File:Puvangengo.pdf

2020-05-13T15:15:54Z

Frislander: Grammar and Lexicon of Puvaŋeŋo,

Grammar and Lexicon of Puvaŋeŋo,

Category:Team B languages

2020-05-12T21:36:16Z

Frislander: Created page with "Category page for the 2020 Relay Team B"

Category page for the 2020 Relay Team B

Team B languages

2020-05-12T21:32:19Z

Frislander:

The Team B languages were created for the 2020 Reconstruction relay. They are spoken in south-western Peilaš.

[[Category:Team B languages]]

2019-09-06T23:24:49Z

Frislander:

{{Invitation}}
{{Article}}
=Agriculture in Peilaš=

==Aiwa Valley System==

One of the earliest and most successful forms of agriculture in [[Peilaš]], the Aiwa Valley system originated with the [[Ngauro]] and neighboring peoples in the general vicinity of the [[Aiwa]] delta. The system ultimately spread northeast into [[Huyfárah]], southern [[Siixtaguna]], and the valleys of the [[Šišin mountains]], south into Hitatc and [[Miwan languages|Miwan]]-speaking regions in and around the [[Ici forest]], and west as far as [[Rathedān]] and the [[Xōron Eiel]]. The relatively narrow range of cultivated species somewhat limits the areas where the system can be successfully employed, but it has proven very successful in the river valleys of eastern Peilaš, where it long supported the growth of towns and cities. The introduction of new legume crops from [[Tuysáfa]] by Isles-speakers would in later years significantly enrich the Aiwa valley system and allow for improved forms of crop rotation.

The primary staple crops of the Aiwa Valley were wheat and barley. By the rise of the [[Ndak Empire]], alluvial land was mostly reserved for irrigated fields of grain, but oxen were kept as beasts of burden and some cattle and sheep were raised. Goats were introduced from the Isthmus region, and horses from the west. Cultivated foods were supplemented with fishing where possible, and with hunting in the hinterlands away from the coast and the river.

{{Commentbox|(Note: Ndak Ta has no known word for "beer," but it is believed that the earliest grain agriculturalists in Peilaš must have used part of their crop to make alcohol. Somewhat later, their selection of intoxicants expanded to include wine and rice alcohol, and probably cider and millet beer as well.)}}

==Lukpanic Coast System==

The [[Lukpanic languages|Lukpanic]] city-states (and likely peoples farther to the northwest) relied on buckwheat as their primary staple, supplemented with figs, Peilaš beans (useful for their nitrogen-fixing ability), and root vegetables like carrots and onions. They also raised cattle (mainly for milk), goats (probably introduced from the east), and bees, whose honey they used as a sweetener and to make mead. Grapes were cultivated for making wine, which was likely an important trade good in the region, and herbs like parsley and hibiscus were grown for their flavor. In addition to cultivated foods, they ate a great deal of fish and gathered insects and other wild foods.

The conquest of the Lukpanic coast by [[Western languages|Western]] speakers didn't drastically change the agricultural system of the region, though it did introduce several important new domestic species, including horses, millet, pigs, and sheep.

{{Commentbox|(Note: It's possible that Aiwa Valley grains might eventually be introduced to the region, possibly partly displacing the cultivation of buckwheat and millet.)}}

==Northeast Coast Subsistence Strategies==

The northern coasts of [[Siixtaguna]] and the Isthmus are difficult places for agricultural societies to survive, but the expansion of the [[Kennan]] demonstrates that this harsh land can support complex societies. This area was one of the first centers of goat domestication, and herding goats and sheep is a major subsistence strategy in the more temperate reaches of the northeast coast. Fishing and hunting marine mammals is another important component, particularly in the relatively barren Kennan homeland and on Tymytỳs and surrounding islands. The Kennan and other peoples in the far north have also taken to herding reindeer, which is better suited to the environment compared to goats and sheep.

==Peilaš Steppe Pastoralism==

Generally similar forms of nomadic pastoralism are practiced in the great [[Western steppe]] and in much of the [[Xōron Eiel]]. These lifestyles emerged out of the earlier Aiwa Valley and western mixed agricultural systems, specializing in order to adapt to marginal regions not well suited to crop cultivation. Steppe pastoralists rely heavily on meat and dairy products, and keep mixed herds consisting mostly of cattle, goats, horses, and sheep. Mobility is essential to the success of the system, as forage is sparse in the semi-arid regions where it is practiced.

