <br /> ===== Adpositional Ergative =====<br /> <br /> ===== Ergative of Composition =====<br /> <br /> == Verbs ==<br /> <br /> === Pluractionality ===<br /> <br /> === Tense ===<br /> <br /> === The absolute verbal state ===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> <br /> === Noun phrase ===<br /> <br /> The noun phrase is composed of a case-bearing element, optionally preceded by modifiers. The case-bearing element may be an independent pronoun or demonstrative, or a nominal with an article.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-da|owl-IA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|an owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|tsucda|tsuc-doe|owl-IC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|a white owl}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|'oequa|'oequa|bird}}<br /> {{gl|keila|kei-la|DEM.DIST-DO}}<br /> {{gl|simboen|sim-boen|eat-A}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|tl'ouj|tl'ouj|white}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ucda|ts'uc-goe|owl-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|the white owl that ate that bird}}<br /> }}</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=15929 Tserzou 2021-10-14T04:02:02Z <p>Nort: glossify</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || **ɯ &lt;ou&gt;** || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;‌u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'', could be explained with final /s/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|zeeloek|zeeloek|urinate}}<br /> {{glend|The dog is pissing.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|bijnihgoe|bij-nih-goe|2SG.POSS-mother-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|seemdaq|seem-daq|goat-IA.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|toemdloen|toem-dloen|fuck-PLUR}}<br /> {{glend|Your mother fucks goats.}}<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|saenzi|saen-zi|dog-DA.NOM}}<br /> {{glend|dog}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|zeezi|zee-zi|man-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|wahjqcujden|wahjcuj-den|hammer-IC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|wihjdahla|wihj-dahla|boulder-IC.ACC.PL}}<br /> {{gl|tlouk|tlouk|break}}<br /> {{glend|The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejdaj|k'yoej-daj|deer-IA.ACC:ANIM}}<br /> {{gl|k'imyng|k'im-Ing|shoot-A}}<br /> {{glend|I shot a deer.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vakeisqaqala|va-keisqaq-kala|1SG.POSS-candle-DC.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|k'yoejzin|k'yoej-zin|man-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khating|khat-Ing|give-A}}<br /> {{glend|I gave the man my candle.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|tl'oizi|tl'oi-zi|hill-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going to the hill.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|vatihnga'|va-tihn-ga'|1SG.POSS-house-DC.???}}<br /> {{gl|teing|teing|go}}<br /> {{glend|I'm going home.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|vak'ahmjrohjzala|va-k'ahmjrohj-zala|1SG.POSS-bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|byn|byn|INS}}<br /> {{gl|vee|vee|1SG}}<br /> {{gl|ts'uahjboen|ts'uahjboen|hunt}}<br /> {{glend|I hunt with a bow and arrow.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{+|<br /> {{gl|imk'ih,|imk'ih|next_day}}<br /> {{gl|ritl'utl'ujzi|ritl'utl'uj-zi|mockingbird-DC.NOM}}<br /> {{gl|rantsyn,|rantsyn|awaken}}<br /> {{gl|teibohn-gan|teibohn-gan|sky-DA.PAR}}<br /> {{gl|t'yn|t'yn|LOC}}<br /> {{gl|qohjden|qohj-den|throat-DA.LAT}}<br /> {{gl|khoi|khoi|vomit}}<br /> {{gl|lucj|lucj|bring_forth\PLURACT}}<br /> {{gl|ts'ee|ts'ee|REL}}<br /> {{gl|'oequoeraj|'oequoe-raj|bird-IA.ACC}}<br /> {{gl|oung|oung|behold}}<br /> {{glend|the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird}}<br /> }}</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=15926 Tserzou 2021-10-13T04:41:03Z <p>Nort: /* Phonology */ tfw no zwnj</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || **ɯ &lt;ou&gt;** || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;‌u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'', could be explained with final /s/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> '''saen-zi zeeloek'''<br /> <br /> dog-DA.NOM urinate<br /> <br /> ''The dog is pissing.''<br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> '''bij=nih-goe seem-daq toem-dloen'''<br /> <br /> 2SG.POSS=mother.DC.NOM-DC.NOM goat-IA.ACC.PL fuck-PLUR<br /> <br /> ''Your mother fucks goats.''<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> '''saen-zi'''<br /> <br /> dog-DA.NOM<br /> <br /> ''dog''<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> '''zee-zi wahjqcuj-den byn wihj-dahla tlouk'''<br /> <br /> man-DC.NOM hammer-IC.LAT=INS boulder-IC.ACC.PL break<br /> <br /> ''The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.''<br /> <br /> '''vee k'yoej-daj k'imyng'''<br /> <br /> 1SG deer-IA.ACC:ANIM shoot<br /> <br /> ''I shot a deer.''<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> '''vee va=keisqarala k'yoej-zin khating'''<br /> <br /> 1SG 1SG.POSS=candle man-DA.LAT give<br /> <br /> ''I gave the man my candle.''<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> '''vee tl'oi-zi teing'''<br /> <br /> 1SG hill-DA.LAT go<br /> <br /> ''I'm going to the hill.''<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> '''vee va-tihn-ga' teing'''<br /> <br /> 1SG 1SG.POSS=house-DC.??? go<br /> <br /> ''I'm going home.''<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> '''va=k'ahmjrohj-zala byn vee ts'uahjboen'''<br /> <br /> 1SG.POSS=bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT=INSTR 1SG hunt<br /> <br /> ''I hunt with a bow and arrow.''<br /> <br /> '''imk'ih, ritl'utl'uj-zi rantsyn, teibohn-gan t'yn qohj-den khoi lucj ts'ee 'oequoe-raj oung'''<br /> <br /> next_day mockingbird-DC.NOM awaken sky-DA.PAR-in throat-DA.LAT vomit bring_forth\PLURACT REL bird-IA.ACC behold<br /> <br /> ''the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird''</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=15925 Tserzou 2021-10-13T04:40:31Z <p>Nort: orthography</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || **ɯ &lt;ou&gt;** || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ua ov&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'', could be explained with final /s/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> '''saen-zi zeeloek'''<br /> <br /> dog-DA.NOM urinate<br /> <br /> ''The dog is pissing.''<br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> '''bij=nih-goe seem-daq toem-dloen'''<br /> <br /> 2SG.POSS=mother.DC.NOM-DC.NOM goat-IA.ACC.PL fuck-PLUR<br /> <br /> ''Your mother fucks goats.''<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> '''saen-zi'''<br /> <br /> dog-DA.NOM<br /> <br /> ''dog''<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> '''zee-zi wahjqcuj-den byn wihj-dahla tlouk'''<br /> <br /> man-DC.NOM hammer-IC.LAT=INS boulder-IC.ACC.PL break<br /> <br /> ''The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.''<br /> <br /> '''vee k'yoej-daj k'imyng'''<br /> <br /> 1SG deer-IA.ACC:ANIM shoot<br /> <br /> ''I shot a deer.''<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> '''vee va=keisqarala k'yoej-zin khating'''<br /> <br /> 1SG 1SG.POSS=candle man-DA.LAT give<br /> <br /> ''I gave the man my candle.''<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> '''vee tl'oi-zi teing'''<br /> <br /> 1SG hill-DA.LAT go<br /> <br /> ''I'm going to the hill.''<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> '''vee va-tihn-ga' teing'''<br /> <br /> 1SG 1SG.POSS=house-DC.??? go<br /> <br /> ''I'm going home.''<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> '''va=k'ahmjrohj-zala byn vee ts'uahjboen'''<br /> <br /> 1SG.POSS=bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT=INSTR 1SG hunt<br /> <br /> ''I hunt with a bow and arrow.''<br /> <br /> '''imk'ih, ritl'utl'uj-zi rantsyn, teibohn-gan t'yn qohj-den khoi lucj ts'ee 'oequoe-raj oung'''<br /> <br /> next_day mockingbird-DC.NOM awaken sky-DA.PAR-in throat-DA.LAT vomit bring_forth\PLURACT REL bird-IA.ACC behold<br /> <br /> ''the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird''</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=15924 Tserzou 2021-10-12T04:37:19Z <p>Nort: these need to be templates anyway but whatev</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || **ɯ &lt;ou&gt;** || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;uoe uv&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'', could be explained with final /s/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> '''saen-zi zeeloek'''<br /> <br /> dog-DA.NOM urinate<br /> <br /> ''The dog is pissing.''<br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> '''bij=nih-goe seem-daq toem-dloen'''<br /> <br /> 2SG.POSS=mother.DC.NOM-DC.NOM goat-IA.ACC.PL fuck-PLUR<br /> <br /> ''Your mother fucks goats.''<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> '''saen-zi'''<br /> <br /> dog-DA.NOM<br /> <br /> ''dog''<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> '''zee-zi wahjqcuj-den byn wihj-dahla tlouk'''<br /> <br /> man-DC.NOM hammer-IC.LAT=INS boulder-IC.ACC.PL break<br /> <br /> ''The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.''<br /> <br /> '''vee k'yoej-daj k'imyng'''<br /> <br /> 1SG deer-IA.ACC:ANIM shoot<br /> <br /> ''I shot a deer.''<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> '''vee va=keisqarala k'yoej-zin khating'''<br /> <br /> 1SG 1SG.POSS=candle man-DA.LAT give<br /> <br /> ''I gave the man my candle.''<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> '''vee tl'oi-zi teing'''<br /> <br /> 1SG hill-DA.LAT go<br /> <br /> ''I'm going to the hill.''<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> '''vee va-tihn-ga' teing'''<br /> <br /> 1SG 1SG.POSS=house-DC.??? go<br /> <br /> ''I'm going home.''<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> '''va=k'ahmjrohj-zala byn vee ts'uahjboen'''<br /> <br /> 1SG.POSS=bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT=INSTR 1SG hunt<br /> <br /> ''I hunt with a bow and arrow.''