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	<updated>2026-04-08T17:28:25Z</updated>
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	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=U_Bol/Lexicon&amp;diff=12817</id>
		<title>U Bol/Lexicon</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=U_Bol/Lexicon&amp;diff=12817"/>
		<updated>2016-03-18T09:28:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg sortable l}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | word &lt;br /&gt;
! align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | p.o.s. &lt;br /&gt;
! align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | definition &lt;br /&gt;
! align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | etymology &lt;br /&gt;
! align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | notes &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| aa&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| inside, during, while&lt;br /&gt;
| sàʔ&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| aabáya&lt;br /&gt;
| vmt.&lt;br /&gt;
| fight&lt;br /&gt;
| sabaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| aagó&lt;br /&gt;
| vi.&lt;br /&gt;
| rain&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔaɡo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| aají&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| fear&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔadi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ába&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| anger, rage&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔahpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| abaasá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| anger&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔahpadza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| áip&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| metal&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|aip}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| amá&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| with&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔàma&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ápo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| lizard; reptile&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|apo}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| asala&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| stab&lt;br /&gt;
| dzàlà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| asamá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| red&lt;br /&gt;
| dzàma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| asauudaya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| bird&lt;br /&gt;
| dzaldàjà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| asauudayouiiá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wing&lt;br /&gt;
| dzaldàjòʔuʔiľsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ase&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wife, woman&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔàzè-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| elder, official, councilor &lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|gba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bába&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| nation, people &lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|gbagba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| báiba&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| snow&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|baiba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| baikibá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| confront, challenge &lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|gbai &amp;quot;look (hostile)&amp;quot; + -igba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| báse&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| holiness&lt;br /&gt;
| batshe-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| béa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| cut&lt;br /&gt;
| besa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| beebéa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| split&lt;br /&gt;
| bebesa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| béesa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| have, carry, possess&lt;br /&gt;
| bèdza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| béesanoošuwoogaya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| relative (honorific)&lt;br /&gt;
| bèdzànoʔxuwogaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| beóogu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| sharp edge, blade&lt;br /&gt;
| besògù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bí&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| build&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|gbi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| biušá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| meat, flesh&lt;br /&gt;
| bľùxa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| buimí&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| flow (of tides)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|buimi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| búm&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|gbum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| búpitu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| mead&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|bupitu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| búsa&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| crazy&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|busa}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cabúa&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| repeatedly&lt;br /&gt;
| tłàʔlà&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cíejie&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| prepare leather&lt;br /&gt;
| tľetľe-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ciibí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| daughter&lt;br /&gt;
| thìʔpi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cíla&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| tin&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|tila}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| císa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| hair&lt;br /&gt;
| tiza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ciší&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| write&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|tisi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cíšium&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| writing&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|tisium}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúbi&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| few&lt;br /&gt;
| tupi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúga&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| house, home&lt;br /&gt;
| tuka-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúla&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wool&lt;br /&gt;
| thula-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cuŋa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| head of the family, father&lt;br /&gt;
| thùŋà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cuŋaa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| uncle, brother&lt;br /&gt;
| thùňàʔà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúpe&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| find, discover&lt;br /&gt;
| tłuphe-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúuba&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| root&lt;br /&gt;
| thuba-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cuugú&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| have sex with&lt;br /&gt;
| thùgu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cuusu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| knee&lt;br /&gt;
| thùdzù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúwo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| blood&lt;br /&gt;
| tłuwo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúya&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| become&lt;br /&gt;
| thuja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúya&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| become&lt;br /&gt;
| thuja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Daayóo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| the Doayâu language&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Doa|Doayâu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dábue&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| here&lt;br /&gt;
| daʔle-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dadá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| swim (of a person)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|dada}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dala&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| fly, swim (of a fish)&lt;br /&gt;
| dàlà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dáya&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| shout&lt;br /&gt;
| dağa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dayáasa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| call to&lt;br /&gt;
| dağadza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dekú&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| trade, barter&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|deku}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| déu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| ebb&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|dew}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dónu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| abundance&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|donu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Dónu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Donu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dóŋu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| spear&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|daŋu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| doobú&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| thick&lt;br /&gt;
| dòbu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dúi&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| fish&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|dui}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dúme&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| sail&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|dume}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Dúnom&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a god associated with crafts and controlled fires&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Dunom}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| edá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| feather&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔèta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eedá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. dt.&lt;br /&gt;
| give&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔèda-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| éi&lt;br /&gt;
| conj.&lt;br /&gt;
| because&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔeľ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| éi&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| night&lt;br /&gt;
| seji-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| éji&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| oddly, unexpectedly&lt;br /&gt;
| sèhtì&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| él&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| guard&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|el}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ése&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| across, through; to&lt;br /&gt;
| dze&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eseá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| dance&lt;br /&gt;
| dzèsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| esée&lt;br /&gt;
| par.&lt;br /&gt;