==Western Mixed Agriculture==

Although the expansion of the Western-speaking peoples was driven in large part by their domestication of the horse and, to a lesser extent, the pig, within much of their range they practice a form of mixed agriculture which places roughly equal emphasis on farming and animal husbandry. Versions of this system remain the dominant form of agriculture in parts of the Coastal Corridor, [[Kipceʔ desert]], [[Wañelín]], and the [[Tjakori]] and [[Western plateau]]s many thousands of years later, although new crops from the east did eventually enter the region. The Western system also had a significant influence on the forms of agriculture practiced in the neighboring steppe regions and the Lukpanic coast.

The primary staple crop in the Western system is millet, supplemented with Peilaš beans. By -2000 YP at the latest, some Western-speaking peoples were cultivating grapes for wine, and it appears to have been the [[Gezoro]] who introduced winemaking to the Edastean cultural sphere. As far as livestock, this system incorporated horses, pigs, and sheep, and later adopted cattle and goats as well. Where possible, agriculture was supplemented with hunting, fishing and, at times, widespread cannibalism.

==Xšali Wet Rice Agriculture==

Originating in tropical southern [[Xšalad]], this system spread throughout the well-watered lands of the [[Xšali Empire]] and eastward along the coast as far as [[Mrisaŋfa]]. In the peninsula, rice cultivation was supplemented with fruit orchards, including both citrus fruits and apple, and in Xšalad spices were cultivated for cooking and trade. The [[Peninsular languages|Peninsular]] peoples would later carry this system to the islands of [[Fmana-hŋ-Talam]] and to the Lotoka region of the Isthmus. Rice cultivation had also spread at least as far as Buruya by 400 YP, and in later years it thrived on the lower Aiwa and in the Milīr valley, co-existing with the Aiwa valley system throughout much of the Edastean cultural sphere.

=Agriculture in Tuysáfa=
{{Noticebox|<big>'''''To Be Continued...'''''</big> ''This section is not finished yet. If you can contribute to its content, feel free to do so!''|green}}

==The Hazāka==

The main crop of the Hazāka is rice, grown in large paddies for which space has been cleared from the forest. These rice paddies are also home to semi-domesticated varieties of fish, with the fish keeping the rice pest-free while fertilising the rice with their droppings. At the coast large salts pans are found, with the salt being an important trading good with inland regions.

==The Northwest Coast/the Ronquian Zone==

Agriculture was not begun natively on the Tuysáfan Northwest coast, and most of the domesticates used in farming are not native to this region, including the main staples, varieties of oats and legumes, notably peas, beans and lentils. These would be grown in specially made plots made through either the draining of swampland or the clearing of a patch of forest. Similar clearing processes are required in order to produce suitable pasture land for their domesticated animals, however once that land has been cleared their it requires relatively little maintenance due to the grazing action of the animals in question, most notably including semi-domesticated herds of deer. Settled hunter-gathering is still important as a source of food, and wild deer, river-fish and nuts and berries remain important sources of food. There is a marked geographical gradiation of the relative dominance of these types, with the cultivation of crops being more disfavoured nearer the coast due to the harsher oceanic weather.

=Agriculture in Zeluzhia=
{{Noticebox|<big>'''''To Be Continued...'''''</big> ''This section is not finished yet. If you can contribute to its content, feel free to do so!''|green}}

[[Category:Culture]]

Proto-Muyan

2019-09-06T15:36:13Z

Frislander: Redoing everything

Agriculture

2019-09-04T20:47:33Z

Frislander: /* The Northwest Coast/the Ronquian Zone */

{{Invitation}}
{{Article}}
=Agriculture in Peilaš=

==Aiwa Valley System==

One of the earliest and most successful forms of agriculture in [[Peilaš]], the Aiwa Valley system originated with the [[Ngauro]] and neighboring peoples in the general vicinity of the [[Aiwa]] delta. The system ultimately spread northeast into [[Huyfárah]], southern [[Siixtaguna]], and the valleys of the [[Šišin mountains]], south into Hitatc and [[Miwan languages|Miwan]]-speaking regions in and around the [[Ici forest]], and west as far as [[Rathedān]] and the [[Xōron Eiel]]. The relatively narrow range of cultivated species somewhat limits the areas where the system can be successfully employed, but it has proven very successful in the river valleys of eastern Peilaš, where it long supported the growth of towns and cities. The introduction of new legume crops from [[Tuysáfa]] by Isles-speakers would in later years significantly enrich the Aiwa valley system and allow for improved forms of crop rotation.

The primary staple crops of the Aiwa Valley were wheat and barley. By the rise of the [[Ndak Empire]], alluvial land was mostly reserved for irrigated fields of grain, but oxen were kept as beasts of burden and some cattle and sheep were raised. Goats were introduced from the Isthmus region, and horses from the west. Cultivated foods were supplemented with fishing where possible, and with hunting in the hinterlands away from the coast and the river.