<br /> <br /> '''imk'ih, ritl'utl'uj-zi rantsyn, teibohn-gan t'yn qohj-den khoi lucj ts'ee 'oequoe-raj oung'''<br /> <br /> next_day mockingbird-DC.NOM awaken sky-DA.PAR-in throat-DA.LAT vomit bring_forth\PLURACT REL bird-IA.ACC behold<br /> <br /> ''the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird''</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=15923 Tserzou 2021-10-12T04:36:37Z <p>Nort: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ng&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || **ɯ &lt;ou&gt;** || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uc&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɛɪ &lt;ei&gt; || œʏ &lt;oey&gt; || || ɔu &lt;cu&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;uoe uv&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/. Some word-internal clusters, e.g. in '''keisqaq''' ''candle'', could be explained with final /s/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.) Certain words undergo further transformations, for example TODO.<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> <br /> ==== Nominative ====<br /> <br /> The nominative case marks animate subjects of intransitive sentences:<br /> <br /> '''saen-zi zeeloek'''<br /> <br /> dog-DA.NOM urinate<br /> <br /> ''The dog is pissing.''<br /> <br /> As well as animate subjects of transitive sentences:<br /> <br /> '''bij=nih-goe seem-daq toem-dloen'''<br /> <br /> 2SG.POSS=mother.DC.NOM-DC.NOM goat-IA.ACC.PL fuck-PLUR<br /> <br /> ''Your mother fucks goats.''<br /> <br /> The nominative is the citation form of animate nouns:<br /> <br /> '''saen-zi'''<br /> <br /> dog-DA.NOM<br /> <br /> ''dog''<br /> <br /> ==== Accusative ====<br /> <br /> <br /> The accusative case marks direct objects of transitive verbs:<br /> <br /> '''zee-zi wahjqcuj-den byn wihj-dahla tlouk'''<br /> <br /> man-DC.NOM hammer-IC.LAT=INS boulder-IC.ACC.PL break<br /> <br /> ''The man is breaking boulders with a hammer.''<br /> <br /> '''vee k'yoej-daj k'imyng'''<br /> <br /> 1SG deer-IA.ACC:ANIM shoot<br /> <br /> ''I shot a deer.''<br /> <br /> ==== Lative ====<br /> <br /> ===== Indirect Object Lative =====<br /> <br /> ''vee va=keisqarala k'yoej-zin khating'''<br /> <br /> 1SG 1SG.POSS=candle man-DA.LAT give<br /> <br /> ''I gave the man my candle.''<br /> <br /> ===== Lative of Direction or Intention =====<br /> <br /> <br /> Statements of direction or intention, other than 'to so.'s house' (which takes a final glottal stop and high tone), take the lative.<br /> <br /> '''vee tl'oi-zi teing'''<br /> <br /> 1SG hill-DA.LAT go<br /> <br /> ''I'm going to the hill.''<br /> <br /> cf.:<br /> <br /> '''vee va-tihn-ga' teing'''<br /> <br /> 1SG 1SG.POSS=house-DC.??? go<br /> <br /> ''I'm going home.''<br /> <br /> ===== Postpositional Lative =====<br /> <br /> Certain postpositions, including the instrumental '''=byn''', take the lative.<br /> <br /> '''va=k'ahmjrohj-zala byn vee ts'uahjboen'''<br /> <br /> 1SG.POSS=bow_and_arrow-DC.LAT=INSTR 1SG hunt<br /> <br /> '''I hunt with a bow and arrow.'''<br /> <br /> '''imk'ih, ritl'utl'uj-zi rantsyn, teibohn-gan t'yn qohj-den khoi lucj ts'ee 'oequoe-raj oung'''<br /> <br /> next_day mockingbird-DC.NOM awaken sky-DA.PAR-in throat-DA.LAT vomit bring_forth\PLURACT REL bird-IA.ACC behold<br /> <br /> ''the next day, the mockingbird woke up and saw in the sky a vomitous bird''</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=15922 Tserzou 2021-10-12T02:03:25Z <p>Nort: /* Nouns */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ñ&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || **ɯ &lt;ou&gt;** || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uo&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ue uv&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.)<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=15921 Tserzou 2021-10-12T02:03:09Z <p>Nort: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ñ&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || **ɯ &lt;ou&gt;** || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uo&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ue uv&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;‌b g r&gt; are written instead.<br /> <br /> == Nouns ==<br /> <br /> Nouns inflect for three binary oppositions - singular vs. plural, absolute vs. construct, and animate vs. inanimate - and four cases - nominative, accusative, lative, and ergative.<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|DEF.PL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.SG<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! ANIM<br /> ! INAN<br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN <br /> ! ANIM <br /> ! INAN<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|ABS<br /> ! NOM <br /> | -zi<br /> |<br /> | -ziq<br /> |<br /> | -da<br /> |<br /> | -daq<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC <br /> | -zaj<br /> | -zala<br /> | -zaq<br /> | -zalha<br /> | -daj<br /> | -da<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -zin<br /> | -zi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-zij<br /> | -den<br /> | -de<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-gan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-raj<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-dan<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-daj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|CON<br /> ! NOM <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-roeq<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doe<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doeq<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | -raj<br /> | -gala<br /> | -raq<br /> | -galha<br /> | -doej<br /> | -doe<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | -goen<br /> | -goe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|roej<br /> | -doen<br /> | -doe<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-doej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-(w)oej<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boen<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|-boej<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The voicing of the initial depends on the tone and final of the preceding syllable: it is voiced unless followed by a high-toned syllable ending in a plosive coda. (There is, of course, extensive phonetic variation.)<br /> <br /> Example declensions for '''rahb-''' 'woman' and '''rohp-''' 'river'<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! colspan=4|rahb-<br /> ! colspan=4|rohp-<br /> !<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> ! DEF.SG<br /> ! DEF.PL<br /> ! INDEF.SG<br /> ! INDEF.PL<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=4|ABS<br /> ! NOM<br /> | rahbzi<br /> | rahbziq<br /> | rahbda<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | colspan=4|<br /> |-<br /> ! ACC<br /> | rahbzaj<br /> | rahbzaq<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rahbdaq<br /> | rohpsala<br /> | rohpsalha<br /> | rohpta<br /> | rohptaq<br /> |-<br /> ! LAT<br /> | rahbzin<br /> | rahbzij<br /> | rahbden<br /> | rahbdej<br /> | rohpsi<br /> | rohpsij<br /> | rohpten<br /> | rohptej<br /> |-<br /> ! ERG<br /> | rahbgan<br /> | rahbraj<br /> | rahbdan<br /> | rahbdaj<br /> | rohpkan<br /> | rohpqaj<br /> | rohptan<br /> | rohptaj<br /> |}</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=15920 Tserzou 2021-10-12T01:38:35Z <p>Nort: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ñ&gt; || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Front unrounded !! Front rounded !! Back unrounded !! Back rounded !! Short rounded !! Short unrounded<br /> |-<br /> | i &lt;ih&gt; || y ɪu̯ &lt;yh iu&gt; || **ɯ &lt;ou&gt;** || u &lt;uh&gt; || ɪ &lt;i&gt; || ʏ &lt;y&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɪɛ &lt;ie&gt; || ʏœ &lt;yu&gt; || ɯə &lt;ou&gt; || uɔ &lt;uo&gt; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | e &lt;eh&gt; || ø oɪ̯ &lt;u oi&gt; || || o &lt;oh&gt; || || ə &lt;a&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | eɛ &lt;ee&gt; || øɶ wʌ &lt;ue uv&gt; || ʌ &lt;v&gt; || ɔ &lt;c&gt; || œ &lt;oe&gt; || ɛ &lt;e&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | æ &lt;ae&gt; || wæ &lt;oae&gt; || a &lt;ah&gt; || wa &lt;oah&gt; || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> [ɿ] only appears in open syllables after sibilants, [ɯ] only appears in open syllables after nonsibilants, and [ɯə] only appears in closed syllables, so these are treated as the same phoneme.<br /> <br /> Syllable structure is CV(C). Permissible coda consonants are /n k ŋ χ ʔ/, and additionally in stressed syllables /p m/.<br /> <br /> There are two tones, low and high. The low tone is written &lt;j&gt; except in syllables ending in /p k χ/, where &lt;b g r&gt; are written instead.</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Tserzou&diff=15919 Tserzou 2021-10-12T01:38:11Z <p>Nort: Created page with &quot;{{Article}} {{Language |language = Tserzou |date = c. 0 YP |place = |speakers = ~2000 |word-or = SOV |mor-type = fusional |author = User:Nort }} Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Tserzou<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = <br /> |speakers = ~2000<br /> |word-or = SOV<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tserzou /tsʼɪɛχzɯə/ is a language spoken somewhere by some people.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| {{softtable|c}}<br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal<br /> |-<br /> | p pʼ b || t tʼ d || ts tsʼ dz || tɬ tɬʼ dɮ &lt;tl tlʼ dl&gt; || k kʼ g || qʼ || ʔ &lt;ʼ&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ɸ β &lt;f w&gt; || || s z || ɬ l &lt;lh l&gt; || x ɣ &lt;kh gh&gt; || χ ʁ &lt;‌q r&gt; || <br /> |-<br /> | m || || n || || ŋ &lt;ñ&gt; || ||<br /> |}</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Jarang&diff=15778 Jarang 2020-07-23T22:53:51Z <p>Nort: /* Phonology */ diacritic ordering</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Jarang<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = SW Peilaš<br /> |speakers = ~150000<br /> |family = [[Team B languages]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> |word-or = SVO<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Jarang (/dʒə̃rə̃/) is a language of the highlands of southwestern Peilaš.