Hazōken/Lexicon

2025-01-13T05:04:40Z

Moose-tache:

2025-01-12T04:23:30Z

Moose-tache:

Hazōken/Lexicon

2025-01-11T23:57:38Z

Moose-tache:

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg sortable}}
|-
!Hazōken
!Class
!PoS
!Gloss
|-
|hagwa
|I
|v trn
|to break
|-
|hahugzigwa
|I
|v int
|to get dressed
|-
|hasiku
|I
|v trn
|to strengthen
|-
|hasizīna
|I
|v int
|to suddenly happen
|-
|hasizu
|II
|v int
|to be real
|-
|haswa
|I
|v trn
|to make, create
|-
|hatagwa
|I
|v trn
|to rescue, repair
|-
|hatū
|I
|v trn
|to support, shore up
|-
|hava
|II
|v int
|to be wet
|-
|havimizi
|I
|v int
|to be thin
|-
|havimizī
|I
|v trn
|to make thin
|-
|havoku
|I
|v trn
|to make wet, soak
|-
|hegwa
|I
|v trn
|to concentrate by simmering
|-
|herwa
|I
|v trn
|to decide
|-
|hesi
|II
|v int
|to be strong
|-
|heta
|II
|v int
|to be green
|-
|hetwa
|I
|v trn
|to hang
|-
|heva
|II
|v int
|to be dark
|-
|hezwa
|I
|v trn
|to build
|-
|hikokwa
|I
|v trn
|to assign, order
|-
|hiku
|II
|v int
|to jump
|-
|himegwa
|I
|v trn
|to trip up
|-
|himeva
|I
|v trn
|to fail at
|-
|himizu
|II
|v int
|to fade, wilt
|-
|hirada
|I
|v int
|to be mixed
|-
|hirazī
|I
|v trn
|to mix
|-
|hiregwa
|I
|v trn
|to get through to
|-
|hiri
|I
|v trn
|to feel, think
|-
|hirī
|I
|v trn
|to inspire, teach
|-
|hirīzu
|II
|v int
|to wallow in feelings, be deep in thought
|-
|hirizīna
|I
|v int
|to come to a decision
|-
|hisekwa
|I
|v trn
|to fill up
|-
|hisi
|II
|v int
|to be fat, thick
|-
|hisiku
|I
|v trn
|to enlarge
|-
|hitasegwa
|I
|v trn
|to convince
|-
|hitasī
|I
|v trn
|to push to agree
|-
|hitasizu
|II
|v int
|to be agreeable
|-
|hitesi
|I
|v trn
|to agree with
|-
|hitu
|I
|v trn
|to bake
|-
|hituzu
|II
|v int
|to hang
|-
|hizekwa
|I
|v trn
|to make forget something
|-
|hizi
|I
|v int
|to starve
|-
|hiziku
|I
|v trn
|to distract
|-
|hizīna
|I
|v int
|to come to a boil
|-
|hizīna
|I
|v trn
|to leave behind, forget
|-
|hizu
|II
|v int
|to boil
|-
|hī
|I
|v trn
|to boil
|-
|hīkwa
|I
|v trn
|to cheer up
|-
|hīmogwa
|I
|v trn
|to bequeath, give to
|-
|hīmu
|I
|v trn
|to hold, own, maintain
|-
|hīna
|I
|v trn
|to sing
|-
|hītu
|II
|v int
|to be happy
|-
|hīzi
|I
|v trn
|to contribute to
|-
|hīzī
|I
|v trn
|to commission
|-
|hīzu
|II
|v int
|to be fragile
|-
|hona
|I
|v int
|to be brown
|-
|hoswa
|I
|v trn
|to wound
|-
|hotwa
|I
|v trn
|to marry
|-
|hō
|I
|v trn
|to turn
|-
|hōsizu
|II
|v int
|to be fragile
|-
|hugzī
|I
|v trn
|to drape, deck; reflexive plus oblique is equivalent to "to wear"
|-
|hugwa
|I
|v trn
|to change, switch, turn over
|-
|hukazu
|II
|v int
|to do a meandering search
|-
|hukwa
|I
|v trn
|to find
|-
|humu
|I
|v trn
|to perform, play (for art, instruments, etc.)
|-
|humuzu
|II
|v int
|to act a fool
|-
|hun
|I
|v int
|to be round
|-
|hutagwa
|I
|v trn
|to match (people together)
|-
|hutazu
|II
|v int
|to be married
|-
|huzī
|I
|v trn
|to play, use (for horns, bellows)
|-
|huzu
|I
|v int
|to blow
|-
|hūzu
|II
|v int
|to change, switch, turn over
|-
|}

Hazōken/Lexicon

2025-01-08T03:44:20Z

Moose-tache:

{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg sortable}}
|-
!Hazōken
!Class
!PoS
!Gloss
|-
|hagwa
|I
|v trn
|to break
|-
|hahugzigwa
|I
|v int
|to get dressed
|-
|hasiku
|I
|v trn
|to strengthen
|-
|hasizīna
|I
|v int
|to suddenly happen
|-
|hasizu
|II
|v int
|to be real
|-
|haswa
|I
|v trn
|to make, create
|-
|hatagwa
|I
|v trn
|to rescue, repair
|-
|hatū
|I
|v trn
|to support, shore up
|-
|hava
|II
|v int
|to be wet
|-
|havimizi
|I
|v int
|to be thin
|-
|havimizī
|I
|v trn
|to make thin
|-
|havoku
|I
|v trn
|to make wet, soak
|-
|hegwa
|I
|v trn
|to concentrate by simmering
|-
|herwa
|I
|v trn
|to decide
|-
|hesi
|II
|v int
|to be strong
|-
|heta
|II
|v int
|to be green
|-
|hetwa
|I
|v trn
|to hang
|-
|heva
|II
|v int
|to be dark
|-
|hezwa
|I
|v trn
|to build
|-
|hikokwa
|I
|v trn
|to assign, order
|-
|hiku
|II
|v int
|to jump
|-
|himegwa
|I
|v trn
|to trip up
|-
|himeva
|I
|v trn
|to fail at
|-
|himizu
|II
|v int
|to fade, wilt
|-
|hirada
|I
|v int
|to be mixed
|-
|hirazī
|I
|v trn
|to mix
|-
|hiregwa
|I
|v trn
|to get through to
|-
|hiri
|I
|v trn
|to feel, think
|-
|hirī
|I
|v trn
|to inspire, teach
|-
|hirīzu
|II
|v int
|to wallow in feelings, be deep in thought
|-
|hirizīna
|I
|v int
|to come to a decision
|-
|hisekwa
|I
|v trn
|to fill up
|-
|hisi
|II
|v int
|to be fat, thick
|-
|hisiku
|I
|v trn
|to enlarge
|-
|hitasegwa
|I
|v trn
|to convince
|-
|hitasī
|I
|v trn
|to push to agree
|-
|hitasizu
|II
|v int
|to be agreeable
|-
|hitesi
|I
|v trn
|to agree with
|-
|hitu
|I
|v trn
|to bake
|-
|hituzu
|II
|v int
|to hang
|-
|hizekwa
|I
|v trn
|to make forget something
|-
|hizi
|I
|v int
|to starve
|-
|hiziku
|I
|v trn
|to distract
|-
|hizīna
|I
|v int
|to come to a boil
|-
|hizīna
|I
|v trn
|to leave behind, forget
|-
|hizu
|II
|v int
|to boil
|-
|hī
|I
|v trn
|to boil
|-
|hīkwa
|I
|v trn
|to cheer up
|-
|hīmogwa
|I
|v trn
|to bequeath, give to
|-
|hīmu
|I
|v trn
|to hold, own, maintain
|-
|hīna
|I
|v trn
|to sing
|-
|hītu
|II
|v int
|to be happy
|-
|hīzi
|I
|v trn
|to contribute to
|-
|hīzī
|I
|v trn
|to commission
|-
|hīzu
|II
|v int
|to be fragile
|-
|hona
|I
|v int
|to be brown
|-
|hoswa
|I
|v trn
|to wound
|-
|hotwa
|I
|v trn
|to marry
|-
|hō
|I
|v trn
|to turn
|-
|hōsizu
|II
|v int
|to be fragile
|-
|hugzī
|I
|v trn
|to drape, deck; reflexive plus oblique is equivalent to "to wear"
|-
|hugwa
|I
|v trn
|to change, switch, turn over
|-
|hukazu
|II
|v int
|to do a meandering search
|-
|hukwa
|I
|v trn
|to find
|-
|humu
|I
|v trn
|to perform, play (for art, instruments, etc.)
|-
|humuzu
|II
|v int
|to act a fool
|-
|hunu
|I
|v int
|to be round
|-
|hutagwa
|I
|v trn
|to match (people together)
|-
|hutazu
|II
|v int
|to be married
|-
|huzī
|I
|v trn
|to play, use (for horns, bellows)
|-
|huzu
|I
|v int
|to blow
|-
|hūzu
|II
|v int
|to change, switch, turn over
|-
|}

Hazōken/Lexicon

2025-01-07T10:30:19Z

Moose-tache:

Hazōken/Lexicon

2025-01-07T05:16:18Z

Moose-tache:

Hazōken/Lexicon

2025-01-06T23:31:53Z

Moose-tache:

Hazōken

2025-01-06T02:46:04Z

Moose-tache: /* Case and Number */

{{Article}}
{{Language
| language = Hazōken
| phonetic = [ha.zɔː'ken]
| date = c. 500 YP
| place = Hazāka
| speakers = c. 400,000
| script = modified Ōshinese script
| family = [[Dumic languages]]
| word-or = SOV
| mor-type = agglutinating
| morphalign = ERG-ABS
| author = [[User:Moose-tache|Moose-tache]]
}}

[[Image:mudflats1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A mudflat typical of the Hazāka coast.]]

'''Hazōken''', also known as Tsimuzusi, is the koine dialect spoken as a first or second language across most of the southern shore of the Tagimī Bay (known in Hazōken as Tēmī).

=Phonology=
[[Image:Hazōkendress.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The traditional dress of an elite woman from the cities of the Tagimī region.]]
==Consonants==
{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
!
! Labial
! Coronal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! Plosive
| p
| t · d
| k · ɡ
|
|-
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
|
|-
! Fricative
|
| s · z
|
| h
|-
! Approximant
| β
| ɾ
|
|
|-
|}

β and ɾ are transcribed v and r, respectively. After a consonant in the same word, β is pronounced (and written) w.

==Vowels==
There are four long vowels and three to five short vowels in Hazōken.
{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
!
!  front 
!  back 
|-
! high
|align="center" | i · iː
|align="center" | u · uː
|-
! mid
|align="center" | (e) · eː
|align="center" | (o) · oː
|-
! low
| colspan="2" align="center" | a
|-
|}

Long vowels are transcribed with a macron.

Short e and o are only marginally phonemic. In native words that are almost always predictable variants of the other short vowels. But they are used in loan words (for example huke, "deep water boat," and tsepa, "calendar," both of Anatolionesian origin) suggesting that they are considered their own sound by Hazōken speakers.

The exact realization of the long mid vowels varies. Ē May be pronounced anywhere between cardinal eː and æː, with the most common pronunciation being ɛː. Similarly, ō hovers around ɔː, with some pronunciations wandering between oː and ɒː.

==Syllables==
Hazōken syllable structure is C(C)V(C). Onsets are generally obligatory, although the sequence vu is realized u at the beginning of a word.

The following clusters are allowed at the beginning of a word or between vowels: ps ts ks dz gz pr tr kr dr gr pw tw kw dw gw sp st sk zd zg sw zw. Any cluster that occurs between vowels is split by the syllable boundary, creating a coda consonant.

The only coda that is not the result of a split cluster, and the only coda that can occur word-finally, is n.
==Prosody==
Stress is ultimate if the final syllable has a coda or long vowel, penultimate otherwise. Words of more than three syllables have secondary stress. The stress moves back from the primary stress two syllables if this would put secondary stress on a closed or long syllable, and three syllables back otherwise. Thus, long words in Hazōken tend to be made of a combination of iambs and anapests.

There is a general tendency for pitch to fall over the course of a clause or sentence, and for questions to rise at the end. But these are not obligatory practices.

=Nouns=
[[Image:Hazōkenhouse.png|thumb|right|300px|A typical urban house in the dense towns and cities of the Hazāka region.]]
==Case and Number==
Hazōken nouns have two numbers, singular and plural, and three cases, absolutive, ergative, and oblique. Unlike verbs, there is only one class of nouns, though remnants of the previous system are visible for some words.

Singular nouns are unmarked, while plural nouns are marked with mu. This suffix comes before any case suffix, and interacts with them as described below.

The absolutive is unmarked. The ergative is marked with the suffix ka. These cases are used as expected; the absolutive is the subject of an intransitive verb, and the object of a transitive verb, while the subject of a transitive verb is ergative. The syntax section provides more information on when these cases may be omitted, how they are ordered within a clause, and how their precise usage varies.

The third case, oblique, is used for any non-core argument. It may appear on its own as a topic or theme, or as a sort of adverbial phrase. More often it appears before a postposition or a possessive construction.