{{Commentbox|(Note: Ndak Ta has no known word for "beer," but it is believed that the earliest grain agriculturalists in Peilaš must have used part of their crop to make alcohol. Somewhat later, their selection of intoxicants expanded to include wine and rice alcohol, and probably cider and millet beer as well.)}}

==Lukpanic Coast System==

The [[Lukpanic languages|Lukpanic]] city-states (and likely peoples farther to the northwest) relied on buckwheat as their primary staple, supplemented with figs, Peilaš beans (useful for their nitrogen-fixing ability), and root vegetables like carrots and onions. They also raised cattle (mainly for milk), goats (probably introduced from the east), and bees, whose honey they used as a sweetener and to make mead. Grapes were cultivated for making wine, which was likely an important trade good in the region, and herbs like parsley and hibiscus were grown for their flavor. In addition to cultivated foods, they ate a great deal of fish and gathered insects and other wild foods.

The conquest of the Lukpanic coast by [[Western languages|Western]] speakers didn't drastically change the agricultural system of the region, though it did introduce several important new domestic species, including horses, millet, pigs, and sheep.

{{Commentbox|(Note: It's possible that Aiwa Valley grains might eventually be introduced to the region, possibly partly displacing the cultivation of buckwheat and millet.)}}

==Northeast Coast Subsistence Strategies==

The northern coasts of [[Siixtaguna]] and the Isthmus are difficult places for agricultural societies to survive, but the expansion of the [[Kennan]] demonstrates that this harsh land can support complex societies. This area was one of the first centers of goat domestication, and herding goats and sheep is a major subsistence strategy in the more temperate reaches of the northeast coast. Fishing and hunting marine mammals is another important component, particularly in the relatively barren Kennan homeland and on Tymytỳs and surrounding islands. The Kennan and other peoples in the far north have also taken to herding reindeer, which is better suited to the environment compared to goats and sheep.

==Peilaš Steppe Pastoralism==

Generally similar forms of nomadic pastoralism are practiced in the great [[Western steppe]] and in much of the [[Xōron Eiel]]. These lifestyles emerged out of the earlier Aiwa Valley and western mixed agricultural systems, specializing in order to adapt to marginal regions not well suited to crop cultivation. Steppe pastoralists rely heavily on meat and dairy products, and keep mixed herds consisting mostly of cattle, goats, horses, and sheep. Mobility is essential to the success of the system, as forage is sparse in the semi-arid regions where it is practiced.

==Western Mixed Agriculture==

Although the expansion of the Western-speaking peoples was driven in large part by their domestication of the horse and, to a lesser extent, the pig, within much of their range they practice a form of mixed agriculture which places roughly equal emphasis on farming and animal husbandry. Versions of this system remain the dominant form of agriculture in parts of the Coastal Corridor, [[Kipceʔ desert]], [[Wañelín]], and the [[Tjakori]] and [[Western plateau]]s many thousands of years later, although new crops from the east did eventually enter the region. The Western system also had a significant influence on the forms of agriculture practiced in the neighboring steppe regions and the Lukpanic coast.

The primary staple crop in the Western system is millet, supplemented with Peilaš beans. By -2000 YP at the latest, some Western-speaking peoples were cultivating grapes for wine, and it appears to have been the [[Gezoro]] who introduced winemaking to the Edastean cultural sphere. As far as livestock, this system incorporated horses, pigs, and sheep, and later adopted cattle and goats as well. Where possible, agriculture was supplemented with hunting, fishing and, at times, widespread cannibalism.

==Xšali Wet Rice Agriculture==

Originating in tropical southern [[Xšalad]], this system spread throughout the well-watered lands of the [[Xšali Empire]] and eastward along the coast as far as [[Mrisaŋfa]]. In the peninsula, rice cultivation was supplemented with fruit orchards, including both citrus fruits and apple, and in Xšalad spices were cultivated for cooking and trade. The [[Peninsular languages|Peninsular]] peoples would later carry this system to the islands of [[Fmana-hŋ-Talam]] and to the Lotoka region of the Isthmus. Rice cultivation had also spread at least as far as Buruya by 400 YP, and in later years it thrived on the lower Aiwa and in the Milīr valley, co-existing with the Aiwa valley system throughout much of the Edastean cultural sphere.