<br /> <br /> = Phonology =<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Palatal !! Velar !! Labiovelar !! Glottal !! Labioglottal<br /> |-<br /> | p b || t d || tʃ dʒ &lt;č j&gt; || k g || kʷ gʷ || ʔ || ʔʷ <br /> |-<br /> | ɸ &lt;f&gt; || s || ʃ &lt;š&gt; || x || xʷ || || <br /> |-<br /> | m || n || ɲ &lt;ñ&gt; || ŋ || ŋʷ || ||<br /> |-<br /> | || ɾ &lt;r&gt; || j &lt;y&gt; || || w || ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Front !! Center !! Back !! F. diph. !! B. diph.<br /> |-<br /> | i ĩ || ɨ̆ ɨ̃̆ || u ũ || ie ĩẽ &lt;ie ĩe&gt; || uo ũõ &lt;uo ũo&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | e ẽ || ə̆ ə̃̆ || o õ || ei ẽĩ &lt;ei ẽi&gt; || ou õũ &lt;ou õu&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | || a ã || || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Nonlow central vowels are short; all other vowels are long. <br /> <br /> Stress is contrastive, but only in words that contain nonreduced vowels; if a word only contains reduced vowels, stress is initial. When stress occurs on a vowel that is neither initial (in words that only contain reduced vowels) nor the first unreduced vowel in a word, it will be marked with an underline, e.g. '''n̩gə̠sõbə̃''' /n̩ˈgə̆sõbə̃̆/. /ɨ̆/ is never stressed.<br /> <br /> Other phonetic diphthongs may occur, but are somewhat longer. Hiatus may also occur, but it rarely if ever involves /a/.<br /> <br /> Nasalization is not contrastive before nasals.<br /> <br /> A nasal /n̩/ may occur word-initially before non-glottal stops or /r w/. The sequences /n̩r n̩w/ are realized [ndr ɱv].<br /> <br /> Word-final consonants other than the glottal stop and the semivowels may take an [ɨ̆] release; since oral [ɨ̆] never occurs word-finally, this is noncontrastive.<br /> <br /> == Vowels ==<br /> <br /> In fact, there is arguably only one vowel in Jarang: the schwa. [ɨ̆] never appears word-initially and varies freely with null word-finally, so it may be considered epenthetic. The low vowel [a] is formed by coalescence of two schwas, and the high vowels [i u] are simply /y w/ between consonants, i.e. -ɨyɨ- -ɨwɨ-. The mid vowels [e o] are, of course, /əyə əwə/, and the diphthongs are formed by semivowels flanked by either schwa or a consonant: for example, [n̩gə̠xʷũõbə] 'six hundred' &lt; /n̩gə́xʷɨ̃-wə̃bə/.<br /> <br /> This analysis requires the introduction of a placeless coda nasal /ɴ/, which may not occur adjacent to itself and may be unified with the word-initial syllabic nasal. Word-final [ɨ̃], which varies with a weakly articulated [ɨɴ̆] and with a syllabic nasal homorganic to a preceding stop, is in this analysis also /ɴ/, articulated on the preceding epenthetic vowel. The nasalizing effect of this /ɴ/ spreads through semivowels, so there is no contrast between /əɴwəɴ/ and /əwəɴ/. (Consider 'six hundred' again: /ɴgə́xʷɴ-wəɴbə/ becomes /ɴgə́xʷwəɴbə/.)<br /> <br /> As a result, the phonotactic construct of the syllable is also unnecessary for Jarang: the one permissible phonotactic structure is a segment other than /ɴ/ or a word boundary, optionally followed by /ɴ/. In practice, however, arbitrarily long strings of schwas do not occur.<br /> <br /> = Pronouns =<br /> <br /> == Personal pronouns ==<br /> <br /> Jarang distinguishes between singular and plural, between first-person exclusive and inclusive, and between third-person human and nonhuman.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! !! 1SG !! 2SG !! 3HUM.SG !! 3NON.SG !! 1EXCL !! 1INCL !! 2PL !! 3HUM.PL !! 3NON.PL <br /> |-<br /> | DIR || noxʷ || rɨxʷ || maxʷ || wɨmɨ̃kʷ || wõkoxʷ || rə̃gʷoxʷ || worə̃gaʔʷ || wõjəʔʷ || womɨ̃kʷ <br /> |-<br /> | SUB || nərow || yərow || mərow || wɨmɨ̃ || wõkʷ || rə̃gaxʷ || worə̃gə || wõjə || womɨ̃ <br /> |-<br /> | ESS || norõ || yerõ || marõ || wɨmɨ̃rə̃ || wawə̃kʷɨ̃ || rə̃gaxʷɨ̃ || worə̃gə̃ || wõjə̃ || womɨ̃rə̃<br /> |-<br /> | LAT || norow || yerow || marow || wɨmɨ̃ro || wawə̃kʷo || rə̃gaxʷo || worə̃gəw || wõjəw || womɨ̃ro<br /> |-<br /> | ASSOC || nə̃roxʷ || yə̃roxʷ || mə̃roxʷ || wɨmɨnoxʷ || wawənoxʷ || rə̃gə̃roxʷ || worə̃gə̃roxʷ || wõjəroxʷ || wõmɨnoxʷ<br /> |}<br /> <br /> = Nouns =<br /> <br /> == Cases ==<br /> There are five cases in Jarang: the subjective (or nominative), direct (or accusative), essive, lative, and associative. However, no noun distinguishes all five: only human nouns take the associative, and only inanimates have a subjective distinct from the direct.<br /> <br /> The essive and lative are used with postpositions of location or motion in the obvious way; in addition, certain verbs take essive objects, and the essive may be used for position or manner, as well as with the copula for predicative adjectives:<br /> <br /> {{Gloss3|Wə̃kə̃rə̃, yew mə̠rĩ wawõ!|fisherman.ESS, fish.DIR 3SG-have-S large_size.ESS|As a fisherman, that fish looks big!}}<br /> <br /> The stem classes of Jarang are sigmatic, sanic, rhotacious, yodiferous, digammoid, alphose, omegatronic, and iotadelic; or, in other words, the s, š, r, y, w, a, o, and i classes. These are defined by the endings of their essive and lative stems: all classes but the alphose, omegatronic, and iotadelic have an oblique stem upon which these cases are built. In the rhotacious class, this affix is /-̃rə-/; in all other oblique-stem classes, it is built from the named consonant and schwa. So, for example, the oblique formative of the sigmatic class is /-sə-/; and the oblique formative of the digammoid class is /-wə-/, and so on. The forms of all five cases may be predicted entirely, except for the mutations of the direct class, from the stem class.<br /> <br /> In the alphose, omegatronic, and iotadelic, the endings are instead as follows:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! !! a !! o !! i<br /> |-<br /> | DIR || -ə/0 || -ə/0 || -ə/0<br /> |-<br /> | SUB || -ĩ || -ĩ || -ĩ<br /> |-<br /> | ESS || -ə̃ || -ɨ̃/-ə̃ || -ɨ̃<br /> |-<br /> | LAT || -aw || -o/-ow/-aw/-iw || -iw<br /> |-<br /> | ASSOC || -awə || -awə/-oo/-iyuo || -iyuo<br /> |}<br /> The orthography is not ideal in the case of the associative stems; the underlying forms are /-əəwə/, /-əwəwə/, and /-ɨyɨwə/ (/-ywə/) respectively. The subjective ending never takes stress. The omegatronic class is not well maintained, and tends to merge into the alphose or the iotadelic depending on dialect; when it is maintained, the only reliably distinct affix is the lative, which is -o or -ow.<br /> <br /> = Numerals =<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 <br /> |-<br /> | faʔ || xʷõ || sã || fãrə || xʷɨmãrə || n̩gəxʷɨ̃ || n̩gʷɨ̃ || n̩gəsə̃ || orə̃kʷɨ̃j || sãrə <br /> |-<br /> ! !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90 !! 100<br /> |-<br /> | || xʷə̃də̃ || sə̃də̃ || fãrərə̃ || xʷɨmãrərə̃ || n̩gəxʷɨ̃də̃ || n̩gʷɨ̃də̃ || n̩gəsə̃də̃ || wə̃bə̃də̃j || wə̃bə̃<br /> |-<br /> ! !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900 !! 1000<br /> |-<br /> | || xʷõõbə̃ || sãwə̃bə̃ || fãrõbə̃ || xʷɨmãrõbə̃ || n̩gə̠xʷũobə || n̩gʷõbə̃ || n̩gə̠sõbə̃ || orə̃kʷɨ̃jõbə̃ || sãrõbə̃<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Some dialects have a regularized ''orə̃kʷɨ̃jɨdə̃'' for 'ninety'.<br /> <br /> Higher basic numerals are expressed with compounds of a numeral and ''wə̃bə̃''. A thousand is ten hundred; ten thousand is a hundred hundred; a hundred thousand is ''yãwũobə̃ro''. If a number is neither final nor a multiplier, it takes the suffix ''-gə''.<br /> <br /> For example:<br /> * 23: ''xʷə̃də̃gə sa''<br /> * 42: ''fãrərə̃gə xʷõ''<br /> * 69: ''n̩gəxʷɨ̃də̃gə orə̃kʷɨ̃j''<br /> * 420: ''fãrõbə̃gə xʷə̃də̃''<br /> * 2020: ''xʷõ sãrõbə̃gə xʷə̃də̃''<br /> * 123456: ''(faʔ) yãwũobə̃ro xʷə̃də̃ sã wə̃bə̃gə fãrõbə̃gə xʷɨmãrərə̃gə n̩gəxʷɨ̃''<br /> <br /> = Lexicon =<br /> <br /> https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Pa9e9oZfEAI-VMooRWnL1ESpsFMrJQBUAlWLu7E5tsQ/edit?usp=sharing<br /> <br /> [[Category:Team B languages]]</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Jarang&diff=15777 Jarang 2020-07-23T22:51:08Z <p>Nort: orthography</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Jarang<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = SW Peilaš<br /> |speakers = ~150000<br /> |family = [[Team B languages]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> |word-or = SVO<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Jarang (/dʒə̃rə̃/) is a language of the highlands of southwestern Peilaš.<br /> <br /> = Phonology =<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Palatal !! Velar !! Labiovelar !! Glottal !! Labioglottal<br /> |-<br /> | p b || t d || tʃ dʒ &lt;č j&gt; || k g || kʷ gʷ || ʔ || ʔʷ <br /> |-<br /> | ɸ &lt;f&gt; || s || ʃ &lt;š&gt; || x || xʷ || || <br /> |-<br /> | m || n || ɲ &lt;ñ&gt; || ŋ || ŋʷ || ||<br /> |-<br /> | || ɾ &lt;r&gt; || j &lt;y&gt; || || w || ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Front !! Center !! Back !! F. diph. !! B. diph.<br /> |-<br /> | i ĩ || ɨ̆ ɨ̃̆ || u ũ || ie ĩẽ &lt;ie ĩe&gt; || uo ũõ &lt;uo ũo&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | e ẽ || ə̆ ə̆̃ || o õ || ei ẽĩ &lt;ei ẽi&gt; || ou õũ &lt;ou õu&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | || a ã || || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Nonlow central vowels are short; all other vowels are long. <br /> <br /> Stress is contrastive, but only in words that contain nonreduced vowels; if a word only contains reduced vowels, stress is initial. When stress occurs on a vowel that is neither initial (in words that only contain reduced vowels) nor the first unreduced vowel in a word, it will be marked with an underline, e.g. '''n̩gə̠sõbə̃''' /n̩ˈgə̆sõbə̃̆/. /ɨ̆/ is never stressed.<br /> <br /> Other phonetic diphthongs may occur, but are somewhat longer. Hiatus may also occur, but it rarely if ever involves /a/.<br /> <br /> Nasalization is not contrastive before nasals.<br /> <br /> A nasal /n̩/ may occur word-initially before non-glottal stops or /r w/. The sequences /n̩r n̩w/ are realized [ndr ɱv].