{{gl|Sika|sika|winter-abs}}
{{gl|kiza.|kiza|cold}}
{{glend|Winter is cold.}}

{{gl|Siken|sika-n|winter-obl}}
{{gl|kiza.|kiza|cold}}
{{glend|In the winter, it’s cold.}}

The chart below summarizes the grammatical morphology of nouns.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Absolutive
| 0
| mu
|-
! Ergative
| ka
| mū
|-
! Oblique
| n
| mun
|}

Nouns that end in n in the absolutive insert i between the root and any of the other suffixes. For the plural suffixes, this will usually result in short e becoming a before the (previously final) n. For example, the plural of Hazōken would be Hazōkanimu,

Some animals have common irregular plurals:

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Goose
| kara
| kromu
|-
! Fish
| suki
| skimu
|-
! Cow
| sena
| suzinomu
|-
! Crow
| horu
| harīmu
|-
! Bird
| hera
| hirōmu
|-
! Owl
| muhu
| muhīmu
|-
! Louse
| sinu
| sinīmu
|-
! Tick
| tsimu
| tsimīmu
|-
! Hare
| vīna
| vīnōmu
|}

Some archaic animal plurals survive in formal speech:

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Squirrel
| ksaza
| kīsomu
|-
! Wasp
| rozu
| razīmu
|-
! Lion
| rīmu
| rīmīmu
|-
! Moth
| vīnu
| vīnīmu
|-
! Eagle
| sapa
| spōmu
|-
! Bear
| uru
| vavurumu
|-
! Mosquito
| tuzu
| tsīmu
|-
! Crayfish
| tsizeru
| tsidrumu
|-
! Crab
| kēzi
| kēzīmu
|}

Some nouns are uncountable, and appear only in the singular. For example, kē “sand.” Some nouns appear only in the plural, and function in a similar manner to uncountable nouns. This category includes some body parts, like kīdamu “fingernail(s),” and razdamu “horn(s).” A single fingernail might be described as kaza kīdamun skana “one blade of fingernail.” Other examples include social categories, like zaksamu “slaves, as a class” and nagrīmu “aristocrats, as a class.” Some nouns are singular, but describe a pair or set. Most of these words are body parts, like ksida “pair of legs,” sīnada “pair of breasts,” and wisida “pair of eyes.” Sometimes these terms have related words for a single body part, for example a single leg is kazda. In other cases the singular item is unrelated, as in mōmi “breast.”

==Pronouns==
Standalone pronouns have the same case and number information as nouns, with an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person plural. Unlike nouns, pronouns must show plurality if they are plural.

{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
!
!
! '''Absolutive'''
! '''Ergative'''
! '''Oblique'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''1st person exclusive'''
! '''Singular'''
| '''ti'''
| '''tē'''
| '''tin'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''timu'''
| '''timū'''
| '''timun'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''1st person inclusive'''
! '''Dual'''
| '''koda'''
| '''kudō'''
| '''kuden'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''kumu'''
| '''kumū'''
| '''kumun'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''2nd person'''
! '''Singular'''
| '''ma'''
| '''mō'''
| '''men'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''momu'''
| '''mamū'''
| '''mamun'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''3rd person masculine'''
! '''Singular'''
| '''ka'''
| '''kaka'''
| '''kōni'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''kōnu'''
| '''kōnū'''
| '''kōnun'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''3rd person feminine'''
! '''Singular'''
| '''tu'''
| '''tuka'''
| '''tīmi'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''tīnu'''
| '''tīnū'''
| '''tīnun'''
|-
|}

Possessive pronouns take the form of a prefix, identical in form to the pronouns listed above. These prefixes cause a mutation in initial consonants. The third person prefixes cause s, z, and r to merge with t, v to merge with m, and h to merge with k. The other prefixes cause t, s, and k to voice to d, z, and g. The chart below summarizes these mutations.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Type I (1st or 2nd person pronouns)
! Type II (3rd person pronouns)
|-
! p
| p
| p
|-
! t
| d
| t
|-
! k
| g
| k
|-
! d
| d
| d
|-
! g
| g
| g
|-
! m
| m
| m
|-
! n
| n
| n
|-
! s
| z
| t
|-
! h
| h
| k
|-
! z
| z
| t
|-
! r
| r
| t
|-
! v
| v
| m
|}

Consonant clusters are generally immune to mutation.

==Possession==
Possession with a stated possessor also uses pronoun prefixes, but with the possessor immediately before in the oblique case.

{{gl|Kuhan|kuha-n|tree-obl}}
{{gl|kakuzu.|ka-huzu-0|3sg-leaf-abs}}
{{glend|The tree’s leaves.}}
==Postpositions==
Postpositions are a closed class. They can appear on their own, or after a noun in the oblique case. They can also carry a pronoun prefix, with or without a noun in the oblique case. Postpositions usually do not take any case marking, regardless of what role they play in the clause.

{{gl|Hunun|hunu-n|table-obl}}
{{gl|katu|kaⁿ-ru|3sg-top}}
{{gl|mōho.|mō-ho|sit-indicative}}
{{glend|It’s on the table.}}

Verbs in the subjunctive (which, as a nominalized verb, then takes the oblique case) can act like postpositions. But they cannot take pronoun prefixes.

{{gl|Tō|tō-0|knife-abs}}
{{gl|zīmazan|zīma-za-n|carry-subj-obl}}
{{gl|kakisi.|kaki-si|run-optative}}
{{glend|Run carrying a knife.}}

==Correlatives==
The demonstrative and interrogative prefixes can be used to create a functionally infinite group of correlatives.

{{gl|Ratasi|ra-tasi-0|inter-place-abs}}
{{gl|kimi|kimi|negative}}
{{gl|kakisi.|kaki-si|go-optative}}
{{glend|Don’t go anywhere.}}

==Numbers and Quantifiers==
Hazōken uses a base 10 number system. These are the numbers 1 through 10:

{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
! '''1'''
| '''kaza'''
|-
! '''2'''
| '''mī'''
|-
! '''3'''
| '''hera'''
|-
! '''4'''
| '''zada'''
|-
! '''5'''
| '''hī'''
|-
! '''6'''
| '''sema'''
|-
! '''7'''
| '''todu'''
|-
! '''8'''
| '''kuhu'''
|-
! '''9'''
| '''nusi'''
|-
! '''10'''
| '''kō'''
|-
|}

The number one hundred is tīti, and one thousand is tīvu. Numbers at multiple orders of magnitude simply use the numbers one through nine for each power of ten.

{{gl|hera|hera|3}}
{{gl|tīvu|tīvu|1000}}
{{gl|hī|hī|5}}
{{gl|kō|kō|10}}
{{gl|kuhu|kuhu|8}}
{{glend|3,058}}

Some powers of ten have archaic forms. These are always optional.

{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
! '''20'''
| '''mē'''
|-
! '''30'''
| '''hirā'''
|-
! '''40'''
| '''zadā'''
|-
! '''50'''
| '''hē'''
|-
|}

==Attribution==
Verbs fill the role of adjectives in Hazōken. The modified noun takes the role of the absolutive belonging to the attributive verb.
==Derivation==
The most common form of derived noun is the compound noun. Compounding is very common in Hazōken. Some compound nouns have taken on a meaning unpredictable from their constituent roots, and a very small number of compound nouns have undergone sound changes that alter the roots involved from their independent form.

There are also derivational suffixes. The following form nouns from nominal roots.
* ki is a diminutive.
{{gl|Tīki.|tī-ki|dog-diminutive}}
{{glend|Puppy.}}
* dū creates related concepts, often abstract or generalized, or associated things. It is also a very archaic honorific.
{{gl|Katapakidū.|katapaki-dū|katapaki-general}}
{{glend|The cultural and material life of the Katapaki, “Katapakiana.”}}
* niri is similar to English “ness,” and creates an abstract quality from a noun. For nouns that have a distinct plural stem, this suffix attaches to the plural stem.
{{gl|Skiniri.|suki-niri|fish-ness}}
{{glend|Fishiness.}}
These suffixes form nouns form verbal roots.
* zara is one who fills an absolutive role in a verb.
* zera is one who fills an ergative role in a verb.
* ha indicates a place where something happens, a reason for something that happens, or a tool or method used to do something. Because of its various uses, each instance is best memorized as a separate lexical item.

=Verbs=
[[Image:Hazōkenboat.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The small craft used to trade up and down the Tagimī coast.]]

Verbs are the core of any clause. Unlike nouns, they come in two morphological classes. Main verbs come in one of three moods, while other morphological and syntactic elements embed non-main verbs within larger clauses.
==Main Verbs==
The main verb of a sentence carries one of three moods. The indicative is unmarked, though monosyllabic verbs take a suffix hV, where V repeats the previous vowel, but is always short. The optative suffix is zi, or si for class II verbs. The conditional suffix is mu.

The optative has three main uses.
* Wishes and desires
* Polite requests
* Future intentions

{{gl|Niswin|niswin|soon}}
{{gl|havī|havī|clams}}
{{gl|nīna.|nīna-zi|eat-optative}}
{{glend|I’m planning to eat clams soon.}}

The conditional has five main uses:
* Apodosis in if-then constructions
* Potential futures
* Probable but unconfirmed present or past events
* Inferences and deductions
* Softening declarative statements

{{gl|Koda|koda|1pl.inclusive}}
{{gl|perumu|peru-mu|sailors}}
{{gl|zimu.|zi-mu|be-conditional}}
{{glend|Then we are sailors.}}
==Subjunctive==
The subjunctive is mutually exclusive with the mood suffixes mentioned above. Its main purpose is to nominalize a clause, so that it becomes an argument in a larger clause. This means that subjunctive verbs have absolutive, ergative, and oblique forms.

'''''Subjunctive forms'''''

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Class I
! Class II
|-
! Absolutive
| za
| ta
|-
! Ergative
| zō
| tō
|-
! Oblique
| zen
| sen
|}

{{gl|Sapa|sapa|eagle}}
{{gl|sihisen|sihi-sen|fly-subjunctive.oblique}}
{{gl|kumu|kumu|1pl.inclusive}}
{{gl|sita.|sita|happy}}
{{glend|With the eagle flying, we are happy.}}

==Attributive==
The attributive is similar to a participle. It indicates that a verb, and hence a clause, modifies the following noun or noun phrase. The attributive ending is incompatible with the subjunctive, but compatible with the main verb endings and the anti-passive suffix. It always appears after any other suffixes. Like the subjunctive, it is not used for main verbs. The modified noun phrase fills the role of the absolutive within the attributive clause.

The form of the suffix is ki for class II verbs. Class I verbs change the final vowel to ē or ī. The former is for verbs that end in a, and the latter is for everything else, including verbs ending in n.

{{gl|Katī|katu-i|black-attributive}}
{{gl|Mī|mī|sea}}
{{gl|ta|ta|negative}}
{{gl|katu.|katu|black}}
{{glend|The Black Sea isn’t black.}}

==Valence==
Verbs are inherently transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs can be rendered intransitive with the suffix zda for class I verbs, and tata for class II. A mutually exclusive construction is the reflexive prefix, which can only be used on transitives, and causes a similar reduction of valency. Its form is ha, and it causes type II mutation (see the section on pronouns for an explanation of mutation).

{{gl|Ti|ti|1sg}}
{{gl|hirizdaza|hiri-zda-za|think-intransitive-subjunctive}}
{{gl|ziza.|zi-za|be-subjunctive}}
{{gl|sīnī.|sīnī|show}}
{{glend|I think, therefore I am.}}

Note that the copula allows both core arguments to be absolutive.

Transitivity is not the only way that verbs can differ. Lexical aspect and the exact role of the absolutive may be lexically determined.
==Derivation==
Probably none of it is productive, but talk about historical developments from Kataputi.

=Syntax=
[[Image:Hazōkenbean.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Mung bean is the primary plant protein in the local diet.]]
Hazōken syntax is broadly similar to its ancestor Kataputi.
==Alignment==
Hazōken is an ergative-absolutive language. While there is no set order of core arguments within a clause, if both are present, the ergative almost always precedes the absolutive, unless the absolutive is introducing a new topic.
==Numbers and Quantifiers==
Numbers in Hazōken are indeclinable. They precede their head noun. They cannot head a noun phrase, and must describe some head noun even if it provides little semantic information.

{{gl|hī|hī|five}}
{{gl|takamu|taka-mu|tool-plural}}
{{gl|kumu|kumu|be.loose}}
{{glend|Five ones are loose.}}

==Order Of Attributives==
In addition to numbers and quantifiers, mentioned above, nouns may be modified by attributive verbs. Any number of such verbs may preceed a head noun. Indications of size, age, and shape tend to come before material, origin, or purpose. Prepositional phrases modifying nouns always appear before attributive verbs. Demonstrative prefixes of course go between the noun and any preceding attributives.

==Subjunctive==
The subjunctive turns a clause into the argument of a larger clause. This can include both core arguments and non-core arguments, and is the most common way to build auxiliary constructions. It also marks reported speech (see below).

{{gl|Tē|tē|1sg.ergative}}
{{gl|zota|zo-ta|go-subjunctive.absolutive}}
{{gl|hasimizi|hasimi-zi|start-optative}}
{{glend|I want to start going.}}

{{gl|Mō|mō|2sg.ergative}}
{{gl|kakita|kaki-ta|run-subjunctive.absolutive}}
{{gl|kīhi|kī-hi|need-indicative}}
{{glend|You need to run.}}

{{gl|Tē|tē|1sg.ergative}}
{{gl|Ma|ma|2sg.absolutive}}
{{gl|kakita|kaki-ta|run-subjunctive.absolutive}}
{{gl|kīhi|kī-hi|need-indicative}}
{{glend|I need you to run.}}

==Negation==
The main way to negate a clause is to insert ta immediately before the main verb. Another negative, kimi, is used for emphasis and negative commands.