| however&lt;br /&gt;
| dzeʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eseegá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| sit&lt;br /&gt;
| dzega-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eseegaasá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| seat&lt;br /&gt;
| dzegadza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eseesí&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| say&lt;br /&gt;
| dzedzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eseiidá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| see; know&lt;br /&gt;
| dzeľda-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ésesa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| heart&lt;br /&gt;
| dzehdza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| éta&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| river, estuary&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|eta}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| etákaip&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| gold&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|etakaip}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| étu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| brick&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|etu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Éwaku&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Ewaku}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ga&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| on behalf of&lt;br /&gt;
| ga&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gama&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| fear&lt;br /&gt;
| gàmà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gaŋáu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| Wañelinlawag emperor&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|ganyéahú}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Gaŋelíni&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| the Great Lake, Wañelín&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|Ganyelíni}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Gaŋeliló&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| the Wañelinlawag ethnicity&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|Ganyeliló}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gása&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| mistress, lover&lt;br /&gt;
| gatsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gása&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| soil, make dirty&lt;br /&gt;
| gatsha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gáta&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| correct&lt;br /&gt;
| gatha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ge&lt;br /&gt;
| conj.&lt;br /&gt;
| but&lt;br /&gt;
| ge&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| geesí&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| towards&lt;br /&gt;
| gèʔdzi&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gési&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| dirty&lt;br /&gt;
| getshi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| géya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| child&lt;br /&gt;
| geľa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gía&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| make felt&lt;br /&gt;
| gisa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gía&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| squeeze, press&lt;br /&gt;
| gisa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gíciu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| whale&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|gitiw}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gínip&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| harvest&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ginip}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| googú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| tail&lt;br /&gt;
| gogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| googú&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| cook&lt;br /&gt;
| gogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| góoju&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| head&lt;br /&gt;
| gòdu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| góp&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| cow, cattle&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|gop}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gúgu&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| after, behind&lt;br /&gt;
| guku&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gúšu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wolf&lt;br /&gt;
| guxu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| guugá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| sleep&lt;br /&gt;
| guga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| guuwó&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| leg&lt;br /&gt;
| gluwo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| i&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| if&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔi&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ía&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| man; husband&lt;br /&gt;
| ľa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iáa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| food&lt;br /&gt;
| jàsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iáa&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| under&lt;br /&gt;
| ľaʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iáaba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| insult&lt;br /&gt;
| ľaʔpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iáaba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| attain, win; take by force&lt;br /&gt;
| ľaʔpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iáaba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| eat (of meat)&lt;br /&gt;
| jàsahpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iaadá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| old&lt;br /&gt;
| jada-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iaagá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| play&lt;br /&gt;
| jaga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iaasé&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| mixture&lt;br /&gt;
| gładze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iáase&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| big&lt;br /&gt;
| ğàdze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iáase&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| skin&lt;br /&gt;
| głàdze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íabue&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| salt&lt;br /&gt;
| ğaʔle-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íaga&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| ear&lt;br /&gt;
| ľahga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ialaŋá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| dig&lt;br /&gt;
| ľàlàňa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iamá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| warm&lt;br /&gt;
| ľàma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iamá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| berries&lt;br /&gt;
| głàma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iamá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| sun&lt;br /&gt;
| jàma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iamáyaa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| human&lt;br /&gt;
| jàmajaʔa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iaŋá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| leaf&lt;br /&gt;
| ğàňa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iaŋá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| wound, hurt&lt;br /&gt;
| ľàňa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iaŋáša&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| crack, scratch&lt;br /&gt;
| ľàňała-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iasá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| egg&lt;br /&gt;
| ľàtsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iasá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| many&lt;br /&gt;
| ľàtsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íata&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| tend, garden&lt;br /&gt;
| jatha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iataadáya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| slave&lt;br /&gt;
| jathadaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íataba&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| garden&lt;br /&gt;
| jathapa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íayo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| smoke&lt;br /&gt;
| ľağo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ibida&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| float&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ibida}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| icím&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| hollow out&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|itim}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ícimum&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| canoe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|itimum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ieea&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| game animal&lt;br /&gt;
| głèʔhà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ieegé&lt;br /&gt;
| conj.&lt;br /&gt;
| but not&lt;br /&gt;
| jege&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ieegí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| boy&lt;br /&gt;
| ľegi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ieesá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| push&lt;br /&gt;
| jedza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iéesi&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| river&lt;br /&gt;
| jèdzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íei&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| stone&lt;br /&gt;
| ğeľi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íeisi&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| neck&lt;br /&gt;
| ğeľzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iemá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| row&lt;br /&gt;
| jèma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ieoogú&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| away from&lt;br /&gt;
| jeʔogu&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ieoogú&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| leave&lt;br /&gt;
| jeʔogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íesa&lt;br /&gt;
| conj.&lt;br /&gt;
| and not&lt;br /&gt;
| jetsa&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íesi&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| hold, own, marry&lt;br /&gt;
| jezi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íeye&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| hill&lt;br /&gt;
| ğeje-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ieyuujú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| mount&lt;br /&gt;
| ğeľudu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| igóo&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| count&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|igaw}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iiá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| hand&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔiľsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iidá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| slow&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔida-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iidá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wind&lt;br /&gt;
| ğìta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íisa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| come&lt;br /&gt;
| jiʔihtsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iisaasá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| pull&lt;br /&gt;