=Agriculture in Tuysáfa=
{{Noticebox|<big>'''''To Be Continued...'''''</big> ''This section is not finished yet. If you can contribute to its content, feel free to do so!''|green}}

==The Hazāka==

The main crop of the Hazāka is rice, grown in large paddies for which space has been cleared from the forest. These rice paddies are also home to semi-domesticated varieties of fish, with the fish keeping the rice pest-free while fertilising the rice with their droppings. At the coast large salts pans are found, with the salt being an important trading good with inland regions.

==The Northwest Coast/the Ronquian Zone==

Agriculture was not begun natively on the Tuysáfan Northwest coast, and most of the domesticates used in farming are not native to this region, including the main staples, varieties of oats, peas and beans. These would be grown in specially made plots made through either the draining of swampland or the clearing of a patch of forest. Similar clearing processes are required in order to produce suitable pasture land for their domesticated animals, however once that land has been cleared their it requires relatively little maintenance due to the grazing action of the animals in question, most notably including domesticated varieties of deer. Settled hunter-gathering is still important as a source of food, and wild deer, river-fish and nuts and berries remain important sources of food. There is a marked geographical gradiation of the relative dominance of these types, with the cultivation of crops being more disfavoured nearer the coast due to the harsher oceanic weather.

=Agriculture in Zeluzhia=
{{Noticebox|<big>'''''To Be Continued...'''''</big> ''This section is not finished yet. If you can contribute to its content, feel free to do so!''|green}}

[[Category:Culture]]

Proto-Muyan/Lexicon

2018-09-03T15:26:26Z

Frislander: changed the vowel system

{{TBC|Frislander}}

== Conventions ==
== The Lexicon ==
{| {{bluetable|sortable lightbluebg l}}
|-
! class="l"| Proto-Muyan !! Type !! Gloss !! Derived forms
|-
|*cḛmpʊ̰||n||deer||
|-
|*ci̤ːl||v||spear||
|-
|*ʄæ̰ː||v||gather||
|-
|*kḭːcḛ||n||fish||
|-
|kʊ̤nwʌ̰l||n||stick||
|-
|*lɒ̤ːkʊ̰||n||hut||
|-
|*mɯ̤ːjʌ̰||v||speak, use language||
|-
|*ɴwɒ̤ː||v||kill|
|-
|pæ̰ːplḛ||n||rope||
|-
|*tjɯ̰ːl||v||hunt||
|-
|*tɯ̤ːm||v||pull||
|}

Proto-Muyan

2018-09-03T15:25:36Z

Frislander:

{{TBC|Frislander}}

{{Language
| language = Proto-Muyan
| world = [[Akana]]
| date = c. -2000YP
| place = NW [[Tuysáfa]]
| speakers = unknown
| script = none
| family [[Muyan languages|Muyan]]
| word-order = VSO
| mor-type = agglutinative w. some polysynthesis
| morphalign = ergative
| author = [[User:Frislander|Frislander]]
}}
{{Article}}

'''Proto-Muyan''' is the reconstructed ancestor of the Muyan languages spoken in Northwest [[Tuysáfa]]. It was likely spoken around -2000 YP. It is thought to belong to the [[Mediundic]] phylum. Its speakers have long had contact with [[Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] and [[Wendoth]] speakers, and indeed some terms in Proto-Muyan appear to be loans from those languages. However, resemblances between the grammatical structure of Muyan and other Mediundic languages of southern Tuysáfa have led to speculation that its speakers originally migrated from further south than the Muyan homeland.

Muyan is not the native name. The speakers of Proto-Muyan would most likely not have referred to themselves as a single people: if asked what they called themselves they would likely respond by giving the name of their local settlement or band. However, if asked for the name of their language they would almost certainly reply with [[]].

IMPORTANT NOTE: the project is currently undergoing major revision in all areas, so expect the page to change radically

== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
{| {{softtable|c}}
!Consonants
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
|-
!Aspirated Stops
|*pʰ||*tʰ||*cʰ||*kʰ||*qʰ
|-
!Implosive stops
|*ɓ||*ɗ||*ʄ||*ɠ||*ʛ
|-
!Nasal stops
|*m||*n||*ɲ||*ŋ||*ɴ
|-
!Approximants
|*w||*l||*j
|}

Note that for the rest of this description for ease of reading aspiration will be unmarked.

=== Vowels ===
{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
|*iː||||*ʊ||*ɯː
|-
|||*e||*ʌ||
|-
|*æː||||||*ɒː
|}

==== Phonation ====
In Proto-Muyan vowels had either a breathy or glottal/creaky phonation. In many of the daughter languages this led to the addition of vowel quality distinctions.

=== Phonotactics & Distribution ===
Syllable structure was C(G)V(C), where initial clusters consisted of stop + approximant, and coda consonants consisted of *m, *n, *l, where *n would assimilate to a dorsal place of articulation.