{{gl|Sina|sina|cow}}
{{gl|ta|ta|neg}}
{{gl|sīni?|sīni|look.at}}
{{glend|Did you not look at the cow?}}
==Questions==
Yes/no questions are marked by the addition of the particle ūtō imediately after the main verb.

{{gl|Ma|ma|2sg.absolutive}}
{{gl|ruhi|ruhi|angry}}
{{gl|ūtō?|ūtō|question}}
{{glend|Are you angry?}}

Content questions require one of the arguments to be replaced by ra, or carry the prefix ra. The particle ūtō is optional here, but still very common.

{{gl|Ma|ma|2sg.absolutive}}
{{gl|ren|ra-n|interrogative-oblique}}
{{gl|ruhi|ruhi|angry}}
{{gl|ūtō?|ūtō|question}}
{{glend|What are you angry about?}}

==Commands==
There is no overt morphology or syntax for commands in Hazōken. Polite requests use the optative, while more forceful commands use the indicative. Negative commands use kimi, though polite requests in the optative use ta instead. One difference between a command and a statement is that the role of the listener is more often (though not obligatorily) omitted.

{{gl|Rīmīmu|rīmīmu|lion.plural}}
{{gl|ta|ta|negative}}
{{gl|kovazi.|kova-zi|kill-optative}}
{{glend|Don't kill the lions.}}

{{gl|kavazda!|kava-zda|destroy-antipassive}}
{{glend|Destroy!}}

==Reported Speech==
Reported speech is rendered in the subjunctive, and treated as an argument of the verb of communication.

{{gl|Tē|tē|1sg.ergative}}
{{gl|tin|tin|1sg.oblique}}
{{gl|nīnaza|nīnaza|food.absolutive}}
{{gl|suzeta|suzi-ta|give-subjunctive}}
{{gl|sasi.|sasi|say}}
{{glend|I said they gave me food.}}

=Lexicon=
The Hazōken lexicon can be found here: [[Hazōken/lexicon]]

=Writing System=
Hazōken is written in a syllabary based on ideograms imported from the east.

=Sample Texts=
==The Chief and the Mouse==
==The North Wind and the Sun==
==The Legend of Lake Hazaza==

[[Category:Dumic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Tuysáfa]]

Hazōken

2025-01-06T02:40:59Z

Moose-tache: /* Prosody */

{{Article}}
{{Language
| language = Hazōken
| phonetic = [ha.zɔː'ken]
| date = c. 500 YP
| place = Hazāka
| speakers = c. 400,000
| script = modified Ōshinese script
| family = [[Dumic languages]]
| word-or = SOV
| mor-type = agglutinating
| morphalign = ERG-ABS
| author = [[User:Moose-tache|Moose-tache]]
}}

[[Image:mudflats1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A mudflat typical of the Hazāka coast.]]

'''Hazōken''', also known as Tsimuzusi, is the koine dialect spoken as a first or second language across most of the southern shore of the Tagimī Bay (known in Hazōken as Tēmī).

=Phonology=
[[Image:Hazōkendress.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The traditional dress of an elite woman from the cities of the Tagimī region.]]
==Consonants==
{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
!
! Labial
! Coronal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! Plosive
| p
| t · d
| k · ɡ
|
|-
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
|
|-
! Fricative
|
| s · z
|
| h
|-
! Approximant
| β
| ɾ
|
|
|-
|}

β and ɾ are transcribed v and r, respectively. After a consonant in the same word, β is pronounced (and written) w.

==Vowels==
There are four long vowels and three to five short vowels in Hazōken.
{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
!
!  front 
!  back 
|-
! high
|align="center" | i · iː
|align="center" | u · uː
|-
! mid
|align="center" | (e) · eː
|align="center" | (o) · oː
|-
! low
| colspan="2" align="center" | a
|-
|}

Long vowels are transcribed with a macron.

Short e and o are only marginally phonemic. In native words that are almost always predictable variants of the other short vowels. But they are used in loan words (for example huke, "deep water boat," and tsepa, "calendar," both of Anatolionesian origin) suggesting that they are considered their own sound by Hazōken speakers.

The exact realization of the long mid vowels varies. Ē May be pronounced anywhere between cardinal eː and æː, with the most common pronunciation being ɛː. Similarly, ō hovers around ɔː, with some pronunciations wandering between oː and ɒː.

==Syllables==
Hazōken syllable structure is C(C)V(C). Onsets are generally obligatory, although the sequence vu is realized u at the beginning of a word.

The following clusters are allowed at the beginning of a word or between vowels: ps ts ks dz gz pr tr kr dr gr pw tw kw dw gw sp st sk zd zg sw zw. Any cluster that occurs between vowels is split by the syllable boundary, creating a coda consonant.

The only coda that is not the result of a split cluster, and the only coda that can occur word-finally, is n.
==Prosody==
Stress is ultimate if the final syllable has a coda or long vowel, penultimate otherwise. Words of more than three syllables have secondary stress. The stress moves back from the primary stress two syllables if this would put secondary stress on a closed or long syllable, and three syllables back otherwise. Thus, long words in Hazōken tend to be made of a combination of iambs and anapests.

There is a general tendency for pitch to fall over the course of a clause or sentence, and for questions to rise at the end. But these are not obligatory practices.

=Nouns=
[[Image:Hazōkenhouse.png|thumb|right|300px|A typical urban house in the dense towns and cities of the Hazāka region.]]
==Case and Number==
Hazōken nouns have two numbers, singular and plural, and three cases, absolutive, ergative, and oblique. Unlike verbs, there is only one class of nouns, though remnants of the previous system are visible for some words.

Singular nouns are unmarked, while plural nouns are marked with mu. This suffix comes before any case suffix, and interacts with them as described below.

The absolutive is unmarked. The ergative is marked with the suffix ka. These cases are used as expected; the absolutive is the subject of an intransitive verb, and the object of a transitive verb, while the subject of a transitive verb is ergative. The syntax section provides more information on when these cases may be omitted, how they are ordered within a clause, and how their precise usage varies.

The third case, oblique, is used for any non-core argument. It may appear on its own as a topic or theme, or as a sort of adverbial phrase. More often it appears before a postposition or a possessive construction.

{{gl|Sika|sika|winter-abs}}
{{gl|kiza.|kiza|cold}}
{{glend|Winter is cold.}}

{{gl|Siken|sika-n|winter-obl}}
{{gl|kiza.|kiza|cold}}
{{glend|In the winter, it’s cold.}}

The chart below summarizes the grammatical morphology of nouns.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Absolutive
| 0
| mu
|-
! Ergative
| ka
| mū
|-
! Oblique
| n
| mun
|}

Nouns that end in n in the absolutive insert i between the root and any of the other suffixes. For the plural suffixes, this will usually result in short e becoming a before the (previously final) n. For example, the plural of Hazōken would be Hazōkanimu,

Some animals have common irregular plurals:

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Goose
| kara
| kromu
|-
! Fish
| suki
| skimu
|-
! Cow
| sina
| suzinomu
|-
! Crow
| haru
| harīmu
|-
! Bird
| hira
| hirāmu
|-
! Owl
| muhu
| muhīmu
|-
! Louse
| sinu
| sinīmu
|-
! Tick
| tsimu
| tsimīmu
|-
! Hare
| vīna
| vīnōmu
|}

Some archaic animal plurals survive in formal speech:

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Squirrel
| ksaza
| kīsomu
|-
! Wasp
| razu
| razīmu
|-
! Lion
| rīmu
| rīmīmu
|-
! Moth
| vīnu
| vīnīmu
|-
! Eagle
| sapa
| spōmu
|-
! Bear
| uru
| vavurumu
|-
! Mosquito
| tuzu
| tsīmu
|-
! Crayfish
| tsizeru
| tsidrumu
|-
! Crab
| kēzi
| kēzīmu
|}

Some nouns are uncountable, and appear only in the singular. For example, kē “sand.” Some nouns appear only in the plural, and function in a similar manner to uncountable nouns. This category includes some body parts, like kīdamu “fingernail(s),” and razdamu “horn(s).” A single fingernail might be described as kaza kīdamun skana “one blade of fingernail.” Other examples include social categories, like zaksamu “slaves, as a class” and nagrīmu “aristocrats, as a class.” Some nouns are singular, but describe a pair or set. Most of these words are body parts, like ksida “pair of legs,” sīnada “pair of breasts,” and wisida “pair of eyes.” Sometimes these terms have related words for a single body part, for example a single leg is kazda. In other cases the singular item is unrelated, as in mōmi “breast.”

==Pronouns==
Standalone pronouns have the same case and number information as nouns, with an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person plural. Unlike nouns, pronouns must show plurality if they are plural.

{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
!
!
! '''Absolutive'''
! '''Ergative'''
! '''Oblique'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''1st person exclusive'''
! '''Singular'''
| '''ti'''
| '''tē'''
| '''tin'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''timu'''
| '''timū'''
| '''timun'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''1st person inclusive'''
! '''Dual'''
| '''koda'''
| '''kudō'''
| '''kuden'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''kumu'''
| '''kumū'''
| '''kumun'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''2nd person'''
! '''Singular'''
| '''ma'''
| '''mō'''
| '''men'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''momu'''
| '''mamū'''
| '''mamun'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''3rd person masculine'''
! '''Singular'''
| '''ka'''
| '''kaka'''
| '''kōni'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''kōnu'''
| '''kōnū'''
| '''kōnun'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''3rd person feminine'''
! '''Singular'''
| '''tu'''
| '''tuka'''
| '''tīmi'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''tīnu'''
| '''tīnū'''
| '''tīnun'''
|-
|}

Possessive pronouns take the form of a prefix, identical in form to the pronouns listed above. These prefixes cause a mutation in initial consonants. The third person prefixes cause s, z, and r to merge with t, v to merge with m, and h to merge with k. The other prefixes cause t, s, and k to voice to d, z, and g. The chart below summarizes these mutations.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Type I (1st or 2nd person pronouns)
! Type II (3rd person pronouns)
|-
! p
| p
| p
|-
! t
| d
| t
|-
! k
| g
| k
|-
! d
| d
| d
|-
! g
| g
| g
|-
! m
| m
| m
|-
! n
| n
| n
|-
! s
| z
| t
|-
! h
| h
| k
|-
! z
| z
| t
|-
! r
| r
| t
|-
! v
| v
| m
|}

Consonant clusters are generally immune to mutation.

==Possession==
Possession with a stated possessor also uses pronoun prefixes, but with the possessor immediately before in the oblique case.

{{gl|Kuhan|kuha-n|tree-obl}}
{{gl|kakuzu.|ka-huzu-0|3sg-leaf-abs}}
{{glend|The tree’s leaves.}}
==Postpositions==
Postpositions are a closed class. They can appear on their own, or after a noun in the oblique case. They can also carry a pronoun prefix, with or without a noun in the oblique case. Postpositions usually do not take any case marking, regardless of what role they play in the clause.

{{gl|Hunun|hunu-n|table-obl}}
{{gl|katu|kaⁿ-ru|3sg-top}}
{{gl|mōho.|mō-ho|sit-indicative}}
{{glend|It’s on the table.}}

Verbs in the subjunctive (which, as a nominalized verb, then takes the oblique case) can act like postpositions. But they cannot take pronoun prefixes.

{{gl|Tō|tō-0|knife-abs}}
{{gl|zīmazan|zīma-za-n|carry-subj-obl}}
{{gl|kakisi.|kaki-si|run-optative}}
{{glend|Run carrying a knife.}}

==Correlatives==
The demonstrative and interrogative prefixes can be used to create a functionally infinite group of correlatives.

{{gl|Ratasi|ra-tasi-0|inter-place-abs}}
{{gl|kimi|kimi|negative}}
{{gl|kakisi.|kaki-si|go-optative}}
{{glend|Don’t go anywhere.}}

==Numbers and Quantifiers==
Hazōken uses a base 10 number system. These are the numbers 1 through 10:

{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
! '''1'''
| '''kaza'''
|-
! '''2'''
| '''mī'''
|-
! '''3'''
| '''hera'''
|-
! '''4'''
| '''zada'''
|-
! '''5'''
| '''hī'''
|-
! '''6'''
| '''sema'''
|-
! '''7'''
| '''todu'''
|-
! '''8'''
| '''kuhu'''
|-
! '''9'''
| '''nusi'''
|-
! '''10'''
| '''kō'''
|-
|}

The number one hundred is tīti, and one thousand is tīvu. Numbers at multiple orders of magnitude simply use the numbers one through nine for each power of ten.

{{gl|hera|hera|3}}
{{gl|tīvu|tīvu|1000}}
{{gl|hī|hī|5}}
{{gl|kō|kō|10}}
{{gl|kuhu|kuhu|8}}
{{glend|3,058}}

Some powers of ten have archaic forms. These are always optional.

{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
! '''20'''
| '''mē'''
|-
! '''30'''
| '''hirā'''
|-
! '''40'''
| '''zadā'''
|-
! '''50'''
| '''hē'''
|-
|}

==Attribution==
Verbs fill the role of adjectives in Hazōken. The modified noun takes the role of the absolutive belonging to the attributive verb.
==Derivation==
The most common form of derived noun is the compound noun. Compounding is very common in Hazōken. Some compound nouns have taken on a meaning unpredictable from their constituent roots, and a very small number of compound nouns have undergone sound changes that alter the roots involved from their independent form.

