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Sanap Þoi

2016-01-27T14:02:09Z

KathAveara: /* Person Marking */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/ <y>
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, and are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive plural, which bears no relation to the genitive singular or the other plural prefices. There is also a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''genitive''.

Nouns also fall into two inflectional types which are identified by the form of the genitive. If the genitive ends in a nasal (which assimilates in place to a following stop, and is ''n'' otherwise) then the noun is said to be type ''N'', while if it ends in ''þ'' then the noun is said to be type ''Þ''. The distinction also manifests itself in all other caseforms (other than the patientive singular, which has a zero-prefix) as an alternation in the consonant (the second if there are two).

Nouns beginning in a vowel regularly delete the final vowel of a vowel-final prefix.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!Type ''Þ''
!Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''
|''Ø-''
|-
!Agentive
|''wo-''
|''no-''
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''kaþ-''
|''kaN-''
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''þaþ-''
|''þaN-''
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''
|''þa-''
|-
!Locative
|''fo-''
|''po-''
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''ra-''
|''na-''
|-
!Agentive
|''wor-''
|''woN-''
|-
!Genitive
|''raþ-''
|''raN-''
|-
!Dative
|''tar-''
|''taN-''
|-
!Locative
|''for-''
|''foN-''
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The pronominal inflection can be compared to nominal inflection, though all the pronouns are irregular to various degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|won
|wowon
|faþwon
|tawon
|fowon
|kaþwon
|wanhaþwon
|haþwon
|tanhaþwon
|fanhaþwon
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|kô
|nô
|kan
|þô
|pô
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wan
|rowspan="2"|ran
|rowspan="2"|tan
|rowspan="2"|fan
|-
!3i
|þam
|nuþam
|þan
|taþam
|puþam
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out) and mutations.

====Inflection====

Disregarding apophony, mutation, and syncope, verbal inflection can be summarised as follows (V represents a stem-final vowel) (note that the class assignment is fairly arbitrary, and liable to change):
(WIP)

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|Active
!colspan=2|Mediopassive
|-
!colspan=2|
!Sg Anim
!Sg Inan
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 1
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 2
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 3
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 4
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
|}

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices. However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3i
|nô
|colspan="2"|þam-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'' and ''n'', and most instances of ''r'', ''y'', and ''w'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third animate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise. When a prefix ending in a vowel is attached to a vowel-initial verb, the vowel of the prefix is lost.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þeyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''hereyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''fereyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfeyanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþeyem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tareyem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þureyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþeyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþeyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þeyanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfeyanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þeyenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þeyanþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þeyaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þeyaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þeyaþamþeyem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2016-01-27T13:56:19Z

KathAveara: /* Person Marking */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/ <y>
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, and are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive plural, which bears no relation to the genitive singular or the other plural prefices. There is also a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''genitive''.

Nouns also fall into two inflectional types which are identified by the form of the genitive. If the genitive ends in a nasal (which assimilates in place to a following stop, and is ''n'' otherwise) then the noun is said to be type ''N'', while if it ends in ''þ'' then the noun is said to be type ''Þ''. The distinction also manifests itself in all other caseforms (other than the patientive singular, which has a zero-prefix) as an alternation in the consonant (the second if there are two).

Nouns beginning in a vowel regularly delete the final vowel of a vowel-final prefix.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!Type ''Þ''
!Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''
|''Ø-''
|-
!Agentive
|''wo-''
|''no-''
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''kaþ-''
|''kaN-''
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''þaþ-''
|''þaN-''
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''
|''þa-''
|-
!Locative
|''fo-''
|''po-''
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''ra-''
|''na-''
|-
!Agentive
|''wor-''
|''woN-''
|-
!Genitive
|''raþ-''
|''raN-''
|-
!Dative
|''tar-''
|''taN-''
|-
!Locative
|''for-''
|''foN-''
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The pronominal inflection can be compared to nominal inflection, though all the pronouns are irregular to various degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|won
|wowon
|faþwon
|tawon
|fowon
|kaþwon
|wanhaþwon
|haþwon
|tanhaþwon
|fanhaþwon
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|kô
|nô
|kan
|þô
|pô
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wan
|rowspan="2"|ran
|rowspan="2"|tan
|rowspan="2"|fan
|-
!3i
|þam
|nuþam
|þan
|taþam
|puþam
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out) and mutations.

====Inflection====

Disregarding apophony, mutation, and syncope, verbal inflection can be summarised as follows (V represents a stem-final vowel) (note that the class assignment is fairly arbitrary, and liable to change):
(WIP)

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|Active
!colspan=2|Mediopassive
|-
!colspan=2|
!Sg Anim
!Sg Inan
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 1
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 2
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 3
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 4
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
|}

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices. However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3i
|nô
|colspan="2"|þam-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'' and ''n'', and most instances of ''r'', ''y'', and ''w'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise. When a prefix ending in a vowel is attached to a vowel-initial verb, the vowel of the prefix is lost.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þeyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''hereyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''fereyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfeyanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþeyem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tareyem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þureyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþeyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþeyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þeyanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfeyanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þeyenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þeyanþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þeyaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þeyaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þeyaþamþeyem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2016-01-27T13:52:19Z

KathAveara: /* Person Marking */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/ <y>
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, and are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive plural, which bears no relation to the genitive singular or the other plural prefices. There is also a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''genitive''.

Nouns also fall into two inflectional types which are identified by the form of the genitive. If the genitive ends in a nasal (which assimilates in place to a following stop, and is ''n'' otherwise) then the noun is said to be type ''N'', while if it ends in ''þ'' then the noun is said to be type ''Þ''. The distinction also manifests itself in all other caseforms (other than the patientive singular, which has a zero-prefix) as an alternation in the consonant (the second if there are two).

Nouns beginning in a vowel regularly delete the final vowel of a vowel-final prefix.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!Type ''Þ''
!Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''
|''Ø-''
|-
!Agentive
|''wo-''
|''no-''
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''kaþ-''
|''kaN-''
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''þaþ-''
|''þaN-''
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''
|''þa-''
|-
!Locative
|''fo-''
|''po-''
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''ra-''
|''na-''
|-
!Agentive
|''wor-''
|''woN-''
|-
!Genitive
|''raþ-''
|''raN-''
|-
!Dative
|''tar-''
|''taN-''
|-
!Locative
|''for-''
|''foN-''
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The pronominal inflection can be compared to nominal inflection, though all the pronouns are irregular to various degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|won
|wowon
|faþwon
|tawon
|fowon
|kaþwon
|wanhaþwon
|haþwon
|tanhaþwon
|fanhaþwon
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|kô
|nô
|kan
|þô
|pô
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wan
|rowspan="2"|ran
|rowspan="2"|tan
|rowspan="2"|fan
|-
!3i
|þam
|nuþam
|þan
|taþam
|puþam
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out) and mutations.

====Inflection====

Disregarding apophony, mutation, and syncope, verbal inflection can be summarised as follows (V represents a stem-final vowel) (note that the class assignment is fairly arbitrary, and liable to change):
(WIP)

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|Active
!colspan=2|Mediopassive
|-
!colspan=2|
!Sg Anim
!Sg Inan
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 1
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 2
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 3
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 4
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
|}

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3i
|nô
|colspan="2"|þam-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'' and ''n'', and most instances of ''r'', ''y'', and ''w'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise. When a prefix ending in a vowel is attached to syncopating verbs, it triggers syncopation. If the verb's first consonant is ''h'', ''y'' after a front vowel, or ''w'' after a back vowel, it is lost with compensatory lengthening. Remaining diphthongs with a high nucleus have it lowered, in accordance with the restriction on such diphthongs.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þeyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''hereyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''fereyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfeyanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþeyem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tareyem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þureyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþeyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþeyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þeyanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfeyanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þeyenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þeyanþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þeyaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þeyaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þeyaþamþeyem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi/Lexicon

2016-01-23T23:57:28Z

KathAveara: /* Pronouns */

==Nouns==

{| {{greentable|lightgreenbg}}
! SÞ || Gloss
|-
| '''ramaf''', ''woramaf'', ''faþramaf'' || ''young man''
|-
| '''þeu''', ''nuþeu'', ''kanþeu'', ''þa-'' || ''tree''
|-
| '''tô''', ''wonþô'', ''kaþtô'' || ''blood''
|-
| '''nê''', ''wonê'', ''kaþnê'' || ''water''
|-
| '''nô''', ''wonô'', ''kaþnô'' || ''rain''
|-
| '''nî''', ''wenî'', ''kaþnî'' || ''night''

|}

==Verbs==

{| {{greentable|lightgreenbg}}
! SÞ || Gloss
|-
| '''þolaf''' || ''bite''
|-
| '''kanis''' || ''walk on foot''

|}

==Adjectives==

{| {{greentable|lightgreenbg}}
! SÞ || Gloss
|-
| '''fam''' || ''false, wrong''
|-
| '''fof''' || ''ready''
|-
| '''fofam''' || ''wet''
|-
| '''hamfit''' || ''correct''
|-
| '''har''' || ''worried''
|-
| '''hê''' || ''loud''
|-
| '''hejem''' || ''bitter''
|-
| '''hejem''' || ''sharp, smart''
|-
| '''henô''' || ''smooth''
|-
| '''hî''' || ''bad (feeling)''
|-
| '''hî''' || ''left''
|-
| '''hî''' || ''tall, deep''
|-
| '''himif''' || ''white''
|-
| '''hin''' || ''unwell''
|-
| '''hulik''' || ''late''
|-
| '''huseþ''' || ''dark, dim''
|-
| '''jenô''' || ''hot, kind''
|-
| '''kawam''' || ''round''
|-
| '''kem''' || ''crooked''
|-
| '''kerem''' || ''flat''
|-
| '''kewem''' || ''blind''
|-
| '''kihem''' || ''dry''
|-
| '''kiþik''' || ''sour''
|-
| '''kô''' || ''hard''
|-
| '''kowom''' || ''interesting''
|-
| '''kû''' || ''sweet''
|-
| '''mokî''' || ''light (in weight)''
|-
| '''mufem''' || ''hungry''
|-
| '''mufif''' || ''strange, impossible''
|-
| '''naf''' || ''cold, mean''
|-
| '''naf''' || ''insane, crazy''
|-
| '''najam''' || ''coloured''
|-
| '''natâ''' || ''thirsty''
|-
| '''nes''' || ''early''
|-
| '''nusef''' || ''dangerous''
|-
| '''nuþam''' || ''ashamed''
|-
| '''pê''' || ''black''
|-
| '''pem''' || ''short, shallow''
|-
| '''pif''' || ''good, virtuous''
|-
| '''piniþ''' || ''right''
|-
| '''poram''' || ''silent''
|-
| '''puham''' || ''heavy, important''
|-
| '''punhuf''' || ''narrow, thin''
|-
| '''rem''' || ''bad, cruel''
|-
| '''riniþ''' || ''deaf''
|-
| '''sawam''' || ''savoury''
|-
| '''semif''' || ''blunt, dumb''
|-
| '''sî''' || ''salty''
|-
| '''sim''' || ''dirty''
|-
| '''siniþ''' || ''straight''
|-
| '''sof''' || ''soft''
|-
| '''somuf''' || ''long''
|-
| '''tawek''' || ''glad''
|-
| '''tem''' || ''clean''
|-
| '''þaf''' || ''bald''
|-
| '''þafem''' || ''new, young''
|-
| '''þamak''' || ''fast, quick''
|-
| '''þanê''' || ''good (feeling)''
|-
| '''þê''' || ''foreign, exotic''
|-
| '''þenî''' || ''light, bright''
|-
| '''þô''' || ''cute, handsome''
|-
| '''þoi''' || ''great, wonderous''
|-
| '''tihap''' || ''boring''
|-
| '''tihem''' || ''lazy''
|-
| '''tihem''' || ''wide''
|-
| '''tomuf''' || ''true, right''
|-
| '''tû''' || ''old, wise''
|-
| '''wanô''' || ''ugly''
|-
| '''wem''' || ''lame''
|-
| '''wonê''' || ''short''
|-
| '''wunî''' || ''slow''

|}

==Numerals==

{| {{greentable|lightgreenbg}}
! SÞ || Gloss
|-
| '''wam''' || ''0''
|-
| '''mas''' || ''1''
|-
| '''sê''' || ''2''
|-
| '''fam''' || ''3''
|-
| '''tas''' || ''4''
|-
| '''þam''' || ''5''
|-
| '''toi''' || ''6''
|-
| '''tafam''' || ''7''
|-
| '''sanaþ''' || ''8''
|-
| '''saþam''' || ''9''
|-
| '''hemef''' || ''10''

|}

==Pronouns==

{| {{greentable|lightgreenbg}}
! SÞ || Gloss
|-
| '''tê''' || ''I''
|-
| '''wom''' || ''thou''
|-
| '''nat''' || ''thou (hon)''
|-
| '''kô''' || ''he, she (anim)''
|-
| '''þam''' || ''it (inan)''
|-
| '''katir''' || ''we''
|-
| '''kaþwom''' || ''you''
|-
| '''kaþnat''' || ''you (hon)''
|-
| '''nau''' || ''they''

|}

==Swadesh List==

This list will be slowly added to.

{| {{greentable|lightgreenbg}}
! SÞ || Gloss
|-
| '''tê''' || ''I''
|-
| '''wom, nat''' || ''thou''
|-
| '''katir''' || ''we''
|-
| '''mas''' || ''1''
|-
| '''sê''' || ''2''
|-
| '''ramaf''' || ''man''
|-
| '''þeu''' || ''tree''
|-
| '''tô''' || ''blood''
|-
| '''þolaf''' || ''bite (v)''
|-
| '''kanis''' || ''walk on foot''
|-
| '''nê''' || ''water''
|-
| '''nô''' || ''rain (n)''
|-
| '''nî''' || ''night''

|}

[[Category:Lexicography]]
[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2016-01-23T23:08:09Z

KathAveara: /* Personal Pronouns */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/ <y>
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, and are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive plural, which bears no relation to the genitive singular or the other plural prefices. There is also a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''genitive''.

Nouns also fall into two inflectional types which are identified by the form of the genitive. If the genitive ends in a nasal (which assimilates in place to a following stop, and is ''n'' otherwise) then the noun is said to be type ''N'', while if it ends in ''þ'' then the noun is said to be type ''Þ''. The distinction also manifests itself in all other caseforms (other than the patientive singular, which has a zero-prefix) as an alternation in the consonant (the second if there are two).

Nouns beginning in a vowel regularly delete the final vowel of a vowel-final prefix.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!Type ''Þ''
!Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''
|''Ø-''
|-
!Agentive
|''wo-''
|''no-''
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''kaþ-''
|''kaN-''
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''þaþ-''
|''þaN-''
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''
|''þa-''
|-
!Locative
|''fo-''
|''po-''
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''ra-''
|''na-''
|-
!Agentive
|''wor-''
|''woN-''
|-
!Genitive
|''raþ-''
|''raN-''
|-
!Dative
|''tar-''
|''taN-''
|-
!Locative
|''for-''
|''foN-''
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The pronominal inflection can be compared to nominal inflection, though all the pronouns are irregular to various degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|won
|wowon
|faþwon
|tawon
|fowon
|kaþwon
|wanhaþwon
|haþwon
|tanhaþwon
|fanhaþwon
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|kô
|nô
|kan
|þô
|pô
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wan
|rowspan="2"|ran
|rowspan="2"|tan
|rowspan="2"|fan
|-
!3i
|þam
|nuþam
|þan
|taþam
|puþam
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out) and mutations.