Additionally there were restrictions on the occurrence of dorsals and certain vowels. The palatals could only occur before front vowels, *l then a front vowel, and *j, while the uvulars could not occur in the same position.

== Morphology ==
=== General ===
=== Stem derivation ===
==== Compounding & incorporation ====
==== Reduplication ====
There are multiple reduplication strategies reconstructable to Proto-Muyan. The most notable processes are initial CV- reduplication, which represented a plural with animate nouns and may have also been used as a pluractional marker in verbs; and full reduplication which gave an augmentative meaning. Other reduplicative patterns may have been present but have since become unproductive in the daughter languages, while in some of the languages new ones have arisen.

==== Derivational affixes ====
There were a few productive derivational affixes in Proto-Muyan, covering a few basic semantic roles. All of these were limited to deriving new nouns from verbs; there was no productive means of deriving new verbs directly from root nouns, with all such forms being achieved using noun incorporation into verbal words. A list of reconstructable forms is given below.

* *ce̤-: agent noun from verb without prefixes.
* *-nḭː: agent noun from verb with prefixes.
* *tlʌ̰n-: instrument noun from verb without prefixes.
* *-lɯ̤ː: instrument noun from verb with prefixes.
* *mje̤--nʊ̤: product/result noun (the *-nu part is the passive prefix).
* *mæ̰ːl-: abstract noun.

=== Nominal Morphology ===
==== Case ====
Proto-Muyan nouns showed a very simple case system, with likely three cases being distinguished; an unmarked absolutive, an dative/accusative in -m(ʊ̤) and a locative/instrumental in -ɲjʌ̰l.

==== Number ====
There was a simple number-marking system in Proto-Muyan, whereby animate nouns were marked as plural by initial CV- reduplication.

=== Verbal Morphology ===
Verbal morphology in Proto-Muyan took the form of templatic polysynthesis.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!-5
!-4
!-3
!-2
!-1
!0
!1
!2
!3
!4
|-
| Clitic || Incorporate || Deixis || Mood || Person || '''Root''' || Voice || Aspect || Local Object Marker || Classifier
|}

==== Clitics ====
The verbal complex could be preceded by a number of bound clitics of varying semantics.

* *nʌ̰m=: negative
* *qɯ̤ːl=: partially
* *mʌ̤kæ̰ː=: too much/in excess
* *ɠlʌ̰lḛ=: again/also/as well
* *cjʊ̤ɓe̤=: already
* *wi̤ːnnʌ̰=: go and do X

==== Incorporate ====
Proto-Muyan verbs could incorporate a nominal root, with restrictions on what roles the nominal could fulfill, likely along the ergative pattern of an intransitive subject or a transitive patient.

* *wi̤ːnnʌ̰kḭːcḛɠwʌ̤mʊ̤nʌ̤ci̤ːl wi̤ːnnʌ̰=kḭːcḛ-ɠwʌ̤-mʊ̤-nʌ̤-ci̤ːl go_and=fish-DIST-IRR-1-spear "I'll go and spear some fish over there"

==== Deixis ====
In Proto-Muyan the verb was the main site of the marking of deixis, to the point that there were no demonstrative pronouns as such. There were three degrees distinguished: proximal, distal and absent or remote, the latter being used for arguments not immediately visible or that were visible at some point in the past. These were marked on verbs, and like other verbal morphology could appear on the definite root ŋe̤, thus forming a set of demonstrative pronoun equivalents.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!Proximal
|*ʄe̤-
|-
!Distal
|*ɠwʌ̤-
|-
!Absent
|*ʛʌ̰-
|}

* *ʛʌ̰nɑʌ̤ɴwɒ̤ːɲḭːpjæ̰ː ʛʌ̰-nʌ̤-ɴwɒ̤ː-ɲḭː-pjæ̰ː ABS-1-kill-PRF-IND "I killed someone there"

* *tɯ̤ːm ʄe̤ŋe̤plḛ tɯ̤ːm ʄe̤-ŋe̤-plḛ pull PROX-DEF-flexible "Pull this rope thing"

==== Mood ====
There was also marking on the verb for mood, which also included some marking of evidentiality. There was a generic irrealis marker, and two other markers for reported information and information gained by inference, while the indicative, imperative and interrogative moods were unmarked.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!Irrealis
|*mʊ̤-
|-
!Indirect/Reported
|*qɒ̤ː-
|-
!Inferred
|*cḭːn-
|}