There are also derivational suffixes. The following form nouns from nominal roots.
* ki is a diminutive.
{{gl|Tīki.|tī-ki|dog-diminutive}}
{{glend|Puppy.}}
* dū creates related concepts, often abstract or generalized, or associated things. It is also a very archaic honorific.
{{gl|Katapakidū.|katapaki-dū|katapaki-general}}
{{glend|The cultural and material life of the Katapaki, “Katapakiana.”}}
* niri is similar to English “ness,” and creates an abstract quality from a noun. For nouns that have a distinct plural stem, this suffix attaches to the plural stem.
{{gl|Skiniri.|suki-niri|fish-ness}}
{{glend|Fishiness.}}
These suffixes form nouns form verbal roots.
* zara is one who fills an absolutive role in a verb.
* zera is one who fills an ergative role in a verb.
* ha indicates a place where something happens, a reason for something that happens, or a tool or method used to do something. Because of its various uses, each instance is best memorized as a separate lexical item.

=Verbs=
[[Image:Hazōkenboat.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The small craft used to trade up and down the Tagimī coast.]]

Verbs are the core of any clause. Unlike nouns, they come in two morphological classes. Main verbs come in one of three moods, while other morphological and syntactic elements embed non-main verbs within larger clauses.
==Main Verbs==
The main verb of a sentence carries one of three moods. The indicative is unmarked, though monosyllabic verbs take a suffix hV, where V repeats the previous vowel, but is always short. The optative suffix is zi, or si for class II verbs. The conditional suffix is mu.

The optative has three main uses.
* Wishes and desires
* Polite requests
* Future intentions

{{gl|Niswin|niswin|soon}}
{{gl|havī|havī|clams}}
{{gl|nīna.|nīna-zi|eat-optative}}
{{glend|I’m planning to eat clams soon.}}

The conditional has five main uses:
* Apodosis in if-then constructions
* Potential futures
* Probable but unconfirmed present or past events
* Inferences and deductions
* Softening declarative statements

{{gl|Koda|koda|1pl.inclusive}}
{{gl|perumu|peru-mu|sailors}}
{{gl|zimu.|zi-mu|be-conditional}}
{{glend|Then we are sailors.}}
==Subjunctive==
The subjunctive is mutually exclusive with the mood suffixes mentioned above. Its main purpose is to nominalize a clause, so that it becomes an argument in a larger clause. This means that subjunctive verbs have absolutive, ergative, and oblique forms.

'''''Subjunctive forms'''''

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Class I
! Class II
|-
! Absolutive
| za
| ta
|-
! Ergative
| zō
| tō
|-
! Oblique
| zen
| sen
|}

{{gl|Sapa|sapa|eagle}}
{{gl|sihisen|sihi-sen|fly-subjunctive.oblique}}
{{gl|kumu|kumu|1pl.inclusive}}
{{gl|sita.|sita|happy}}
{{glend|With the eagle flying, we are happy.}}

==Attributive==
The attributive is similar to a participle. It indicates that a verb, and hence a clause, modifies the following noun or noun phrase. The attributive ending is incompatible with the subjunctive, but compatible with the main verb endings and the anti-passive suffix. It always appears after any other suffixes. Like the subjunctive, it is not used for main verbs. The modified noun phrase fills the role of the absolutive within the attributive clause.

The form of the suffix is ki for class II verbs. Class I verbs change the final vowel to ē or ī. The former is for verbs that end in a, and the latter is for everything else, including verbs ending in n.

{{gl|Katī|katu-i|black-attributive}}
{{gl|Mī|mī|sea}}
{{gl|ta|ta|negative}}
{{gl|katu.|katu|black}}
{{glend|The Black Sea isn’t black.}}

==Valence==
Verbs are inherently transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs can be rendered intransitive with the suffix zda for class I verbs, and tata for class II. A mutually exclusive construction is the reflexive prefix, which can only be used on transitives, and causes a similar reduction of valency. Its form is ha, and it causes type II mutation (see the section on pronouns for an explanation of mutation).

{{gl|Ti|ti|1sg}}
{{gl|hirizdaza|hiri-zda-za|think-intransitive-subjunctive}}
{{gl|ziza.|zi-za|be-subjunctive}}
{{gl|sīnī.|sīnī|show}}
{{glend|I think, therefore I am.}}

Note that the copula allows both core arguments to be absolutive.

Transitivity is not the only way that verbs can differ. Lexical aspect and the exact role of the absolutive may be lexically determined.
==Derivation==
Probably none of it is productive, but talk about historical developments from Kataputi.

=Syntax=
[[Image:Hazōkenbean.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Mung bean is the primary plant protein in the local diet.]]
Hazōken syntax is broadly similar to its ancestor Kataputi.
==Alignment==
Hazōken is an ergative-absolutive language. While there is no set order of core arguments within a clause, if both are present, the ergative almost always precedes the absolutive, unless the absolutive is introducing a new topic.
==Numbers and Quantifiers==
Numbers in Hazōken are indeclinable. They precede their head noun. They cannot head a noun phrase, and must describe some head noun even if it provides little semantic information.

{{gl|hī|hī|five}}
{{gl|takamu|taka-mu|tool-plural}}
{{gl|kumu|kumu|be.loose}}
{{glend|Five ones are loose.}}

==Order Of Attributives==
In addition to numbers and quantifiers, mentioned above, nouns may be modified by attributive verbs. Any number of such verbs may preceed a head noun. Indications of size, age, and shape tend to come before material, origin, or purpose. Prepositional phrases modifying nouns always appear before attributive verbs. Demonstrative prefixes of course go between the noun and any preceding attributives.

==Subjunctive==
The subjunctive turns a clause into the argument of a larger clause. This can include both core arguments and non-core arguments, and is the most common way to build auxiliary constructions. It also marks reported speech (see below).

{{gl|Tē|tē|1sg.ergative}}
{{gl|zota|zo-ta|go-subjunctive.absolutive}}
{{gl|hasimizi|hasimi-zi|start-optative}}
{{glend|I want to start going.}}

{{gl|Mō|mō|2sg.ergative}}
{{gl|kakita|kaki-ta|run-subjunctive.absolutive}}
{{gl|kīhi|kī-hi|need-indicative}}
{{glend|You need to run.}}

{{gl|Tē|tē|1sg.ergative}}
{{gl|Ma|ma|2sg.absolutive}}
{{gl|kakita|kaki-ta|run-subjunctive.absolutive}}
{{gl|kīhi|kī-hi|need-indicative}}
{{glend|I need you to run.}}

==Negation==
The main way to negate a clause is to insert ta immediately before the main verb. Another negative, kimi, is used for emphasis and negative commands.

{{gl|Sina|sina|cow}}
{{gl|ta|ta|neg}}
{{gl|sīni?|sīni|look.at}}
{{glend|Did you not look at the cow?}}
==Questions==
Yes/no questions are marked by the addition of the particle ūtō imediately after the main verb.

{{gl|Ma|ma|2sg.absolutive}}
{{gl|ruhi|ruhi|angry}}
{{gl|ūtō?|ūtō|question}}
{{glend|Are you angry?}}

Content questions require one of the arguments to be replaced by ra, or carry the prefix ra. The particle ūtō is optional here, but still very common.

{{gl|Ma|ma|2sg.absolutive}}
{{gl|ren|ra-n|interrogative-oblique}}
{{gl|ruhi|ruhi|angry}}
{{gl|ūtō?|ūtō|question}}
{{glend|What are you angry about?}}

==Commands==
There is no overt morphology or syntax for commands in Hazōken. Polite requests use the optative, while more forceful commands use the indicative. Negative commands use kimi, though polite requests in the optative use ta instead. One difference between a command and a statement is that the role of the listener is more often (though not obligatorily) omitted.

{{gl|Rīmīmu|rīmīmu|lion.plural}}
{{gl|ta|ta|negative}}
{{gl|kovazi.|kova-zi|kill-optative}}
{{glend|Don't kill the lions.}}

{{gl|kavazda!|kava-zda|destroy-antipassive}}
{{glend|Destroy!}}

==Reported Speech==
Reported speech is rendered in the subjunctive, and treated as an argument of the verb of communication.

{{gl|Tē|tē|1sg.ergative}}
{{gl|tin|tin|1sg.oblique}}
{{gl|nīnaza|nīnaza|food.absolutive}}
{{gl|suzeta|suzi-ta|give-subjunctive}}
{{gl|sasi.|sasi|say}}
{{glend|I said they gave me food.}}

=Lexicon=
The Hazōken lexicon can be found here: [[Hazōken/lexicon]]

=Writing System=
Hazōken is written in a syllabary based on ideograms imported from the east.

=Sample Texts=
==The Chief and the Mouse==
==The North Wind and the Sun==
==The Legend of Lake Hazaza==

[[Category:Dumic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Tuysáfa]]

Hazōken

2025-01-06T02:38:28Z

Moose-tache: /* Consonants */

{{Article}}
{{Language
| language = Hazōken
| phonetic = [ha.zɔː'ken]
| date = c. 500 YP
| place = Hazāka
| speakers = c. 400,000
| script = modified Ōshinese script
| family = [[Dumic languages]]
| word-or = SOV
| mor-type = agglutinating
| morphalign = ERG-ABS
| author = [[User:Moose-tache|Moose-tache]]
}}

[[Image:mudflats1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A mudflat typical of the Hazāka coast.]]

'''Hazōken''', also known as Tsimuzusi, is the koine dialect spoken as a first or second language across most of the southern shore of the Tagimī Bay (known in Hazōken as Tēmī).

=Phonology=
[[Image:Hazōkendress.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The traditional dress of an elite woman from the cities of the Tagimī region.]]
==Consonants==
{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
!
! Labial
! Coronal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! Plosive
| p
| t · d
| k · ɡ
|
|-
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
|
|-
! Fricative
|
| s · z
|
| h
|-
! Approximant
| β
| ɾ
|
|
|-
|}

β and ɾ are transcribed v and r, respectively. After a consonant in the same word, β is pronounced (and written) w.

==Vowels==
There are four long vowels and three to five short vowels in Hazōken.
{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
!
!  front 
!  back 
|-
! high
|align="center" | i · iː
|align="center" | u · uː
|-
! mid
|align="center" | (e) · eː
|align="center" | (o) · oː
|-
! low
| colspan="2" align="center" | a
|-
|}

Long vowels are transcribed with a macron.

Short e and o are only marginally phonemic. In native words that are almost always predictable variants of the other short vowels. But they are used in loan words (for example huke, "deep water boat," and tsepa, "calendar," both of Anatolionesian origin) suggesting that they are considered their own sound by Hazōken speakers.

The exact realization of the long mid vowels varies. Ē May be pronounced anywhere between cardinal eː and æː, with the most common pronunciation being ɛː. Similarly, ō hovers around ɔː, with some pronunciations wandering between oː and ɒː.

==Syllables==
Hazōken syllable structure is C(C)V(C). Onsets are generally obligatory, although the sequence vu is realized u at the beginning of a word.

The following clusters are allowed at the beginning of a word or between vowels: ps ts ks dz gz pr tr kr dr gr pw tw kw dw gw sp st sk zd zg sw zw. Any cluster that occurs between vowels is split by the syllable boundary, creating a coda consonant.

The only coda that is not the result of a split cluster, and the only coda that can occur word-finally, is n.
==Prosody==
Stress is ultimate if the final syllable has a coda or long vowel, penultimate otherwise. Words of more than three syllables have secondary stress. The stress moves back from the primary stress two syllables if this would put secondary stress on a closed or long syllable, and three syllables back otherwise. Thus, long words in Hazōken tend to be made of a combination of iambs and anapests.

There is a general tendency for pitch to fall over the source of a clause or sentence, and for questions to rise at the end. But these are not obligatory practices.

=Nouns=
[[Image:Hazōkenhouse.png|thumb|right|300px|A typical urban house in the dense towns and cities of the Hazāka region.]]
==Case and Number==
Hazōken nouns have two numbers, singular and plural, and three cases, absolutive, ergative, and oblique. Unlike verbs, there is only one class of nouns, though remnants of the previous system are visible for some words.

Singular nouns are unmarked, while plural nouns are marked with mu. This suffix comes before any case suffix, and interacts with them as described below.

The absolutive is unmarked. The ergative is marked with the suffix ka. These cases are used as expected; the absolutive is the subject of an intransitive verb, and the object of a transitive verb, while the subject of a transitive verb is ergative. The syntax section provides more information on when these cases may be omitted, how they are ordered within a clause, and how their precise usage varies.

The third case, oblique, is used for any non-core argument. It may appear on its own as a topic or theme, or as a sort of adverbial phrase. More often it appears before a postposition or a possessive construction.