<br /> <br /> Word-final consonants other than the glottal stop and the semivowels may take an [ɨ̆] release; since oral [ɨ̆] never occurs word-finally, this is noncontrastive.<br /> <br /> == Vowels ==<br /> <br /> In fact, there is arguably only one vowel in Jarang: the schwa. [ɨ̆] never appears word-initially and varies freely with null word-finally, so it may be considered epenthetic. The low vowel [a] is formed by coalescence of two schwas, and the high vowels [i u] are simply /y w/ between consonants, i.e. -ɨyɨ- -ɨwɨ-. The mid vowels [e o] are, of course, /əyə əwə/, and the diphthongs are formed by semivowels flanked by either schwa or a consonant: for example, [n̩gə̠xʷũõbə] 'six hundred' &lt; /n̩gə́xʷɨ̃-wə̃bə/.<br /> <br /> This analysis requires the introduction of a placeless coda nasal /ɴ/, which may not occur adjacent to itself and may be unified with the word-initial syllabic nasal. Word-final [ɨ̃], which varies with a weakly articulated [ɨɴ̆] and with a syllabic nasal homorganic to a preceding stop, is in this analysis also /ɴ/, articulated on the preceding epenthetic vowel. The nasalizing effect of this /ɴ/ spreads through semivowels, so there is no contrast between /əɴwəɴ/ and /əwəɴ/. (Consider 'six hundred' again: /ɴgə́xʷɴ-wəɴbə/ becomes /ɴgə́xʷwəɴbə/.)<br /> <br /> As a result, the phonotactic construct of the syllable is also unnecessary for Jarang: the one permissible phonotactic structure is a segment other than /ɴ/ or a word boundary, optionally followed by /ɴ/. In practice, however, arbitrarily long strings of schwas do not occur.<br /> <br /> = Pronouns =<br /> <br /> == Personal pronouns ==<br /> <br /> Jarang distinguishes between singular and plural, between first-person exclusive and inclusive, and between third-person human and nonhuman.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! !! 1SG !! 2SG !! 3HUM.SG !! 3NON.SG !! 1EXCL !! 1INCL !! 2PL !! 3HUM.PL !! 3NON.PL <br /> |-<br /> | DIR || noxʷ || rɨxʷ || maxʷ || wɨmɨ̃kʷ || wõkoxʷ || rə̃gʷoxʷ || worə̃gaʔʷ || wõjəʔʷ || womɨ̃kʷ <br /> |-<br /> | SUB || nərow || yərow || mərow || wɨmɨ̃ || wõkʷ || rə̃gaxʷ || worə̃gə || wõjə || womɨ̃ <br /> |-<br /> | ESS || norõ || yerõ || marõ || wɨmɨ̃rə̃ || wawə̃kʷɨ̃ || rə̃gaxʷɨ̃ || worə̃gə̃ || wõjə̃ || womɨ̃rə̃<br /> |-<br /> | LAT || norow || yerow || marow || wɨmɨ̃ro || wawə̃kʷo || rə̃gaxʷo || worə̃gəw || wõjəw || womɨ̃ro<br /> |-<br /> | ASSOC || nə̃roxʷ || yə̃roxʷ || mə̃roxʷ || wɨmɨnoxʷ || wawənoxʷ || rə̃gə̃roxʷ || worə̃gə̃roxʷ || wõjəroxʷ || wõmɨnoxʷ<br /> |}<br /> <br /> = Nouns =<br /> <br /> == Cases ==<br /> There are five cases in Jarang: the subjective (or nominative), direct (or accusative), essive, lative, and associative. However, no noun distinguishes all five: only human nouns take the associative, and only inanimates have a subjective distinct from the direct.<br /> <br /> The essive and lative are used with postpositions of location or motion in the obvious way; in addition, certain verbs take essive objects, and the essive may be used for position or manner, as well as with the copula for predicative adjectives:<br /> <br /> {{Gloss3|Wə̃kə̃rə̃, yew mə̠rĩ wawõ!|fisherman.ESS, fish.DIR 3SG-have-S large_size.ESS|As a fisherman, that fish looks big!}}<br /> <br /> The stem classes of Jarang are sigmatic, sanic, rhotacious, yodiferous, digammoid, alphose, omegatronic, and iotadelic; or, in other words, the s, š, r, y, w, a, o, and i classes. These are defined by the endings of their essive and lative stems: all classes but the alphose, omegatronic, and iotadelic have an oblique stem upon which these cases are built. In the rhotacious class, this affix is /-̃rə-/; in all other oblique-stem classes, it is built from the named consonant and schwa. So, for example, the oblique formative of the sigmatic class is /-sə-/; and the oblique formative of the digammoid class is /-wə-/, and so on. The forms of all five cases may be predicted entirely, except for the mutations of the direct class, from the stem class.<br /> <br /> In the alphose, omegatronic, and iotadelic, the endings are instead as follows:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! !! a !! o !! i<br /> |-<br /> | DIR || -ə/0 || -ə/0 || -ə/0<br /> |-<br /> | SUB || -ĩ || -ĩ || -ĩ<br /> |-<br /> | ESS || -ə̃ || -ɨ̃/-ə̃ || -ɨ̃<br /> |-<br /> | LAT || -aw || -o/-ow/-aw/-iw || -iw<br /> |-<br /> | ASSOC || -awə || -awə/-oo/-iyuo || -iyuo<br /> |}<br /> The orthography is not ideal in the case of the associative stems; the underlying forms are /-əəwə/, /-əwəwə/, and /-ɨyɨwə/ (/-ywə/) respectively. The subjective ending never takes stress. The omegatronic class is not well maintained, and tends to merge into the alphose or the iotadelic depending on dialect; when it is maintained, the only reliably distinct affix is the lative, which is -o or -ow.<br /> <br /> = Numerals =<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 <br /> |-<br /> | faʔ || xʷõ || sã || fãrə || xʷɨmãrə || n̩gəxʷɨ̃ || n̩gʷɨ̃ || n̩gəsə̃ || orə̃kʷɨ̃j || sãrə <br /> |-<br /> ! !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90 !! 100<br /> |-<br /> | || xʷə̃də̃ || sə̃də̃ || fãrərə̃ || xʷɨmãrərə̃ || n̩gəxʷɨ̃də̃ || n̩gʷɨ̃də̃ || n̩gəsə̃də̃ || wə̃bə̃də̃j || wə̃bə̃<br /> |-<br /> ! !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900 !! 1000<br /> |-<br /> | || xʷõõbə̃ || sãwə̃bə̃ || fãrõbə̃ || xʷɨmãrõbə̃ || n̩gə̠xʷũobə || n̩gʷõbə̃ || n̩gə̠sõbə̃ || orə̃kʷɨ̃jõbə̃ || sãrõbə̃<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Some dialects have a regularized ''orə̃kʷɨ̃jɨdə̃'' for 'ninety'.<br /> <br /> Higher basic numerals are expressed with compounds of a numeral and ''wə̃bə̃''. A thousand is ten hundred; ten thousand is a hundred hundred; a hundred thousand is ''yãwũobə̃ro''. If a number is neither final nor a multiplier, it takes the suffix ''-gə''.<br /> <br /> For example:<br /> * 23: ''xʷə̃də̃gə sa''<br /> * 42: ''fãrərə̃gə xʷõ''<br /> * 69: ''n̩gəxʷɨ̃də̃gə orə̃kʷɨ̃j''<br /> * 420: ''fãrõbə̃gə xʷə̃də̃''<br /> * 2020: ''xʷõ sãrõbə̃gə xʷə̃də̃''<br /> * 123456: ''(faʔ) yãwũobə̃ro xʷə̃də̃ sã wə̃bə̃gə fãrõbə̃gə xʷɨmãrərə̃gə n̩gəxʷɨ̃''<br /> <br /> = Lexicon =<br /> <br /> https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Pa9e9oZfEAI-VMooRWnL1ESpsFMrJQBUAlWLu7E5tsQ/edit?usp=sharing<br /> <br /> [[Category:Team B languages]]</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Jarang&diff=15776 Jarang 2020-07-23T22:48:41Z <p>Nort: /* Cases */ ackpft</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Jarang<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = SW Peilaš<br /> |speakers = ~150000<br /> |family = [[Team B languages]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> |word-or = SVO<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Jarang (/dʒə̃rə̃/) is a language of the highlands of southwestern Peilaš.<br /> <br /> = Phonology =<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Palatal !! Velar !! Labiovelar !! Glottal !! Labioglottal<br /> |-<br /> | p b || t d || tʃ dʒ &lt;č j&gt; || k g || kʷ gʷ || ʔ || ʔʷ <br /> |-<br /> | ɸ &lt;f&gt; || s || ʃ &lt;š&gt; || x || xʷ || || <br /> |-<br /> | m || n || ɲ &lt;ñ&gt; || ŋ || ŋʷ || ||<br /> |-<br /> | || ɾ &lt;r&gt; || j &lt;y&gt; || || w || ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Front !! Center !! Back !! F. diph. !! B. diph.<br /> |-<br /> | i ĩ || ɨ̆ ɨ̃̆ || u ũ || ie ĩẽ &lt;ie ĩe&gt; || uo ũõ &lt;uo ũo&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | e ẽ || ə̆ ə̆̃ || o õ || ei ẽĩ &lt;ei ẽi&gt; || ou õũ &lt;ou õu&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | || a ã || || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Nonlow central vowels are short; all other vowels are long. <br /> <br /> Stress is contrastive, but only in words that contain nonreduced vowels; if a word only contains reduced vowels, stress is initial. When stress occurs on a vowel that is neither initial (in words that only contain reduced vowels) nor the first unreduced vowel in a word, it will be marked with an underline, e.g. '''n̩gə̠sõbə̃''' /n̩ˈgə̆sõbə̃̆/. /ɨ̆/ is never stressed.<br /> <br /> Other phonetic diphthongs may occur, but are somewhat longer. Hiatus may also occur, but it rarely if ever involves /a/.<br /> <br /> Nasalization is not contrastive before nasals.<br /> <br /> A nasal /n̩/ may occur word-initially before non-glottal stops or /r w/. The sequences /n̩r n̩w/ are realized [ndr ɱv].<br /> <br /> Word-final consonants other than the glottal stop and the semivowels may take an [ɨ̆] release; since oral [ɨ̆] never occurs word-finally, this is noncontrastive.<br /> <br /> == Vowels ==<br /> <br /> In fact, there is arguably only one vowel in Jarang: the schwa. [ɨ̆] never appears word-initially and varies freely with null word-finally, so it may be considered epenthetic. The low vowel [a] is formed by coalescence of two schwas, and the high vowels [i u] are simply /y w/ between consonants, i.e. -ɨyɨ- -ɨwɨ-. The mid vowels [e o] are, of course, /əyə əwə/, and the diphthongs are formed by semivowels flanked by either schwa or a consonant: for example, [n̩gə̠xʷũõbə] 'six hundred' &lt; /n̩gə́xʷɨ̃-wə̃bə/.<br /> <br /> This analysis requires the introduction of a placeless coda nasal /ɴ/, which may not occur adjacent to itself and may be unified with the word-initial syllabic nasal. Word-final [ɨ̃], which varies with a weakly articulated [ɨɴ̆] and with a syllabic nasal homorganic to a preceding stop, is in this analysis also /ɴ/, articulated on the preceding epenthetic vowel. The nasalizing effect of this /ɴ/ spreads through semivowels, so there is no contrast between /əɴwəɴ/ and /əwəɴ/. (Consider 'six hundred' again: /ɴgə́xʷɴ-wəɴbə/ becomes /ɴgə́xʷwəɴbə/.)<br /> <br /> As a result, the phonotactic construct of the syllable is also unnecessary for Jarang: the one permissible phonotactic structure is a segment other than /ɴ/ or a word boundary, optionally followed by /ɴ/. In practice, however, arbitrarily long strings of schwas do not occur.<br /> <br /> = Pronouns =<br /> <br /> == Personal pronouns ==<br /> <br /> Jarang distinguishes between singular and plural, between first-person exclusive and inclusive, and between third-person human and nonhuman.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! !! 1SG !! 2SG !! 3HUM.SG !! 3NON.SG !! 1EXCL !! 