==== Person ====
While in some daughter languages a passive-inverse system developed, in Proto-Muyan the verb only showed full person marking for the subject (supplemented by the Local Object marker and the Impersonal/Indefinite suffix), with no additional marking for number. The only persons which take overt marking are 1st and 2nd, with 3rd person not receiving any marking.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!1st Person
|*nʌ̤-
|-
!2nd Person
|*je̤-
|}

==== Voice ====
Voice marking in Proto-Muyan was to some extent independent of transitivity, though this is made more difficult by the reflexes of many of the prefixes having wildly different functions between the different daughter languages. Currently 3 voice prefixes are reconstructed, however commonalities between some of the other prefixes found in the duaghters could also date back to the proto-language as well.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!Passive/Inverse
|*-nʊ̤
|-
!Applicative/Antipassive
|*-tlæ̰ː
|-
!Reflexive/Reciprocal
|*-wḛl
|}

* *ɠwʌ̤ʄæ̰ːwḛltlæ̰ːɠwḭː lɒ̤ːkʊ̰m ɠwʌ̤-ʄæ̰ː-wḛl-tlæ̰ː-ɠwḭː lɒ̤ːkʊ̰-m DIST-gather-REF-ANT-animate hut-DAT "We'll gather together in that hut over there"

* *nʌ̤tjɯ̰ːltlæ̰ːɲḭːɠwḭː cḛmpʊ̰ɲjʌ̰l nʌ̤-tjɯ̰ːl-tlæ̰ː-ɲḭː-ɠwḭː cḛmpʊ̰-ɲjʌ̰l 1-hunt-ANT-PRF-animate deer-LOC "I hunted some deer"

==== Aspect ====
Aspect marking in Proto-Muyan was relatively simple, having overt marking for a perfective suffix *-ɲḭː and a progressive suffix *-ɗe̤, which most of the daughter languages have kept pretty much the same.

==== Local Object Marker ====
The Local Object Marker suffix *-n(ʌ̤) (the (ʌ̤) being inserted when the suffix comes after a consonant) was likely used to mark that the direct object of the verb was 1st or 2nd person, though again the function of this suffix varies in the languages that retain it.

==== Classifier suffix ====
In this slot many verb roots could take an optional suffix classifying their absolutive argument based on shape and animacy. The exact composition of this slot is uncertain, as all the daughter languages either added to this system, reduced it, or sometimes lost it altogether. A tentative list of the best-attested classifiers is given below.

* *-ɗʌ̤: round objects
* *-kʊ̤n: long, stiff objects (likely related to kʊ̤nwʌ̰l "stick")
* *-tɯ̤ːm: sheets
* *-plḛ: flexible objects (likely related to pæ̰ːplḛ "rope")
* *-ɠwḭː: live animals, humans

The Indefinite suffix *-pjæ̰ː was also found in this slot. This is the only such suffix which has survived in all the daughter languages, however its functions have often been altered, from marking an indefinite argument to an inclusive subject.

=== Pronominals ===
Personal pronouns are based off of the definite root *ŋe̤, with prefixed personal prefixes for 1st and 2nd persons, while indefinites are formed from the root *jæ̰ː.

== Syntax ==
=== General ===

* * 

=== Usage of Morphology ===

* * 

=== Complex Constructions ===

* * 

==== Relative Clauses ====

* * 

==== Other Subordinate Clauses ====

* * 

==See Also==

[[Proto-Muyan/Lexicon]]

[[Category:Tuysáfa]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Muyan languages]]

Proto-Muyan

2018-09-03T15:24:26Z

Frislander: /* Verbal Morphology */

{{TBC|Frislander}}

{{Language
| language = Proto-Muyan
| world = [[Akana]]
| date = c. -2000YP
| place = NW [[Tuysáfa]]
| speakers = unknown
| script = none
| family [[Muyan languages|Muyan]]
| word-order = VSO
| mor-type = agglutinative w. some polysynthesis
| morphalign = ergative
| author = [[User:Frislander|Frislander]]
}}
{{Article}}

'''Proto-Muyan''' is the reconstructed ancestor of the Muyan languages spoken in Northwest [[Tuysáfa]]. It was likely spoken around -2000 YP. It is thought to belong to the [[Mediundic]] phylum. Its speakers have long had contact with [[Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] and [[Wendoth]] speakers, and indeed some terms in Proto-Muyan appear to be loans from those languages. However, resemblances between the grammatical structure of Muyan and other Mediundic languages of southern Tuysáfa have led to speculation that its speakers originally migrated from further south than the Muyan homeland.

Muyan is not the native name. The speakers of Proto-Muyan would most likely not have referred to themselves as a single people: if asked what they called themselves they would likely respond by giving the name of their local settlement or band. However, if asked for the name of their language they would almost certainly reply with [[]].