====Inflection====

Disregarding apophony, mutation, and syncope, verbal inflection can be summarised as follows (V represents a stem-final vowel) (note that the class assignment is fairly arbitrary, and liable to change):
(WIP)

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|Active
!colspan=2|Mediopassive
|-
!colspan=2|
!Sg Anim
!Sg Inan
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 1
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 2
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 3
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 4
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
|}

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'' and ''n'', and most instances of ''r'', ''y'', and ''w'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise. When a prefix ending in a vowel is attached to syncopating verbs, it triggers syncopation. If the verb's first consonant is ''h'', ''y'' after a front vowel, or ''w'' after a back vowel, it is lost with compensatory lengthening. Remaining diphthongs with a high nucleus have it lowered, in accordance with the restriction on such diphthongs.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þeyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''hereyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''fereyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfeyanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþeyem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tareyem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þureyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþeyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþeyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þeyanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfeyanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þeyenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þeyanþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þeyaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þeyaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þeyaþamþeyem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2016-01-23T22:50:15Z

KathAveara: /* Personal Pronouns */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/ <y>
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, and are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive plural, which bears no relation to the genitive singular or the other plural prefices. There is also a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''genitive''.

Nouns also fall into two inflectional types which are identified by the form of the genitive. If the genitive ends in a nasal (which assimilates in place to a following stop, and is ''n'' otherwise) then the noun is said to be type ''N'', while if it ends in ''þ'' then the noun is said to be type ''Þ''. The distinction also manifests itself in all other caseforms (other than the patientive singular, which has a zero-prefix) as an alternation in the consonant (the second if there are two).

Nouns beginning in a vowel regularly delete the final vowel of a vowel-final prefix.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!Type ''Þ''
!Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''
|''Ø-''
|-
!Agentive
|''wo-''
|''no-''
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''kaþ-''
|''kaN-''
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''þaþ-''
|''þaN-''
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''
|''þa-''
|-
!Locative
|''fo-''
|''po-''
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''ra-''
|''na-''
|-
!Agentive
|''wor-''
|''woN-''
|-
!Genitive
|''raþ-''
|''raN-''
|-
!Dative
|''tar-''
|''taN-''
|-
!Locative
|''for-''
|''foN-''
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The pronominal inflection can be compared to nominal inflection, though all the pronouns are irregular to various degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|won
|wowon
|faþwon
|tawon
|fowon
|kaþwon
|wanhaþwon
|haþwon
|tanhaþwon
|fanhaþwon
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|kô
|noi
|kan
|þoi
|poi
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wan
|rowspan="2"|ran
|rowspan="2"|tan
|rowspan="2"|fan
|-
!3i
|þam
|nuþam
|þan
|taþam
|puþam
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out) and mutations.

====Inflection====

Disregarding apophony, mutation, and syncope, verbal inflection can be summarised as follows (V represents a stem-final vowel) (note that the class assignment is fairly arbitrary, and liable to change):
(WIP)

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|Active
!colspan=2|Mediopassive
|-
!colspan=2|
!Sg Anim
!Sg Inan
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 1
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 2
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 3
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 4
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
|}

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'' and ''n'', and most instances of ''r'', ''y'', and ''w'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise. When a prefix ending in a vowel is attached to syncopating verbs, it triggers syncopation. If the verb's first consonant is ''h'', ''y'' after a front vowel, or ''w'' after a back vowel, it is lost with compensatory lengthening. Remaining diphthongs with a high nucleus have it lowered, in accordance with the restriction on such diphthongs.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þeyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''hereyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''fereyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfeyanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþeyem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tareyem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þureyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþeyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþeyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þeyanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfeyanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þeyenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þeyanþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þeyaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þeyaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þeyaþamþeyem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2016-01-23T22:48:38Z

KathAveara: /* Personal Pronouns */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/ <y>
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, and are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive plural, which bears no relation to the genitive singular or the other plural prefices. There is also a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''genitive''.

Nouns also fall into two inflectional types which are identified by the form of the genitive. If the genitive ends in a nasal (which assimilates in place to a following stop, and is ''n'' otherwise) then the noun is said to be type ''N'', while if it ends in ''þ'' then the noun is said to be type ''Þ''. The distinction also manifests itself in all other caseforms (other than the patientive singular, which has a zero-prefix) as an alternation in the consonant (the second if there are two).

Nouns beginning in a vowel regularly delete the final vowel of a vowel-final prefix.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!Type ''Þ''
!Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''
|''Ø-''
|-
!Agentive
|''wo-''
|''no-''
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''kaþ-''
|''kaN-''
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''þaþ-''
|''þaN-''
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''
|''þa-''
|-
!Locative
|''fo-''
|''po-''
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''ra-''
|''na-''
|-
!Agentive
|''wor-''
|''woN-''
|-
!Genitive
|''raþ-''
|''raN-''
|-
!Dative
|''tar-''
|''taN-''
|-
!Locative
|''for-''
|''foN-''
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|won
|wowon
|faþwon
|tawon
|fowon
|kaþwon
|wanhaþwon
|haþwon
|tanhaþwon
|fanhaþwon
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|kô
|noi
|kan
|þoi
|poi
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wan
|rowspan="2"|ran
|rowspan="2"|tan
|rowspan="2"|fan
|-
!3i
|þam
|nuþam
|þan
|taþam
|puþam
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out) and mutations.

====Inflection====

Disregarding apophony, mutation, and syncope, verbal inflection can be summarised as follows (V represents a stem-final vowel) (note that the class assignment is fairly arbitrary, and liable to change):
(WIP)

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|Active
!colspan=2|Mediopassive
|-
!colspan=2|
!Sg Anim
!Sg Inan
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 1
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 2
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 3
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 4
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
|}

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'' and ''n'', and most instances of ''r'', ''y'', and ''w'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise. When a prefix ending in a vowel is attached to syncopating verbs, it triggers syncopation. If the verb's first consonant is ''h'', ''y'' after a front vowel, or ''w'' after a back vowel, it is lost with compensatory lengthening. Remaining diphthongs with a high nucleus have it lowered, in accordance with the restriction on such diphthongs.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þeyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''hereyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''fereyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfeyanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþeyem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tareyem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þureyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþeyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþeyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þeyanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfeyanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þeyenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þeyanþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þeyaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þeyaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þeyaþamþeyem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2016-01-23T22:40:32Z

KathAveara: /* Nouns */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/ <y>
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, and are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive plural, which bears no relation to the genitive singular or the other plural prefices. There is also a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''genitive''.

Nouns also fall into two inflectional types which are identified by the form of the genitive. If the genitive ends in a nasal (which assimilates in place to a following stop, and is ''n'' otherwise) then the noun is said to be type ''N'', while if it ends in ''þ'' then the noun is said to be type ''Þ''. The distinction also manifests itself in all other caseforms (other than the patientive singular, which has a zero-prefix) as an alternation in the consonant (the second if there are two).

Nouns beginning in a vowel regularly delete the final vowel of a vowel-final prefix.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!Type ''Þ''
!Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''
|''Ø-''
|-
!Agentive
|''wo-''
|''no-''
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''kaþ-''
|''kaN-''
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''þaþ-''
|''þaN-''
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''
|''þa-''
|-
!Locative
|''fo-''
|''po-''
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''ra-''
|''na-''
|-
!Agentive
|''wor-''
|''woN-''
|-
!Genitive
|''raþ-''
|''raN-''
|-
!Dative
|''tar-''
|''taN-''
|-
!Locative
|''for-''
|''foN-''
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out) and mutations.

====Inflection====

Disregarding apophony, mutation, and syncope, verbal inflection can be summarised as follows (V represents a stem-final vowel) (note that the class assignment is fairly arbitrary, and liable to change):
(WIP)

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|Active
!colspan=2|Mediopassive
|-
!colspan=2|
!Sg Anim
!Sg Inan
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 1
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 2
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 3
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 4
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
|}

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'' and ''n'', and most instances of ''r'', ''y'', and ''w'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise. When a prefix ending in a vowel is attached to syncopating verbs, it triggers syncopation. If the verb's first consonant is ''h'', ''y'' after a front vowel, or ''w'' after a back vowel, it is lost with compensatory lengthening. Remaining diphthongs with a high nucleus have it lowered, in accordance with the restriction on such diphthongs.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þeyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''hereyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''fereyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfeyanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþeyem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tareyem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þureyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþeyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþeyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þeyanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfeyanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þeyenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þeyanþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þeyaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þeyaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þeyaþamþeyem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2016-01-23T22:40:01Z

KathAveara: /* Nouns */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/ <y>
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, and are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive plural, which bears no relation to the genitive singular or the other plural prefices. There is also a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''genitive''.

Nouns also fall into two inflectional types which are identified by the form of the genitive. If the genitive ends in a nasal (which assimilates in place to a following stop, and is ''n'' otherwise) then the noun is said to be type ''N'', while if it ends in ''þ'' then the noun is said to be type ''Þ''. The distinction also manifests itself in all other caseforms (other than the patientive singular, which has a zero-prefix) as an alternation in the consonant (the second if there are two).

Nouns beginning in a vowel regularly delete the final vowel of a vowel-final prefix.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!Type ''Þ''
!Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''
|''Ø-''
|-
!Agentive
|''wo-''
|''no-''
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''kaþ-''
|''kaN-''
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''þaþ-''
|''þaN-''
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''
|''þa-''
|-
!Locative
|''fo-''
|''po-''
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''ra-''
|''na-''
|-
!Agentive
|''wor-''
|''woN-''
|-
!Genitive
|''rat-''
|''raN-''
|-
!Dative
|''tar-''
|''taN-''
|-
!Locative
|''for-''
|''foN-''
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out) and mutations.

====Inflection====

Disregarding apophony, mutation, and syncope, verbal inflection can be summarised as follows (V represents a stem-final vowel) (note that the class assignment is fairly arbitrary, and liable to change):
(WIP)

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|Active
!colspan=2|Mediopassive
|-
!colspan=2|
!Sg Anim
!Sg Inan
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 1
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 2
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 3
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 4
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
|}

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'' and ''n'', and most instances of ''r'', ''y'', and ''w'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise. When a prefix ending in a vowel is attached to syncopating verbs, it triggers syncopation. If the verb's first consonant is ''h'', ''y'' after a front vowel, or ''w'' after a back vowel, it is lost with compensatory lengthening. Remaining diphthongs with a high nucleus have it lowered, in accordance with the restriction on such diphthongs.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þeyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''hereyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''fereyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfeyanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþeyem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tareyem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þureyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþeyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþeyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þeyanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfeyanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þeyenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þeyanþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þeyaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þeyaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þeyaþamþeyem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2015-08-24T00:29:51Z

KathAveara: /* Numerals */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/ <y>
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out) and mutations.

====Inflection====

Disregarding apophony, mutation, and syncope, verbal inflection can be summarised as follows (V represents a stem-final vowel) (note that the class assignment is fairly arbitrary, and liable to change):
(WIP)

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|Active
!colspan=2|Mediopassive
|-
!colspan=2|
!Sg Anim
!Sg Inan
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 1
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 2
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 3
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 4
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
|}

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'' and ''n'', and most instances of ''r'', ''y'', and ''w'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise. When a prefix ending in a vowel is attached to syncopating verbs, it triggers syncopation. If the verb's first consonant is ''h'', ''y'' after a front vowel, or ''w'' after a back vowel, it is lost with compensatory lengthening. Remaining diphthongs with a high nucleus have it lowered, in accordance with the restriction on such diphthongs.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þeyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''hereyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''fereyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfeyanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþeyem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tareyem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þureyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþeyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþeyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þeyanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfeyanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þeyenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þeyanþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þeyaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þeyaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þeyaþamþeyem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2015-08-23T19:28:52Z

KathAveara: /* Inflection */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/ <y>
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out) and mutations.

====Inflection====

Disregarding apophony, mutation, and syncope, verbal inflection can be summarised as follows (V represents a stem-final vowel) (note that the class assignment is fairly arbitrary, and liable to change):
(WIP)

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|Active
!colspan=2|Mediopassive
|-
!colspan=2|
!Sg Anim
!Sg Inan
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 1
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 2
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 3
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 4
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
|}

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'' and ''n'', and most instances of ''r'', ''y'', and ''w'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise. When a prefix ending in a vowel is attached to syncopating verbs, it triggers syncopation. If the verb's first consonant is ''h'', ''y'' after a front vowel, or ''w'' after a back vowel, it is lost with compensatory lengthening. Remaining diphthongs with a high nucleus have it lowered, in accordance with the restriction on such diphthongs.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þeyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''hereyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''fereyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþeyem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tareyem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þureyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþeyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþeyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þeyanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þeyenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þeyanþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þeyaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þeyaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þeyaþamþeyem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2015-08-23T19:24:47Z

KathAveara: /* Inflection */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/ <y>
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out) and mutations.

====Inflection====

Disregarding apophony, mutation, and syncope, verbal inflection can be summarised as follows (V represents a stem-final vowel) (note that the class assignment is fairly arbitrary, and liable to change):
(WIP)

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|Active
!colspan=2|Mediopassive
|-
!colspan=2|
!Sg Anim
!Sg Inan
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 1
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 2
!a i
| -Ø
| -eu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -if
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 3
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 4
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -(V)maþ
|-
|}

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'' and ''n'', and most instances of ''r'', ''y'', and ''w'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise. When a prefix ending in a vowel is attached to syncopating verbs, it triggers syncopation. If the verb's first consonant is ''h'', ''y'' after a front vowel, or ''w'' after a back vowel, it is lost with compensatory lengthening. Remaining diphthongs with a high nucleus have it lowered, in accordance with the restriction on such diphthongs.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þeyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''hereyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''fereyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþeyem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tareyem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þureyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþeyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþeyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þeyanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þeyenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þeyanþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þeyaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þeyaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þeyaþamþeyem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2015-08-23T19:22:03Z

KathAveara: /* Inflection */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/ <y>
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out) and mutations.

====Inflection====

Disregarding apophony, mutation, and syncope, verbal inflection can be summarised as follows (V represents a stem-final vowel) (note that the class assignment is fairly arbitrary, and liable to change):
(WIP)

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|Active
!colspan=2|Mediopassive
|-
!colspan=2|
!Sg Anim
!Sg Inan
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 1
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 2
!a i
| -Ø
| -eu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -if
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 3
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 4
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
|}

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'' and ''n'', and most instances of ''r'', ''y'', and ''w'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise. When a prefix ending in a vowel is attached to syncopating verbs, it triggers syncopation. If the verb's first consonant is ''h'', ''y'' after a front vowel, or ''w'' after a back vowel, it is lost with compensatory lengthening. Remaining diphthongs with a high nucleus have it lowered, in accordance with the restriction on such diphthongs.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þeyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''hereyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''fereyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþeyem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tareyem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þureyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþeyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþeyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þeyanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þeyenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þeyanþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þeyaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þeyaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þeyaþamþeyem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2015-08-23T19:21:09Z

KathAveara: /* Inflection */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/ <y>
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out) and mutations.

====Inflection====

Disregarding apophony, mutation, and syncope, verbal inflection can be summarised as follows (V represents a stem-final vowel) (note that the class assignment is fairly arbitrary, and liable to change):
(WIP)

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|Active
!colspan=2|Mediopassive
|-
!colspan=2|
!Sg Anim
!Sg Inan
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 1
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 2
!a i
| -Ø
| -eu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -if
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 3
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 4
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
|}

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'' and ''n'', and most instances of ''r'', ''y'', and ''w'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise. When a prefix ending in a vowel is attached to syncopating verbs, it triggers syncopation. If the verb's first consonant is ''h'', ''y'' after a front vowel, or ''w'' after a back vowel, it is lost with compensatory lengthening. Remaining diphthongs with a high nucleus have it lowered, in accordance with the restriction on such diphthongs.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þeyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''hereyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''fereyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþeyem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tareyem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þureyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþeyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþeyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þeyanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þeyenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þeyanþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þeyaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þeyaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þeyaþamþeyem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2015-08-23T19:20:34Z

KathAveara: /* Inflection */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/ <y>
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out) and mutations.