1INCL !! 2PL !! 3HUM.PL !! 3NON.PL <br /> |-<br /> | DIR || noxʷ || rɨxʷ || maxʷ || wɨmɨ̃kʷ || wõkoxʷ || rə̃gʷoxʷ || worə̃gaʔʷ || wõjəʔʷ || womɨ̃kʷ <br /> |-<br /> | SUB || nərow || yərow || mərow || wɨmɨ̃ || wõkʷ || rə̃gaxʷ || worə̃gə || wõjə || womɨ̃ <br /> |-<br /> | ESS || norõ || yerõ || marõ || wɨmɨ̃rə̃ || wawə̃kʷɨ̃ || rə̃gaxʷɨ̃ || worə̃gə̃ || wõjə̃ || womɨ̃rə̃<br /> |-<br /> | LAT || norow || yerow || marow || wɨmɨ̃ro || wawə̃kʷo || rə̃gaxʷo || worə̃gəw || wõjəw || womɨ̃ro<br /> |-<br /> | ASSOC || nə̃roxʷ || yə̃roxʷ || mə̃roxʷ || wɨmɨnoxʷ || wawənoxʷ || rə̃gə̃roxʷ || worə̃gə̃roxʷ || wõjəroxʷ || wõmɨnoxʷ<br /> |}<br /> <br /> = Nouns =<br /> <br /> == Cases ==<br /> There are five cases in Jarang: the subjective (or nominative), direct (or accusative), essive, lative, and associative. However, no noun distinguishes all five: only human nouns take the associative, and only inanimates have a subjective distinct from the direct.<br /> <br /> The essive and lative are used with postpositions of location or motion in the obvious way; in addition, certain verbs take essive objects, and the essive may be used for position or manner, as well as with the copula for predicative adjectives:<br /> <br /> {{Gloss3|Wə̃kə̃rə̃, yew mə̠rĩ wawõ!|fisherman.ESS, fish.DIR 3SG-have-S large_size.ESS|As a fisherman, that fish looks big!}}<br /> <br /> The stem classes of Jarang are sigmatic, sanic, rhotacious, yodiferous, digammoid, alphose, omegatronic, and iotadelic; or, in other words, the s, š, r, y, w, a, o, and i classes. These are defined by the endings of their essive and lative stems: all classes but the alphose, omegatronic, and iotadelic have an oblique stem upon which these cases are built. In the rhotacious class, this affix is /-̃rə-/; in all other oblique-stem classes, it is built from the named consonant and schwa. So, for example, the oblique formative of the sigmatic class is /-sə-/; and the oblique formative of the digammoid class is /-wə-/, and so on. The forms of all five cases may be predicted entirely, except for the mutations of the direct class, from the stem class.<br /> <br /> In the alphose, omegatronic, and iotadelic, the endings are instead as follows:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! !! a !! o !! i<br /> |-<br /> | DIR || -ə/0 || -ə/0 || -ə/0<br /> |-<br /> | SUB || -ĩ || -ĩ || -ĩ<br /> |-<br /> | ESS || -ə̃ || -ɨ̃/-ə̃ || -ɨ̃<br /> |-<br /> | LAT || -aw || -o/-ow/-aw/-iw || -iw<br /> |-<br /> | ASSOC || -ao || -ao/-oo/-iuo || -iuo<br /> |}<br /> The orthography is not ideal in the case of the associative stems; the underlying forms are /-əəwə/, /-əwəwə/, and /-ɨyɨwə/ (/-ywə/) respectively. The subjective ending never takes stress. The omegatronic class is not well maintained, and tends to merge into the alphose or the iotadelic depending on dialect; when it is maintained, the only reliably distinct affix is the lative, which is -o or -ow.<br /> <br /> = Numerals =<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 <br /> |-<br /> | faʔ || xʷõ || sã || fãrə || xʷɨmãrə || n̩gəxʷɨ̃ || n̩gʷɨ̃ || n̩gəsə̃ || orə̃kʷɨ̃j || sãrə <br /> |-<br /> ! !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90 !! 100<br /> |-<br /> | || xʷə̃də̃ || sə̃də̃ || fãrərə̃ || xʷɨmãrərə̃ || n̩gəxʷɨ̃də̃ || n̩gʷɨ̃də̃ || n̩gəsə̃də̃ || wə̃bə̃də̃j || wə̃bə̃<br /> |-<br /> ! !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900 !! 1000<br /> |-<br /> | || xʷõõbə̃ || sãwə̃bə̃ || fãrõbə̃ || xʷɨmãrõbə̃ || n̩gə̠xʷũobə || n̩gʷõbə̃ || n̩gə̠sõbə̃ || orə̃kʷɨ̃jõbə̃ || sãrõbə̃<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Some dialects have a regularized ''orə̃kʷɨ̃jɨdə̃'' for 'ninety'.<br /> <br /> Higher basic numerals are expressed with compounds of a numeral and ''wə̃bə̃''. A thousand is ten hundred; ten thousand is a hundred hundred; a hundred thousand is ''yãwũobə̃ro''. If a number is neither final nor a multiplier, it takes the suffix ''-gə''.<br /> <br /> For example:<br /> * 23: ''xʷə̃də̃gə sa''<br /> * 42: ''fãrərə̃gə xʷõ''<br /> * 69: ''n̩gəxʷɨ̃də̃gə orə̃kʷɨ̃j''<br /> * 420: ''fãrõbə̃gə xʷə̃də̃''<br /> * 2020: ''xʷõ sãrõbə̃gə xʷə̃də̃''<br /> * 123456: ''(faʔ) yãwũobə̃ro xʷə̃də̃ sã wə̃bə̃gə fãrõbə̃gə xʷɨmãrərə̃gə n̩gəxʷɨ̃''<br /> <br /> = Lexicon =<br /> <br /> https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Pa9e9oZfEAI-VMooRWnL1ESpsFMrJQBUAlWLu7E5tsQ/edit?usp=sharing<br /> <br /> [[Category:Team B languages]]</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Jarang&diff=15770 Jarang 2020-07-14T02:05:07Z <p>Nort: pfft</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Jarang<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = SW Peilaš<br /> |speakers = ~150000<br /> |family = [[Team B languages]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> |word-or = SVO<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Jarang (/dʒə̃rə̃/) is a language of the highlands of southwestern Peilaš.<br /> <br /> = Phonology =<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Palatal !! Velar !! Labiovelar !! Glottal !! Labioglottal<br /> |-<br /> | p b || t d || tʃ dʒ &lt;č j&gt; || k g || kʷ gʷ || ʔ || ʔʷ <br /> |-<br /> | ɸ &lt;f&gt; || s || ʃ &lt;š&gt; || x || xʷ || || <br /> |-<br /> | m || n || ɲ &lt;ñ&gt; || ŋ || ŋʷ || ||<br /> |-<br /> | || ɾ &lt;r&gt; || j &lt;y&gt; || || w || ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Front !! Center !! Back !! F. diph. !! B. diph.<br /> |-<br /> | i ĩ || ɨ̆ ɨ̃̆ || u ũ || ie ĩẽ &lt;ie ĩe&gt; || uo ũõ &lt;uo ũo&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | e ẽ || ə̆ ə̆̃ || o õ || ei ẽĩ &lt;ei ẽi&gt; || ou õũ &lt;ou õu&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | || a ã || || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Nonlow central vowels are short; all other vowels are long. <br /> <br /> Stress is contrastive, but only in words that contain nonreduced vowels; if a word only contains reduced vowels, stress is initial. When stress occurs on a vowel that is neither initial (in words that only contain reduced vowels) nor the first unreduced vowel in a word, it will be marked with an underline, e.g. '''n̩gə̠sõbə̃''' /n̩ˈgə̆sõbə̃̆/. /ɨ̆/ is never stressed.<br /> <br /> Other phonetic diphthongs may occur, but are somewhat longer. Hiatus may also occur, but it rarely if ever involves /a/.<br /> <br /> Nasalization is not contrastive before nasals.<br /> <br /> A nasal /n̩/ may occur word-initially before non-glottal stops or /r w/. The sequences /n̩r n̩w/ are realized [ndr ɱv].<br /> <br /> Word-final consonants other than the glottal stop and the semivowels may take an [ɨ̆] release; since oral [ɨ̆] never occurs word-finally, this is noncontrastive.<br /> <br /> == Vowels ==<br /> <br /> In fact, there is arguably only one vowel in Jarang: the schwa. [ɨ̆] never appears word-initially and varies freely with null word-finally, so it may be considered epenthetic. The low vowel [a] is formed by coalescence of two schwas, and the high vowels [i u] are simply /y w/ between consonants, i.e. -ɨyɨ- -ɨwɨ-. The mid vowels [e o] are, of course, /əyə əwə/, and the diphthongs are formed by semivowels flanked by either schwa or a consonant: for example, [n̩gə̠xʷũõbə] 'six hundred' &lt; /n̩gə́xʷɨ̃-wə̃bə/.<br /> <br /> This analysis requires the introduction of a placeless coda nasal /ɴ/, which may not occur adjacent to itself and may be unified with the word-initial syllabic nasal. Word-final [ɨ̃], which varies with a weakly articulated [ɨɴ̆] and with a syllabic nasal homorganic to a preceding stop, is in this analysis also /ɴ/, articulated on the preceding epenthetic vowel. The nasalizing effect of this /ɴ/ spreads through semivowels, so there is no contrast between /əɴwəɴ/ and /əwəɴ/. (Consider 'six hundred' again: /ɴgə́xʷɴ-wəɴbə/ becomes /ɴgə́xʷwəɴbə/.)<br /> <br /> As a result, the phonotactic construct of the syllable is also unnecessary for Jarang: the one permissible phonotactic structure is a segment other than /ɴ/ or a word boundary, optionally followed by /ɴ/. In practice, however, arbitrarily long strings of schwas do not occur.<br /> <br /> = Pronouns =<br /> <br /> == Personal pronouns ==<br /> <br /> Jarang distinguishes between singular and plural, between first-person exclusive and inclusive, and between third-person human and nonhuman.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! !! 1SG !! 2SG !! 3HUM.SG !! 3NON.SG !! 1EXCL !! 1INCL !! 2PL !! 3HUM.PL !! 3NON.PL <br /> |-<br /> | DIR || noxʷ || rɨxʷ || maxʷ || wɨmɨ̃kʷ || wõkoxʷ || rə̃gʷoxʷ || worə̃gaʔʷ || wõjəʔʷ || womɨ̃kʷ <br /> |-<br /> | SUB || nərow || yərow || mərow || wɨmɨ̃ || wõkʷ || rə̃gaxʷ || worə̃gə || wõjə || womɨ̃ <br /> |-<br /> | ESS || norõ || yerõ || marõ || wɨmɨ̃rə̃ || wawə̃kʷɨ̃ || rə̃gaxʷɨ̃ || worə̃gə̃ || wõjə̃ || womɨ̃rə̃<br /> |-<br /> | LAT || norow || yerow || marow || wɨmɨ̃ro || wawə̃kʷo || rə̃gaxʷo || worə̃gəw || wõjəw || womɨ̃ro<br /> |-<br /> | ASSOC || nə̃roxʷ || yə̃roxʷ || mə̃roxʷ || wɨmɨnoxʷ || wawənoxʷ || rə̃gə̃roxʷ || worə̃gə̃roxʷ || wõjəroxʷ || wõmɨnoxʷ<br /> |}<br /> <br /> = Nouns =<br /> <br /> == Cases ==<br /> There are five cases in Jarang: the subjective (or nominative), direct (or accusative), essive, lative, and associative. However, no noun distinguishes all five: only human nouns take the associative, and only inanimates have a subjective distinct from the direct.<br /> <br /> The essive and lative are used with postpositions of location or motion in the obvious way; in addition, certain verbs take essive objects, and the essive may be used for position or manner, as well as with the copula for predicative adjectives:<br /> <br /> {{Gloss3|Wə̃kə̃rə̃, yew mə̠rĩ wawõ!|fisherman.ESS, fish.DIR 3SG-have-S large_size.ESS|As a fisherman, that fish looks big!}}<br /> <br /> The stem classes of Jarang are sigmatic, sanic, rhotacious, yodiferous, digammoid, alphose, omegatronic, and iotadelic; or, in other words, the s, š, r, y, w, a, o, and i classes. These are defined by the endings of their essive and lative stems: all classes but the alphose, omegatronic, and iotadelic have an oblique stem upon which these cases are built. In the rhotacious class, this affix is /-̃rə-/; in all other oblique-stem classes, it is built from the named consonant and schwa. So, for example, the oblique formative of the sigmatic class is /-sə-/; and the oblique formative of the digammoid class is /-wə-/, and so on. The forms of all five cases may be predicted entirely, except for the mutations of the direct class, from the stem class.