| jiʔihtsadza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iisí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| arrow&lt;br /&gt;
| jidzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íiwo&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| live, be alive&lt;br /&gt;
| ğiwo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iiwoogá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| give birth to, engender&lt;br /&gt;
| ğiwoga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ikiibé&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| drink&lt;br /&gt;
| ğibe-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íma&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| without; if not&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔihma&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íobu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| prostitute, concubine&lt;br /&gt;
| ğohbu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íolu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| other&lt;br /&gt;
| jolu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ióobu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| mouth&lt;br /&gt;
| jòbu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ióobuuba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| suck&lt;br /&gt;
| jòbulpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ioogú&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| quick, fast&lt;br /&gt;
| ğogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ioogú&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| perform rituals&lt;br /&gt;
| jogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ioogúbuawopoogu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| escape from, run away from&lt;br /&gt;
| ğoguʔlawoʔogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iooguugú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| eagle&lt;br /&gt;
| ğogugu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iošú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| back&lt;br /&gt;
| ľòxu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iošú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| tool&lt;br /&gt;
| ğòxu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iouugá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| spit&lt;br /&gt;
| ğolga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iouugába&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| spit&lt;br /&gt;
| ğolgahpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ípa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| wipe&lt;br /&gt;
| ľipha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ípi&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| crab&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ikpi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ipíupu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| cowrie shell; money&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ipiupu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ísa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔitsha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Íši&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Isi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| isii&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| bee&lt;br /&gt;
| dzìʔì-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| isiigá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| yellow&lt;br /&gt;
| dziga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| isíiga&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| continuously&lt;br /&gt;
| dziʔga&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| isiiká&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| honey, sweetness&lt;br /&gt;
| dzìʔìkha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| isíisi&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| straight&lt;br /&gt;
| dzìdzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| isiŋá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| fingernail&lt;br /&gt;
| dzìňa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ísipe&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| water&lt;br /&gt;
| dziphe-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ísiye&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| want&lt;br /&gt;
| dzije-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ísiyeša&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| want, wish, desire&lt;br /&gt;
| dzijeła-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| išuŋá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| green&lt;br /&gt;
| ğłùŋa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íu&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| outside&lt;br /&gt;
| ğu&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iuáada&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| milk&lt;br /&gt;
| ğlaʔta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íuka&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| short&lt;br /&gt;
| głukha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iumá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| grind, mill&lt;br /&gt;
| ľùma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iume&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| right, east&lt;br /&gt;
| ľùmè-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íupu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| seashell&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|iupu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iúuga&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| pig&lt;br /&gt;
| ğùga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iuusí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| millet&lt;br /&gt;
| ğulzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íuye&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| heavy&lt;br /&gt;
| ğuje-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iyé&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| name&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔìje-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ja&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| for&lt;br /&gt;
| dła&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| jéa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| land&lt;br /&gt;
| dłeʔa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| jéega&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| clan, lineage&lt;br /&gt;
| dłeʔga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ju&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| long&lt;br /&gt;
| dłù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| jugúga&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| family, household&lt;br /&gt;
| dłùkuka-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| juu&lt;br /&gt;
| par.&lt;br /&gt;
| therefore, thus&lt;br /&gt;
| duʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| juusé&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| sky&lt;br /&gt;
| dudze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| júya&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| good&lt;br /&gt;
| duğa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| káa&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| black&lt;br /&gt;
| khàʔa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kába&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| tree&lt;br /&gt;
| khapa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kabogu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| forest&lt;br /&gt;
| khapòkù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| káko&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| laugh&lt;br /&gt;
| khakho-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kákogu&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| amusingly&lt;br /&gt;
| khakhoku-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kakoogá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| mock&lt;br /&gt;
| khakhoga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kaŋaibá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| travel (a long distance), journey&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|kaŋa &amp;quot;walk&amp;quot; + -igba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| káwo&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| narrow&lt;br /&gt;
| khawo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| káya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| fire&lt;br /&gt;
| khaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| káyaaya&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| burn&lt;br /&gt;
| khajaʔaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| káyaba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| burn&lt;br /&gt;
| khajahpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kayašoku&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| ashes&lt;br /&gt;
| khajałòkù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kidá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| citizen&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|kidá}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kólu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| tie, fasten&lt;br /&gt;
| kholu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kúlu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| anus&lt;br /&gt;
| khulu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kúmoo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| priest&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|kumow}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kumú&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| consecrate&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|kumu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kúmupum&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| temple, shrine&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|kumupum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kuubá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| hunt, catch, fish (with a line or trap)&lt;br /&gt;
| khulpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kuugá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| small rowboat or raft&lt;br /&gt;
| khulga- &amp;quot;boat&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Lájisa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| god associated with building and architecture&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Ladisa}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| lápiki&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| nail, peg&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|lapiki}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| lími&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wall (of a building)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|liŋmi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| lómil&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| field, arable land&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|lamil}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| lú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| sea, ocean&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|lu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Lúponi&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| the Lukpanic ethnicity&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Lukpani}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| má&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| place, location&lt;br /&gt;
| ma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| máasa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| nose&lt;br /&gt;
| màdzà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| maasé&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| inland sea, large lake&lt;br /&gt;
| madze- &amp;quot;sea&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mága&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| sharp&lt;br /&gt;
| mahga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| maíŋisap&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| paint, dye&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|maiŋisap}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| máse&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| shine&lt;br /&gt;