====Inflection====

Disregarding apophony, mutation, and syncope, verbal inflection can be summarised as follows (V represents a stem-final vowel) (note that the class assignment is fairly arbitrary, and liable to change):
(WIP)

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|Active
!colspan=2|Mediopassive
|-
!colspan=2|
!Sg Anim
!Sg Inan
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 1
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 2
!a i
| -Ø
| -eu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -if
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 3
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 4
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
|}

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'' and ''n'', and most instances of ''r'', ''y'', and ''w'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise. When a prefix ending in a vowel is attached to syncopating verbs, it triggers syncopation. If the verb's first consonant is ''h'', ''y'' after a front vowel, or ''w'' after a back vowel, it is lost with compensatory lengthening. Remaining diphthongs with a high nucleus have it lowered, in accordance with the restriction on such diphthongs.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þeyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''hereyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''fereyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþeyem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tareyem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þureyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþeyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþeyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þeyanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þeyenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þeyanþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þeyaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þeyaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þeyaþamþeyem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2015-08-23T19:20:01Z

KathAveara: /* Inflection */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/ <y>
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out) and mutations.

====Inflection====

Disregarding apophony, mutation, and syncope, verbal inflection can be summarised as follows (V represents a stem-final vowel) (note that the class assignment is fairly arbitrary, and liable to change):
(WIP)

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|Active
!colspan=2|Mediopassive
|-
!colspan=2|
!Sg Anim
!Sg Inan
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 1
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 2
!a i
| -Ø
| -eu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -if
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 3
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 4
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
!a ii
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
!b i
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
|}

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'' and ''n'', and most instances of ''r'', ''y'', and ''w'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise. When a prefix ending in a vowel is attached to syncopating verbs, it triggers syncopation. If the verb's first consonant is ''h'', ''y'' after a front vowel, or ''w'' after a back vowel, it is lost with compensatory lengthening. Remaining diphthongs with a high nucleus have it lowered, in accordance with the restriction on such diphthongs.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þeyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''hereyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''fereyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþeyem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tareyem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þureyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþeyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþeyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þeyanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þeyenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þeyanþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þeyaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þeyaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þeyaþamþeyem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2015-08-23T15:43:55Z

KathAveara: /* Inflection */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/ <y>
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out) and mutations.

====Inflection====

Disregarding apophony, mutation, and syncope, verbal inflection can be summarised as follows (V represents a stem-final vowel) (note that the class assignment is fairly arbitrary, and liable to change):
(WIP)

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|Active
!colspan=2|Mediopassive
|-
!colspan=2|
!Sg Anim
!Sg Inan
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 1
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 2
!a i
| -Ø
| -eu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!a ii
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!b i
| -Ø
| -if
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 3
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 4
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
!a ii
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
!b i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
|}

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'' and ''n'', and most instances of ''r'', ''y'', and ''w'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise. When a prefix ending in a vowel is attached to syncopating verbs, it triggers syncopation. If the verb's first consonant is ''h'', ''y'' after a front vowel, or ''w'' after a back vowel, it is lost with compensatory lengthening. Remaining diphthongs with a high nucleus have it lowered, in accordance with the restriction on such diphthongs.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þeyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''hereyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''fereyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþeyem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tareyem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þureyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþeyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþeyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þeyanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þeyenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þeyanþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þeyaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þeyaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þeyaþamþeyem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2015-08-23T15:39:08Z

KathAveara: /* Inflection */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/ <y>
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out) and mutations.

====Inflection====

Disregarding apophony, mutation, and syncope, verbal inflection can be summarised as follows (note that the class assignment is fairly arbitrary, and liable to change):
(WIP)

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|Active
!colspan=2|Mediopassive
|-
!colspan=2|
!Sg Anim
!Sg Inan
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 1
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 2
!a i
| -Ø
| -eu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!a ii
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!b i
| -Ø
| -if
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 3
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 4
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
!a ii
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
!b i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
|}

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'' and ''n'', and most instances of ''r'', ''y'', and ''w'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise. When a prefix ending in a vowel is attached to syncopating verbs, it triggers syncopation. If the verb's first consonant is ''h'', ''y'' after a front vowel, or ''w'' after a back vowel, it is lost with compensatory lengthening. Remaining diphthongs with a high nucleus have it lowered, in accordance with the restriction on such diphthongs.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þeyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''hereyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''fereyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþeyem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tareyem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þureyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþeyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþeyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þeyanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þeyenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þeyanþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þeyaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þeyaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þeyaþamþeyem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2015-08-23T15:24:29Z

KathAveara: /* Inflection */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/ <y>
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out) and mutations.

====Inflection====

Disregarding apophony, mutation, and syncope, verbal inflection can be summarised as follows (note that the class assignment is fairly arbitrary, and liable to change):
(WIP)

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|Active
!colspan=2|Mediopassive
|-
!colspan=2|
!Sg Anim
!Sg Inan
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 1
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -(a)maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -(e)maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 2
!a i
| -Ø
| -eu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!a ii
| -V-
| -eu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!b i
| -Ø
| -if
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vf
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 3
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -maþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -maþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -maþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -maþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 4
!a i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
!a ii
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
!b i
| -Ø
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
!b ii
| -V-
| -Vu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -Vmaþ
|-
|}

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'' and ''n'', and most instances of ''r'', ''y'', and ''w'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise. When a prefix ending in a vowel is attached to syncopating verbs, it triggers syncopation. If the verb's first consonant is ''h'', ''y'' after a front vowel, or ''w'' after a back vowel, it is lost with compensatory lengthening. Remaining diphthongs with a high nucleus have it lowered, in accordance with the restriction on such diphthongs.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þeyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''hereyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''fereyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþeyem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tareyem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þureyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþeyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþeyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þeyanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þeyenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þeyanþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þeyaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þeyaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þeyaþamþeyem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2015-08-23T13:30:00Z

KathAveara: /* Person Marking */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/ <y>
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out) and mutations.

====Inflection====

Disregarding apophony, mutation, and syncope, verbal inflection can be summarised as follows (note that the class assignment is fairly arbitrary, and liable to change):
(WIP)

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|Active
!colspan=2|Mediopassive
|-
!colspan=2|
!Sg Anim
!Sg Inan
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 1
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -amaþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -emaþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -amaþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -emaþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 2
!a i
| -Ø
| -eu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!a ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b i
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 3
!a i
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!a ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b i
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 4
!a i
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!a ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b i
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'' and ''n'', and most instances of ''r'', ''y'', and ''w'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise. When a prefix ending in a vowel is attached to syncopating verbs, it triggers syncopation. If the verb's first consonant is ''h'', ''y'' after a front vowel, or ''w'' after a back vowel, it is lost with compensatory lengthening. Remaining diphthongs with a high nucleus have it lowered, in accordance with the restriction on such diphthongs.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þeyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''hereyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''fereyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþeyem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tareyem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þureyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþeyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþeyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þeyanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þeyenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þeyanþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þeyaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þeyaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þeyaþamþeyem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2015-08-23T13:12:35Z

KathAveara: /* Numerals */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/ <y>
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out) and mutations.

====Inflection====

Disregarding apophony, mutation, and syncope, verbal inflection can be summarised as follows (note that the class assignment is fairly arbitrary, and liable to change):
(WIP)

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|Active
!colspan=2|Mediopassive
|-
!colspan=2|
!Sg Anim
!Sg Inan
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 1
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -amaþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -emaþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -amaþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -emaþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 2
!a i
| -Ø
| -eu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!a ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b i
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 3
!a i
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!a ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b i
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 4
!a i
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!a ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b i
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'', ''n'', ''j'', ''w'', and most instances of ''r'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þeyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''hereyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''fereyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþeyem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tareyem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þureyem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþeyem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþeyem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþareyem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþeyem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþeyem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþeyem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þeyanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þeyenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þeyanþareyem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þeyaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þeyaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þeyaþamþeyem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2015-08-23T13:07:50Z

KathAveara: /* Consonants */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/ <y>
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out) and mutations.

====Inflection====

Disregarding apophony, mutation, and syncope, verbal inflection can be summarised as follows (note that the class assignment is fairly arbitrary, and liable to change):
(WIP)

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|Active
!colspan=2|Mediopassive
|-
!colspan=2|
!Sg Anim
!Sg Inan
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 1
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -amaþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -emaþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -amaþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -emaþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 2
!a i
| -Ø
| -eu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!a ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b i
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 3
!a i
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!a ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b i
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 4
!a i
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!a ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b i
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'', ''n'', ''j'', ''w'', and most instances of ''r'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''herejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''ferejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþejem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tarejem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þurejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þejanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þejenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þejanþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þejaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þejaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þejaþamþejem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2015-06-30T23:44:24Z

KathAveara: /* Verbs */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out) and mutations.

====Inflection====

Disregarding apophony, mutation, and syncope, verbal inflection can be summarised as follows (note that the class assignment is fairly arbitrary, and liable to change):
(WIP)

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan=2|
!colspan=3|Active
!colspan=2|Mediopassive
|-
!colspan=2|
!Sg Anim
!Sg Inan
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 1
!a i
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -am
| -amaþ
|-
!a ii
|colspan=2| -Ø
| -aþ
| -em
| -emaþ
|-
!b i
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -am
| -amaþ
|-
!b ii
|colspan=2| -i-
| -aþ
| -em
| -emaþ
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 2
!a i
| -Ø
| -eu
| -Vþ
| -Vm
| -maþ
|-
!a ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b i
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 3
!a i
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!a ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b i
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=4|Class 4
!a i
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!a ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b i
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!b ii
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'', ''n'', ''j'', ''w'', and most instances of ''r'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''herejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''ferejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþejem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tarejem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þurejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þejanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þejenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þejanþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þejaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þejaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þejaþamþejem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2015-06-30T22:50:52Z

KathAveara: /* Verbs */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm nowhere near close to figuring out).

====Inflection====

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'', ''n'', ''j'', ''w'', and most instances of ''r'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''herejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''ferejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþejem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tarejem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þurejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þejanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þejenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þejanþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þejaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þejaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þejaþamþejem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2015-06-30T22:49:45Z

KathAveara: /* Correlatives */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

The first three columns contain pronouns (whose inflection I've not worked out yet), and the second three contain adverbs. The semantics of each column are illustrated by the interrogatives given as headings.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm no-where near close to figuring out).

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'', ''n'', ''j'', ''w'', and most instances of ''r'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''herejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''ferejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþejem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tarejem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þurejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þejanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þejenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þejanþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þejaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þejaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þejaþamþejem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2015-06-30T22:48:20Z

KathAveara: /* Correlatives */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm no-where near close to figuring out).

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'', ''n'', ''j'', ''w'', and most instances of ''r'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''herejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''ferejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþejem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tarejem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þurejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þejanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þejenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þejanþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þejaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þejaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þejaþamþejem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2015-06-30T22:47:52Z

KathAveara: /* Correlatives */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!who
!what
!who/what (pl)
!where
!when
!how
|-
!who
|hamaf
|koi
|ham
|yim
|þau
|ham
|-
!some
|pas
|kis
|nas
|yinis
|þas
|hamif
|-
!other
|þamaf
|tai
|þam
|þayim
|taþ
|þanham
|-
!every
|tanhaþ
|taram
|
|tim
|him
|þafam
|-
!none
|wanhaþ
|fam
|
|merim
|mihim
|marfam

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm no-where near close to figuring out).

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'', ''n'', ''j'', ''w'', and most instances of ''r'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''herejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''ferejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþejem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tarejem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þurejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þejanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þejenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þejanþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þejaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þejaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þejaþamþejem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2015-06-30T22:30:50Z

KathAveara: /* Fractional Numerals */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm no-where near close to figuring out).

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'', ''n'', ''j'', ''w'', and most instances of ''r'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''herejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''ferejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþejem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tarejem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þurejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þejanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þejenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þejanþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þejaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''þejaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þejaþamþejem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2015-06-30T22:28:31Z

KathAveara: /* Numerals */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm no-where near close to figuring out).

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'', ''n'', ''j'', ''w'', and most instances of ''r'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''herejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''ferejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþejem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tarejem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfêþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þurejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þejanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þejenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þejanþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þejaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfeþam''
| '''90''' ''þejaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þejaþamþejem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2015-06-30T22:05:54Z

KathAveara: /* Verbs */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

===Verbs===

Verbs inflect for voice (active and mediopassive), and the number (singular and plural) and animacy (animate and inanimate) of their subject. Animacy, however, is only distinguished in the active singular, and not all verbs make the distinction. Verbs optionally inflect for person, but only ever when their subject is a personal pronoun, and these inflections replace the independent pronoun. Furthermore, verbs belong to 4 lexical classes, which determines the form of the affices. Verbal inflection is also characterised by a complex system of vowel apophony (which I'm no-where near close to figuring out).

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a personal pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'', ''n'', ''j'', ''w'', and most instances of ''r'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''herejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''ferejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfeþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþejem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tarejem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfeþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þurejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þejanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þejenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þejanþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þejaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfeþam''
| '''90''' ''þejaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þejaþamþejem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2015-06-30T21:48:56Z

KathAveara: /* Person Marking */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

===Verbs===

(Pending the actual forms, this will just be a description of what I'm certain of right now :D )

====Person Marking====

When their subject is a pronoun, verbs can be marked for the person of their subject with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, the normal form of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, the particle need not be given). If the subject is in the patientive case, the subject slot is left empty.

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'', ''n'', ''j'', ''w'', and most instances of ''r'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''herejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''ferejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfeþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþejem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tarejem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfeþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þurejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þejanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þejenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þejanþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þejaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfeþam''
| '''90''' ''þejaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þejaþamþejem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2014-10-21T20:15:10Z

KathAveara: /* Person Marking */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

===Verbs===

(Pending the actual forms, this will just be a description of what I'm certain of right now :D )

====Person Marking====

Verbs are marked for the person of their subject with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, if the subject is a pronoun, the person of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, even the agentive particle is not given.)

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before ''m'', ''n'', ''j'', ''w'', and most instances of ''r'', the V in the first person is ''e'', and in the third inanimate, it's ''o''. Otherwise, they are both ''u'' before all front vowels, and some instances of ''a'', and ''i'' otherwise.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''herejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''ferejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfeþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþejem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tarejem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfeþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þurejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þejanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þejenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þejanþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þejaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfeþam''
| '''90''' ''þejaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þejaþamþejem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2014-10-21T20:14:09Z

KathAveara: /* Person Marking */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

===Verbs===

(Pending the actual forms, this will just be a description of what I'm certain of right now :D )

====Person Marking====

Verbs are marked for the person of their subject with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, if the subject is a pronoun, the person of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, even the agentive particle is not given.)

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|tV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

Before '''m''', '''n''', '''j''', '''w''', and most instances of '''r''', the V in the first person is '''e''', and in the third inanimate, it's '''o'''. Otherwise, they are both '''u''' before all front vowels, and some instances of '''a''', and '''i''' otherwise.

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''herejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''ferejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfeþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþejem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tarejem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfeþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þurejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þejanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þejenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þejanþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þejaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfeþam''
| '''90''' ''þejaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þejaþamþejem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2014-10-21T20:07:06Z

KathAveara: /* Verbs */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

===Verbs===

(Pending the actual forms, this will just be a description of what I'm certain of right now :D )

====Person Marking====

Verbs are marked for the person of their subject with a series of prefices that do not trigger lenition or lenite themselves (though prefices with a final vowel trigger syncopating in one class of verbs). However, final vowels can sometimes mutate in certain phonological environments. A couple of prefices also have variants for the agentive and patientive cases. Additionally, if the subject is a pronoun, the person of the pronoun is not given in the subject slot. Instead, if the subject is in the agentive case, a special particle is employed to fill the slot (but, if the person prefix does have a patientive variant, even the agentive particle is not given.)