IMPORTANT NOTE: the project is currently undergoing major revision in all areas, so expect the page to change radically

== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
{| {{softtable|c}}
!Consonants
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
|-
!Aspirated Stops
|*pʰ||*tʰ||*cʰ||*kʰ||*qʰ
|-
!Implosive stops
|*ɓ||*ɗ||*ʄ||*ɠ||*ʛ
|-
!Nasal stops
|*m||*n||*ɲ||*ŋ||*ɴ
|-
!Approximants
|*w||*l||*j
|}

Note that for the rest of this description for ease of reading aspiration will be unmarked.

=== Vowels ===
{| {{softtable|c}}
|-
|*iː||||*ʊ||*ɯː
|-
|||*e||*ʌ||
|-
|*æː||||||*ɒː
|}

==== Phonation ====
In Proto-Muyan vowels had either a breathy or glottal/creaky phonation. In many of the daughter languages this led to the addition of vowel quality distinctions.

=== Phonotactics & Distribution ===
Syllable structure was C(G)V(C), where initial clusters consisted of stop + approximant, and coda consonants consisted of *m, *n, *l, where *n would assimilate to a dorsal place of articulation.

Additionally there were restrictions on the occurrence of dorsals and certain vowels. The palatals could only occur before front vowels, *l then a front vowel, and *j, while the uvulars could not occur in the same position.

== Morphology ==
=== General ===
=== Stem derivation ===
==== Compounding & incorporation ====
==== Reduplication ====
There are multiple reduplication strategies reconstructable to Proto-Muyan. The most notable processes are initial CV- reduplication, which represented a plural with animate nouns and may have also been used as a pluractional marker in verbs; and full reduplication which gave an augmentative meaning. Other reduplicative patterns may have been present but have since become unproductive in the daughter languages, while in some of the languages new ones have arisen.

==== Derivational affixes ====
There were a few productive derivational affixes in Proto-Muyan, covering a few basic semantic roles. All of these were limited to deriving new nouns from verbs; there was no productive means of deriving new verbs directly from root nouns, with all such forms being achieved using noun incorporation into verbal words. A list of reconstructable forms is given below.

* *ce̤-: agent noun from verb without prefixes.
* *-nḭː: agent noun from verb with prefixes.
* *tlʌ̰n-: instrument noun from verb without prefixes.
* *-lɯ̤ː: instrument noun from verb with prefixes.
* *mje̤--nʊ̤: product/result noun (the *-nu part is the passive prefix).
* *mæ̰ːl-: abstract noun.

=== Nominal Morphology ===
==== Case ====
Proto-Muyan nouns showed a very simple case system, with likely three cases being distinguished; an unmarked absolutive, an dative/accusative in -m(ʊ̤) and a locative/instrumental in -ɲjʌ̰l.

==== Number ====
There was a simple number-marking system in Proto-Muyan, whereby animate nouns were marked as plural by initial CV- reduplication.

=== Verbal Morphology ===
Verbal morphology in Proto-Muyan took the form of templatic polysynthesis.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!-5
!-4
!-3
!-2
!-1
!0
!1
!2
!3
!4
|-
| Clitic || Incorporate || Deixis || Mood || Person || '''Root''' || Voice || Aspect || Local Object Marker || Classifier
|}

==== Clitics ====
The verbal complex could be preceded by a number of bound clitics of varying semantics.

* *nʌ̰m=: negative
* *qɯ̤ːl=: partially
* *mʌ̤kæ̰ː=: too much/in excess
* *ɠlʌ̰lḛ=: again/also/as well
* *cjʊ̤ɓe̤=: already
* *wi̤ːnnʌ̰=: go and do X

==== Incorporate ====
Proto-Muyan verbs could incorporate a nominal root, with restrictions on what roles the nominal could fulfill, likely along the ergative pattern of an intransitive subject or a transitive patient.