{{gl|Sika|sika|winter-abs}}
{{gl|kiza.|kiza|cold}}
{{glend|Winter is cold.}}

{{gl|Siken|sika-n|winter-obl}}
{{gl|kiza.|kiza|cold}}
{{glend|In the winter, it’s cold.}}

The chart below summarizes the grammatical morphology of nouns.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Absolutive
| 0
| mu
|-
! Ergative
| ka
| mū
|-
! Oblique
| n
| mun
|}

Nouns that end in n in the absolutive insert i between the root and any of the other suffixes. For the plural suffixes, this will usually result in short e becoming a before the (previously final) n. For example, the plural of Hazōken would be Hazōkanimu,

Some animals have common irregular plurals:

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Goose
| kara
| kromu
|-
! Fish
| suki
| skimu
|-
! Cow
| sina
| suzinomu
|-
! Crow
| haru
| harīmu
|-
! Bird
| hira
| hirāmu
|-
! Owl
| muhu
| muhīmu
|-
! Louse
| sinu
| sinīmu
|-
! Tick
| tsimu
| tsimīmu
|-
! Hare
| vīna
| vīnōmu
|}

Some archaic animal plurals survive in formal speech:

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Squirrel
| ksaza
| kīsomu
|-
! Wasp
| razu
| razīmu
|-
! Lion
| rīmu
| rīmīmu
|-
! Moth
| vīnu
| vīnīmu
|-
! Eagle
| sapa
| spōmu
|-
! Bear
| uru
| vavurumu
|-
! Mosquito
| tuzu
| tsīmu
|-
! Crayfish
| tsizeru
| tsidrumu
|-
! Crab
| kēzi
| kēzīmu
|}

Some nouns are uncountable, and appear only in the singular. For example, kē “sand.” Some nouns appear only in the plural, and function in a similar manner to uncountable nouns. This category includes some body parts, like kīdamu “fingernail(s),” and razdamu “horn(s).” A single fingernail might be described as kaza kīdamun skana “one blade of fingernail.” Other examples include social categories, like zaksamu “slaves, as a class” and nagrīmu “aristocrats, as a class.” Some nouns are singular, but describe a pair or set. Most of these words are body parts, like ksida “pair of legs,” sīnada “pair of breasts,” and wisida “pair of eyes.” Sometimes these terms have related words for a single body part, for example a single leg is kazda. In other cases the singular item is unrelated, as in mōmi “breast.”

==Pronouns==
Standalone pronouns have the same case and number information as nouns, with an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person plural. Unlike nouns, pronouns must show plurality if they are plural.

{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
!
!
! '''Absolutive'''
! '''Ergative'''
! '''Oblique'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''1st person exclusive'''
! '''Singular'''
| '''ti'''
| '''tē'''
| '''tin'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''timu'''
| '''timū'''
| '''timun'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''1st person inclusive'''
! '''Dual'''
| '''koda'''
| '''kudō'''
| '''kuden'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''kumu'''
| '''kumū'''
| '''kumun'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''2nd person'''
! '''Singular'''
| '''ma'''
| '''mō'''
| '''men'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''momu'''
| '''mamū'''
| '''mamun'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''3rd person masculine'''
! '''Singular'''
| '''ka'''
| '''kaka'''
| '''kōni'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''kōnu'''
| '''kōnū'''
| '''kōnun'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''3rd person feminine'''
! '''Singular'''
| '''tu'''
| '''tuka'''
| '''tīmi'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''tīnu'''
| '''tīnū'''
| '''tīnun'''
|-
|}

Possessive pronouns take the form of a prefix, identical in form to the pronouns listed above. These prefixes cause a mutation in initial consonants. The third person prefixes cause s, z, and r to merge with t, v to merge with m, and h to merge with k. The other prefixes cause t, s, and k to voice to d, z, and g. The chart below summarizes these mutations.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Type I (1st or 2nd person pronouns)
! Type II (3rd person pronouns)
|-
! p
| p
| p
|-
! t
| d
| t
|-
! k
| g
| k
|-
! d
| d
| d
|-
! g
| g
| g
|-
! m
| m
| m
|-
! n
| n
| n
|-
! s
| z
| t
|-
! h
| h
| k
|-
! z
| z
| t
|-
! r
| r
| t
|-
! v
| v
| m
|}

Consonant clusters are generally immune to mutation.

==Possession==
Possession with a stated possessor also uses pronoun prefixes, but with the possessor immediately before in the oblique case.

{{gl|Kuhan|kuha-n|tree-obl}}
{{gl|kakuzu.|ka-huzu-0|3sg-leaf-abs}}
{{glend|The tree’s leaves.}}
==Postpositions==
Postpositions are a closed class. They can appear on their own, or after a noun in the oblique case. They can also carry a pronoun prefix, with or without a noun in the oblique case. Postpositions usually do not take any case marking, regardless of what role they play in the clause.

{{gl|Hunun|hunu-n|table-obl}}
{{gl|katu|kaⁿ-ru|3sg-top}}
{{gl|mōho.|mō-ho|sit-indicative}}
{{glend|It’s on the table.}}

Verbs in the subjunctive (which, as a nominalized verb, then takes the oblique case) can act like postpositions. But they cannot take pronoun prefixes.

{{gl|Tō|tō-0|knife-abs}}
{{gl|zīmazan|zīma-za-n|carry-subj-obl}}
{{gl|kakisi.|kaki-si|run-optative}}
{{glend|Run carrying a knife.}}

==Correlatives==
The demonstrative and interrogative prefixes can be used to create a functionally infinite group of correlatives.

{{gl|Ratasi|ra-tasi-0|inter-place-abs}}
{{gl|kimi|kimi|negative}}
{{gl|kakisi.|kaki-si|go-optative}}
{{glend|Don’t go anywhere.}}

==Numbers and Quantifiers==
Hazōken uses a base 10 number system. These are the numbers 1 through 10:

{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
! '''1'''
| '''kaza'''
|-
! '''2'''
| '''mī'''
|-
! '''3'''
| '''hera'''
|-
! '''4'''
| '''zada'''
|-
! '''5'''
| '''hī'''
|-
! '''6'''
| '''sema'''
|-
! '''7'''
| '''todu'''
|-
! '''8'''
| '''kuhu'''
|-
! '''9'''
| '''nusi'''
|-
! '''10'''
| '''kō'''
|-
|}

The number one hundred is tīti, and one thousand is tīvu. Numbers at multiple orders of magnitude simply use the numbers one through nine for each power of ten.

{{gl|hera|hera|3}}
{{gl|tīvu|tīvu|1000}}
{{gl|hī|hī|5}}
{{gl|kō|kō|10}}
{{gl|kuhu|kuhu|8}}
{{glend|3,058}}

Some powers of ten have archaic forms. These are always optional.

{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
! '''20'''
| '''mē'''
|-
! '''30'''
| '''hirā'''
|-
! '''40'''
| '''zadā'''
|-
! '''50'''
| '''hē'''
|-
|}

==Attribution==
Verbs fill the role of adjectives in Hazōken. The modified noun takes the role of the absolutive belonging to the attributive verb.
==Derivation==
The most common form of derived noun is the compound noun. Compounding is very common in Hazōken. Some compound nouns have taken on a meaning unpredictable from their constituent roots, and a very small number of compound nouns have undergone sound changes that alter the roots involved from their independent form.

There are also derivational suffixes. The following form nouns from nominal roots.
* ki is a diminutive.
{{gl|Tīki.|tī-ki|dog-diminutive}}
{{glend|Puppy.}}
* dū creates related concepts, often abstract or generalized, or associated things. It is also a very archaic honorific.
{{gl|Katapakidū.|katapaki-dū|katapaki-general}}
{{glend|The cultural and material life of the Katapaki, “Katapakiana.”}}
* niri is similar to English “ness,” and creates an abstract quality from a noun. For nouns that have a distinct plural stem, this suffix attaches to the plural stem.
{{gl|Skiniri.|suki-niri|fish-ness}}
{{glend|Fishiness.}}
These suffixes form nouns form verbal roots.
* zara is one who fills an absolutive role in a verb.
* zera is one who fills an ergative role in a verb.
* ha indicates a place where something happens, a reason for something that happens, or a tool or method used to do something. Because of its various uses, each instance is best memorized as a separate lexical item.

=Verbs=
[[Image:Hazōkenboat.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The small craft used to trade up and down the Tagimī coast.]]

Verbs are the core of any clause. Unlike nouns, they come in two morphological classes. Main verbs come in one of three moods, while other morphological and syntactic elements embed non-main verbs within larger clauses.
==Main Verbs==
The main verb of a sentence carries one of three moods. The indicative is unmarked, though monosyllabic verbs take a suffix hV, where V repeats the previous vowel, but is always short. The optative suffix is zi, or si for class II verbs. The conditional suffix is mu.

The optative has three main uses.
* Wishes and desires
* Polite requests
* Future intentions

{{gl|Niswin|niswin|soon}}
{{gl|havī|havī|clams}}
{{gl|nīna.|nīna-zi|eat-optative}}
{{glend|I’m planning to eat clams soon.}}

The conditional has five main uses:
* Apodosis in if-then constructions
* Potential futures
* Probable but unconfirmed present or past events
* Inferences and deductions
* Softening declarative statements

{{gl|Koda|koda|1pl.inclusive}}
{{gl|perumu|peru-mu|sailors}}
{{gl|zimu.|zi-mu|be-conditional}}
{{glend|Then we are sailors.}}
==Subjunctive==
The subjunctive is mutually exclusive with the mood suffixes mentioned above. Its main purpose is to nominalize a clause, so that it becomes an argument in a larger clause. This means that subjunctive verbs have absolutive, ergative, and oblique forms.

'''''Subjunctive forms'''''

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Class I
! Class II
|-
! Absolutive
| za
| ta
|-
! Ergative
| zō
| tō
|-
! Oblique
| zen
| sen
|}

{{gl|Sapa|sapa|eagle}}
{{gl|sihisen|sihi-sen|fly-subjunctive.oblique}}
{{gl|kumu|kumu|1pl.inclusive}}
{{gl|sita.|sita|happy}}
{{glend|With the eagle flying, we are happy.}}

==Attributive==
The attributive is similar to a participle. It indicates that a verb, and hence a clause, modifies the following noun or noun phrase. The attributive ending is incompatible with the subjunctive, but compatible with the main verb endings and the anti-passive suffix. It always appears after any other suffixes. Like the subjunctive, it is not used for main verbs. The modified noun phrase fills the role of the absolutive within the attributive clause.

The form of the suffix is ki for class II verbs. Class I verbs change the final vowel to ē or ī. The former is for verbs that end in a, and the latter is for everything else, including verbs ending in n.

{{gl|Katī|katu-i|black-attributive}}
{{gl|Mī|mī|sea}}
{{gl|ta|ta|negative}}
{{gl|katu.|katu|black}}
{{glend|The Black Sea isn’t black.}}

==Valence==
Verbs are inherently transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs can be rendered intransitive with the suffix zda for class I verbs, and tata for class II. A mutually exclusive construction is the reflexive prefix, which can only be used on transitives, and causes a similar reduction of valency. Its form is ha, and it causes type II mutation (see the section on pronouns for an explanation of mutation).

{{gl|Ti|ti|1sg}}
{{gl|hirizdaza|hiri-zda-za|think-intransitive-subjunctive}}
{{gl|ziza.|zi-za|be-subjunctive}}
{{gl|sīnī.|sīnī|show}}
{{glend|I think, therefore I am.}}

Note that the copula allows both core arguments to be absolutive.

Transitivity is not the only way that verbs can differ. Lexical aspect and the exact role of the absolutive may be lexically determined.
==Derivation==
Probably none of it is productive, but talk about historical developments from Kataputi.

=Syntax=
[[Image:Hazōkenbean.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Mung bean is the primary plant protein in the local diet.]]
Hazōken syntax is broadly similar to its ancestor Kataputi.
==Alignment==
Hazōken is an ergative-absolutive language. While there is no set order of core arguments within a clause, if both are present, the ergative almost always precedes the absolutive, unless the absolutive is introducing a new topic.
==Numbers and Quantifiers==
Numbers in Hazōken are indeclinable. They precede their head noun. They cannot head a noun phrase, and must describe some head noun even if it provides little semantic information.

{{gl|hī|hī|five}}
{{gl|takamu|taka-mu|tool-plural}}
{{gl|kumu|kumu|be.loose}}
{{glend|Five ones are loose.}}

==Order Of Attributives==
In addition to numbers and quantifiers, mentioned above, nouns may be modified by attributive verbs. Any number of such verbs may preceed a head noun. Indications of size, age, and shape tend to come before material, origin, or purpose. Prepositional phrases modifying nouns always appear before attributive verbs. Demonstrative prefixes of course go between the noun and any preceding attributives.

==Subjunctive==
The subjunctive turns a clause into the argument of a larger clause. This can include both core arguments and non-core arguments, and is the most common way to build auxiliary constructions. It also marks reported speech (see below).

{{gl|Tē|tē|1sg.ergative}}
{{gl|zota|zo-ta|go-subjunctive.absolutive}}
{{gl|hasimizi|hasimi-zi|start-optative}}
{{glend|I want to start going.}}

{{gl|Mō|mō|2sg.ergative}}
{{gl|kakita|kaki-ta|run-subjunctive.absolutive}}
{{gl|kīhi|kī-hi|need-indicative}}
{{glend|You need to run.}}

{{gl|Tē|tē|1sg.ergative}}
{{gl|Ma|ma|2sg.absolutive}}
{{gl|kakita|kaki-ta|run-subjunctive.absolutive}}
{{gl|kīhi|kī-hi|need-indicative}}
{{glend|I need you to run.}}

==Negation==
The main way to negate a clause is to insert ta immediately before the main verb. Another negative, kimi, is used for emphasis and negative commands.

{{gl|Sina|sina|cow}}
{{gl|ta|ta|neg}}
{{gl|sīni?|sīni|look.at}}
{{glend|Did you not look at the cow?}}
==Questions==
Yes/no questions are marked by the addition of the particle ūtō imediately after the main verb.

{{gl|Ma|ma|2sg.absolutive}}
{{gl|ruhi|ruhi|angry}}
{{gl|ūtō?|ūtō|question}}
{{glend|Are you angry?}}

Content questions require one of the arguments to be replaced by ra, or carry the prefix ra. The particle ūtō is optional here, but still very common.