The particles and prefices are given below.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!Particle
!Agentive
!Patientive
|-
!1st
|nô
|rV-
|dV-
|-
!2nd
|wô
|colspan="2"|won-
|-
!Hon
|wô
|colspan="2"|nat-
|-
!3a
|wom
|fa-
|pa-
|-
!3i
|nô
|kV-
|wV-
|-
!3pl
|wô
|colspan="2"|na-
|}

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''herejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''ferejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfeþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþejem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tarejem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfeþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þurejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þejanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þejenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þejanþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þejaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfeþam''
| '''90''' ''þejaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þejaþamþejem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2014-09-09T19:17:44Z

KathAveara: /* Conjunctions */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

===Verbs===

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''herejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''ferejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfeþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþejem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tarejem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfeþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þurejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þejanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þejenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þejanþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þejaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfeþam''
| '''90''' ''þejaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þejaþamþejem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

Coordinate conjunction simply conjoin two clauses with no changes to each. Subordinate conjunctions, on the other hand, change the word order of their head clause. The relative conjunction moves its head noun to the very end of the parent clause, and moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb. The complement conjunction takes the place of the patient of a transitive verb, and also moves indirect objects and modifiers before the verb.

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2014-09-09T19:08:42Z

KathAveara: /* Clauses */

'''Sanap Þoi''' (''great speech'') is a Leic language.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!labial
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!dorsal
|-
!stop
| /p/
| /t/
|
|
| /k/
|-
!fricative
| /ɸ/ <f>
| /θ/ <þ>
| /s/
|
| /h/
|-
!nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
|
|-
!sonorant
|
| /l/
| /r/
| /j/
| /w/
|}

===Vowels===

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!front
!back
|-
!close
| /i/, /i:/
| /u/, /u:/
|-
!mid
| /e/, /e:/
| /o/, /o:/
|-
!open
| /a/
| /a:/
|}

Long vowels are marked with a circumflex (â).

The valid diphthongs are /ai au oi eu/.

===Syllable Structure===

Syllables are of the form CV(C).

Stress is always root-initial, and is realised with high pitch. All other syllables receive low pitch.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sanap Þoi decline for patientive, agentive, genitive, dative and locative cases, and singular and plural numbers. All inflections are prefices, are are largely agglutinative. The exception is the genitive, which is always a single morpheme. Also, there is a two-way animacy distinction in the genitive, between animate and inanimate. The patientive is the unmarked form of the noun, and is the citation form. The dictionary form is ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''genitive'', (''þa-''). If the ''þa-'' is given, it means that is the prefix in the dative singular, rather than ''ta-''.

Nouns also fall into numerous inflectional types which are best identified by principle parts. The most salient distinction is denoted the nouns 'type', of which there are two: types ''N'' and ''Þ''. They are named after the final consonant of the genitive prefix in both numbers (which is best understood as the genitive pronoun of corresponding animacy in the singular - this fails in the plural as there is no corresponding pronoun), which is a nasal in type ''N'' nouns, and ''þ'' in type ''Þ'' nouns. This distinction also manifests in differences in various other case prefices. However, this is only a contrastive feature for nouns beginning in a stop in the patientive - those beginning in a nasal or an approximant are always type ''Þ'', and those beginning in a fricative are always type ''N''. Another salient distinction independant of the type is the 'class', of which there are four: classes ''A'', ''E'', ''U'', and ''O'', which are named for the vowel of the agentive and locative singular prefices in type ''Þ'' nouns, and some type ''N'' nouns. In the remaining type ''N'' nouns, the respective vowels are ''e'', ''u'' and ''i'', and ''i'' before a back vowel but ''u'' before a front vowel. However, only the vowel needs to be known in order to inflect a noun.

Additionally, nouns can be ''syncopating'', but only if they do not have a cluster after the first vowel. This manifests in the agentive, dative, and locative singulars as syncopation of the first vowel of the stem, or a vowel change in monosyllables. Finally, each noun has a mutation pattern, which applies to the first consonant of the stem. In type ''Þ'' nouns, initial nasals and approximants remain unchanged throughout the paradigm. Initial stops, however, mutate to a cluster of a nasal and a fricative at the same PoA as the stop in the agentive, dative and locative singular. In type ''N'' nouns, some initial stops mutate to approximants in all forms (apart from the patientive, of course), and some initial fricatives also mutate to approximants in the agentive, dative and locative singular. Both take ''þa-'' as the dative prefix, instead of ''ta-''. Other initial stops and fricatives remain unchanged.

The various forms of the case prefices are given below, together with the mutation patterns, in the format ''prefix-''MUTATION.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Type ''Þ''
!colspan="4"|Type ''N''
|-
!rowspan="6"|Singular
!Patientive
|''Ø-''N
|''Ø-''R
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''T
|''Ø-''Þ
|''Ø-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wV-''N
|''wV-''R
|''wV-''NÞ
|''nV-''R
|''nV-''T
|''nV-''Þ
|''nV-''Þ/R
|-
!Gen. Anim.
|''faþ-''N
|''faþ-''R
|''faþ-''T
|''faN-''R
|''faN-''T
|''faN-''Þ
|''faN-''Þ
|-
!Gen. Inanim.
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kaN-''R
|''kaN-''T
|''kaN-''Þ
|''kaN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''ta-''N
|''ta-''R
|''ta-''NÞ
|''þa-''R
|''ta-''T
|''ta-''Þ
|''þa-''Þ/R
|-
!Locative
|''fV-''N
|''fV-''R
|''fV-''NÞ
|''pV-''R
|''pV-''T
|''pV-''Þ
|''pV-''Þ/R
|-
!rowspan="5"|Plural
!Patientive
|''kaþ-''N
|''kaþ-''R
|''kaþ-''T
|''kat-''R
|''kat-''T
|''kaþ-''Þ
|''kaþ-''Þ
|-
!Agentive
|''wanhaþ-''N
|''wanhaþ-''R
|''wanhaþ-''T
|''wanhat-''R
|''wanhat-''T
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|''wanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Genitive
|''haþ-''N
|''haþ-''R
|''haþ-''T
|''haN-''R
|''haN-''T
|''haN-''Þ
|''haN-''Þ
|-
!Dative
|''tanhaþ-''N
|''tanhaþ-''R
|''tanhaþ-''T
|''tanhat-''R
|''tanhat-''T
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|''tanhaþ-''Þ
|-
!Locative
|''fanhaþ-''N
|''fanhaþ-''R
|''fanhaþ-''T
|''fanhat-''R
|''fanhat-''T
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|''fanhaþ-''Þ
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal Pronouns====

Sanap Þoi differentiates 3 persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in 2 numbers (singular and plural). It additionally has an honorific 2nd person pronoun, which is also used in a vocative construction, and an animacy distinction in the 3rd singular. The pronouns distinguish 5 cases, similarly to nouns. The two 2nd person pronouns decline like nouns, while the others are irregular to varying degrees.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="5"|Plural
|-
!
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Locative
|-
!1st
|tê
|ner
|fenir
|þar
|per
|katir
|wanhatir
|hanir
|tanhatir
|fanhatir
|-
!2nd
|wom
|wowom
|faþwom
|tawom
|fowom
|kaþwom
|wanhaþwom
|haþwom
|tanhaþwom
|fanhaþwom
|-
!Hon
|nat
|wanat
|faþnat
|tanat
|fanat
|kaþnat
|wanhaþnat
|haþnat
|tanhaþnat
|fanhaþnat
|-
!3a
|pau
|wamaf
|fam
|tamaf
|famaf
|rowspan="2"|nau
|rowspan="2"|wam
|rowspan="2"|ram
|rowspan="2"|tam
|rowspan="2"|fam
|-
!3i
|kô
|noi
|kam
|þoi
|poi
|}

====Correlatives====

===Verbs===

===Numerals===

====Cardinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
| '''0''' ''wam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''mas''
| '''11''' ''hefam''
| '''10''' ''hemef''
| '''100''' ''þejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sê''
| '''12''' ''hemfê''
| '''20''' ''sehemef''
| '''200''' ''herejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''fam''
| '''13''' ''hemfefam''
| '''30''' ''fehemef''
| '''300''' ''ferejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''tas''
| '''14''' ''hefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''tahemef''
| '''400''' ''tarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þam''
| '''15''' ''hefþam''
| '''50''' ''þamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''toi''
| '''16''' ''hefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''toihemef''
| '''600''' ''toiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafam''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''tafhemef''
| '''700''' ''tafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''sanaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþahemef''
| '''800''' ''senþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþam''
| '''19''' ''hemfeþam''
| '''90''' ''saþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþejem''
|}

The other numbers 21-99 are formed by replacing the -''hemef'' element with the appropriate teen. Thus, '''42''' ''tahemfê''. Numbers greater than 100 are formed by compounding the hundreds with the tens+units. Thus, '''429''' ''tarejem sehemfeþam''.

====Ordinal Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''heremef''
|
|
|-
| '''1''' ''fanis''
| '''11''' ''hefram''
| '''10''' ''heremef''
| '''100''' ''þêrem''
|-
| '''2''' ''sim''
| '''12''' ''hefnê''
| '''20''' ''seheremef''
| '''200''' ''herêrem''
|-
| '''3''' ''ferem''
| '''13''' ''hemfefrem''
| '''30''' ''feheremef''
| '''300''' ''ferêrem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanis''
| '''14''' ''hefranaþ''
| '''40''' ''taheremef''
| '''400''' ''tarêrem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þaram''
| '''15''' ''hefþaram''
| '''50''' ''þamheremef''
| '''500''' ''þamþêrem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þanê''
| '''16''' ''hefeþanê''
| '''60''' ''toiheremef''
| '''600''' ''toiþêrem''
|-
| '''7''' ''tafrem''
| '''17''' ''hefanþafrem''
| '''70''' ''tafheremef''
| '''700''' ''tafþêrem''
|-
| '''8''' ''seranaþ''
| '''18''' ''hemfêranaþ''
| '''80''' ''senþaheremef''
| '''800''' ''senþarêrem''
|-
| '''9''' ''saþaram''
| '''19''' ''hemfeþaram''
| '''90''' ''saþamheremef''
| '''900''' ''saþamþêrem''
|}

The other ordinals are formed in the same way as the corresponding cardinals, but with the ordinal forms.

====Fractional Numerals====

{| {{softtable|c}}
|
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
|
|
|-
|
| '''11''' ''tuhefam''
| '''10''' ''tuhemef''
| '''100''' ''þurejem''
|-
| '''2''' ''þê''
| '''12''' ''tuhemfê''
| '''20''' ''þêhemef''
| '''200''' ''þûþejem''
|-
| '''3''' ''tufam''
| '''13''' ''tuhemfefam''
| '''30''' ''tufhemef''
| '''300''' ''tufþejem''
|-
| '''4''' ''þanþas''
| '''14''' ''tuhefanaþ''
| '''40''' ''þenþahemef''
| '''400''' ''þanþarejem''
|-
| '''5''' ''þeþam''
| '''15''' ''tuhefþam''
| '''50''' ''þeþamhemef''
| '''500''' ''þeþamþejem''
|-
| '''6''' ''þenþoi''
| '''16''' ''tuhefenþoi''
| '''60''' ''þenþoihemef''
| '''600''' ''þanþoiþejem''
|-
| '''7''' ''þanþafam''
| '''17''' ''tuhefanþafam''
| '''70''' ''þanþafhemef''
| '''700''' ''þanþafþejem''
|-
| '''8''' ''þejanaþ''
| '''18''' ''tuhemfejanaþ''
| '''80''' ''þejenþahemef''
| '''800''' ''þejanþarejem''
|-
| '''9''' ''þejaþam''
| '''19''' ''tuhemfeþam''
| '''90''' ''þejaþamhemef''
| '''900''' ''þejaþamþejem''
|}

The other fractional numerals are formed in the same way as the cardinal and ordinal numerals, using fractional forms.

===Derivation===

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

Noun phrases in Sanap Þoi consist of an inflected noun, zero or more adjectives, an optional demonstrative, and zero or more oblique phrases. The adjectives and demonstrative must follow the noun in that order, while oblique phrases may go on both sides of the phrase. However, they must always be the outermost element.

===Clauses===

The default word order is A(=agent)P(=patient)V, with indirect objects and modifiers following the verb. However, when the agent is a pronoun, a particle with several allomorphs with complex distribution is placed in the agent slot. This can be replaced by the full agentive pronoun for emphasis. When an intransitive verb takes a patientive argument, and that argument is a pronoun, no particle is placed in the sole argument slot, and the patientive pronoun can be used for emphasis. Negation is done by placing the particle ''mô'' immediately before the verb, and interrogation by placing the particle ''kô'' immediately after.

===Conjunctions===

==Lexicon==

See [[/Lexicon|the Lexicon]].

[[Category:Leic languages]]

Sanap Þoi

2014-09-09T18:35:35Z

KathAveara: /* Noun Phrases */

Proto-Ronquian (reconstructed)

2014-08-27T16:54:12Z

KathAveara: /* Sound inventory */

Proto-Rompian (a.k.a. Proto-Ronquian) as reconstructed by T2. Rompian comes from the reconstructed word for 'language':

*roxʷ < roxʷ < *roŋxʷ < *romp ARN
*ɻɔ̃ʔ < *rɔ̃p < *romp < *romp RT
*rǒp < *rɔ̃p < *romp < *romp RTJ
*rof < *romf < *romp < *romp RTW
*rom < rom < *romp < *romp MT

= Phonology =

== Sound inventory ==

Zju has suggested the following consonant inventory.

{| {{softtable|c}}
! Consonants
! Labial
! Coronal
! Dorsal
! Uvular
! Glottal
|-
! Stop
| p
| t
| k
| q
| ʔ
|-
! Voiced stop
| b
| d
| g
| ɢ
|
|-
! Fricative
| f
| s ɬ
| x
| χ
| h
|-
! Liquid
| w
| r l
| j
| ʀ
|-
! Nasal
| m
| n
| ŋ
| ɴ
|}

*R denotes a consonant phoneme of unknown quality that appears after a coronal onset and which is reflexed as w in RT and MT, but as retroflexing of the onset in RTJ. It was not deleted by the CRV > CVː sound change in MT, unlike most other liquids, but lengthened the following vowel nevertheless.

KathAveara has suggested the following consonant inventory.

{| {{softtable|c}}
! Consonants
! Labial
! Coronal
! Palatal
! Velar
! Labio-velar
! Uvular
! Glottal
|-
! V.less Stop
| p
| t
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| ʔ
|-
! Voiced Stop
| b
| d
|
| g
| gʷ
| ɢ
|-
! Fricative
| f
| s, ɬ
|
| x
| xʷ
| χ
|-
! Approximant
|
| l, r
| j
|
| w
|-
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ŋ
| ŋʷ
| ɴ
|}

KathAveara and Zju have suggested the following vowel inventory:

{| {{softtable|c}}
! Vowels
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| i
|
| u
|-
! Mid
| e
| ə
| o
|-
! Low
|colspan=3|a
|}

KathAveara's '''ə''' stands for a vowel that shows up as '''e''' in RT and ARN, but as '''a''' elsewhere, with or without palatalising effect.

Vowels are somewhat like to have had phonemic length and could be preceeded and followed by any of w, j.

=== Allophony ===

No allophony is known to have existed as of now.

=== Phonotactics ===

At least the following sets of onsets are likely to have existed:

*(h)C(r l)(ʔ j w) or alternatively C(r l)(ʔ h j w)
*NC
*∅

Where C doesn't include glottal consonants and NC is a cluster of a homorgranic nasal and plain stop. It's quite possible that not all combinations of (h)C(r l ʔ)(j w) were permitted, especially a combination of a voiced stop and ʔ, since no potential reflexes are known of such a cluster.

When -j-, -ʔ- or -w- was infixed, any of preceding j, w, ʔ was deleted.