<br /> <br /> In the alphose, omegatronic, and iotadelic, the endings are instead as follows:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! !! a !! o !! i<br /> |-<br /> | DIR || -ə/0 || -ə/0 || -ə/0<br /> | SUB || -ĩ || -ĩ || -ĩ<br /> | ESS || -ə̃ || -ɨ̃/-ə̃ || -ɨ̃<br /> | LAT || -aw || -o/-ow/-aw/-iw || -iw<br /> | ASSOC || -ao || -ao/-oo/-iuo || -iuo<br /> |}<br /> The orthography is not ideal in the case of the associative stems; the underlying forms are /-əəwə/, /-əwəwə/, and /-ɨyɨwə/ (/-ywə/) respectively. The subjective ending never takes stress. The omegatronic class is not well maintained, and tends to merge into the alphose or the iotadelic depending on dialect; when it is maintained, the only reliably distinct affix is the lative, which is -o or -ow. <br /> <br /> = Numerals =<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 <br /> |-<br /> | faʔ || xʷõ || sã || fãrə || xʷɨmãrə || n̩gəxʷɨ̃ || n̩gʷɨ̃ || n̩gəsə̃ || orə̃kʷɨ̃j || sãrə <br /> |-<br /> ! !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90 !! 100<br /> |-<br /> | || xʷə̃də̃ || sə̃də̃ || fãrərə̃ || xʷɨmãrərə̃ || n̩gəxʷɨ̃də̃ || n̩gʷɨ̃də̃ || n̩gəsə̃də̃ || wə̃bə̃də̃j || wə̃bə̃<br /> |-<br /> ! !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900 !! 1000<br /> |-<br /> | || xʷõõbə̃ || sãwə̃bə̃ || fãrõbə̃ || xʷɨmãrõbə̃ || n̩gə̠xʷũobə || n̩gʷõbə̃ || n̩gə̠sõbə̃ || orə̃kʷɨ̃jõbə̃ || sãrõbə̃<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Some dialects have a regularized ''orə̃kʷɨ̃jɨdə̃'' for 'ninety'.<br /> <br /> Higher basic numerals are expressed with compounds of a numeral and ''wə̃bə̃''. A thousand is ten hundred; ten thousand is a hundred hundred; a hundred thousand is ''yãwũobə̃ro''. If a number is neither final nor a multiplier, it takes the suffix ''-gə''.<br /> <br /> For example:<br /> * 23: ''xʷə̃də̃gə sa''<br /> * 42: ''fãrərə̃gə xʷõ''<br /> * 69: ''n̩gəxʷɨ̃də̃gə orə̃kʷɨ̃j''<br /> * 420: ''fãrõbə̃gə xʷə̃də̃''<br /> * 2020: ''xʷõ sãrõbə̃gə xʷə̃də̃''<br /> * 123456: ''(faʔ) yãwũobə̃ro xʷə̃də̃ sã wə̃bə̃gə fãrõbə̃gə xʷɨmãrərə̃gə n̩gəxʷɨ̃''<br /> <br /> = Lexicon =<br /> <br /> https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Pa9e9oZfEAI-VMooRWnL1ESpsFMrJQBUAlWLu7E5tsQ/edit?usp=sharing<br /> <br /> [[Category:Team B languages]]</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Jarang&diff=15769 Jarang 2020-07-14T02:04:05Z <p>Nort: Lexicon, expand stem class stuff</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Jarang<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = SW Peilaš<br /> |speakers = ~150000<br /> |family = [[Team B languages]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> |word-or = SVO<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Jarang (/jə̃rə̃/) is a language of the highlands of southwestern Peilaš.<br /> <br /> = Phonology =<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Palatal !! Velar !! Labiovelar !! Glottal !! Labioglottal<br /> |-<br /> | p b || t d || tʃ dʒ &lt;č j&gt; || k g || kʷ gʷ || ʔ || ʔʷ <br /> |-<br /> | ɸ &lt;f&gt; || s || ʃ &lt;š&gt; || x || xʷ || || <br /> |-<br /> | m || n || ɲ &lt;ñ&gt; || ŋ || ŋʷ || ||<br /> |-<br /> | || ɾ &lt;r&gt; || j &lt;y&gt; || || w || ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Front !! Center !! Back !! F. diph. !! B. diph.<br /> |-<br /> | i ĩ || ɨ̆ ɨ̃̆ || u ũ || ie ĩẽ &lt;ie ĩe&gt; || uo ũõ &lt;uo ũo&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | e ẽ || ə̆ ə̆̃ || o õ || ei ẽĩ &lt;ei ẽi&gt; || ou õũ &lt;ou õu&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | || a ã || || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Nonlow central vowels are short; all other vowels are long. <br /> <br /> Stress is contrastive, but only in words that contain nonreduced vowels; if a word only contains reduced vowels, stress is initial. When stress occurs on a vowel that is neither initial (in words that only contain reduced vowels) nor the first unreduced vowel in a word, it will be marked with an underline, e.g. '''n̩gə̠sõbə̃''' /n̩ˈgə̆sõbə̃̆/. /ɨ̆/ is never stressed.<br /> <br /> Other phonetic diphthongs may occur, but are somewhat longer. Hiatus may also occur, but it rarely if ever involves /a/.<br /> <br /> Nasalization is not contrastive before nasals.<br /> <br /> A nasal /n̩/ may occur word-initially before non-glottal stops or /r w/. The sequences /n̩r n̩w/ are realized [ndr ɱv].<br /> <br /> Word-final consonants other than the glottal stop and the semivowels may take an [ɨ̆] release; since oral [ɨ̆] never occurs word-finally, this is noncontrastive.<br /> <br /> == Vowels ==<br /> <br /> In fact, there is arguably only one vowel in Jarang: the schwa. [ɨ̆] never appears word-initially and varies freely with null word-finally, so it may be considered epenthetic. The low vowel [a] is formed by coalescence of two schwas, and the high vowels [i u] are simply /y w/ between consonants, i.e. -ɨyɨ- -ɨwɨ-. The mid vowels [e o] are, of course, /əyə əwə/, and the diphthongs are formed by semivowels flanked by either schwa or a consonant: for example, [n̩gə̠xʷũõbə] 'six hundred' &lt; /n̩gə́xʷɨ̃-wə̃bə/.<br /> <br /> This analysis requires the introduction of a placeless coda nasal /ɴ/, which may not occur adjacent to itself and may be unified with the word-initial syllabic nasal. Word-final [ɨ̃], which varies with a weakly articulated [ɨɴ̆] and with a syllabic nasal homorganic to a preceding stop, is in this analysis also /ɴ/, articulated on the preceding epenthetic vowel. The nasalizing effect of this /ɴ/ spreads through semivowels, so there is no contrast between /əɴwəɴ/ and /əwəɴ/. (Consider 'six hundred' again: /ɴgə́xʷɴ-wəɴbə/ becomes /ɴgə́xʷwəɴbə/.)<br /> <br /> As a result, the phonotactic construct of the syllable is also unnecessary for Jarang: the one permissible phonotactic structure is a segment other than /ɴ/ or a word boundary, optionally followed by /ɴ/. In practice, however, arbitrarily long strings of schwas do not occur.<br /> <br /> = Pronouns =<br /> <br /> == Personal pronouns ==<br /> <br /> Jarang distinguishes between singular and plural, between first-person exclusive and inclusive, and between third-person human and nonhuman.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! !! 1SG !! 2SG !! 3HUM.SG !! 3NON.SG !! 1EXCL !! 1INCL !! 2PL !! 3HUM.PL !! 3NON.PL <br /> |-<br /> | DIR || noxʷ || rɨxʷ || maxʷ || wɨmɨ̃kʷ || wõkoxʷ || rə̃gʷoxʷ || worə̃gaʔʷ || wõjəʔʷ || womɨ̃kʷ <br /> |-<br /> | SUB || nərow || yərow || mərow || wɨmɨ̃ || wõkʷ || rə̃gaxʷ || worə̃gə || wõjə || womɨ̃ <br /> |-<br /> | ESS || norõ || yerõ || marõ || wɨmɨ̃rə̃ || wawə̃kʷɨ̃ || rə̃gaxʷɨ̃ || worə̃gə̃ || wõjə̃ || womɨ̃rə̃<br /> |-<br /> | LAT || norow || yerow || marow || wɨmɨ̃ro || wawə̃kʷo || rə̃gaxʷo || worə̃gəw || wõjəw || womɨ̃ro<br /> |-<br /> | ASSOC || nə̃roxʷ || yə̃roxʷ || mə̃roxʷ || wɨmɨnoxʷ || wawənoxʷ || rə̃gə̃roxʷ || worə̃gə̃roxʷ || wõjəroxʷ || wõmɨnoxʷ<br /> |}<br /> <br /> = Nouns =<br /> <br /> == Cases ==<br /> There are five cases in Jarang: the subjective (or nominative), direct (or accusative), essive, lative, and associative. However, no noun distinguishes all five: only human nouns take the associative, and only inanimates have a subjective distinct from the direct.<br /> <br /> The essive and lative are used with postpositions of location or motion in the obvious way; in addition, certain verbs take essive objects, and the essive may be used for position or manner, as well as with the copula for predicative adjectives:<br /> <br /> {{Gloss3|Wə̃kə̃rə̃, yew mə̠rĩ wawõ!|fisherman.ESS, fish.DIR 3SG-have-S large_size.ESS|As a fisherman, that fish looks big!}}<br /> <br /> The stem classes of Jarang are sigmatic, sanic, rhotacious, yodiferous, digammoid, alphose, omegatronic, and iotadelic; or, in other words, the s, š, r, y, w, a, o, and i classes. These are defined by the endings of their essive and lative stems: all classes but the alphose, omegatronic, and iotadelic have an oblique stem upon which these cases are built. In the rhotacious class, this affix is /-̃rə-/; in all other oblique-stem classes, it is built from the named consonant and schwa. So, for example, the oblique formative of the sigmatic class is /-sə-/; and the oblique formative of the digammoid class is /-wə-/, and so on. The forms of all five cases may be predicted entirely, except for the mutations of the direct class, from the stem class.<br /> <br /> In the alphose, omegatronic, and iotadelic, the endings are instead as follows:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! !! a !! o !! i<br /> |-<br /> | DIR || -ə/0 || -ə/0 || -ə/0<br /> | SUB || -ĩ || -ĩ || -ĩ<br /> | ESS || -ə̃ || -ɨ̃/-ə̃ || -ɨ̃<br /> | LAT || -aw || -o/-ow/-aw/-iw || -iw<br /> | ASSOC || -ao || -ao/-oo/-iuo || -iuo<br /> |}<br /> The orthography is not ideal in the case of the associative stems; the underlying forms are /-əəwə/, /-əwəwə/, and /-ɨyɨwə/ (/-ywə/) respectively. The subjective ending never takes stress. The omegatronic class is not well maintained, and tends to merge into the alphose or the iotadelic depending on dialect; when it is maintained, the only reliably distinct affix is the lative, which is -o or -ow. <br /> <br /> = Numerals =<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 <br /> |-<br /> | faʔ || xʷõ || sã || fãrə || xʷɨmãrə || n̩gəxʷɨ̃ || n̩gʷɨ̃ || n̩gəsə̃ || orə̃kʷɨ̃j || sãrə <br /> |-<br /> ! !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90 !! 100<br /> |-<br /> | || xʷə̃də̃ || sə̃də̃ || fãrərə̃ || xʷɨmãrərə̃ || n̩gəxʷɨ̃də̃ || n̩gʷɨ̃də̃ || n̩gəsə̃də̃ || wə̃bə̃də̃j || wə̃bə̃<br /> |-<br /> ! !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900 !! 1000<br /> |-<br /> | || xʷõõbə̃ || sãwə̃bə̃ || fãrõbə̃ || xʷɨmãrõbə̃ || n̩gə̠xʷũobə || n̩gʷõbə̃ || n̩gə̠sõbə̃ || orə̃kʷɨ̃jõbə̃ || sãrõbə̃<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Some dialects have a regularized ''orə̃kʷɨ̃jɨdə̃'' for 'ninety'.