{{gl|Ma|ma|2sg.absolutive}}
{{gl|ren|ra-n|interrogative-oblique}}
{{gl|ruhi|ruhi|angry}}
{{gl|ūtō?|ūtō|question}}
{{glend|What are you angry about?}}

==Commands==
There is no overt morphology or syntax for commands in Hazōken. Polite requests use the optative, while more forceful commands use the indicative. Negative commands use kimi, though polite requests in the optative use ta instead. One difference between a command and a statement is that the role of the listener is more often (though not obligatorily) omitted.

{{gl|Rīmīmu|rīmīmu|lion.plural}}
{{gl|ta|ta|negative}}
{{gl|kovazi.|kova-zi|kill-optative}}
{{glend|Don't kill the lions.}}

{{gl|kavazda!|kava-zda|destroy-antipassive}}
{{glend|Destroy!}}

==Reported Speech==
Reported speech is rendered in the subjunctive, and treated as an argument of the verb of communication.

{{gl|Tē|tē|1sg.ergative}}
{{gl|tin|tin|1sg.oblique}}
{{gl|nīnaza|nīnaza|food.absolutive}}
{{gl|suzeta|suzi-ta|give-subjunctive}}
{{gl|sasi.|sasi|say}}
{{glend|I said they gave me food.}}

=Lexicon=
The Hazōken lexicon can be found here: [[Hazōken/lexicon]]

=Writing System=
Hazōken is written in a syllabary based on ideograms imported from the east.

=Sample Texts=
==The Chief and the Mouse==
==The North Wind and the Sun==
==The Legend of Lake Hazaza==

[[Category:Dumic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Tuysáfa]]

Hazōken/Lexicon

2025-01-04T10:09:34Z

Moose-tache:

Hazōken/Lexicon

2025-01-04T09:48:58Z

Moose-tache:

Hazōken/Lexicon

2025-01-04T09:42:36Z

Moose-tache:

Moose-tache:

{{Article}}
{{Language
| language = Hazōken
| phonetic = [ha.zɔː'ken]
| date = c. 500 YP
| place = Hazāka
| speakers = c. 400,000
| script = modified Ōshinese script
| family = [[Dumic languages]]
| word-or = SOV
| mor-type = agglutinating
| morphalign = ERG-ABS
| author = [[User:Moose-tache|Moose-tache]]
}}

[[Image:mudlfats1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A mudflat typical of the Hazāka coast.]]

'''Hazōken''', also known as Tsimuzusi, is the koine dialect spoken as a first or second language across most of the southern shore of the Tagimī Bay (known in Hazōken as Tēmī).

=Phonology=
[[Image:Hazōkendress.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The traditional dress of an elite woman from the cities of the Tagimī region.]]
==Consonants==
{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
!
! Labial
! Coronal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! Plosive
| p
| t · d
| k · ɡ
|
|-
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
|
|-
! Fricative
|
| s · z
|
| h
|-
! Approximant
| β
| ɾ
|
|
|-
|}

β and ɾ are transcribed v and r, respectively.
==Vowels==
There are four long vowels and three to five short vowels in Hazōken.
{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
!
!  front 
!  back 
|-
! high
|align="center" | i · iː
|align="center" | u · uː
|-
! mid
|align="center" | (e) · eː
|align="center" | (o) · oː
|-
! low
| colspan="2" align="center" | a
|-
|}

Long vowels are transcribed with a macron.

Short e and o are only marginally phonemic. In native words that are almost always predictable variants of the other short vowels. But they are used in loan words (for example huke, "deep water boat," and tsepa, "calendar," both of Anatolionesian origin) suggesting that they are considered their own sound by Hazōken speakers.

The exact realization of the long mid vowels varies. Ē May be pronounced anywhere between cardinal eː and æː, with the most common pronunciation being ɛː. Similarly, ō hovers around ɔː, with some pronunciations wandering between oː and ɒː.

==Syllables==
Hazōken syllable structure is C(C)V(C). Onsets are generally obligatory, although the sequence vu is realized u at the beginning of a word.

The following clusters are allowed at the beginning of a word or between vowels: ps ts ks dz gz pr tr kr dr gr pw tw kw dw gw sp st sk zd zg sw zw. Any cluster that occurs between vowels is split by the syllable boundary, creating a coda consonant.

The only coda that is not the result of a split cluster, and the only coda that can occur word-finally, is n.
==Prosody==
Stress is ultimate if the final syllable has a coda or long vowel, penultimate otherwise. Words of more than three syllables have secondary stress. The stress moves back from the primary stress two syllables if this would put secondary stress on a closed or long syllable, and three syllables back otherwise. Thus, long words in Hazōken tend to be made of a combination of iambs and anapests.

There is a general tendency for pitch to fall over the source of a clause or sentence, and for questions to rise at the end. But these are not obligatory practices.

=Nouns=
[[Image:Hazōkenhouse.png|thumb|right|300px|A typical urban house in the dense towns and cities of the Hazāka region.]]
==Case and Number==
Hazōken nouns have two numbers, singular and plural, and three cases, absolutive, ergative, and oblique. Unlike verbs, there is only one class of nouns, though remnants of the previous system are visible for some words.

Singular nouns are unmarked, while plural nouns are marked with mu. This suffix comes before any case suffix, and interacts with them as described below.

The absolutive is unmarked. The ergative is marked with the suffix ka. These cases are used as expected; the absolutive is the subject of an intransitive verb, and the object of a transitive verb, while the subject of a transitive verb is ergative. The syntax section provides more information on when these cases may be omitted, how they are ordered within a clause, and how their precise usage varies.

The third case, oblique, is used for any non-core argument. It may appear on its own as a topic or theme, or as a sort of adverbial phrase. More often it appears before a postposition or a possessive construction.

{{gl|Sika|sika|winter-abs}}
{{gl|kiza.|kiza|cold}}
{{glend|Winter is cold.}}

{{gl|Siken|sika-n|winter-obl}}
{{gl|kiza.|kiza|cold}}
{{glend|In the winter, it’s cold.}}

The chart below summarizes the grammatical morphology of nouns.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Absolutive
| 0
| mu
|-
! Ergative
| ka
| mū
|-
! Oblique
| n
| mun
|}

Nouns that end in n in the absolutive insert i between the root and any of the other suffixes. For the plural suffixes, this will usually result in short e becoming a before the (previously final) n. For example, the plural of Hazōken would be Hazōkanimu,

Some animals have common irregular plurals:

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Goose
| kara
| kromu
|-
! Fish
| suki
| skimu
|-
! Cow
| sina
| suzinomu
|-
! Crow
| haru
| harīmu
|-
! Bird
| hira
| hirāmu
|-
! Owl
| muhu
| muhīmu
|-
! Louse
| sinu
| sinīmu
|-
! Tick
| tsimu
| tsimīmu
|-
! Hare
| vīna
| vīnōmu
|}

Some archaic animal plurals survive in formal speech:

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Squirrel
| ksaza
| kīsomu
|-
! Wasp
| razu
| razīmu
|-
! Lion
| rīmu
| rīmīmu
|-
! Moth
| vīnu
| vīnīmu
|-
! Eagle
| sapa
| spōmu
|-
! Bear
| uru
| vavurumu
|-
! Mosquito
| tuzu
| tsīmu
|-
! Crayfish
| tsizeru
| tsidrumu
|-
! Crab
| kēzi
| kēzīmu
|}

Some nouns are uncountable, and appear only in the singular. For example, kē “sand.” Some nouns appear only in the plural, and function in a similar manner to uncountable nouns. This category includes some body parts, like kīdamu “fingernail(s),” and razdamu “horn(s).” A single fingernail might be described as kaza kīdamun skana “one blade of fingernail.” Other examples include social categories, like zaksamu “slaves, as a class” and nagrīmu “aristocrats, as a class.” Some nouns are singular, but describe a pair or set. Most of these words are body parts, like ksida “pair of legs,” sīnada “pair of breasts,” and wisida “pair of eyes.” Sometimes these terms have related words for a single body part, for example a single leg is kazda. In other cases the singular item is unrelated, as in mōmi “breast.”

==Pronouns==
Standalone pronouns have the same case and number information as nouns, with an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person plural. Unlike nouns, pronouns must show plurality if they are plural.

{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
!
!
! '''Absolutive'''
! '''Ergative'''
! '''Oblique'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''1st person exclusive'''
! '''Singular'''
| '''ti'''
| '''tē'''
| '''tin'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''timu'''
| '''timū'''
| '''timun'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''1st person inclusive'''
! '''Dual'''
| '''koda'''
| '''kudō'''
| '''kuden'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''kumu'''
| '''kumū'''
| '''kumun'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''2nd person'''
! '''Singular'''
| '''ma'''
| '''mō'''
| '''men'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''momu'''
| '''mamū'''
| '''mamun'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''3rd person masculine'''
! '''Singular'''
| '''ka'''
| '''kaka'''
| '''kōni'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''kōnu'''
| '''kōnū'''
| '''kōnun'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''3rd person feminine'''
! '''Singular'''
| '''tu'''
| '''tuka'''
| '''tīmi'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''tīnu'''
| '''tīnū'''
| '''tīnun'''
|-
|}

Possessive pronouns take the form of a prefix, identical in form to the pronouns listed above. These prefixes cause a mutation in initial consonants. The third person prefixes cause s, z, and r to merge with t, v to merge with m, and h to merge with k. The other prefixes cause t, s, and k to voice to d, z, and g. The chart below summarizes these mutations.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Type I (1st or 2nd person pronouns)
! Type II (3rd person pronouns)
|-
! p
| p
| p
|-
! t
| d
| t
|-
! k
| g
| k
|-
! d
| d
| d
|-
! g
| g
| g
|-
! m
| m
| m
|-
! n
| n
| n
|-
! s
| z
| t
|-
! h
| h
| k
|-
! z
| z
| t
|-
! r
| r
| t
|-
! v
| v
| m
|}

Consonant clusters are generally immune to mutation.

==Possession==
Possession with a stated possessor also uses pronoun prefixes, but with the possessor immediately before in the oblique case.

{{gl|Kuhan|kuha-n|tree-obl}}
{{gl|kakuzu.|ka-huzu-0|3sg-leaf-abs}}
{{glend|The tree’s leaves.}}
==Postpositions==
Postpositions are a closed class. They can appear on their own, or after a noun in the oblique case. They can also carry a pronoun prefix, with or without a noun in the oblique case. Postpositions usually do not take any case marking, regardless of what role they play in the clause.

{{gl|Hunun|hunu-n|table-obl}}
{{gl|katu|kaⁿ-ru|3sg-top}}
{{gl|mōho.|mō-ho|sit-indicative}}
{{glend|It’s on the table.}}

Verbs in the subjunctive (which, as a nominalized verb, then takes the oblique case) can act like postpositions. But they cannot take pronoun prefixes.

{{gl|Tō|tō-0|knife-abs}}
{{gl|zīmazan|zīma-za-n|carry-subj-obl}}
{{gl|kakisi.|kaki-si|run-optative}}
{{glend|Run carrying a knife.}}

==Correlatives==
The demonstrative and interrogative prefixes can be used to create a functionally infinite group of correlatives.

{{gl|Ratasi|ra-tasi-0|inter-place-abs}}
{{gl|kimi|kimi|negative}}
{{gl|kakisi.|kaki-si|go-optative}}
{{glend|Don’t go anywhere.}}

==Numbers and Quantifiers==
Hazōken uses a base 10 number system. These are the numbers 1 through 10:

{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
! '''1'''
| '''kaza'''
|-
! '''2'''
| '''mī'''
|-
! '''3'''
| '''hera'''
|-
! '''4'''
| '''zada'''
|-
! '''5'''
| '''hī'''
|-
! '''6'''
| '''sema'''
|-
! '''7'''
| '''todu'''
|-
! '''8'''
| '''kuhu'''
|-
! '''9'''
| '''nusi'''
|-
! '''10'''
| '''kō'''
|-
|}

The number one hundred is tīti, and one thousand is tīvu. Numbers at multiple orders of magnitude simply use the numbers one through nine for each power of ten.

{{gl|hera|hera|3}}
{{gl|tīvu|tīvu|1000}}
{{gl|hī|hī|5}}
{{gl|kō|kō|10}}
{{gl|kuhu|kuhu|8}}
{{glend|3,058}}

Some powers of ten have archaic forms. These are always optional.

{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
! '''20'''
| '''mē'''
|-
! '''30'''
| '''hirā'''
|-
! '''40'''
| '''zadā'''
|-
! '''50'''
| '''hē'''
|-
|}

==Attribution==
Verbs fill the role of adjectives in Hazōken. The modified noun takes the role of the absolutive belonging to the attributive verb.
==Derivation==
The most common form of derived noun is the compound noun. Compounding is very common in Hazōken. Some compound nouns have taken on a meaning unpredictable from their constituent roots, and a very small number of compound nouns have undergone sound changes that alter the roots involved from their independent form.