A liquid and ʔ were metathesized for the purpose of forming an ejective at a later stage.

The following codas seem to have been permitted:

*T
*NT
*N
*ɬ
*r

Where T is a plain stop and NT is a homorganic cluster. Additionally, l, s, h and ʔ are also somewhat likely to have been permitted as coda consonants, but currently no reflex of any of them is known.

== Lenition ==

There is some evidence that onsets of strong syllables lenited intervocally when being a single consonant and in some consonant clusters:

* hC > C
* p t k q > b d g ɢ
* pʔ tʔ kʔ qʔ > b d g ɢ or bʔ dʔ gʔ ɢʔ
* f s ɬ x χ > w r l j ʀ
* b d g ɢ > m n ŋ ɴ
* m n ŋ ɴ w r l j ʀ > m n ŋ ɴ w r l j ʀ
* ? ? ? ? > f s x χ - one series lenites to plain fricatives - the only known thing about it is that it has a stop element. It could have been either voiced or voiceless(or both), and it might had other consonants in the onset. Two plausible series are hT and Th.

The evidence for the last lenition comes from the following patterns:

* RTJ: T > S ( ts q > ɕ h ) and secondarily the irregular Tʰ > Sʰ
* ARN: T > S, there's also irregular S > T
* RTW: T > S

In RTJ, however, the plain series derives from the voiced series.

== Strong syllables ==

Strong syllables probably carried some kind of tone or stress. Words had one and only one strong syllable.

== Weak syllables ==

Weak (reduced) syllables had the same set of onsets as strong syllables. However they had no coda and a limited set of vowels, or only one vowel - ə. Additionally they were atonic or unstressed if there was phonemic tone or stress in PR.

= Grammar =

PR grammar was largely analitical, however with some traces of inflectional morphology.

== Nouns ==

Nouns likely had multiple ways of forming plural number, or it was that plurality was not yet a well defined category in PR and there were several concurrent ways of expressing plural meaning. 
Many, if not all, of the following affixes were likely derivational rather than inflectional, which were later grammaticalised differently.

=== Prefixes ===

* *ə- - forming construct state in some cases.
* *h- - forming plural number in some cases.
* *t- - paucal or collective prefix

=== Infixes ===

* *-j- - singulative infix, placed between onset and nucleus of the main syllable.
* *-w- - plurative infix, placed between onset and nucleus of the main syllable, forming plural number in some cases.
* A paucal infix of the shape *-nt- could also have existed.

The usage of singulative and plurative infix was lexicalised in some cases, if they were not originally a part of the derivational morphology in the first place.

=== Suffixes ===

* *-t - dual or plural suffix

=== Construct state ===

Construct state was formed by prefixing a lone vowel of unknown quality (probably already reduced in PR), which on its part triggered consonant lenition. That vowel was subsequently lost in most cases, leaving consonant lenition as the marker of the construct state. There might have been some other changes involved in forming the construct state, such as deleting glottalic consonants in the onset.

== Verbs ==

A verb in PR was either transitive or intransitive - transitive verbs couldn't be used in intransitive constructions and vice versa. Instead, derivational morphology existed.

=== Attributive forms ===

Verbs had an attributive form, which essentially turned the verb into an adjective. It was formed by the prefix g-.

== Affixes ==

=== Prefixes ===

* *g- - turning verbs into adjectives(called attributive verbs). It had the allomorph *k- before voiced obstruents probably already in PR. Additionally the allomorphs *gə-, *kə- before certain consonant clusters existed either in PR or at a later stage.

=== Infixes ===

=== Suffixes ===

== Particles ==

PR had at least the particle *ni for indicating plural number in nouns. It was placed before its head noun. 
Two particles *t and *n also existed, marking the noun for paucal and/or plural number.

== Pronouns & Determiners ==

=== Personal Pronouns ===

Proto-Ronquian had 3 persons in at least 3 numbers, singular, dual and plural. It also had a 3rd person collective pronoun. There may have been an animacy distinction in the 3rd person too.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! sing.
! dual
! plur.
! coll.
|-
! 1st
| na
| nat
| haj
|-
! 2nd
| muŋ
| miŋt
| wor
|-
! 3rd
| ki
| kut
| ?
| to
|}

=== Indefinite Determiners ===

=== Demonstratives ===

=== Interrogative Determiners ===

=== Indefinite Quantifiers ===

== Numerals ==

Proto-Ronquian uses a mixed base-6/24 number system. The basic numerals are reconstructed as:

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
!colspan=2| KathAveara
! Zju
|-
!
! cardinal
! ordinal
! cardinal
|-
! 1
| pʔik
| mʔək
| *pʔik
|-
! 2
| ki:
| kso
| *qii, *qij, *qji
|-
! 3
| tʔuq
| ntoq
| *tʔuq
|-
! 4
| paɬ
|
| *pjaɬ, *paɬ
|-
! 5
| fəɴ
|
| *fjaɴ, *faɴ
|-
! 6
| ɬja ~ ɬa
|
| *ɬja, *ɬa
|-
! 12
| ɬat
|
| *ɬat
|-
! 18
| qoɬ
|
| *quɬ
|-
! 24
| tram
|
| *tram
|}

Numbers 4, 5, 6 had variants with and without singulative infix. Numbers 6 and 12 shared the same root, with 12 having dual suffix, and 6 having either the bare root or singulative infix.

== Syntax ==

=== Prepositions ===

There were two sets of prepositions - noun-like (nouns in construct state) and primary.

= Sound changes =

Sound changes preceeded by an interrogative are entirely speculative (or nearly so) and rather have the status of suggestions.

Conditions preceeded by an interrogative are unknown and/or speculative.

== To A-Rox Ŋʷoskʷuɣmʲa ==

* Tʔ > Tʼ
* Tʼ > T / _V[-stress]
* NT > NÞ > Þ / _#
* V > ɐ / _[-full syllable]
* ɬ > ʃ / _#
* C > Cʲ / _i, ?
* C > Cʷ / _u, ?
* Cj Cw > Cʲ Cʷ / _V
* P > Kʷ / ?_{a o u}
* P > Kʷ / {o u}_#
* C > Cʲ / {e i}_#, _Cʲ
* C > Cʷ / {o u}_#, _Cʷ
* ɬj ɬ > ʃʲ ʂ
* q > χ / #_
* ɐ > ɪ / _Cʲ; ʊ / _Cʷ
* ʀ > ʁ
* ɢʲ ɢ ɢʷ > ʁʲ ʁ ʁʷ
* ɲʲ ŋʲ > nʲ
* ɳʷ > nʷ
* si > ʃi
* tj > tʃ

* N > Þ / _# '''NB:''' Only two cases found, neither from an original NT coda, details about this SC are unclear. It may or may not be connected with NT > NÞ > Þ / _#. It may also have not occured at all, but rather such a correspondance being raised via a single consonant suffix being attached to those two words('thou' and 'five') before NT > NÞ > Þ / _#.

== To Mhakh Thandim ==

* Tʔ > Tʼ
* b > w / V_V
* D T > T Tʰ
* hV hCV > V[+breathy] CV[+breathy]
* ? Vh > V[+breathy]
* q > h / #_
* ? g > h / #_, ?
* q > ʔ / _#
* ɬ > u / _#
* ɬ > s / #_
* ? V > a/ə / ?
* ? ek > ak / _#
* ? drV > rVː
* CrV ClV CwV CjV CsV > CV[+length] / ?
* ij uw ow > ii uu uu
* a o u e i > ə ɔ ʊ ɛ ɪ
* jɛ > e
* aa oo uu ee ii > a o u e i
* CCC Cj > CCəC Cɪj / ?
* Q > K
* NT > N / _#
* ? NT > N[-voice] / #_
* hV > jV[+breathy]
* ? k kʼ > ʔ / #_[+ ?]
* NT > ND / V_V
* pʰ tʰ kʰ > ɸ θ x / _#, #_
* p t k > pʰ tʰ kʰ / when not in CCs; however #_TV is a valid condition
* m > ∅ / #_u
* ɸ > w / V_V
* ? mt > mr

At some point there was a reduplication process word initially that affected some of the words, which took place before changing NT clusters. The reduplicated vowel was a, which agreed in length with the main vowel.

== To Ronc Tyu ==

* ? u > o / [+uvular]_
* Q > K
* ? x > h
* C[-stop +voice]V > C[-stop +voice]V[+mid tone] / ?
* ? CwV > CwV[+high tone]
* C[+stop +voice]V > C[+stop -voice]V[+mid tone] / in closed syllables or in open syllables with consonant cluster in the onset
* C[+stop +voice]V > C[+nasal]V[+low tone] / otherwise, however including a few consonant clusters, among which dr and br
* NTV > NV[+high tone] / #_
* ʔV > V[+low tone]
* ? Vh > V[+low tone]
* sr > d
* C[-voice] > C[+voice] / ?
* hV > hV[+mid tone]
* h > ∅ / N_V
* hC[-voiced obstruent]{w y ∅}V[+mid tone] > C[-voiced obstruent]{w y ∅}V[+high tone]
* t d k g > ts dz tɕ dʑ / _{V[+front] j}
* r > ∅ / #_u, ?
* ɬ > u / _#
* ɬ > ∅ / #_j
* ɬ > l / #_, ?
* ɬ > hl / #_, ?
* ij uw aː> iə uə aə / ?
* ij uw > ɛɪ ɔʊ / ?
* aj aw > ɛɪ ɔʊ / ?
* am > oum / _#
* VN(T) > V[+nasal](T) / _#
* p t k > ʔ / _#
* tj dj kj gj sj zj ŋj lj rj wj > ts dz tɕ dʑ ɕ ʑ nj j j j
* χ > ɕ / _V[+front]
* kwu > ku

== To Rrób Tè Jĕhnò ==

* Tʔ > Tʼ
* D T > T Tʰ
* Vɬ > V[+length] / _#
* ɬj > ɬʲ
* VN > V[+nasal +low tone] /_#
* VNT > V[+nasal +what tone?]T / _#
* ? VNT > V[+nasal +?]T / V_V
* NT > N[-voice] / #_, ?
* NT > əT ~ əTʰ ~ əN / #_, ?
* ? ja aj > e / ?, eː /?
* ? wa aw > o / ?, oː /?
* ? ẽ õ → ɛ̃ ɔ̃
* ow > oː
* wi > uː
* V[+nasal] > V[-nasal +length] / lengthens only in open syllables
* V[+?] > V[+low tone] / ?
* V[-low tone] > V[+high tone]
* V > ə / _[-full syllable]
* q > k / _i
* ? u > o / [+uvular]_
* (t)r > ʈʂ / V_V, ?
* ? səf > sf > fʰ / _[+full syllable] (? sC > Cʰ)
* ? sʔ > sʰ
* ? ks > sʰ
* sr sʰr tʰr tr tʼr ɫr > ʂ ʂʰ ʈʰ ʈ ʈʼ ꞎ (rf ɬ)
* s sʰ tʰ t tʼ ɫ > ɕ ɕʰ tsʰ ts tsʼ ɬʲ / _V[+front]
* ts > ʦ
* sj sʰj tʰj tj tʼj ɫj > ɕ ɕʰ tsʰ ts tsʼ ɬʲ
* k kʰ kʼ > tɕ tɕʰ tɕʼ / _V[+front] +?
* kj kʰj kʼj > tɕ tɕʰ tɕʼ / ?
* χ > ɕ / _V[+front]
* χ > h / ?
* χ > f / ?

== To Rof Tiŋe Wak ==

* CʔV > CV[+creaky]
* ? i > oː / q_
* ? pa > pu
* ? V[-creaky] > V[+breathy] / [+stop]_
* NT > NÞ > Þ / _#
* (ʔ/h)V > V[+breathy] / #_
* rV > V[+creaky] / #_

== To Ree Rɛɛ Kıbyaa ==

* sn sm > st sp
* m > v / _VN
*m > ∅ / #_u
* D > T
* Tʔ > D
* Q > K
* i > ɨ / K_
* i > ɨ / ?
* tr > tw
* ɬ > s / #_
* ɬ > l / _#
* VN > V[+length]
* p’ t’ k’ b d > b d g v r / V_V
* n > r / ? #_V
* ?i ?ɨ ?e > ı u a
* ?iː ?ɨː ?ɛː > ɛː aː ːɨ

= Important correspondances =

RT - pwanc, pl dànc- RTJ blád, dlád - MT pán /pʰan/, all meaning child. Note the parallel irregularity in RT and RTJ. PR was probably *bwan~blan, with the sonorant changing in either RT or RTJ and lengthening the vowel in MT.

RT pienc - RTJ bád, dlyád - MT púyan /pʰujən/: orphan - a derivative from *bl/wan using a infix?

RTJ àì# - MT əN

'''NB''' There is an element which made a vowel breathy in MT and diphthongised it in RT in most cases. Could it be a coda /h/?

In a lot of cases a semivowel seems to have arisen in RT after the onset based on a (former) vowel quality.

*RT dz - RTJ x - MT s
*RT dź - RTJ hx - MT ds

In what way is breathiness connected with the coda?
*ang /əŋ/ rightness, righteousness - grágh < *qraɴq
*āng /ə̤ŋ/ hurt, wound, injure, harm - grág < *qraŋk, *?aŋk, *qhraŋk

What are the conditions for prothetic vowels and why does CrV → CV[+length] not apply? Are RT fricatives rather voiced because of VsV → VzV → zV?
*asakh /əsəx/ wolf - zac, hsac - srég < *(a)srVk
*asac /əsəʔ/ eagle - zoc, hsoc - ságh < *(a)sVq

kr → ʈ in RTJ?? There are a few other examples besides this one of a k(ʼ) ~ tr(ʼ) correspondance.
*gak’ókh /kək’ox/ hunt - getrʼóg < *kakʔrok

How to interpret the onset:
*gen /kɛn/ be different, be unusual, be another - ngàì

*MT '''yakh''' /jəx/ throat - RTJ '''yág''' /ják/ id. < *jak
*MT '''yaŋ''' /jəŋ/ be happy - RTJ '''yágh''' /jáq/ id. < *jaɴq
*MT '''yaŋ''' /jəŋ/ happiness - RTJ '''grágh''' /ʀáq/ id. < *?aɴq
however:
*MT '''tokh''' /tʰɔx/ wood - RTJ '''dóg''' /tók/ id < *dok
*MT '''tong''' /tʰɔŋ/ ant - RTJ '''dóg''' /tók/ id < *doŋk
*MT '''tung''' /tʰʊŋ/ vomit - RTJ '''dúgh''' /túq/ id < *duɴq
*MT '''sung''' /sʊŋ/ pool, pond - RTJ '''súg''' /súk/ < *suŋk

*MT '''súkh''' /sux/ be slow - RT '''sruc''' /ʂuʔ/ - RTJ '''srúg''' /ʂúk/ < *sruk '''NB!''' In mT ru → ū → u due to CrV → CV[+length]
*MT '''sung''' /sʊŋ/ pool, pond - RTJ '''súg''' /súk/ < *suŋk

*MT '''safai''' /səfaɪ̯/ source, origin - RTJ '''hfáí''' /fʰɛ́/ id < *səfaj
*MT '''safeng''' /səfɛŋ/ thanks - RTJ '''hfég''' /fʰék/ id < *səfeŋk

*MT '''rúmbú''' /rumbu/ wrist - RTJ '''rrĕbú''' /rəpú/ id < *rumpu

Tracing the origin of RTJ initial ĕwĕ-:

*MT '''rómbáth''' /rombaθ/ palace - RTJ '''ĕwĕbád''' /əwəpát/ id
*MT '''róla''' /rolə/ raven - RT '''ogá''' id - RTJ '''ĕwĕqa''' /əwətɕʰa/ id

*MT '''pgo''' /pʰkɔ/ stick - RTJ '''ko''' /kʰo/ id
It's interesting that no word in MT begins in p, only ɸ, pʰ and pʼ.