| maze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| masese&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| moon&lt;br /&gt;
| mazèzè-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| máye&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| rotten&lt;br /&gt;
| maje-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mébui&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| bear&lt;br /&gt;
| meʔli-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mebuujú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| captain, military officer&lt;br /&gt;
| meʔludu- &amp;quot;warrior (honorific)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mee&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| by means of&lt;br /&gt;
| meʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| meesá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| dog&lt;br /&gt;
| medza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mép&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| wage war on&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋmep}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mesá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| four&lt;br /&gt;
| mètsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| méya&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| along&lt;br /&gt;
| mèľà&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| míigo&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| wet&lt;br /&gt;
| mìgo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| miná&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| mother&lt;br /&gt;
| mìna-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| miŋá&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| the day before yesterday&lt;br /&gt;
| mìňa&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| míši&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| tongue&lt;br /&gt;
| miłi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mitól&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| run, flow (of rivers)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|mital}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mítolum&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| process&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|mitalum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Mítomol&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| the world, Akana&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Mitaŋmal}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| míula&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| goat&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋmiula}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mó&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| harbor&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|mo}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mól&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| realm, domain&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋmal}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| móm&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| dune&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋmam}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| móp&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| ice&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|mop}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| móp&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| blow  (of wind)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|mop}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mósu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| sew&lt;br /&gt;
| moʔzu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mošú&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| wide&lt;br /&gt;
| mòxu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| moyú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| sheep&lt;br /&gt;
| mòğu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mu&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| completely&lt;br /&gt;
| mu&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| múl&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| buckwheat&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|mul}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ná&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| I&lt;br /&gt;
| na-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| naa&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| above&lt;br /&gt;
| naʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| naasé&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| tame&lt;br /&gt;
| nadze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| naasé&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| rarely&lt;br /&gt;
| nadze&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Náibum&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Naigbum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| náipol&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| baby&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|naipal}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| náiu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| roof, terrace&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|naiw}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| náta&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| beam&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|nata}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| néma&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| boat, ship&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|nema}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| néyua&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| white&lt;br /&gt;
| neğla-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| neyuayamá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| mushroom&lt;br /&gt;
| neğlàgłàma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nípa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| fog&lt;br /&gt;
| nipha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nipuibá&lt;br /&gt;
| n. in.&lt;br /&gt;
| concentrate, try earnestly&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|nipu &amp;quot;chew&amp;quot; + -igba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nobigóo&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| read&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|nobigaw}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nóo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| spot, sign, glyph&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|now}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nóobu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| think&lt;br /&gt;
| nòbu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nóogu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| left, west&lt;br /&gt;
| nògù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nóu&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| up towards&lt;br /&gt;
| noʔu&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nóugu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| three&lt;br /&gt;
| nolku-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| noyú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| foot&lt;br /&gt;
| nòğu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋaiši&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| wash&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋaizi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋau&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| weapon&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋau}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋáye&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| frequently&lt;br /&gt;
| ňaje&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋímiu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| village, neighborhood in a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋimiw}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋísapum&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| stew, sauce&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋisapum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋísi&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| smooth&lt;br /&gt;
| ňizi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋouugú&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| dull, blunt&lt;br /&gt;
| ňolgu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋúlu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| onion&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋulu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Ogúgudu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a god associated with healing&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|Hogúgúdú}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| óloo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| carrot&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|alow}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| omó&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| assassinate&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|òamo}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| omókaba&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| assassin, killer&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|òamokaba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| óšu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| smell, sniff&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔoxu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pa&lt;br /&gt;
| par.&lt;br /&gt;
| then, next, and&lt;br /&gt;
| phà&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| everyone, everything, all&lt;br /&gt;
| pha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| páata&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| throw&lt;br /&gt;
| phaʔta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| padóogu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| path, route, way&lt;br /&gt;
| pàtògù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| págui&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| door&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pagui}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pála&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| far&lt;br /&gt;
| phala-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pála&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| swell, become bigger, become tumescent&lt;br /&gt;
| phala-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pamá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| fart&lt;br /&gt;
| błàma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| papáada&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| shoot, throw (as a weapon); direct object is the projectile&lt;br /&gt;
| phaphaʔta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pása&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| copper&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pasa}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pásagee&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| copper ingot, coin&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pasagai}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| patá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| find one&#039;s way&lt;br /&gt;
| pàta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| páubu&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| rope&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|kpaubu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pauibá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| be startled&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pau &amp;quot;cry out (of animals)&amp;quot; + -igba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| páwo&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| walk&lt;br /&gt;
| pławo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pawopoogú&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| walk away, retreat&lt;br /&gt;
| pławoʔogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| peyá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| cloud&lt;br /&gt;