There are also derivational suffixes. The following form nouns from nominal roots.
* ki is a diminutive.
{{gl|Tīki.|tī-ki|dog-diminutive}}
{{glend|Puppy.}}
* dū creates related concepts, often abstract or generalized, or associated things. It is also a very archaic honorific.
{{gl|Katapakidū.|katapaki-dū|katapaki-general}}
{{glend|The cultural and material life of the Katapaki, “Katapakiana.”}}
* niri is similar to English “ness,” and creates an abstract quality from a noun. For nouns that have a distinct plural stem, this suffix attaches to the plural stem.
{{gl|Skiniri.|suki-niri|fish-ness}}
{{glend|Fishiness.}}
These suffixes form nouns form verbal roots.
* zara is one who fills an absolutive role in a verb.
* zera is one who fills an ergative role in a verb.
* ha indicates a place where something happens, a reason for something that happens, or a tool or method used to do something. Because of its various uses, each instance is best memorized as a separate lexical item.

=Verbs=
[[Image:Hazōkenboat.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The small craft used to trade up and down the Tagimī coast.]]

Verbs are the core of any clause. Unlike nouns, they come in two morphological classes. Main verbs come in one of three moods, while other morphological and syntactic elements embed non-main verbs within larger clauses.
==Main Verbs==
The main verb of a sentence carries one of three moods. The indicative is unmarked, though monosyllabic verbs take a suffix hV, where V repeats the previous vowel, but is always short. The optative suffix is zi, or si for class II verbs. The conditional suffix is mu.

The optative has three main uses.
* Wishes and desires
* Polite requests
* Future intentions

{{gl|Niswin|niswin|soon}}
{{gl|havī|havī|clams}}
{{gl|nīna.|nīna-zi|eat-optative}}
{{glend|I’m planning to eat clams soon.}}

The conditional has five main uses:
* Apodosis in if-then constructions
* Potential futures
* Probable but unconfirmed present or past events
* Inferences and deductions
* Softening declarative statements

{{gl|Koda|koda|1pl.inclusive}}
{{gl|perumu|peru-mu|sailors}}
{{gl|zimu.|zi-mu|be-conditional}}
{{glend|Then we are sailors.}}
==Subjunctive==
The subjunctive is mutually exclusive with the mood suffixes mentioned above. Its main purpose is to nominalize a clause, so that it becomes an argument in a larger clause. This means that subjunctive verbs have absolutive, ergative, and oblique forms.

'''''Subjunctive forms'''''

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Class I
! Class II
|-
! Absolutive
| za
| ta
|-
! Ergative
| zō
| tō
|-
! Oblique
| zen
| sen
|}

{{gl|Sapa|sapa|eagle}}
{{gl|sihisen|sihi-sen|fly-subjunctive.oblique}}
{{gl|kumu|kumu|1pl.inclusive}}
{{gl|sita.|sita|happy}}
{{glend|With the eagle flying, we are happy.}}

==Attributive==
The attributive is similar to a participle. It indicates that a verb, and hence a clause, modifies the following noun or noun phrase. The attributive ending is incompatible with the subjunctive, but compatible with the main verb endings and the anti-passive suffix. It always appears after any other suffixes. Like the subjunctive, it is not used for main verbs. The modified noun phrase fills the role of the absolutive within the attributive clause.

The form of the suffix is ki for class II verbs. Class I verbs change the final vowel to ē or ī. The former is for verbs that end in a, and the latter is for everything else, including verbs ending in n.

{{gl|Katī|katu-i|black-attributive}}
{{gl|Mī|mī|sea}}
{{gl|ta|ta|negative}}
{{gl|katu.|katu|black}}
{{glend|The Black Sea isn’t black.}}

==Valence==
Verbs are inherently transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs can be rendered intransitive with the suffix zda for class I verbs, and tata for class II. A mutually exclusive construction is the reflexive prefix, which can only be used on transitives, and causes a similar reduction of valency. Its form is ha, and it causes type II mutation (see the section on pronouns for an explanation of mutation).

{{gl|Ti|ti|1sg}}
{{gl|hirizdaza|hiri-zda-za|think-intransitive-subjunctive}}
{{gl|ziza.|zi-za|be-subjunctive}}
{{gl|sīnī.|sīnī|show}}
{{glend|I think, therefore I am.}}

Note that the copula allows both core arguments to be absolutive.

Transitivity is not the only way that verbs can differ. Lexical aspect and the exact role of the absolutive may be lexically determined.
==Derivation==
Probably none of it is productive, but talk about historical developments from Kataputi.

=Syntax=
[[Image:Hazōkenbean.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Mung bean is the primary plant protein in the local diet.]]
Hazōken syntax is broadly similar to its ancestor Kataputi.
==Alignment==
Hazōken is an ergative-absolutive language. While there is no set order of core arguments within a clause, if both are present, the ergative almost always precedes the absolutive, unless the absolutive is introducing a new topic.
==Numbers and Queantifiers==
Numbers in Hazōken are indeclinable. They precede their head noun. They cannot head a noun phrase, and must describe some head noun even if it provides little semantic information.

{{gl|hī|hī|five}}
{{gl|takamu|taka-mu|tool-plural}}
{{gl|kumu|kumu|be.loose}}
{{glend|Five ones are loose.}}

==Subjunctive==
The subjunctive turns a clause into the argument of a larger clause. This can include both core arguments and non-core arguments, and is the most common way to build auxiliary constructions. It also marks reported speech (see below).

{{gl|Tē|tē|1sg.ergative}}
{{gl|zota|zo-ta|go-subjunctive.absolutive}}
{{gl|hasimizi|hasimi-zi|start-optative}}
{{glend|I want to start going.}}

{{gl|Mō|mō|2sg.ergative}}
{{gl|kakita|kaki-ta|run-subjunctive.absolutive}}
{{gl|kīhi|kī-hi|need-indicative}}
{{glend|You need to run.}}

{{gl|Tē|tē|1sg.ergative}}
{{gl|Ma|ma|2sg.absolutive}}
{{gl|kakita|kaki-ta|run-subjunctive.absolutive}}
{{gl|kīhi|kī-hi|need-indicative}}
{{glend|I need you to run.}}

==Negation==
The main way to negate a clause is to insert ta immediately before the main verb. Another negative, kimi, is used for emphasis and negative commands.

{{gl|Sina|sina|cow}}
{{gl|ta|ta|neg}}
{{gl|sīni?|sīni|look.at}}
{{glend|Did you not look at the cow?}}
==Questions==
Yes/no questions are marked by the addition of the particle ūtō imediately after the main verb.

{{gl|Ma|ma|2sg.absolutive}}
{{gl|ruhi|ruhi|angry}}
{{gl|ūtō?|ūtō|question}}
{{glend|Are you angry?}}

Content questions require one of the arguments to be replaced by ra, or carry the prefix ra. The particle ūtō is optional here, but still very common.

{{gl|Ma|ma|2sg.absolutive}}
{{gl|ren|ra-n|interrogative-oblique}}
{{gl|ruhi|ruhi|angry}}
{{gl|ūtō?|ūtō|question}}
{{glend|What are you angry about?}}

==Commands==
There is no overt morphology or syntax for commands in Hazōken. Polite requests use the optative, while more forceful commands use the indicative. Negative commands use kimi, though polite requests in the optative use ta instead. One difference between a command and a statement is that the role of the listener is more often (though not obligatorily) omitted.

{{gl|Mō|mō|1sg.ergative}}
{{gl|rīmīmu|rīmīmu|lion.plural}}
{{gl|ta|ta|negative}}
{{gl|kovazi.|kova-zi|kill-optative}}
{{glend|Don't kill the lions.}}

{{gl|kavazda!|kava-zda|destroy-antipassive}}
{{glend|Destroy!}}

==Reported Speech==
Reported speech is rendered in the subjunctive, and treated as an argument of the verb of communication.

{{gl|Tē|tē|1sg.ergative}}
{{gl|tin|tin|1sg.oblique}}
{{gl|nīnaza|nīnaza|food.absolutive}}
{{gl|suzeta|suzi-ta|give-subjunctive}}
{{gl|sasi.|sasi|say}}
{{glend|I said they gave me food.}}

=Lexicon=
The Hazōken lexicon can be found here: [[Hazōken/lexicon]]

=Writing System=
Hazōken is written in a syllabary based on ideograms imported from the east.

=Sample Texts=
==The Chief and the Mouse==
==The North Wind and the Sun==
==The Legend of Lake Hazaza==

[[Category:Dumic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Tuysáfa]]

2024-12-24T04:06:39Z

Moose-tache: /* Numbers and Queantifiers */

{{Article}}
{{Language
| language = Hazōken
| phonetic = [ha.zɔː'ken]
| date = c. 500 YP
| place = Hazāka
| speakers = c. 400,000
| script = modified Ōshinese script
| family = [[Dumic languages]]
| word-or = SOV
| mor-type = agglutinating
| morphalign = ERG-ABS
| author = [[User:Moose-tache|Moose-tache]]
}}

'''Hazōken''', also known as Tsimuzusi, is the koine dialect spoken as a first or second language across most of the southern shore of the Tagimī Bay (known in Hazōken as Tēmī).

=Phonology=
[[Image:Hazōkendress.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The traditional dress of an elite woman from the cities of the Tagimī coast.]]
==Consonants==
{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
!
! Labial
! Coronal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! Plosive
| p
| t · d
| k · ɡ
|
|-
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
|
|-
! Fricative
|
| s · z
|
| h
|-
! Approximant
| β
| ɾ
|
|
|-
|}

β and ɾ are transcribed v and r, respectively.
==Vowels==
There are four long vowels and three to five short vowels in Hazōken.
{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
!
!  front 
!  back 
|-
! high
|align="center" | i · iː
|align="center" | u · uː
|-
! mid
|align="center" | (e) · eː
|align="center" | (o) · oː
|-
! low
| colspan="2" align="center" | a
|-
|}

Long vowels are transcribed with a macron.

Short e and o are only marginally phonemic. In native words that are almost always predictable variants of the other short vowels. But they are used in loan words (for example huke, "deep water boat," and tsepa, "calendar," both of Anatolionesian origin) suggesting that they are considered their own sound by Hazōken speakers.

The exact realization of the long mid vowels varies. Ē May be pronounced anywhere between cardinal eː and æː, with the most common pronunciation being ɛː. Similarly, ō hovers around ɔː, with some pronunciations wandering between oː and ɒː.

==Syllables==
Hazōken syllable structure is C(C)V(C). Onsets are generally obligatory, although the sequence vu is realized u at the beginning of a word.

The following clusters are allowed at the beginning of a word or between vowels: ps ts ks dz gz pr tr kr dr gr pw tw kw dw gw sp st sk zd zg sw zw. Any cluster that occurs between vowels is split by the syllable boundary, creating a coda consonant.

The only coda that is not the result of a split cluster, and the only coda that can occur word-finally, is n.
==Prosody==
Stress is ultimate if the final syllable has a coda or long vowel, penultimate otherwise. Words of more than three syllables have secondary stress. The stress moves back from the primary stress two syllables if this would put secondary stress on a closed or long syllable, and three syllables back otherwise. Thus, long words in Hazōken tend to be made of a combination of iambs and anapests.

There is a general tendency for pitch to fall over the source of a clause or sentence, and for questions to rise at the end. But these are not obligatory practices.

=Nouns=
[[Image:Hazōkenhouse.png|thumb|right|300px|A typical urban house in the dense towns and cities of the Hazāka region.]]
==Case and Number==
Hazōken nouns have two numbers, singular and plural, and three cases, absolutive, ergative, and oblique. Unlike verbs, there is only one class of nouns, though remnants of the previous system are visible for some words.

Singular nouns are unmarked, while plural nouns are marked with mu. This suffix comes before any case suffix, and interacts with them as described below.

The absolutive is unmarked. The ergative is marked with the suffix ka. These cases are used as expected; the absolutive is the subject of an intransitive verb, and the object of a transitive verb, while the subject of a transitive verb is ergative. The syntax section provides more information on when these cases may be omitted, how they are ordered within a clause, and how their precise usage varies.

The third case, oblique, is used for any non-core argument. It may appear on its own as a topic or theme, or as a sort of adverbial phrase. More often it appears before a postposition or a possessive construction.

{{gl|Sika|sika|winter-abs}}
{{gl|kiza.|kiza|cold}}
{{glend|Winter is cold.}}

{{gl|Siken|sika-n|winter-obl}}
{{gl|kiza.|kiza|cold}}
{{glend|In the winter, it’s cold.}}

The chart below summarizes the grammatical morphology of nouns.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Absolutive
| 0
| mu
|-
! Ergative
| ka
| mū
|-
! Oblique
| n
| mun
|}

Nouns that end in n in the absolutive insert i between the root and any of the other suffixes. For the plural suffixes, this will usually result in short e becoming a before the (previously final) n. For example, the plural of Hazōken would be Hazōkanimu,

Some animals have common irregular plurals:

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Goose
| kara
| kromu
|-
! Fish
| suki
| skimu
|-
! Cow
| sina
| suzinomu
|-
! Crow
| haru
| harīmu
|-
! Bird
| hira
| hirāmu
|-
! Owl
| muhu
| muhīmu
|-
! Louse
| sinu
| sinīmu
|-
! Tick
| tsimu
| tsimīmu
|-
! Hare
| vīna
| vīnōmu
|}

Some archaic animal plurals survive in formal speech:

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Squirrel
| ksaza
| kīsomu
|-
! Wasp
| razu
| razīmu
|-
! Lion
| rīmu
| rīmīmu
|-
! Moth
| vīnu
| vīnīmu
|-
! Eagle
| sapa
| spōmu
|-
! Bear
| uru
| vavurumu
|-
! Mosquito
| tuzu
| tsīmu
|-
! Crayfish
| tsizeru
| tsidrumu
|-
! Crab
| kēzi
| kēzīmu
|}

Some nouns are uncountable, and appear only in the singular. For example, kē “sand.” Some nouns appear only in the plural, and function in a similar manner to uncountable nouns. This category includes some body parts, like kīdamu “fingernail(s),” and razdamu “horn(s).” A single fingernail might be described as kaza kīdamun skana “one blade of fingernail.” Other examples include social categories, like zaksamu “slaves, as a class” and nagrīmu “aristocrats, as a class.” Some nouns are singular, but describe a pair or set. Most of these words are body parts, like ksida “pair of legs,” sīnada “pair of breasts,” and wisida “pair of eyes.” Sometimes these terms have related words for a single body part, for example a single leg is kazda. In other cases the singular item is unrelated, as in mōmi “breast.”