RTJ has retained a distinction that MT and RT have merged:
*MT '''nath''' /nəθ/ teeth - RT '''nac''' /naʔ/ id - RTJ '''nèd''' /nèt/ id < *net
*MT '''nath''' /nəθ/ both - RT '''nac''' /naʔ/ id - RTJ '''nàd''' /nàt/ id < *nat

Evidence of reduplication in MT:
*MT '''mummung''' /mʊmmʊŋ/ squirrel - RT '''mwinc''' /mwĩʔ/ id - RTJ '''mòg''' /mòk/ id < *muŋk
*MT '''nonnong''' /nɔnnɔŋ/ girl - RTJ '''nògh''' / nòq/ id < *noɴq

Vowel deletion leading to consonant clusters, also a r - ʈʂ correspondance and unstressed vowel reduction:
*MT '''khirúm''' /xɪrum/ fast (abstain from eating) - RT '''grunc''' /grũʔ/ id - RTJ '''kĕzrúb''' /kʰəʈʂúp/ id < *khirump

One possible origin of voiceless nasals?
*MT '''dandí''' /təndi/ summer - RT '''ndàe''' id - RTJ '''hnò''' /n̥ò/ id < *(ta)ntV
*MT '''dandu''' /təndʊ/ admit, confess - RT '''ndù''' id - RTJ '''hnô''' /n̥ô/ id < *(ta)ntu

*MT '''ē''' /ɛ̤/ feeling, sense, intuition - RTJ '''ĕháí''' /əhɛ́/ id < *Vhɛ

== Numerals comparison ==

{| {{softtable|c}}
! || RTJ || RT || MT || ARN || pre ARN || RTW || RRK || PR
|-
!1
| p’íg || pìc || p’ikh || pʲik || *pjik² || pęq || bik || *pʔik
|-
!2
| kú || káe || hí || x̠i || *qi || qó: || kıı || *qii¹ (? *qij, *qji)
|-
!3
| t’úgh || tòc || t’uc || tʷ'uq || *tʔuq || tįq || duk || *tʔuq
|-
!4
| pé || pyáo || phau || ʃʷaʃ || *xwaʃ³ || púl || pal || *pjaɬ, *paɬ
|-
!5
| fàì || fyein || fang || ʃʷax̠ || *fjax̠ || fu || huu || *fjaɴ, *faɴ
|-
!6
| dlyă || yé || sa || ŋʷoʃkʲe || *ʃe || ɬu || sa || *ɬja, *ɬa
|-
!12
| dlád || lác || sath || ʂat || || || sat || *ɬat
|-
!18
| khó || kóu || hú || (24: x̠oʃ) || || || kol || *quɬ
|-
!24
| crà || tróun || thám || (36:sram) || || || twaa || *tram
|}

¹ In RTJ none of qʰ q qʼ appears before /i/. 
² The singulative infix -j- was inserted, which deleted the glottal stop. 
³ The plurative infix -w- was likely inserted, which caused the dissimilation pw > xw to occur, which was subsequently assimilated to ʃw, due to the influence of coda ʃ. This onset ʃʷ later replaced the original onset in the word for 5.

4, 5 and 6 all seem to have had variants with and without the singulative infix.

== Pronouns comparison ==

== Onset correspondances ==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | MT
! scope="col" | RT
! scope="col" | RTJ
! scope="col" | Comment
|-
| j || j || j
|-
| j || dz || j
|-
| j || ɻ || ɻ
|-
| χ || || x
|-
| χ || || ɕ
|-
| χr || || xʰ
|-
| χ || fw || f
|-
| w || || w
|-
| wr || || ʈ
|-
| ∅ || || ʀ
|-
| θ || t || tʰ
|-
| θ || ts || tsʰ
|-
| θ || ʈʂ || ʈʂʰ
|-
| tʰ || || t
|-
| tʰ || ts || ts
|-
| tʰ || || tsʰ
|-
| tʰ || || ʈ
|-
| tʰ || t
|-
| tʰn̥ || d || tʰ
|-
| tʰn̥ || || n̥
|-
| tʼ || || tʼ
|-
| tʼ || ts || tsʼ || / _{e i}
|-
| tʼ || || ʈʂʼ
|-
| s || || s
|-
| s || hl || ɬ
|-
| s || hl || ɬʲ || / _{e i}
|-
| s || dz || ɕ || / _{e i}
|-
| s || ʂ || ʂ
|-
| s || l || ꞎ (rf ɬ)
|-
| st || || t
|-
| sr || d || t
|-
| s || || sʰ || breathy vowel in MT(!)
|-
| s || z ||
|-
| r || r || r
|-
| ɸ || || pʰ
|-
| pʰ || || p ||
|-
| pʼ || || pʼ || ? < *pʔ
|-
|ŋ || || ŋ
|-
|ŋ || n || ŋ
|-
|ŋ || ɲ || ɲ
|-
|ŋ̊ || ŋ || ɲ̊
|-
|ŋ || ŋ || ŋ̊
|-
|n || n || n
|-
|n || || n̊
|-
|n̊ || || n̊
|-
|n̊ || || ɲ̊
|-
|n || || ɲ
|-
|mj || mbr || mɻ
|-
|mw || mb || əpʰ
|-
|m || m || m
|-
|m̥ || || m̥
|-
|l || l || l
|-
|x || g || kʰ
|-
|x || k
|-
|x || || tɕʰ
|-
|kʰn̥ || || n̥
|-
|kʰ || k || tɕ
|-
|kʼ || || kʼ
|-
|kʼ || || tɕʼ
|-
|kʼ || || qʼ
|-
|kʼ || || ʈʼ
|-
|h || || q
|-
|h || || k
|-
|h || || kʰ
|-
|hw || || ɬ̪
|-
|t || || ts
|-
|ʔ || || k
|-
|ʔ || || kʼ
|-
|ʔ || || pʼ
|-
|p || m || p
|-
|}

== Intervocalic correspondances ==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | MT
! scope="col" | RT
! scope="col" | RTJ
! scope="col" | Comment
|-
| r || || ʈʂ
|-
| r || || ʈ
|-
| mb || || p
|-
| nd || ∅ || t
|-
| jV[+breathy] || h || h
|-
|l || g || tɕʰ
|-
|r || || ʈʂ
|-
|}

== Coda correspondances ==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | MT
! scope="col" | RT
! scope="col" | RTJ
! scope="col" | Comment
|-
| ʔ || || q
|-
| ɪŋ || || è
|-
| ɪn || || è
|-
|m n ŋ || ~ || ∅ || < m n ŋ ɴ
|-
|m n ŋ ŋ || ~ʔ || p t k q || < mp nt ŋk ɴq
|-
|ɸ θ x (χ?) || ʔ || p t k q || T

Tʼ > T [-low tone]

Tʼ > N (tsʼ tɕʼ > ɲ)[+low tone]

T > S ( ts q > ɕ h )

F > W ( s ɕ > r; x > j; h > ʀ)

N̊ > N

Ŵ > əW

R N > R N

irregular:

no change

T+ > N-

pɻ+ > m-

p > ∅

tsɛ́ > sʰɛ́

tsó > ɕʰó

<dlr> > əɻ

ɬʲ > əɭ

ʈ > ɬ

ət > ɬ

f > əj

ʀ > <dlr>, ɬ

əpʰ > əp

əs > ər

Proto-Ronquian (reconstructed)

2014-08-02T21:59:26Z

KathAveara: /* Sound inventory */

Proto-Rompian (a.k.a. Proto-Ronquian) as reconstructed by T2. Rompian comes from the reconstructed word for 'language':

*roxʷ < roxʷ < *roŋxʷ < *romp ARN
*ɻɔ̃ʔ < *rɔ̃p < *romp < *romp RT
*rǒp < *rɔ̃p < *romp < *romp RTJ
*rof < *romf < *romp < *romp RTW
*rom < rom < *romp < *romp MT

= Phonology =

== Sound inventory ==

Zju has suggested the following consonant inventory.

{| {{softtable|c}}
! Consonants
! Labial
! Coronal
! Palatal
! Velar
! Uvular
! Glottal
|-
! Stop
| p
| t
|
| k
| q
| ʔ
|-
! Voiced stop
| b
| d
|
| g
| ɢ
|
|-
! Fricative
| f
| s ɬ
|
| x
| χ
| h
|-
! Liquid
| w
| r l
| j
|
| (ʀ)
|-
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ŋ
| ɴ
|}

KathAveara has suggested the following consonant inventory.

{| {{softtable|c}}
! Consonants
! Labial
! Coronal
! Palatal
! Velar
! Labio-velar
! Uvular
! Glottal
|-
! V.less Stop
| p
| t
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| ʔ
|-
! Voiced Stop
| b
| d
|
| g
| gʷ
| ɢ
|-
! Fricative
| f
| s, ɬ
|
| x
| xʷ
| χ
|-
! Approximant
|
| l, r
| j
|
| w
|-
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ŋ
| ŋʷ
| ɴ
|}

KathAveara has suggested the following vowel inventory:

{| {{softtable|c}}
! Vowels
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| i
|
| u
|-
! Mid
| e
| ə
| o
|-
! Low
|colspan=3|a
|}

Zju has suggested the following vowel inventory:

{| {{softtable|c}}
! Vowels
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| i
|
| u
|-
! Mid
| e
|
| o
|-
! Low
|colspan=3|a
|}

Vowels are somewhat like to have had phonemic length and could be preceeded and followed by any of w, j.

=== Allophony ===

No allophony is known to have existed as of now.

=== Phonotactics ===

At least the following sets of onsets are likely to have existed:

*(h)C(r l ʔ)(j w)
*NC
*∅

Where C doesn't include glottal consonants and NC is a cluster of a homorgranic nasal and plain stop. It's quite possible that not all combinations of (h)C(r l ʔ)(j w) were permitted, especially a combination of a voiced stop and ʔ, since no potential reflexes are known of such a cluster.

The following codas seem to have been permitted:

*T
*NT
*N
*ɬ

Where T is a plain stop and NT is a homorganic cluster. Additionally, s, h and ʔ are also somewhat likely to have been permitted as coda consonants, but currently no reflex of any of them is known.

== Lenition ==

Onsets of strong syllables lenited after weak syllables, either under some circumstances or unconditionally.

== Strong syllables ==

Strong syllables probably carried some kind of tone or stress. Words had one and only one strong syllable.

== Weak syllables ==

Weak (reduced) syllables had the same set of onsets as strong syllables. However they had no coda and a limited set of vowels, or only one vowel - ə. Additionally they were atonic or unstressed if there was phonemic tone or stress in PR.

= Grammar =

== Nouns ==

=== Prefixes ===

* *ə- - forming construct state in some cases.

=== Infixes ===

* *-j- - singulative infix, placed between onset and nucleus of the main syllable.

=== Suffixes ===

=== Construct state ===

Construct state, if it was present in PR already, was formed by several means, some of which were loss of glotalisation (h and ʔ in the onset) and prefixing *ə-, which triggered some kind of lenition.

== Verbs ==

== Affixes ==

=== Prefixes ===

=== Infixes ===

=== Suffixes ===

== Pronouns & Determiners ==

=== Personal Pronouns ===

Proto-Ronquian had 3 persons in at least 3 numbers, singular, dual and plural. It also had a 3rd person collective pronoun. There may have been an animacy distinction in the 3rd person too.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! sing.
! dual
! plur.
! coll.
|-
! 1st
| na
| nat
| ʔaj
|-
! 2nd
| muŋ
| miŋt
| wor
|-
! 3rd
| ki
| kut
| ?
| to
|}

=== Indefinite Determiners ===

=== Demonstratives ===

=== Interrogative Determiners ===

=== Indefinite Quantifiers ===

=== Numerals ===

Proto-Ronquian uses a mixed base-6/24 number system. The basic numerals are reconstructed by KathAveara as:

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! cardinal
! ordinal
|-
! 1
| pʔik
| mʔək
|-
! 2
| ki:
| kso
|-
! 3
| tʔuq
| ntoq
|-
! 4
| paɬ
|-
! 5
| fəɴ
|-
! 6
| ɬja ~ ɬa
|-
! 12
| ɬat
|-
! 18
| qoɬ
|-
! 24
| tram
|}

== Syntax ==

=== Prepositions ===

There were two sets of prepositions - noun-like (nouns in construct state) and primary.

= Sound changes =

Sound changes preceeded by an interrogative are entirely speculative (or nearly so) and rather have the status of suggestions.

Conditions preceeded by an interrogative are unknown and/or speculative.

== To A-Rox Ŋʷoskʷuɣmʲa ==

* P > Kʷ / ?
* NT > NÞ > Þ / _#
* V > ɐ / _[-full syllable]
* ɬ > ʃ / _#
* ɬj ɬ > ʃʲ ʂ
* q > χ / #_
* ɐ > ɪ / _Cʲ; ʊ / _Cʷ
* ʐ ʐʷ > r rʷ
* ɢʲ ɢ ɢʷ > ʁʲ ʁ ʁʷ
* ɲʲ ŋʲ > nʲ
* ɳʷ > nʷ

== To Mhakh Thandim ==

* Tʔ > Tʼ
* D T > T Tʰ
* hV > V[+breathy]
* ? Vh > V[+breathy]
* q > h / #_
* ? g > h / #_, ?
* q > ʔ / _#
* ɬ > u / _#
* ɬ > s / #_
* CrV > CV[+length] / ?
* ij uw > ii uu
* a o u e i > ə ɔ ʊ ɛ ɪ
* aa oo uu ee ii > a o u e i
* Q > K
* NT > N / _#
* hV > jV[+breathy]
* ? k kʼ > ʔ / #_[+ ?]
* NT > ND / V_V
* pʰ tʰ kʰ > ɸ θ x / _#, #_
* p t k > pʰ tʰ kʰ
* m > ∅ / #_u

== To Ronc Tyu ==

* ? u > o / [+uvular]_
* Q > K
* ? x > h
* C[+stop +voice]V > C[+stop -voice]V[+mid tone] / ?
* C[-stop +voice]V > C[-stop +voice]V[+mid tone] / ?
* NTV > NV[+high tone] / #_
* ʔV > V[+low tone]
* ? Vh > V[+low tone]
* C[+stop +voice]V > C[+nasal]V[+low tone] / ?
* C[-voice] > C[+voice] / ?
* t d k g > ts dz tɕ dʑ / _{V[+front] j}
* r > ∅ / #_u, ?
* ɬ > u / _#
* ɬ > ∅ / #_j
* ɬ > l / #_, ?
* ɬ > hl / #_, ?
* ? ij uw > iə uə / ?
* ? aj aw > ɛɪ ɔʊ / ?
* am > oum / _#
* VN(T) > V[+nasal](T) / _#
* p t k > ʔ / _#

== To Rrób Tè Jĕhnò ==

* Tʔ > Tʼ
* D T > T Tʰ
* Vɬ > V[+length] / _#
* ɬj > ɬʲ
* VN > V[+nasal +low tone] /_#
* VNT > V[+nasal +what tone?]T / _#
* ? VNT > V[+nasal +?]T / V_V
* ? NT > N[-voice] / #_
* ? ja aj > e / ?, eː /?
* ? wa aw > o / ?, oː /?
* ? ẽ õ → ɛ̃ ɔ̃
* V[+nasal] > V[-nasal +length] / lengthens only in open syllables
* V[+?] > V[+low tone] / ?
* V[-low tone] > V[+high tone]
* V > ə / _[-full syllable]
* q > k / _i
* ? u > o / [+uvular]_
* r > ʈʂ / V_V
* ? səf > sf > fʰ / _[+full syllable] (? sC > Cʰ)
* ? ks > sʰ
* sr sʰr tʰr tr tʼr ɫr > ʂ ʂʰ ʈʰ ʈ ʈʼ ꞎ (rf ɬ)
* s sʰ tʰ t tʼ ɫ > ɕ ɕʰ tsʰ ts tsʼ ɬʲ / _V[+front]
* sj sʰj tʰj tj tʼj ɫj > ɕ ɕʰ tsʰ ts tsʼ ɬʲ / _V[+front]
* k kʰ kʼ > tɕ tɕʰ tɕʼ / _V[+front] +?
* kj kʰj kʼj > tɕ tɕʰ tɕʼ / _V[+front] +?