| phèľa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| peyoogú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| aristocrat, noble; used as a term of address&lt;br /&gt;
| pèľogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| piáaga&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| new&lt;br /&gt;
| pľàga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| piamá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| flower&lt;br /&gt;
| pľàma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pída&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| weak, small (of an animal or person)&lt;br /&gt;
| phita-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pii&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| seed&lt;br /&gt;
| phiji-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| píši&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| tree bark&lt;br /&gt;
| phiłi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| píta&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| butter&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|kpita}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Pítomo&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Kpitamo}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| píwo&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| breathe, blow&lt;br /&gt;
| phiwo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| piwoogá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| inflate&lt;br /&gt;
| phiwoga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Pólu&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| the sea goddess&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Polu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Pólubum&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Polugbum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pomíba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| witness, observe (an event or activity)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pam &amp;quot;see&amp;quot; + -igba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pomikí&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| sail, navigate&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pamiki}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| púm&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| grow, mature, ripen&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pum &amp;quot;grow&amp;quot;}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| púpa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wine, alcohol&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pukpa}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| púu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| (paved) road&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|puwu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| puugá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| headman (of a village), chief (of a Western-speaking group)&lt;br /&gt;
| phuga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sa&lt;br /&gt;
| conj./par.&lt;br /&gt;
| and, also&lt;br /&gt;
| tsa&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sadóo&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| freeze&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|sadaw}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sáip&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| spirit, god&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|saip}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sanú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| rumor&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|sèanu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sása&lt;br /&gt;
| conj.&lt;br /&gt;
| moreover&lt;br /&gt;
| tsatsa&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sása&lt;br /&gt;
| par.&lt;br /&gt;
| because&lt;br /&gt;
| tsatsa&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| se&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| down towards&lt;br /&gt;
| ze&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| séa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| dung&lt;br /&gt;
| tshesa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| séaba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| defecate&lt;br /&gt;
| tshesahpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sedá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| sing&lt;br /&gt;
| zèta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| séedakaasa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| flow away&lt;br /&gt;
| zeʔtaʔadza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| séedeisa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| flow towards&lt;br /&gt;
| zeʔteʔihtsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seesé&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| run&lt;br /&gt;
| zedze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seeséoogu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| flee, run away&lt;br /&gt;
| zedzeʔogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seeseoogúubeesa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| steal&lt;br /&gt;
| zedzeʔogùbèdza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seesósu&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| quickly&lt;br /&gt;
| zedzotsu&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| séga&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| sand&lt;br /&gt;
| tshehga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| séina&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| horn&lt;br /&gt;
| tsheľna-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seka&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| earth&lt;br /&gt;
| tshèkhà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| semá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| bad&lt;br /&gt;
| zèma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sésewo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| star&lt;br /&gt;
| zezewo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| séya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| soil&lt;br /&gt;
| tsheja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seyeegí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| worthless items, junk, filth&lt;br /&gt;
| tshejegi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seyošu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| defensive wall, rampart&lt;br /&gt;
| tshejòhxù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| si&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| yesterday&lt;br /&gt;
| tshi&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| two&lt;br /&gt;
| zi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síba&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| some&lt;br /&gt;
| zipa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síbua&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| dry&lt;br /&gt;
| tshiʔla-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sída&lt;br /&gt;
| v. dt.&lt;br /&gt;
| teach&lt;br /&gt;
| tshihta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| siibú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| worm&lt;br /&gt;
| tshibu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síida&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| palm (of hand)&lt;br /&gt;
| zìda-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síiga&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| stand&lt;br /&gt;
| zìgà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síigaasa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| stick in the ground&lt;br /&gt;
| zìgàdza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| siisí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| fat, grease&lt;br /&gt;
| ziľzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| siisí&lt;br /&gt;
| par.&lt;br /&gt;
| instead&lt;br /&gt;
| tshidzi&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síŋa&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| thin&lt;br /&gt;
| tshìňà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| siŋá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| together&lt;br /&gt;
| tshìňa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| siŋáta&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| assemble, repair&lt;br /&gt;
| tshìňatha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síse&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| day&lt;br /&gt;
| zize-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| siwó&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| pine&lt;br /&gt;
| zìwo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síya&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| hear&lt;br /&gt;
| zija-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sóju&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| lie down&lt;br /&gt;
| tshotu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sojuugá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| put, place&lt;br /&gt;
| tshotuga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sópu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| deer&lt;br /&gt;
| tshophu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sówoip&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| silver&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|sawoip}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| súpu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| itch, irritate&lt;br /&gt;
| tsuphu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| supúugaya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| louse&lt;br /&gt;
| tsuphugaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| suubá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| fruit&lt;br /&gt;
| tsuba-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| suubú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| arm&lt;br /&gt;
| tshulpu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| suugá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| float&lt;br /&gt;
| zuga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| suugákaasa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| float downstream, float with the current&lt;br /&gt;
| zugaʔadza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| súwo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| guts&lt;br /&gt;
| zuwo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| súwo&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| through, in the middle of&lt;br /&gt;
| zuwo&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šaagó&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| near&lt;br /&gt;
| łago-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šáya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| eye&lt;br /&gt;
| łağa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šayá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| guard; guide; soul&lt;br /&gt;
| łàğa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šesí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| horse&lt;br /&gt;
| łèzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šéto&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| shovel&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|shetòa}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šíme&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| heron&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|siŋme}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Šiméšita&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Siŋmesita}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šiná&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| lake&lt;br /&gt;
| łìna-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šíta&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| beach&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|sita}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šíya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| snake&lt;br /&gt;
| łija-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šíyaba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| cure, heal&lt;br /&gt;
| łijahpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| tá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| you&lt;br /&gt;