<br /> <br /> Higher basic numerals are expressed with compounds of a numeral and ''wə̃bə̃''. A thousand is ten hundred; ten thousand is a hundred hundred; a hundred thousand is ''yãwũobə̃ro''. If a number is neither final nor a multiplier, it takes the suffix ''-gə''.<br /> <br /> For example:<br /> * 23: ''xʷə̃də̃gə sa''<br /> * 42: ''fãrərə̃gə xʷõ''<br /> * 69: ''n̩gəxʷɨ̃də̃gə orə̃kʷɨ̃j''<br /> * 420: ''fãrõbə̃gə xʷə̃də̃''<br /> * 2020: ''xʷõ sãrõbə̃gə xʷə̃də̃''<br /> * 123456: ''(faʔ) yãwũobə̃ro xʷə̃də̃ sã wə̃bə̃gə fãrõbə̃gə xʷɨmãrərə̃gə n̩gəxʷɨ̃''<br /> <br /> = Lexicon =<br /> <br /> https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Pa9e9oZfEAI-VMooRWnL1ESpsFMrJQBUAlWLu7E5tsQ/edit?usp=sharing<br /> <br /> [[Category:Team B languages]]</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Jarang&diff=15757 Jarang 2020-06-28T06:02:16Z <p>Nort: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Jarang<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = SW Peilaš<br /> |speakers = ~150000<br /> |family = [[Team B languages]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> |word-or = SVO<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Jarang (/jə̃rə̃/) is a language of the highlands of southwestern Peilaš.<br /> <br /> = Phonology =<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Palatal !! Velar !! Labiovelar !! Glottal !! Labioglottal<br /> |-<br /> | p b || t d || tʃ dʒ &lt;č j&gt; || k g || kʷ gʷ || ʔ || ʔʷ <br /> |-<br /> | ɸ &lt;f&gt; || s || ʃ &lt;š&gt; || x || xʷ || || <br /> |-<br /> | m || n || ɲ &lt;ñ&gt; || ŋ || ŋʷ || ||<br /> |-<br /> | || ɾ &lt;r&gt; || j &lt;y&gt; || || w || ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Front !! Center !! Back !! F. diph. !! B. diph.<br /> |-<br /> | i ĩ || ɨ̆ ɨ̃̆ || u ũ || ie ĩẽ &lt;ie ĩe&gt; || uo ũõ &lt;uo ũo&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | e ẽ || ə̆ ə̆̃ || o õ || ei ẽĩ &lt;ei ẽi&gt; || ou õũ &lt;ou õu&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | || a ã || || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Nonlow central vowels are short; all other vowels are long. <br /> <br /> Stress is contrastive, but only in words that contain nonreduced vowels; if a word only contains reduced vowels, stress is initial. When stress occurs on a vowel that is neither initial (in words that only contain reduced vowels) nor the first unreduced vowel in a word, it will be marked with an underline, e.g. '''n̩gə̠sõbə̃''' /n̩ˈgə̆sõbə̃̆/. /ɨ̆/ is never stressed.<br /> <br /> Other phonetic diphthongs may occur, but are somewhat longer. Hiatus may also occur, but it rarely if ever involves /a/.<br /> <br /> Nasalization is not contrastive before nasals.<br /> <br /> A nasal /n̩/ may occur word-initially before non-glottal stops or /r w/. The sequences /n̩r n̩w/ are realized [ndr ɱv].<br /> <br /> Word-final consonants other than the glottal stop and the semivowels may take an [ɨ̆] release; since oral [ɨ̆] never occurs word-finally, this is noncontrastive.<br /> <br /> == Vowels ==<br /> <br /> In fact, there is arguably only one vowel in Jarang: the schwa. [ɨ̆] never appears word-initially and varies freely with null word-finally, so it may be considered epenthetic. The low vowel [a] is formed by coalescence of two schwas, and the high vowels [i u] are simply /y w/ between consonants, i.e. -ɨyɨ- -ɨwɨ-. The mid vowels [e o] are, of course, /əyə əwə/, and the diphthongs are formed by semivowels flanked by either schwa or a consonant: for example, [n̩gə̠xʷũõbə] 'six hundred' &lt; /n̩gə́xʷɨ̃-wə̃bə/.<br /> <br /> This analysis requires the introduction of a placeless coda nasal /ɴ/, which may not occur adjacent to itself and may be unified with the word-initial syllabic nasal. Word-final [ɨ̃], which varies with a weakly articulated [ɨɴ̆] and with a syllabic nasal homorganic to a preceding stop, is in this analysis also /ɴ/, articulated on the preceding epenthetic vowel. The nasalizing effect of this /ɴ/ spreads through semivowels, so there is no contrast between /əɴwəɴ/ and /əwəɴ/. (Consider 'six hundred' again: /ɴgə́xʷɴ-wəɴbə/ becomes /ɴgə́xʷwəɴbə/.)<br /> <br /> As a result, the phonotactic construct of the syllable is also unnecessary for Jarang: the one permissible phonotactic structure is a segment other than /ɴ/ or a word boundary, optionally followed by /ɴ/. In practice, however, arbitrarily long strings of schwas do not occur.<br /> <br /> = Pronouns =<br /> <br /> == Personal pronouns ==<br /> <br /> Jarang distinguishes between singular and plural, between first-person exclusive and inclusive, and between third-person human and nonhuman.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! !! 1SG !! 2SG !! 3HUM.SG !! 3NON.SG !! 1EXCL !! 1INCL !! 2PL !! 3HUM.PL !! 3NON.PL <br /> |-<br /> | DIR || noxʷ || rɨxʷ || maxʷ || wɨmɨ̃kʷ || wõkoxʷ || rə̃gʷoxʷ || worə̃gaʔʷ || wõjəʔʷ || womɨ̃kʷ <br /> |-<br /> | SUB || nərow || yərow || mərow || wɨmɨ̃ || wõkʷ || rə̃gaxʷ || worə̃gə || wõjə || womɨ̃ <br /> |-<br /> | ESS || norõ || yerõ || marõ || wɨmɨ̃rə̃ || wawə̃kʷɨ̃ || rə̃gaxʷɨ̃ || worə̃gə̃ || wõjə̃ || womɨ̃rə̃<br /> |-<br /> | LAT || norow || yerow || marow || wɨmɨ̃ro || wawə̃kʷo || rə̃gaxʷo || worə̃gəw || wõjəw || womɨ̃ro<br /> |-<br /> | ASSOC || nə̃roxʷ || yə̃roxʷ || mə̃roxʷ || wɨmɨnoxʷ || wawənoxʷ || rə̃gə̃roxʷ || worə̃gə̃roxʷ || wõjəroxʷ || wõmɨnoxʷ<br /> |}<br /> <br /> = Nouns =<br /> <br /> == Cases ==<br /> There are five cases in Jarang: the subjective (or nominative), direct (or accusative), essive, lative, and associative. However, no noun distinguishes all five: only human nouns take the associative, and only inanimates have a subjective distinct from the direct.<br /> <br /> The essive and lative are used with postpositions of location or motion in the obvious way; in addition, certain verbs take essive objects, and the essive may be used for position or manner, as well as with the copula for predicative adjectives:<br /> <br /> {{Gloss3|Wə̃kə̃rə̃, yew mə̠rĩ wawõ!|fisherman.ESS, fish.DIR 3SG-have-S large_size.ESS|As a fisherman, that fish looks big!}}<br /> <br /> The affix classes of Jarang are sigmatic, sanic, rhotacious, yodiferous, digammoid, alphose, and iotadelic; or, in other words, the s, š, r, y, w, a, and i classes. These are defined by the endings of their essive and lative stems: all classes but the alphose and iotadelic have an oblique stem upon which these cases are built. In the rhotacious class, this affix is /-̃rə-/; in all other oblique-stem classes, it is built from the named consonant and schwa. So, for example, the oblique formative of the sigmatic class is /-sə-/; and the oblique formative of the digammoid class is /-wə-/, and so on. The forms of all five cases may be predicted entirely, except for the mutations of the direct class, from the affix class.<br /> <br /> = Numerals =<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 <br /> |-<br /> | faʔ || xʷõ || sã || fãrə || xʷɨmãrə || n̩gəxʷɨ̃ || n̩gʷɨ̃ || n̩gəsə̃ || orə̃kʷɨ̃j || sãrə <br /> |-<br /> ! !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90 !! 100<br /> |-<br /> | || xʷə̃də̃ || sə̃də̃ || fãrərə̃ || xʷɨmãrərə̃ || n̩gəxʷɨ̃də̃ || n̩gʷɨ̃də̃ || n̩gəsə̃də̃ || wə̃bə̃də̃j || wə̃bə̃<br /> |-<br /> ! !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900 !! 1000<br /> |-<br /> | || xʷõõbə̃ || sãwə̃bə̃ || fãrõbə̃ || xʷɨmãrõbə̃ || n̩gə̠xʷũobə || n̩gʷõbə̃ || n̩gə̠sõbə̃ || orə̃kʷɨ̃jõbə̃ || sãrõbə̃<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Some dialects have a regularized ''orə̃kʷɨ̃jɨdə̃'' for 'ninety'.<br /> <br /> Higher basic numerals are expressed with compounds of a numeral and ''wə̃bə̃''. A thousand is ten hundred; ten thousand is a hundred hundred; a hundred thousand is ''yãwũobə̃ro''. If a number is neither final nor a multiplier, it takes the suffix ''-gə''.<br /> <br /> For example:<br /> * 23: ''xʷə̃də̃gə sa''<br /> * 42: ''fãrərə̃gə xʷõ''<br /> * 69: ''n̩gəxʷɨ̃də̃gə orə̃kʷɨ̃j''<br /> * 420: ''fãrõbə̃gə xʷə̃də̃''<br /> * 2020: ''xʷõ sãrõbə̃gə xʷə̃də̃''<br /> * 123456: ''(faʔ) yãwũobə̃ro xʷə̃də̃ sã wə̃bə̃gə fãrõbə̃gə xʷɨmãrərə̃gə n̩gəxʷɨ̃''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Team B languages]]</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Jarang&diff=15756 Jarang 2020-06-28T05:58:17Z <p>Nort: the one-vowel system; nouns; minor orthographic consistency edits</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Jãrã<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = SW Peilaš<br /> |speakers = ~150000<br /> |family = [[Team B languages]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> |word-or = SVO<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Jarang (/jə̃rə̃/) is a language of the highlands of southwestern Peilaš.<br /> <br /> = Phonology =<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Palatal !! Velar !! Labiovelar !! Glottal !! Labioglottal<br /> |-<br /> | p b || t d || tʃ dʒ &lt;č j&gt; || k g || kʷ gʷ || ʔ || ʔʷ <br /> |-<br /> | ɸ &lt;f&gt; || s || ʃ &lt;š&gt; || x || xʷ || || <br /> |-<br /> | m || n || ɲ &lt;ñ&gt; || ŋ || ŋʷ || ||<br /> |-<br /> | || ɾ &lt;r&gt; || j &lt;y&gt; || || w || ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Front !! Center !! Back !! F. diph. !! B. diph.<br /> |-<br /> | i ĩ || ɨ̆ ɨ̃̆ || u ũ || ie ĩẽ &lt;ie ĩe&gt; || uo ũõ &lt;uo ũo&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | e ẽ || ə̆ ə̆̃ || o õ || ei ẽĩ &lt;ei ẽi&gt; || ou õũ &lt;ou õu&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | || a ã || || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Nonlow central vowels are short; all other vowels are long. <br /> <br /> Stress is contrastive, but only in words that contain nonreduced vowels; if a word only contains reduced vowels, stress is initial. When stress occurs on a vowel that is neither initial nor the first unreduced vowel in a word, it will be marked with an underline, e.g. '''n̩gə̠sõbə̃''' /n̩ˈgə̆sõbə̃̆/.<br /> <br /> Other phonetic diphthongs may occur, but are somewhat longer. Hiatus may also occur, but it rarely if ever involves /a/.<br /> <br /> Nasalization is not contrastive before nasals.<br /> <br /> A nasal /n̩/ may occur word-initially before non-glottal stops or /r w/. The sequences /n̩r n̩w/ are realized [ndr ɱv].