== To Rof Tiŋe Wak ==

* CʔV > CV[+creaky]
* i > oː / q_
* ? pa > pu
* ? V[-creaky] > V[+breathy] / [+stop]_
* NT > NÞ > Þ / _#

== To Ree Rɛɛ Kıbyaa ==

* D > T
* Tʔ > D
* Q > K
* i > ɨ / K_
* tr > tw
* ɬ > s / #_
* ɬ > l / _#
* VN > V[+length]

= Important correspondances =

RTJ àì# - MT əN

'''NB''' There is an element which made a vowel breathy in MT and diphthongised it in RT in most cases. Could it be a coda /h/?

In a lot of cases a semivowel seems to have arisen in RT after the onset based on a (former) vowel quality.

*RT dz - RTJ x - MT s
*RT dź - RTJ hx - MT ds

In what way is breathiness connected with the coda?
*ang /əŋ/ rightness, righteousness - grágh < *qraɴq
*āng /ə̤ŋ/ hurt, wound, injure, harm - grág < *qraŋk, *?aŋk, *qhraŋk

What are the conditions for prothetic vowels and why does CrV → CV[+length] not apply? Are RT fricatives rather voiced because of VsV → VzV → zV?
*asakh /əsəx/ wolf - zac, hsac - srég < *(a)srVk
*asac /əsəʔ/ eagle - zoc, hsoc - ságh < *(a)sVq

kr → ʈ in RTJ?? There are a few other examples besides this one of a k(ʼ) ~ tr(ʼ) correspondance.
*gak’ókh /kək’ox/ hunt - getrʼóg < *kakʔrok

How to interpret the onset:
*gen /kɛn/ be different, be unusual, be another - ngàì

*MT '''yakh''' /jəx/ throat - RTJ '''yág''' /ják/ id. < *jak
*MT '''yaŋ''' /jəŋ/ be happy - RTJ '''yágh''' /jáq/ id. < *jaɴq
*MT '''yaŋ''' /jəŋ/ happiness - RTJ '''grágh''' /ʀáq/ id. < *?aɴq
however:
*MT '''tokh''' /tʰɔx/ wood - RTJ '''dóg''' /tók/ id < *tok
*MT '''tong''' /tʰɔŋ/ ant - RTJ '''dóg''' /tók/ id < *toŋk
*MT '''tung''' /tʰʊŋ/ vomit - RTJ '''dúgh''' /túq/ id < *tuɴq
*MT '''sung''' /sʊŋ/ pool, pond - RTJ '''súg''' /súk/ < *suŋk

*MT '''súkh''' /sux/ be slow - RT '''sruc''' /ʂuʔ/ - RTJ '''srúg''' /ʂúk/ < *sruk '''NB!''' In mT ru → ū → u due to CrV → CV[+length]
*MT '''sung''' /sʊŋ/ pool, pond - RTJ '''súg''' /súk/ < *suŋk

*MT '''safai''' /səfaɪ̯/ source, origin - RTJ '''hfáí''' /fʰɛ́/ id < *səfaj
*MT '''safeng''' /səfɛŋ/ thanks - RTJ '''hfég''' /fʰék/ id < *səfeŋk

*MT '''rúmbú''' /rumbu/ wrist - RTJ '''rrĕbú''' /rəpú/ id < *rumpu

Tracing the origin of RTJ initial ĕwĕ-:

*MT '''rómbáth''' /rombaθ/ palace - RTJ '''ĕwĕbád''' /əwəpát/ id
*MT '''róla''' /rolə/ raven - RT '''ogá''' id - RTJ '''ĕwĕqa''' /əwətɕʰa/ id

*MT '''pgo''' /pʰkɔ/ stick - RTJ '''ko''' /kʰo/ id
It's interesting that no word in MT begins in p, only ɸ, pʰ and pʼ.

RTJ has retained a distinction that MT and RT have merged:
*MT '''nath''' /nəθ/ teeth - RT '''nac''' /naʔ/ id - RTJ '''nèd''' /nèt/ id < *net
*MT '''nath''' /nəθ/ both - RT '''nac''' /naʔ/ id - RTJ '''nàd''' /nàt/ id < *nat

Evidence of reduplication in MT:
*MT '''mummung''' /mʊmmʊŋ/ squirrel - RT '''mwinc''' /mwĩʔ/ id - RTJ '''mòg''' /mòk/ id < *muŋk
*MT '''nonnong''' /nɔnnɔŋ/ girl - RTJ '''nògh''' / nòq/ id < *noɴq

Vowel deletion leading to consonant clusters, also a r - ʈʂ correspondance and unstressed vowel reduction:
*MT '''khirúm''' /xɪrum/ fast (abstain from eating) - RT '''grunc''' /grũʔ/ id - RTJ '''kĕzrúb''' /kʰəʈʂúp/ id < *khirump

One possible origin of voiceless nasals?
*MT '''dandí''' /təndi/ summer - RT '''ndàe''' id - RTJ '''hnò''' /n̥ò/ id < *(ta)ntV
*MT '''dandu''' /təndʊ/ admit, confess - RT '''ndù''' id - RTJ '''hnô''' /n̥ô/ id < *(ta)ntu

*MT '''ē''' /ɛ̤/ feeling, sense, intuition - RTJ '''ĕháí''' /əhɛ́/ id < *Vhɛ

== Numerals comparison ==

{| {{softtable|c}}
! || RTJ || RT || MT || ARN || RTW || RRK || PR
|-
!1
| p’íg || pìc || p’ikh || pʲik || pęq || bik || *pʔik
|-
!2
| kú || káe || hí || x̠i || qó: || kıı || *qii¹ (? *qij)
|-
!3
| t’úgh || tòc || t’uc || tʷ'uq || tįq || duk || *tʔuq
|-
!4
| pé || pyáo || phau || ʃʷaʃ, *xʷaʃ || púl || pal || *pjaɬ, *paɬ
|-
!5
| fàì || fyein || fang || ʃʷax̠, *fʲax̠ || fu || huu || *fjaŋ, *faŋ (?*fjaɴ, *faɴ)
|-
!6
| dlyă || yé || sa || ŋʷoʃkʲe, *ʃʲe || ɬu || sa || *ɬja, *ɬa
|-
!12
| dlád || lác || sath || ʂat || || sat || *ɬat
|-
!18
| khó || kóu || hú || (24: x̠oʃ) || || kol || *quɬ
|-
!24
| crà || tróun || thám || (36:sram) || || twaa || *tram
|}

¹ In RTJ none of qʰ q qʼ appears before /i/.

4, 5 and 6 all seem to have had variants with and without the singulative infix.

== Pronouns comparison ==

== Onset correspondances ==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | MT
! scope="col" | RT
! scope="col" | RTJ
! scope="col" | Comment
|-
| j || j || j
|-
| j || dz || j
|-
| j || ɻ || ɻ
|-
| j || fw || || ?
|-
| χ || || x
|-
| χ || || ɕ
|-
| χr || || xʰ
|-
| χ || fw || f
|-
| w || || w
|-
| wr || || ʈ
|-
| ∅ || || ʀ
|-
| ∅ || || m || / #_u
|-
| θ || t || tʰ
|-
| θ || ts || tsʰ
|-
| θ || || ʈʰ
|-
| θ || ʈʂ || ʈʂʰ
|-
| tʰw || tw || ʈ
|-
| tʰ || || t
|-
| tʰ || ts || ts
|-
| tʰ || || tsʰ
|-
| tʰ || || ʈ
|-
| tʰ || t
|-
| tʰn̥ || d || tʰ
|-
| tʰn̥ || || n̥
|-
| tʼ || || tʼ
|-
| tʼ || ts || tsʼ || / _{e i}
|-
| tʼ || || ʈʂʼ
|-
| s || || s
|-
| s || hl || ɬ
|-
| s || hl || ɬʲ || / _{e i}
|-
| s || dz || ɕ || / _{e i}
|-
| s || ʂ || ʂ
|-
| s || l || ꞎ (rf ɬ)
|-
| st || || t
|-
| sr || d || t
|-
| s || || sʰ || breathy vowel in MT(!)
|-
| s || z ||
|-
| r || r || r
|-
| r || ∅ || r || ?
|-
| r || z || r || ?
|-
| ɸ || || pʰ
|-
| pʰ || || p ||
|-
| pʼ || || pʼ || ? < *pʔ
|-
|ŋ || || ŋ
|-
|ŋ || n || ŋ
|-
|ŋ || ɲ || ɲ
|-
|ŋ̊ || ŋgl || ɬʲʰ
|-
|ŋ̊ || ŋ || ɲ̊
|-
|ŋ || ŋ || ŋ̊
|-
|n || n || n
|-
|n || || n̊
|-
|n̊ || || n̊
|-
|n̊ || || ɲ̊
|-
|n || || ɲ
|-
|mj || mbr || mɻ
|-
|mw || mb || əpʰ
|-
|m || m || m
|-
|m̥ || || m̥
|-
|l || l || l
|-
|x || g || kʰ
|-
|x || k
|-
|x || || tɕʰ
|-
|kʰn̥ || || n̥
|-
|kʰ || k || tɕ
|-
|kʼ || || kʼ
|-
|kʼ || || tɕʼ
|-
|kʼ || || qʼ
|-
|kʼ || || ʈʼ
|-
|h || || q
|-
|h || || k
|-
|h || || kʰ
|-
|hw || || ɬ̪
|-
|t || || ts
|-
|ʔ || || k
|-
|ʔ || || kʼ
|-
|ʔ || || pʼ
|-
|p || m || p
|-
|}

== Intervocalic correspondances ==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | MT
! scope="col" | RT
! scope="col" | RTJ
! scope="col" | Comment
|-
| r || || ʈʂ
|-
| r || || ʈ
|-
| mb || || p
|-
| nd || ∅ || t
|-
| jV[+breathy] || h || h
|-
|l || g || tɕʰ
|-
|r || || ʈʂ
|-
|}

== Coda correspondances ==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | MT
! scope="col" | RT
! scope="col" | RTJ
! scope="col" | Comment
|-
| ʔ || || q
|-
| ɪŋ || || è
|-
| ɪn || || è
|-
|m n ŋ || ~ || ∅ || < m n ŋ ɴ
|-
|m n ŋ ŋ || ~ʔ || p t k q || < mp nt ŋk ɴq
|-
|ɸ θ x (χ?) || ʔ || p t k q || < p t k q
|-
|}

== Vowel correspondances ==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | MT
! scope="col" | RT
! scope="col" | RTJ
! scope="col" | Syllable
|-
|aʊ || àʊ || ó || ooo
|-
|aʊ || || ɔ́ || o-o
|-
|a̤ʊ || ɔ̀ʊ~ || || oo-
|-
|aʊ || ɔʊ || || oo-
|-
|aɪ || ɛ̀ɪ || ɛ́ || ooo
|-
|aɪ || aɪ || á || ooo
|-
|a || || a || o-o
|-
|ə || || a || o-o
|-
|ə || à || a || ooo
|-
|ə || || ɛ̀ || c-o
|-
|ɛ || || é || c-c
|-
|ɛ || ɛ̀ || e || ooo
|-
|ɛ || ɛ || e || ooo
|-
|ɛn || ɛ~ || ɛ̀ || coo
|-
|i || || è || o-o
|-
|i || ɛ̀ɪ || é || ooo
|-
|i || ì || i || ooo
|-
|i || || í || o-o
|-
|ɪ || ì || || cc-
|-
|ɪ || || i || o-o
|-
|u || || ú || o-o
|-
|u || ù || ú || ooo
|-
|ṳ || || ó || o-o
|-
|u || ɔʊ || ó || ooo
|-
|um || u~ || ò || coo
|-
|ʊ || ù || || oo-
|-
|ʊ || || ò || c-o
|-
|ʊ || || u || o-o
|-
|ɔ || ɔ || o || ooo
|-
|ɔŋ || aɪ~ || ɔ̀ || coo
|-
|o || ù || || cc-
|}

= Lexicon =

The partially reconstructed lexicon:

[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]

Proto-Ronquian (reconstructed)

2014-07-15T13:37:48Z

KathAveara: /* Numerals */

Proto Ronquian as reconstructed by T2.

= Phonology =

== Sound inventory ==

Zju has suggested the following consonant inventory.

{| {{softtable|c}}
! Consonants
! Labial
! Coronal
! Palatal
! Velar
! Labio-velar
! Uvular
! Glottal
|-
! Stop
| p
| t
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| ʔ
|-
! Fricative
| (f)
| s ɬ
|
| (x)
| (xʷ)
| (χ)
| h
|-
! Approximant
|
| l r~ɻ
| j
|
| w
|-
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ŋ
| ŋʷ
|
|}

KathAveara has suggested the following consonant inventory.

{| {{softtable|c}}
! Consonants
! Labial
! Coronal
! Palatal
! Velar
! Labio-velar
! Uvular
! Glottal
|-
! V.less Stop
| p
| t
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| ʔ
|-
! Voiced Stop
| b
| d
|
| g
| gʷ
| ɢ
|-
! Fricative
| f
| s, ɬ
|
| x
| xʷ
| χ
|-
! Approximant
|
| l, r
| j
|
| w
|-
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ŋ
| ŋʷ
| ɴ
|}

The following vowel inventory is believed to have been in PR.

{| {{softtable|c}}
! Vowels
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| i
|
| u
|-
! Mid
| e
| ə
| o
|-
! Low
|colspan=3|a
|}

=== Allophony ===

== Lenition ==

== Strong syllables ==

== Weak syllables ==

= Grammar =

== Nouns ==

=== Construct state ===

== Verbs ==

== Affixes ==

=== Prefixes ===

=== Infixes ===

=== Suffixes ===

== Pronouns & Determiners ==

=== Personal Pronouns ===

Proto-Ronquian had 3 persons in at least 3 numbers, singular, dual and plural. It also had a 3rd person collective pronoun. There may have been an animacy distinction in the 3rd person too.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! sing.
! dual
! plur.
! coll.
|-
! 1st
| na
| nat
| ʔaj
|-
! 2nd
| muŋ
| miŋt
| wor
|-
! 3rd
| ki
| kut
| ?
| to
|}

=== Indefinite Determiners ===

=== Demonstratives ===

=== Interrogative Determiners ===

=== Indefinite Quantifiers ===

=== Numerals ===

Proto-Ronquian uses a mixed base-6/24 number system. The basic numerals are reconstructed by KathAveara as:

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! cardinal
! ordinal
|-
! 1
| pʔik
| mʔək
|-
! 2
| ki:
| kso
|-
! 3
| tʔuq
| ntoq
|-
! 4
| paɬ
|-
! 5
| fəɴ
|-
! 6
| ɬja ~ ɬa
|-
! 12
| ɬat
|-
! 18
| qoɬ
|-
! 24
| tram
|}

== Syntax ==

=== Prepositions ===

= Sound changes =

== To A-Rox Ŋʷoskʷuɣmʲa ==

* ʐ ʐʷ > r rʷ
* ɢʲ ɢ ɢʷ > ʁʲ ʁ ʁʷ
* ɲʲ ŋʲ > nʲ
* ɳʷ > nʷ

= Important correspondances =

Proto-Ronquian (reconstructed)

2014-07-15T13:36:20Z

KathAveara: /* Sound inventory */

Proto Ronquian as reconstructed by T2.