==Pronouns==
Standalone pronouns have the same case and number information as nouns, with an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person plural. Unlike nouns, pronouns must show plurality if they are plural.

{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
!
!
! '''Absolutive'''
! '''Ergative'''
! '''Oblique'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''1st person exclusive'''
! '''Singular'''
| '''ti'''
| '''tē'''
| '''tin'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''timu'''
| '''timū'''
| '''timun'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''1st person inclusive'''
! '''Dual'''
| '''koda'''
| '''kudō'''
| '''kuden'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''kumu'''
| '''kumū'''
| '''kumun'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''2nd person'''
! '''Singular'''
| '''ma'''
| '''mō'''
| '''men'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''momu'''
| '''mamū'''
| '''mamun'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''3rd person masculine'''
! '''Singular'''
| '''ka'''
| '''kaka'''
| '''kōni'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''kōnu'''
| '''kōnū'''
| '''kōnun'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | '''3rd person feminine'''
! '''Singular'''
| '''tu'''
| '''tuka'''
| '''tīmi'''
|-
! '''Plural'''
| '''tīnu'''
| '''tīnū'''
| '''tīnun'''
|-
|}

Possessive pronouns take the form of a prefix, identical in form to the pronouns listed above. These prefixes cause a mutation in initial consonants. The third person prefixes cause s, z, and r to merge with t, v to merge with m, and h to merge with k. The other prefixes cause t, s, and k to voice to d, z, and g. The chart below summarizes these mutations.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Type I (1st or 2nd person pronouns)
! Type II (3rd person pronouns)
|-
! p
| p
| p
|-
! t
| d
| t
|-
! k
| g
| k
|-
! d
| d
| d
|-
! g
| g
| g
|-
! m
| m
| m
|-
! n
| n
| n
|-
! s
| z
| t
|-
! h
| h
| k
|-
! z
| z
| t
|-
! r
| r
| t
|-
! v
| v
| m
|}

Consonant clusters are generally immune to mutation.

==Possession==
Possession with a stated possessor also uses pronoun prefixes, but with the possessor immediately before in the oblique case.

{{gl|Kuhan|kuha-n|tree-obl}}
{{gl|kakuzu.|ka-huzu-0|3sg-leaf-abs}}
{{glend|The tree’s leaves.}}
==Postpositions==
Postpositions are a closed class. They can appear on their own, or after a noun in the oblique case. They can also carry a pronoun prefix, with or without a noun in the oblique case. Postpositions usually do not take any case marking, regardless of what role they play in the clause.

{{gl|Hunun|hunu-n|table-obl}}
{{gl|katu|kaⁿ-ru|3sg-top}}
{{gl|mōho.|mō-ho|sit-indicative}}
{{glend|It’s on the table.}}

Verbs in the subjunctive (which, as a nominalized verb, then takes the oblique case) can act like postpositions. But they cannot take pronoun prefixes.

{{gl|Tō|tō-0|knife-abs}}
{{gl|zīmazan|zīma-za-n|carry-subj-obl}}
{{gl|kakisi.|kaki-si|run-optative}}
{{glend|Run carrying a knife.}}

==Correlatives==
The demonstrative and interrogative prefixes can be used to create a functionally infinite group of correlatives.

{{gl|Ratasi|ra-tasi-0|inter-place-abs}}
{{gl|kimi|kimi|negative}}
{{gl|kakisi.|kaki-si|go-optative}}
{{glend|Don’t go anywhere.}}

==Numbers and Quantifiers==
Hazōken uses a base 10 number system. These are the numbers 1 through 10:

{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
! '''1'''
| '''kaza'''
|-
! '''2'''
| '''mī'''
|-
! '''3'''
| '''hera'''
|-
! '''4'''
| '''zada'''
|-
! '''5'''
| '''hī'''
|-
! '''6'''
| '''sema'''
|-
! '''7'''
| '''todu'''
|-
! '''8'''
| '''kuhu'''
|-
! '''9'''
| '''nusi'''
|-
! '''10'''
| '''kō'''
|-
|}

The number one hundred is tīti, and one thousand is tīvu. Numbers at multiple orders of magnitude simply use the numbers one through nine for each power of ten.

{{gl|hera|hera|3}}
{{gl|tīvu|tīvu|1000}}
{{gl|hī|hī|5}}
{{gl|kō|kō|10}}
{{gl|kuhu|kuhu|8}}
{{glend|3,058}}

Some powers of ten have archaic forms. These are always optional.

{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
! '''20'''
| '''mē'''
|-
! '''30'''
| '''hirā'''
|-
! '''40'''
| '''zadā'''
|-
! '''50'''
| '''hē'''
|-
|}

==Attribution==
Verbs fill the role of adjectives in Hazōken. The modified noun takes the role of the absolutive belonging to the attributive verb.
==Derivation==
The most common form of derived noun is the compound noun. Compounding is very common in Hazōken. Some compound nouns have taken on a meaning unpredictable from their constituent roots, and a very small number of compound nouns have undergone sound changes that alter the roots involved from their independent form.

There are also derivational suffixes. The following form nouns from nominal roots.
* ki is a diminutive.
{{gl|Tīki.|tī-ki|dog-diminutive}}
{{glend|Puppy.}}
* dū creates related concepts, often abstract or generalized, or associated things. It is also a very archaic honorific.
{{gl|Katapakidū.|katapaki-dū|katapaki-general}}
{{glend|The cultural and material life of the Katapaki, “Katapakiana.”}}
* niri is similar to English “ness,” and creates an abstract quality from a noun. For nouns that have a distinct plural stem, this suffix attaches to the plural stem.
{{gl|Skiniri.|suki-niri|fish-ness}}
{{glend|Fishiness.}}
These suffixes form nouns form verbal roots.
* zara is one who fills an absolutive role in a verb.
* zera is one who fills an ergative role in a verb.
* ha indicates a place where something happens, a reason for something that happens, or a tool or method used to do something. Because of its various uses, each instance is best memorized as a separate lexical item.

=Verbs=
[[Image:Hazōkenboat.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The small craft used to trade up and down the Tagimī coast.]]

Verbs are the core of any clause. Unlike nouns, they come in two morphological classes. Main verbs come in one of three moods, while other morphological and syntactic elements embed non-main verbs within larger clauses.
==Main Verbs==
The main verb of a sentence carries one of three moods. The indicative is unmarked, though monosyllabic verbs take a suffix hV, where V repeats the previous vowel, but is always short. The optative suffix is zi, or si for class II verbs. The conditional suffix is mu.

The optative has three main uses.
* Wishes and desires
* Polite requests
* Future intentions

{{gl|Niswin|niswin|soon}}
{{gl|havī|havī|clams}}
{{gl|nīna.|nīna-zi|eat-optative}}
{{glend|I’m planning to eat clams soon.}}

The conditional has five main uses:
* Apodosis in if-then constructions
* Potential futures
* Probable but unconfirmed present or past events
* Inferences and deductions
* Softening declarative statements

{{gl|Koda|koda|1pl.inclusive}}
{{gl|perumu|peru-mu|sailors}}
{{gl|zimu.|zi-mu|be-conditional}}
{{glend|Then we are sailors.}}
==Subjunctive==
The subjunctive is mutually exclusive with the mood suffixes mentioned above. Its main purpose is to nominalize a clause, so that it becomes an argument in a larger clause. This means that subjunctive verbs have absolutive, ergative, and oblique forms.

'''''Subjunctive forms'''''

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! Class I
! Class II
|-
! Absolutive
| za
| ta
|-
! Ergative
| zō
| tō
|-
! Oblique
| zen
| sen
|}

{{gl|Sapa|sapa|eagle}}
{{gl|sihisen|sihi-sen|fly-subjunctive.oblique}}
{{gl|kumu|kumu|1pl.inclusive}}
{{gl|sita.|sita|happy}}
{{glend|With the eagle flying, we are happy.}}

==Attributive==
The attributive is similar to a participle. It indicates that a verb, and hence a clause, modifies the following noun or noun phrase. The attributive ending is incompatible with the subjunctive, but compatible with the main verb endings and the anti-passive suffix. It always appears after any other suffixes. Like the subjunctive, it is not used for main verbs. The modified noun phrase fills the role of the absolutive within the attributive clause.

The form of the suffix is ki for class II verbs. Class I verbs change the final vowel to ē or ī. The former is for verbs that end in a, and the latter is for everything else, including verbs ending in n.

{{gl|Katī|katu-i|black-attributive}}
{{gl|Mī|mī|sea}}
{{gl|ta|ta|negative}}
{{gl|katu.|katu|black}}
{{glend|The Black Sea isn’t black.}}

==Valence==
Verbs are inherently transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs can be rendered intransitive with the suffix zda for class I verbs, and tata for class II. A mutually exclusive construction is the reflexive prefix, which can only be used on transitives, and causes a similar reduction of valency. Its form is ha, and it causes type II mutation (see the section on pronouns for an explanation of mutation).

{{gl|Ti|ti|1sg}}
{{gl|hirizdaza|hiri-zda-za|think-intransitive-subjunctive}}
{{gl|ziza.|zi-za|be-subjunctive}}
{{gl|sīnī.|sīnī|show}}
{{glend|I think, therefore I am.}}

Note that the copula allows both core arguments to be absolutive.

Transitivity is not the only way that verbs can differ. Lexical aspect and the exact role of the absolutive may be lexically determined.
==Derivation==
Probably none of it is productive, but talk about historical developments from Kataputi.

=Syntax=
[[Image:Hazōkenbean.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Mung bean is the primary plant protein in the local diet.]]
Hazōken syntax is broadly similar to its ancestor Kataputi.
==Alignment==
Hazōken is an ergative-absolutive language. While there is no set order of core arguments within a clause, if both are present, the ergative almost always precedes the absolutive, unless the absolutive is introducing a new topic.
==Numbers and Queantifiers==
Numbers in Hazōken are indeclinable. They precede their head noun. They cannot head a noun phrase, and must describe some head noun even if it provides little semantic information.

{{gl|hī|hī|five}}
{{gl|takamu|taka-mu|tool-plural}}
{{gl|kumu|kumu|be.loose}}
{{glend|Five ones are loose.}}

==Subjunctive==
The subjunctive turns a clause into the argument of a larger clause. This can include both core arguments and non-core arguments, and is the most common way to build auxiliary constructions. It also marks reported speech (see below).

{{gl|Tē|tē|1sg.ergative}}
{{gl|zota|zo-ta|go-subjunctive.absolutive}}
{{gl|hasimizi|hasimi-zi|start-optative}}
{{glend|I want to start going.}}

{{gl|Mō|mō|2sg.ergative}}
{{gl|kakita|kaki-ta|run-subjunctive.absolutive}}
{{gl|kīhi|kī-hi|need-indicative}}
{{glend|You need to run.}}

{{gl|Tē|tē|1sg.ergative}}
{{gl|Ma|ma|2sg.absolutive}}
{{gl|kakita|kaki-ta|run-subjunctive.absolutive}}
{{gl|kīhi|kī-hi|need-indicative}}
{{glend|I need you to run.}}

==Negation==
The main way to negate a clause is to insert ta immediately before the main verb. Another negative, kimi, is used for emphasis and negative commands.

{{gl|Sina|sina|cow}}
{{gl|ta|ta|neg}}
{{gl|sīni?|sīni|look.at}}
{{glend|Did you not look at the cow?}}
==Questions==
Yes/no questions are marked by the addition of the particle ūtō imediately after the main verb.

{{gl|Ma|ma|2sg.absolutive}}
{{gl|ruhi|ruhi|angry}}
{{gl|ūtō?|ūtō|question}}
{{glend|Are you angry?}}

Content questions require one of the arguments to be replaced by ra, or carry the prefix ra. The particle ūtō is optional here, but still very common.

{{gl|Ma|ma|2sg.absolutive}}
{{gl|ren|ra-n|interrogative-oblique}}
{{gl|ruhi|ruhi|angry}}
{{gl|ūtō?|ūtō|question}}
{{glend|What are you angry about?}}

==Commands==
==Reported Speech==
Reported speech is rendered in the subjunctive, and treated as an argument of the verb of communication.

{{gl|Tē|tē|1sg.ergative}}
{{gl|tin|tin|1sg.oblique}}
{{gl|nīnaza|nīnaza|food.absolutive}}
{{gl|suzeta|suzi-ta|give-subjunctive}}
{{gl|sasi.|sasi|say}}
{{glend|I said they gave me food.}}

=Lexicon=
The Hazōken lexicon can be found here: [[Hazōken/lexicon]]

=Writing System=
Hazōken is written in a syllabary based on ideograms imported from the east.

=Sample Texts=
==The Chief and the Mouse==
==The North Wind and the Sun==
==The Legend of Lake Hazaza==

[[Category:Dumic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Tuysáfa]]