| ta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| tá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| do, make&lt;br /&gt;
| tha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| taabé&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| on, at, when&lt;br /&gt;
| tabe&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| táada&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| cold&lt;br /&gt;
| thàda-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| taagá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| grass&lt;br /&gt;
| taga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| taagábue&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| grassland, plain&lt;br /&gt;
| tagaʔle-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| taagála&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| cloth&lt;br /&gt;
| tagala-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| taagó&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| one&lt;br /&gt;
| tago-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| tábue&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| there, that place&lt;br /&gt;
| thaʔle-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| táta&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| use&lt;br /&gt;
| thatha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| táwo&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| bend&lt;br /&gt;
| thawo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| táya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| milk&lt;br /&gt;
| thaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| tebí&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| sow&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|tebi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Tolélina&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a goddess associated with chaos, lightning and wildfires&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Talelina}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| tóm&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| buckwheat porridge&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|tom}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| tóobu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| fall&lt;br /&gt;
| thòbu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| tóobuuga&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| fell, chop down&lt;br /&gt;
| thòbuga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| túgim&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| grape&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|tugim}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| túku&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| masonry&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|tuku}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| u&lt;br /&gt;
| conj./par.&lt;br /&gt;
| or&lt;br /&gt;
| su&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| language&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úbium&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| knife, dagger&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ubium}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ugá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| tooth&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔùka-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ugába&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| bite&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔùkahpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ugáuba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| eat (not meat)&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔùkalpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úita&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| right (direction)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|uita}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ulá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| round&lt;br /&gt;
| sùla-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ulá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| gesture&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wula}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úmu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| king&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|uŋmu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úna&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| difficult&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|una}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úpu&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| small&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|upu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úsai&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| fig&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wusai}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| usubúi&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| breast&lt;br /&gt;
| dzùʔli-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| usunú&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| full&lt;br /&gt;
| dzùnu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úsupu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| gather, fish (with a net)&lt;br /&gt;
| dzuphu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| usupuugóyu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| fisherman&lt;br /&gt;
| dzuphugoju-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| uugá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| five&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔuga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úuša&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| tomorrow&lt;br /&gt;
| suʔxa&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úwesum&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| liquor; booze&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wuwesum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úwo&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| vomit&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔuwo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úwouba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| vomit&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔuwolpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| pain&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔuja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| uyaasá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| cause pain&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔujadza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| uyaasáša&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wound, injury&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔujadzała-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úyaaya&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| be in pain&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔujaʔaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wáku&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| building, structure&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|waku}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wakúpadoo&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| story, floor (of building)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wakupadaw}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wéda&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| turn&lt;br /&gt;
| weta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wédeisa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| meet&lt;br /&gt;
| weteʔihtsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| weena&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| year&lt;br /&gt;
| wèʔnà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| weesí&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| steep&lt;br /&gt;
| wedzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wejuuna&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| next year&lt;br /&gt;
| wetùʔnà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Wílowi&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| the Wellawi people/nation&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Wilawi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wíma&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| hibiscus&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wiŋma}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wínita&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| ceremony&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|winita}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wipíkau&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| desert&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wipikau}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wipúita&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| left (direction)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wipuita}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wípuŋa&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| easy&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wipuŋa}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wobuu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| liver&lt;br /&gt;
| woʔlu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wógi&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| the day after tomorrow&lt;br /&gt;
| woki&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| woosé&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| die&lt;br /&gt;
| wodze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wooseesá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| kill&lt;br /&gt;
| wodzedza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wópa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| beans&lt;br /&gt;
| wopha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wósu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| eat (of herbivorous animals)&lt;br /&gt;
| wopha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wóuga&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| hit&lt;br /&gt;
| wolka-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Lexicography]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=U_Bol/Lexicon&amp;diff=12816</id>
		<title>U Bol/Lexicon</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=U_Bol/Lexicon&amp;diff=12816"/>
		<updated>2016-03-18T09:26:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg sortable l}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | word &lt;br /&gt;
! align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | p.o.s. &lt;br /&gt;
! align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | definition &lt;br /&gt;
! align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | etymology &lt;br /&gt;
! align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | notes &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| aa&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| inside, during, while&lt;br /&gt;
| sàʔ&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| aabáya&lt;br /&gt;
| vmt.&lt;br /&gt;
| fight&lt;br /&gt;
| sabaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| aagó&lt;br /&gt;
| vi.&lt;br /&gt;
| rain&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔaɡo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| aají&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| fear&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔadi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ába&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| anger, rage&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔahpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| abaasá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| anger&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔahpadza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| áip&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| metal&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|aip}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| amá&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| with&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔàma&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ápo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| lizard; reptile&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|apo}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| asala&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| stab&lt;br /&gt;