= Phonology =

== Sound inventory ==

Zju has suggested the following consonant inventory.

{| {{softtable|c}}
! Consonants
! Labial
! Coronal
! Palatal
! Velar
! Labio-velar
! Uvular
! Glottal
|-
! Stop
| p
| t
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| ʔ
|-
! Fricative
| (f)
| s ɬ
|
| (x)
| (xʷ)
| (χ)
| h
|-
! Approximant
|
| l r~ɻ
| j
|
| w
|-
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ŋ
| ŋʷ
|
|}

KathAveara has suggested the following consonant inventory.

{| {{softtable|c}}
! Consonants
! Labial
! Coronal
! Palatal
! Velar
! Labio-velar
! Uvular
! Glottal
|-
! V.less Stop
| p
| t
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| ʔ
|-
! Voiced Stop
| b
| d
|
| g
| gʷ
| ɢ
|-
! Fricative
| f
| s, ɬ
|
| x
| xʷ
| χ
|-
! Approximant
|
| l, r
| j
|
| w
|-
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ŋ
| ŋʷ
| ɴ
|}

The following vowel inventory is believed to have been in PR.

{| {{softtable|c}}
! Vowels
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| i
|
| u
|-
! Mid
| e
| ə
| o
|-
! Low
|colspan=3|a
|}

=== Allophony ===

== Lenition ==

== Strong syllables ==

== Weak syllables ==

= Grammar =

== Nouns ==

=== Construct state ===

== Verbs ==

== Affixes ==

=== Prefixes ===

=== Infixes ===

=== Suffixes ===

== Pronouns & Determiners ==

=== Personal Pronouns ===

Proto-Ronquian had 3 persons in at least 3 numbers, singular, dual and plural. It also had a 3rd person collective pronoun. There may have been an animacy distinction in the 3rd person too.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! sing.
! dual
! plur.
! coll.
|-
! 1st
| na
| nat
| ʔaj
|-
! 2nd
| muŋ
| miŋt
| wor
|-
! 3rd
| ki
| kut
| ?
| to
|}

=== Indefinite Determiners ===

=== Demonstratives ===

=== Interrogative Determiners ===

=== Indefinite Quantifiers ===

=== Numerals ===

Proto-Ronquian uses a mixed base-6/24 number system. The basic numerals are reconstructed by KathAveara as:

{| {{softtable|c}}
!
! cardinal
! ordinal
|-
! 1
| pʔik
| mʔək
|-
! 2
| ki:
| kso
|-
! 3
| tʔuq
| ntoq
|-
! 4
| paɬ
|-
! 5
| fəɴ
|-
! 6
| ɬja
|-
! 12
| ɬat
|-
! 18
| qoɬ
|-
! 24
| tram
|}

== Syntax ==

=== Prepositions ===

= Sound changes =

== To A-Rox Ŋʷoskʷuɣmʲa ==

* ʐ ʐʷ > r rʷ
* ɢʲ ɢ ɢʷ > ʁʲ ʁ ʁʷ
* ɲʲ ŋʲ > nʲ
* ɳʷ > nʷ

= Important correspondances =

Sanap Þoi/Lexicon

2014-07-15T13:32:49Z

KathAveara: /* Nouns */

==Nouns==

{| {{greentable|lightgreenbg}}
! SÞ || Gloss
|-
| '''ramaf''', ''woramaf'', ''faþramaf'' || ''young man''
|-
| '''þeu''', ''nuþeu'', ''kanþeu'', ''þa-'' || ''tree''
|-
| '''tô''', ''wonþô'', ''kaþtô'' || ''blood''
|-
| '''nê''', ''wonê'', ''kaþnê'' || ''water''
|-
| '''nô''', ''wonô'', ''kaþnô'' || ''rain''
|-
| '''nî''', ''wenî'', ''kaþnî'' || ''night''

|}

==Verbs==

{| {{greentable|lightgreenbg}}
! SÞ || Gloss
|-
| '''þolaf''' || ''bite''
|-
| '''kanis''' || ''walk on foot''

|}

==Adjectives==

{| {{greentable|lightgreenbg}}
! SÞ || Gloss
|-
| '''fam''' || ''false, wrong''
|-
| '''fof''' || ''ready''
|-
| '''fofam''' || ''wet''
|-
| '''hamfit''' || ''correct''
|-
| '''har''' || ''worried''
|-
| '''hê''' || ''loud''
|-
| '''hejem''' || ''bitter''
|-
| '''hejem''' || ''sharp, smart''
|-
| '''henô''' || ''smooth''
|-
| '''hî''' || ''bad (feeling)''
|-
| '''hî''' || ''left''
|-
| '''hî''' || ''tall, deep''
|-
| '''himif''' || ''white''
|-
| '''hin''' || ''unwell''
|-
| '''hulik''' || ''late''
|-
| '''huseþ''' || ''dark, dim''
|-
| '''jenô''' || ''hot, kind''
|-
| '''kawam''' || ''round''
|-
| '''kem''' || ''crooked''
|-
| '''kerem''' || ''flat''
|-
| '''kewem''' || ''blind''
|-
| '''kihem''' || ''dry''
|-
| '''kiþik''' || ''sour''
|-
| '''kô''' || ''hard''
|-
| '''kowom''' || ''interesting''
|-
| '''kû''' || ''sweet''
|-
| '''mokî''' || ''light (in weight)''
|-
| '''mufem''' || ''hungry''
|-
| '''mufif''' || ''strange, impossible''
|-
| '''naf''' || ''cold, mean''
|-
| '''naf''' || ''insane, crazy''
|-
| '''najam''' || ''coloured''
|-
| '''natâ''' || ''thirsty''
|-
| '''nes''' || ''early''
|-
| '''nusef''' || ''dangerous''
|-
| '''nuþam''' || ''ashamed''
|-
| '''pê''' || ''black''
|-
| '''pem''' || ''short, shallow''
|-
| '''pif''' || ''good, virtuous''
|-
| '''piniþ''' || ''right''
|-
| '''poram''' || ''silent''
|-
| '''puham''' || ''heavy, important''
|-
| '''punhuf''' || ''narrow, thin''
|-
| '''rem''' || ''bad, cruel''
|-
| '''riniþ''' || ''deaf''
|-
| '''sawam''' || ''savoury''
|-
| '''semif''' || ''blunt, dumb''
|-
| '''sî''' || ''salty''
|-
| '''sim''' || ''dirty''
|-
| '''siniþ''' || ''straight''
|-
| '''sof''' || ''soft''
|-
| '''somuf''' || ''long''
|-
| '''tawek''' || ''glad''
|-
| '''tem''' || ''clean''
|-
| '''þaf''' || ''bald''
|-
| '''þafem''' || ''new, young''
|-
| '''þamak''' || ''fast, quick''
|-
| '''þanê''' || ''good (feeling)''
|-
| '''þê''' || ''foreign, exotic''
|-
| '''þenî''' || ''light, bright''
|-
| '''þô''' || ''cute, handsome''
|-
| '''þoi''' || ''great, wonderous''
|-
| '''tihap''' || ''boring''
|-
| '''tihem''' || ''lazy''
|-
| '''tihem''' || ''wide''
|-
| '''tomuf''' || ''true, right''
|-
| '''tû''' || ''old, wise''
|-
| '''wanô''' || ''ugly''
|-
| '''wem''' || ''lame''
|-
| '''wonê''' || ''short''
|-
| '''wunî''' || ''slow''

|}

==Numerals==

{| {{greentable|lightgreenbg}}
! SÞ || Gloss
|-
| '''wam''' || ''0''
|-
| '''mas''' || ''1''
|-
| '''sê''' || ''2''
|-
| '''fam''' || ''3''
|-
| '''tas''' || ''4''
|-
| '''þam''' || ''5''
|-
| '''toi''' || ''6''
|-
| '''tafam''' || ''7''
|-
| '''sanaþ''' || ''8''
|-
| '''saþam''' || ''9''
|-
| '''hemef''' || ''10''

|}

==Pronouns==

{| {{greentable|lightgreenbg}}
! SÞ || Gloss
|-
| '''tê''' || ''I''
|-
| '''wom''' || ''thou''
|-
| '''nat''' || ''thou (hon)''
|-
| '''pau''' || ''he, she (anim)''
|-
| '''kô''' || ''it (inan)''
|-
| '''katir''' || ''we''
|-
| '''kaþwom''' || ''you''
|-
| '''kaþnat''' || ''you (hon)''
|-
| '''nau''' || ''they''

|}

==Swadesh List==

This list will be slowly added to.

{| {{greentable|lightgreenbg}}
! SÞ || Gloss
|-
| '''tê''' || ''I''
|-
| '''wom, nat''' || ''thou''
|-
| '''katir''' || ''we''
|-
| '''mas''' || ''1''
|-
| '''sê''' || ''2''
|-
| '''ramaf''' || ''man''
|-
| '''þeu''' || ''tree''
|-
| '''tô''' || ''blood''
|-
| '''þolaf''' || ''bite (v)''
|-
| '''kanis''' || ''walk on foot''
|-
| '''nê''' || ''water''
|-
| '''nô''' || ''rain (n)''
|-
| '''nî''' || ''night''

|}

Sanap Þoi

2014-07-15T13:20:33Z

KathAveara: /* Nouns */

Sanap Þoi

2014-07-15T13:13:25Z

KathAveara: /* Nouns */

Sanap Þoi

2014-07-12T21:23:58Z

KathAveara: /* Nouns */

Sanap Þoi

2014-07-12T21:22:11Z

KathAveara: /* Nouns */

Sanap Þoi

2014-07-12T21:19:47Z

KathAveara: /* Nouns */

Sanap Þoi

2014-07-12T20:51:25Z

KathAveara: /* Nouns */

Sanap Þoi

2014-07-12T19:38:21Z

KathAveara: /* Personal Pronouns */

Sanap Þoi/Lexicon

2014-06-29T11:57:41Z

KathAveara: /* Adjectives */

==Nouns==

{| {{greentable|lightgreenbg}}
! SÞ || Gloss
|-
| '''ramaf''' || ''man''
|-
| '''þeu''' || ''tree''
|-
| '''tô''' || ''blood''
|-
| '''nê''' || ''water''
|-
| '''nô''' || ''rain''
|-
| '''nî''' || ''night''

|}

==Verbs==

{| {{greentable|lightgreenbg}}
! SÞ || Gloss
|-
| '''þolaf''' || ''bite''
|-
| '''kanis''' || ''walk on foot''

|}

==Adjectives==

{| {{greentable|lightgreenbg}}
! SÞ || Gloss
|-
| '''fam''' || ''false, wrong''
|-
| '''fof''' || ''ready''
|-
| '''fofam''' || ''wet''
|-
| '''hamfit''' || ''correct''
|-
| '''har''' || ''worried''
|-
| '''hê''' || ''loud''
|-
| '''hejem''' || ''bitter''
|-
| '''hejem''' || ''sharp, smart''
|-
| '''henô''' || ''smooth''
|-
| '''hî''' || ''bad (feeling)''
|-
| '''hî''' || ''left''
|-
| '''hî''' || ''tall, deep''
|-
| '''himif''' || ''white''
|-
| '''hin''' || ''unwell''
|-
| '''hulik''' || ''late''
|-
| '''huseþ''' || ''dark, dim''
|-
| '''jenô''' || ''hot, kind''
|-
| '''kawam''' || ''round''
|-
| '''kem''' || ''crooked''
|-
| '''kerem''' || ''flat''
|-
| '''kewem''' || ''blind''
|-
| '''kihem''' || ''dry''
|-
| '''kiþik''' || ''sour''
|-
| '''kô''' || ''hard''
|-
| '''kowom''' || ''interesting''
|-
| '''kû''' || ''sweet''
|-
| '''mokî''' || ''light (in weight)''
|-
| '''mufem''' || ''hungry''
|-
| '''mufif''' || ''strange, impossible''
|-
| '''naf''' || ''cold, mean''
|-
| '''naf''' || ''insane, crazy''
|-
| '''najam''' || ''coloured''
|-
| '''natâ''' || ''thirsty''
|-
| '''nes''' || ''early''
|-
| '''nusef''' || ''dangerous''
|-
| '''nuþam''' || ''ashamed''
|-
| '''pê''' || ''black''
|-
| '''pem''' || ''short, shallow''
|-
| '''pif''' || ''good, virtuous''
|-
| '''piniþ''' || ''right''
|-
| '''poram''' || ''silent''
|-
| '''puham''' || ''heavy, important''
|-
| '''punhuf''' || ''narrow, thin''
|-
| '''rem''' || ''bad, cruel''
|-
| '''riniþ''' || ''deaf''
|-
| '''sawam''' || ''savoury''
|-
| '''semif''' || ''blunt, dumb''
|-
| '''sî''' || ''salty''
|-
| '''sim''' || ''dirty''
|-
| '''siniþ''' || ''straight''
|-
| '''sof''' || ''soft''
|-
| '''somuf''' || ''long''
|-
| '''tawek''' || ''glad''
|-
| '''tem''' || ''clean''
|-
| '''þaf''' || ''bald''
|-
| '''þafem''' || ''new, young''
|-
| '''þamak''' || ''fast, quick''
|-
| '''þanê''' || ''good (feeling)''
|-
| '''þê''' || ''foreign, exotic''
|-
| '''þenî''' || ''light, bright''
|-
| '''þô''' || ''cute, handsome''
|-
| '''þoi''' || ''great, wonderous''
|-
| '''tihap''' || ''boring''
|-
| '''tihem''' || ''lazy''
|-
| '''tihem''' || ''wide''
|-
| '''tomuf''' || ''true, right''
|-
| '''tû''' || ''old, wise''
|-
| '''wanô''' || ''ugly''
|-
| '''wem''' || ''lame''
|-
| '''wonê''' || ''short''
|-
| '''wunî''' || ''slow''

|}

==Numerals==

{| {{greentable|lightgreenbg}}
! SÞ || Gloss
|-
| '''wam''' || ''0''
|-
| '''mas''' || ''1''
|-
| '''sê''' || ''2''
|-
| '''fam''' || ''3''
|-
| '''tas''' || ''4''
|-
| '''þam''' || ''5''
|-
| '''toi''' || ''6''
|-
| '''tafam''' || ''7''
|-
| '''sanaþ''' || ''8''
|-
| '''saþam''' || ''9''
|-
| '''hemef''' || ''10''

|}

==Pronouns==

{| {{greentable|lightgreenbg}}
! SÞ || Gloss
|-
| '''tê''' || ''I''
|-
| '''wom''' || ''thou''
|-
| '''nat''' || ''thou (hon)''
|-
| '''pau''' || ''he, she (anim)''
|-
| '''kô''' || ''it (inan)''
|-
| '''katir''' || ''we''
|-
| '''kaþwom''' || ''you''
|-
| '''kaþnat''' || ''you (hon)''
|-
| '''nau''' || ''they''

|}

==Swadesh List==

This list will be slowly added to.

{| {{greentable|lightgreenbg}}
! SÞ || Gloss
|-
| '''tê''' || ''I''
|-
| '''wom, nat''' || ''thou''
|-
| '''katir''' || ''we''
|-
| '''mas''' || ''1''
|-
| '''sê''' || ''2''
|-
| '''ramaf''' || ''man''
|-
| '''þeu''' || ''tree''
|-
| '''tô''' || ''blood''
|-
| '''þolaf''' || ''bite (v)''
|-
| '''kanis''' || ''walk on foot''
|-
| '''nê''' || ''water''
|-
| '''nô''' || ''rain (n)''
|-
| '''nî''' || ''night''

|}