* *wi̤ːnnʌ̰kḭːcḛɠwʌ̤mʊ̤nʌ̤ci̤ːl wi̤ːnnʌ̰=kḭːcḛ-ɠwʌ̤-mʊ̤-nʌ̤-ci̤ːl go_and=fish-DIST-IRR-1-spear "I'll go and spear some fish over there"

==== Deixis ====
In Proto-Muyan the verb was the main site of the marking of deixis, to the point that there were no demonstrative pronouns as such. There were three degrees distinguished: proximal, distal and absent or remote, the latter being used for arguments not immediately visible or that were visible at some point in the past. These were marked on verbs, and like other verbal morphology could appear on the definite root ŋe̤, thus forming a set of demonstrative pronoun equivalents.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!Proximal
|*ʄe̤-
|-
!Distal
|*ɠwʌ̤-
|-
!Absent
|*ʛʌ̰-
|}

* *ʛʌ̰nɑʌ̤ɴwɒ̤ːɲḭːpjæ̰ː ʛʌ̰-nʌ̤-ɴwɒ̤ː-ɲḭː-pjæ̰ː ABS-1-kill-PRF-IND "I killed someone there"

* *tɯ̤ːm ʄe̤ŋe̤plḛ tɯ̤ːm ʄe̤-ŋe̤-plḛ pull PROX-DEF-flexible "Pull this rope thing"

==== Mood ====
There was also marking on the verb for mood, which also included some marking of evidentiality. There was a generic irrealis marker, and two other markers for reported information and information gained by inference, while the indicative, imperative and interrogative moods were unmarked.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!Irrealis
|*mʊ̤-
|-
!Indirect/Reported
|*qɒ̤ː-
|-
!Inferred
|*cḭːn-
|}

==== Person ====
While in some daughter languages a passive-inverse system developed, in Proto-Muyan the verb only showed full person marking for the subject (supplemented by the Local Object marker and the Impersonal/Indefinite suffix), with no additional marking for number. The only persons which take overt marking are 1st and 2nd, with 3rd person not receiving any marking.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!1st Person
|*nʌ̤-
|-
!2nd Person
|*je̤-
|}

==== Voice ====
Voice marking in Proto-Muyan was to some extent independent of transitivity, though this is made more difficult by the reflexes of many of the prefixes having wildly different functions between the different daughter languages. Currently 3 voice prefixes are reconstructed, however commonalities between some of the other prefixes found in the duaghters could also date back to the proto-language as well.

{| {{softtable|c}}
!Passive/Inverse
|*-nʊ̤
|-
!Applicative/Antipassive
|*-tlæ̰ː
|-
!Reflexive/Reciprocal
|*-wḛl
|}

* *ɠwʌ̤ʄæ̰ːwḛltlæ̰ːɠwḭː lɒ̤ːkʊ̰m ɠwʌ̤-ʄæ̰ː-wḛl-tlæ̰ː-ɠwḭː lɒ̤ːkʊ̰-m DIST-gather-REF-ANT-animate hut-DAT "We'll gather together in that hut over there"

* *nʌ̤tjɯ̰ːltlæ̰ːɲḭːɠwḭː cḛmpʊ̰ɲjʌ̰l nʌ̤-tjɯ̰ːl-tlæ̰ː-ɲḭː-ɠwḭː cḛmpʊ̰-ɲjʌ̰l 1-hunt-ANT-PRF-animate deer-LOC "I hunted some deer"

==== Aspect ====
Aspect marking in Proto-Muyan was relatively simple, having overt marking for a perfective suffix *-ɲḭː and a progressive suffix *-ɗe̤, which most of the daughter languages have kept pretty much the same.

==== Local Object Marker ====
The Local Object Marker suffix *-n(ʌ̤) (the (ʌ̤) being inserted when the suffix comes after a consonant) was likely used to mark that the direct object of the verb was 1st or 2nd person, though again the function of this suffix varies in the languages that retain it.

==== Classifier suffix ====
In this slot many verb roots could take an optional suffix classifying their absolutive argument based on shape and animacy. The exact composition of this slot is uncertain, as all the daughter languages either added to this system, reduced it, or sometimes lost it altogether. A tentative list of the best-attested classifiers is given below.

* *-ɗʌ̤: round objects
* *-kʊ̤n: long, stiff objects (likely related to kʊ̤nwɨ̰l "stick")
* *-tɯ̤ːm: sheets
* *-plḛ: flexible objects (likely related to pæ̰ːplḛ "rope")
* *-ɠwḭː: live nimals, humans

The Indefinite suffix *-pjæ̰ː was also found in this slot. This is the only such suffix which has survived in all the daughter languages, however its functions have often been altered, from marking an indefinite argument to an inclusive subject.

=== Pronominals ===
Personal pronouns are based off of the definite root *ŋe̤, with prefixed personal prefixes for 1st and 2nd persons, while indefinites are formed from the root *jæ̰ː.

== Syntax ==
=== General ===

* * 

=== Usage of Morphology ===

* * 

=== Complex Constructions ===

* * 

==== Relative Clauses ====

* * 

==== Other Subordinate Clauses ====

* * 

==See Also==

[[Proto-Muyan/Lexicon]]

[[Category:Tuysáfa]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Muyan languages]]