<br /> <br /> Word-final consonants other than the glottal stop and the semivowels may take an [ɨ] release; since oral [ɨ] never occurs word-finally, this is noncontrastive.<br /> <br /> == Vowels ==<br /> <br /> In fact, there is arguably only one vowel in Jarang: the schwa. [ɨ] never appears word-initially and varies freely with null word-finally, so it may be considered epenthetic. The low vowel [a] is formed by coalescence of two schwas, and the high vowels [i u] are simply /y w/ between consonants, i.e. -ɨyɨ- -ɨwɨ-. The mid vowels [e o] are, of course, /əyə əwə/, and the diphthongs are formed by semivowels flanked by either schwa or a consonant: for example, [n̩gə̠xʷũõbə] 'six hundred' &lt; /n̩gə́xʷɨ̃-wə̃bə/.<br /> <br /> This analysis requires the introduction of a placeless coda nasal /ɴ/, which may not occur adjacent to itself and may be unified with the word-initial syllabic nasal. Word-final [ɨ̃], which varies with a weakly articulated [ɨɴ̆] and with a syllabic nasal homorganic to a preceding stop, is in this analysis also /ɴ/, articulated on the preceding epenthetic vowel. The nasalizing effect of this /ɴ/ spreads through semivowels, so there is no contrast between /əɴwəɴ/ and /əwəɴ/. (Consider 'six hundred' again: /ɴgə́xʷɴ-wəɴbə/ becomes /ɴgə́xʷwəɴbə/.)<br /> <br /> As a result, syllables are also unnecessary for Jarang: the one permissible phonotactic structure is a segment other than /ɴ/ or a word boundary, optionally followed by /ɴ/. In practice, however, arbitrarily long strings of schwas do not occur.<br /> <br /> = Pronouns =<br /> <br /> == Personal pronouns ==<br /> <br /> Jarang distinguishes between singular and plural, between first-person exclusive and inclusive, and between third-person human and nonhuman.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! !! 1SG !! 2SG !! 3HUM.SG !! 3NON.SG !! 1EXCL !! 1INCL !! 2PL !! 3HUM.PL !! 3NON.PL <br /> |-<br /> | DIR || noxʷ || rɨxʷ || maxʷ || wɨmɨ̃kʷ || wõkoxʷ || rə̃gʷoxʷ || worə̃gaʔʷ || wõjəʔʷ || womɨ̃kʷ <br /> |-<br /> | SUB || nərow || yərow || mərow || wɨmɨ̃ || wõkʷ || rə̃gaxʷ || worə̃gə || wõjə || womɨ̃ <br /> |-<br /> | ESS || norõ || yerõ || marõ || wɨmɨ̃rə̃ || wawə̃kʷɨ̃ || rə̃gaxʷɨ̃ || worə̃gə̃ || wõjə̃ || womɨ̃rə̃<br /> |-<br /> | LAT || norow || yerow || marow || wɨmɨ̃ro || wawə̃kʷo || rə̃gaxʷo || worə̃gəw || wõjəw || womɨ̃ro<br /> |-<br /> | ASSOC || nə̃roxʷ || yə̃roxʷ || mə̃roxʷ || wɨmɨnoxʷ || wawənoxʷ || rə̃gə̃roxʷ || worə̃gə̃roxʷ || wõjəroxʷ || wõmɨnoxʷ<br /> |}<br /> <br /> = Nouns =<br /> <br /> == Cases ==<br /> There are five cases in Jarang: the subjective (or nominative), direct (or accusative), essive, lative, and associative. However, no noun distinguishes all five: only human nouns take the associative, and only inanimates have a subjective distinct from the direct.<br /> <br /> The essive and lative are used with postpositions of location or motion in the obvious way; in addition, certain verbs take essive objects, and the essive may be used for position or manner, as well as with the copula for predicative adjectives:<br /> <br /> {{Gloss3|Wə̃kə̃rə̃, yew mə̠rĩ wawõ!|fisherman.ESS, fish.DIR 3SG-have-S large_size.ESS|As a fisherman, that fish looks big!}}<br /> <br /> The affix classes of Jarang are sigmatic, sanic, rhotacious, yodiferous, digammoid, alphose, and iotadelic; or, in other words, the s, š, r, y, w, a, and i classes. These are defined by the endings of their essive and lative stems: all classes but the alphose and iotadelic have an oblique stem upon which these cases are built. In the rhotacious class, this affix is /-̃rə-/; in all other oblique-stem classes, it is built from the named consonant and schwa. So, for example, the oblique formative of the sigmatic class is /-sə-/; and the oblique formative of the digammoid class is /-wə-/, and so on. The forms of all five cases may be predicted entirely, except for the mutations of the direct class, from the affix class.<br /> <br /> = Numerals =<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 <br /> |-<br /> | faʔ || xʷõ || sã || fãrə || xʷɨmãrə || n̩gəxʷɨ̃ || n̩gʷɨ̃ || n̩gəsə̃ || orə̃kʷɨ̃j || sãrə <br /> |-<br /> ! !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90 !! 100<br /> |-<br /> | || xʷə̃də̃ || sə̃də̃ || fãrərə̃ || xʷɨmãrərə̃ || n̩gəxʷɨ̃də̃ || n̩gʷɨ̃də̃ || n̩gəsə̃də̃ || wə̃bə̃də̃j || wə̃bə̃<br /> |-<br /> ! !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900 !! 1000<br /> |-<br /> | || xʷõõbə̃ || sãwə̃bə̃ || fãrõbə̃ || xʷɨmãrõbə̃ || n̩gə̠xʷũobə || n̩gʷõbə̃ || n̩gə̠sõbə̃ || orə̃kʷɨ̃jõbə̃ || sãrõbə̃<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Some dialects have a regularized ''orə̃kʷɨ̃jɨdə̃'' for 'ninety'.<br /> <br /> Higher basic numerals are expressed with compounds of a numeral and ''wə̃bə̃''. A thousand is ten hundred; ten thousand is a hundred hundred; a hundred thousand is ''yãwũobə̃ro''. If a number is neither final nor a multiplier, it takes the suffix ''-gə''.<br /> <br /> For example:<br /> * 23: ''xʷə̃də̃gə sa''<br /> * 42: ''fãrərə̃gə xʷõ''<br /> * 69: ''n̩gəxʷɨ̃də̃gə orə̃kʷɨ̃j''<br /> * 420: ''fãrõbə̃gə xʷə̃də̃''<br /> * 2020: ''xʷõ sãrõbə̃gə xʷə̃də̃''<br /> * 123456: ''(faʔ) yãwũobə̃ro xʷə̃də̃ sã wə̃bə̃gə fãrõbə̃gə xʷɨmãrərə̃gə n̩gəxʷɨ̃''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Team B languages]]</div> Nort http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Jarang&diff=15755 Jarang 2020-06-28T05:32:05Z <p>Nort: correct a few errors and add a small amount of phonological detail</p> <hr /> <div>{{Article}}<br /> {{Language<br /> |language = Jãrã<br /> |date = c. 0 YP<br /> |place = SW Peilaš<br /> |speakers = ~150000<br /> |family = [[Team B languages]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> |word-or = SVO<br /> |mor-type = fusional<br /> |author = [[User:Nort]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Jarang (/jə̃rə̃/) is a language of the highlands of southwestern Peilaš.<br /> <br /> = Phonology =<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> ! Labial !! Dental !! Palatal !! Velar !! Labiovelar !! Glottal !! Labioglottal<br /> |-<br /> | p b || t d || tʃ dʒ &lt;č j&gt; || k g || kʷ gʷ || ʔ || ʔʷ <br /> |-<br /> | ɸ &lt;f&gt; || s || ʃ &lt;š&gt; || x || xʷ || || <br /> |-<br /> | m || n || ɲ &lt;ñ&gt; || ŋ || ŋʷ || ||<br /> |-<br /> | || ɾ &lt;r&gt; || j &lt;y&gt; || || w || ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Front !! Center !! Back !! F. diph. !! B. diph.<br /> |-<br /> | i ĩ || ɨ̆ ɨ̃̆ || u ũ || ie ĩẽ &lt;ie ĩe&gt; || uo ũõ &lt;uo ũo&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | e ẽ || ə̆ ə̆̃ || o õ || ei ẽĩ &lt;ei ẽi&gt; || ou õũ &lt;ou õu&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | || a ã || || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Nonlow central vowels are short; all other vowels are long. <br /> <br /> Stress is contrastive, but only in words that contain nonreduced vowels; if a word only contains reduced vowels, stress is initial. When stress occurs on a vowel that is neither initial nor the first unreduced vowel in a word, it will be marked with an underline, e.g. '''n̩gə̠sõbə̃''' /n̩ˈgə̆sõbə̃̆/.<br /> <br /> Other phonetic diphthongs may occur, but are somewhat longer.<br /> <br /> Nasalization is not contrastive before nasals.<br /> <br /> A nasal /n̩/ may occur word-initially before non-glottal stops or /r w/. The sequences /n̩r n̩w/ are realized [ndr ɱv].<br /> <br /> = Pronouns =<br /> <br /> == Personal pronouns ==<br /> <br /> Jarang distinguishes between singular and plural, between first-person exclusive and inclusive, and between third-person human and nonhuman.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! !! 1SG !! 2SG !! 3HUM.SG !! 3NON.SG !! 1EXCL !! 1INCL !! 2PL !! 3HUM.PL !! 3NON.PL <br /> |-<br /> | NOM || nərow || yərow || mərow || wɨmɨ̃ || wõkʷ || rə̃gaxʷ || worə̃gə || wõjə || womɨ̃ <br /> |-<br /> | ACC || noxʷ || rɨxʷ || maxʷ || wɨmɨ̃kʷ || wõkoxʷ || rə̃gʷoxʷ || worə̃gaʔʷ || wõjəʔʷ || womɨ̃kʷ <br /> |-<br /> | ESS || norõ || yerõ || marõ || wɨmɨ̃rə̃ || wawə̃kʷɨ̃ || rə̃gaxʷɨ̃ || worə̃gə̃ || wõjə̃ || womɨ̃rə̃<br /> |-<br /> | LAT || norow || yerow || marow || wɨmɨ̃ro || wawə̃kʷo || rə̃gaxʷo || worə̃gəw || wõjəw || womɨ̃ro<br /> |-<br /> | ASSOC || nə̃roxʷ || yə̃roxʷ || mə̃roxʷ || wɨmɨnoxʷ || wawənoxʷ || rə̃gə̃roxʷ || worə̃gə̃roxʷ || wõjəroxʷ || wõmɨnoxʷ<br /> |}<br /> <br /> = Nouns =<br /> <br /> == Cases ==<br /> Jarang nouns do not distinguish between the nominative and the accusative, instead having a direct case. They do, however, have the essive, lative, and associative. The essive and lative are used with postpositions of location or motion in the obvious way; in addition, certain verbs take essive objects, and the essive may be used for position or manner, as well as with the copula for predicative adjectives:<br /> <br /> {{Gloss3|Wə̃kə̃rə̃, yew mə̠rĩ wawõ!|fisherman.ESS, fish.DIR 3SG-have-S large_size.ESS|As a fisherman, that fish looks big!}}<br /> <br /> = Numerals =<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 <br /> |-<br /> | faʔ || xʷõ || sã || fãrə || xʷɨmãrə || n̩gəxʷɨ̃ || n̩gʷɨ̃ || n̩gəsə̃ || orə̃kʷɨ̃j || sãrə <br /> |-<br /> ! !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90 !! 100<br /> |-<br /> | || xʷə̃də̃ || sə̃də̃ || fãrərə̃ || xʷɨmãrərə̃ || n̩gəxʷɨ̃də̃ || n̩gʷɨ̃də̃ || n̩gəsə̃də̃ || wə̃bə̃də̃j || wə̃bə̃<br /> |-<br /> ! !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900 !! 1000<br /> |-<br /> | || xʷõwə̃bə̃ || sãwə̃bə̃ || fãrõbə̃ || xʷɨmãrõbə̃ || n̩gə̠xʷũobə || n̩gʷõbə̃ || n̩gə̠sõbə̃ || orə̃kʷɨ̃jõbə̃ || sãrõbə̃<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Some dialects have a regularized ''orə̃kʷɨ̃jɨdə̃'' for 'ninety'.<br /> <br /> Higher basic numerals are expressed with compounds of a numeral and ''wə̃bə̃''. A thousand is ten hundred; ten thousand is a hundred hundred; a hundred thousand is ''yãwũobə̃ro''. If a number is neither final nor a multiplier, it takes the suffix ''-gə''.<br /> <br /> For example:<br /> * 23: ''xʷə̃də̃gə sa''<br /> * 42: ''fãrərə̃gə xʷõ''<br /> * 69: ''n̩gəxʷɨ̃də̃gə orə̃kʷɨ̃j''<br /> * 420: ''fãrõbə̃gə xʷə̃də̃''<br /> * 2020: ''xʷõ sãrõbə̃gə xʷə̃də̃''<br /> * 123456: ''(faʔ) yãwuõbə̃ro xʷə̃də̃ sã wə̃bə̃gə fãrõbə̃gə xʷɨmãrərə̃gə n̩gəxʷɨ̃''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Team B languages]]</div> Nort