| dzàlà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| asamá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| red&lt;br /&gt;
| dzàma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| asauudaya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| bird&lt;br /&gt;
| dzaldàjà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| asauudayouiiá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wing&lt;br /&gt;
| dzaldàjòʔuʔiľsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ase&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wife, woman&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔàzè-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| elder, official, councilor &lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|gba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bába&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| nation, people &lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|gbagba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| báiba&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| snow&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|baiba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| baikibá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| confront, challenge &lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|gbai &amp;quot;look (hostile)&amp;quot; + -igba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| báse&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| holiness&lt;br /&gt;
| batshe-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| béa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| cut&lt;br /&gt;
| besa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| beebéa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| split&lt;br /&gt;
| bebesa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| béesa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| have, carry, possess&lt;br /&gt;
| bèdza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| béesanoošuwoogaya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| relative (honorific)&lt;br /&gt;
| bèdzànoʔxuwogaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| beóogu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| sharp edge, blade&lt;br /&gt;
| besògù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bí&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| build&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|gbi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| biušá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| meat, flesh&lt;br /&gt;
| bľùxa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| buimí&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| flow (of tides)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|buimi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| búm&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|gbum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| búpitu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| mead&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|bupitu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| búsa&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| crazy&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|busa}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cabúa&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| repeatedly&lt;br /&gt;
| tłàʔlà&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cíejie&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| prepare leather&lt;br /&gt;
| tľetľe-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ciibí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| daughter&lt;br /&gt;
| thìʔpi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cíla&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| tin&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|tila}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| císa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| hair&lt;br /&gt;
| tiza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ciší&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| write&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|tisi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cíšium&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| writing&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|tisium}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúbi&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| few&lt;br /&gt;
| tupi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúga&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| house, home&lt;br /&gt;
| tuka-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúla&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wool&lt;br /&gt;
| thula-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cuŋa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| head of the family, father&lt;br /&gt;
| thùŋà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cuŋaa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| uncle, brother&lt;br /&gt;
| thùňàʔà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúpe&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| find, discover&lt;br /&gt;
| tłuphe-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúuba&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| root&lt;br /&gt;
| thuba-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cuugú&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| have sex with&lt;br /&gt;
| thùgu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cuusu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| knee&lt;br /&gt;
| thùdzù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúwo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| blood&lt;br /&gt;
| tłuwo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúya&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| become&lt;br /&gt;
| thuja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúya&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| become&lt;br /&gt;
| thuja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Daayóo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| the Doayâu language&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Doa|Doayâu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dábue&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| here&lt;br /&gt;
| daʔle-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dadá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| swim (of a person)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|dada}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dala&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| fly, swim (of a fish)&lt;br /&gt;
| dàlà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dáya&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| shout&lt;br /&gt;
| dağa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dayáasa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| call to&lt;br /&gt;
| dağadza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dekú&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| trade, barter&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|deku}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dónu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| abundance&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|donu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Dónu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Donu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dóŋu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| spear&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|daŋu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| déu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| ebb&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|dew}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| doobú&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| thick&lt;br /&gt;
| dòbu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dúi&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| fish&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|dui}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dúme&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| sail&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|dume}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Dúnom&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a god associated with crafts and controlled fires&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Dunom}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| edá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| feather&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔèta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eedá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. dt.&lt;br /&gt;
| give&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔèda-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| éi&lt;br /&gt;
| conj.&lt;br /&gt;
| because&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔeľ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| éi&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| night&lt;br /&gt;
| seji-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| éji&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| oddly, unexpectedly&lt;br /&gt;
| sèhtì&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| él&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| guard&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|el}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ése&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| across, through; to&lt;br /&gt;
| dze&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eseá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| dance&lt;br /&gt;
| dzèsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| esée&lt;br /&gt;
| par.&lt;br /&gt;
| however&lt;br /&gt;
| dzeʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eseegá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| sit&lt;br /&gt;
| dzega-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eseegaasá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| seat&lt;br /&gt;
| dzegadza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eseesí&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| say&lt;br /&gt;
| dzedzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eseiidá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| see; know&lt;br /&gt;
| dzeľda-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ésesa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| heart&lt;br /&gt;
| dzehdza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| éta&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| river, estuary&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|eta}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| etákaip&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| gold&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|etakaip}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| étu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| brick&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|etu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Éwaku&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Ewaku}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ga&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| on behalf of&lt;br /&gt;
| ga&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gama&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| fear&lt;br /&gt;
| gàmà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gaŋáu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| Wañelinlawag emperor&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|ganyéahú}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Gaŋelíni&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| the Great Lake, Wañelín&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|Ganyelíni}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Gaŋeliló&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| the Wañelinlawag ethnicity&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|Ganyeliló}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gása&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| mistress, lover&lt;br /&gt;
| gatsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gása&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| soil, make dirty&lt;br /&gt;
| gatsha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gáta&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| correct&lt;br /&gt;
| gatha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ge&lt;br /&gt;
| conj.&lt;br /&gt;
| but&lt;br /&gt;
| ge&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| geesí&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| towards&lt;br /&gt;
| gèʔdzi&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gési&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| dirty&lt;br /&gt;
| getshi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| géya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| child&lt;br /&gt;
| geľa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gía&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| make felt&lt;br /&gt;
| gisa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gía&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| squeeze, press&lt;br /&gt;
| gisa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gíciu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| whale&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|gitiw}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gínip&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| harvest&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ginip}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| googú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| tail&lt;br /&gt;
| gogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| googú&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| cook&lt;br /&gt;
| gogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| góoju&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| head&lt;br /&gt;
| gòdu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| góp&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| cow, cattle&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|gop}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gúgu&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| after, behind&lt;br /&gt;
| guku&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gúšu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wolf&lt;br /&gt;
| guxu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| guugá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| sleep&lt;br /&gt;
| guga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| guuwó&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| leg&lt;br /&gt;
| gluwo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| i&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| if&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔi&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ía&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| man; husband&lt;br /&gt;
| ľa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iáa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| food&lt;br /&gt;
| jàsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iáa&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| under&lt;br /&gt;
| ľaʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iáaba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| insult&lt;br /&gt;
| ľaʔpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iáaba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| attain, win; take by force&lt;br /&gt;
| ľaʔpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iáaba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| eat (of meat)&lt;br /&gt;
| jàsahpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iaadá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| old&lt;br /&gt;
| jada-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iaagá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| play&lt;br /&gt;
| jaga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iaasé&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| mixture&lt;br /&gt;
| gładze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iáase&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| big&lt;br /&gt;
| ğàdze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iáase&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| skin&lt;br /&gt;
| głàdze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íabue&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| salt&lt;br /&gt;
| ğaʔle-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íaga&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| ear&lt;br /&gt;
| ľahga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ialaŋá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| dig&lt;br /&gt;
| ľàlàňa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iamá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| warm&lt;br /&gt;
| ľàma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iamá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| berries&lt;br /&gt;
| głàma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iamá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| sun&lt;br /&gt;
| jàma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iamáyaa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| human&lt;br /&gt;
| jàmajaʔa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iaŋá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| leaf&lt;br /&gt;
| ğàňa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iaŋá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| wound, hurt&lt;br /&gt;
| ľàňa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iaŋáša&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| crack, scratch&lt;br /&gt;
| ľàňała-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iasá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| egg&lt;br /&gt;
| ľàtsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iasá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| many&lt;br /&gt;
| ľàtsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íata&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| tend, garden&lt;br /&gt;
| jatha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iataadáya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| slave&lt;br /&gt;
| jathadaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íataba&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| garden&lt;br /&gt;
| jathapa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íayo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| smoke&lt;br /&gt;
| ľağo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ibida&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| float&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ibida}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| icím&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| hollow out&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|itim}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ícimum&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| canoe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|itimum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ieea&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| game animal&lt;br /&gt;
| głèʔhà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ieegé&lt;br /&gt;
| conj.&lt;br /&gt;
| but not&lt;br /&gt;
| jege&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ieegí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| boy&lt;br /&gt;
| ľegi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ieesá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| push&lt;br /&gt;
| jedza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iéesi&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| river&lt;br /&gt;
| jèdzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íei&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| stone&lt;br /&gt;
| ğeľi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íeisi&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| neck&lt;br /&gt;
| ğeľzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iemá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| row&lt;br /&gt;
| jèma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ieoogú&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| away from&lt;br /&gt;
| jeʔogu&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ieoogú&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| leave&lt;br /&gt;
| jeʔogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íesa&lt;br /&gt;
| conj.&lt;br /&gt;
| and not&lt;br /&gt;
| jetsa&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íesi&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| hold, own, marry&lt;br /&gt;
| jezi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íeye&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| hill&lt;br /&gt;
| ğeje-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ieyuujú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| mount&lt;br /&gt;
| ğeľudu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| igóo&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| count&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|igaw}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iiá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| hand&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔiľsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iidá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| slow&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔida-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iidá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wind&lt;br /&gt;
| ğìta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íisa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| come&lt;br /&gt;
| jiʔihtsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iisaasá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| pull&lt;br /&gt;
| jiʔihtsadza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iisí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| arrow&lt;br /&gt;
| jidzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íiwo&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| live, be alive&lt;br /&gt;
| ğiwo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iiwoogá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| give birth to, engender&lt;br /&gt;
| ğiwoga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ikiibé&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| drink&lt;br /&gt;
| ğibe-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íma&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| without; if not&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔihma&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íobu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| prostitute, concubine&lt;br /&gt;
| ğohbu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íolu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| other&lt;br /&gt;
| jolu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ióobu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| mouth&lt;br /&gt;
| jòbu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ióobuuba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| suck&lt;br /&gt;
| jòbulpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ioogú&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| quick, fast&lt;br /&gt;
| ğogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ioogú&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| perform rituals&lt;br /&gt;
| jogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ioogúbuawopoogu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| escape from, run away from&lt;br /&gt;
| ğoguʔlawoʔogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iooguugú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| eagle&lt;br /&gt;
| ğogugu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iošú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| back&lt;br /&gt;
| ľòxu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iošú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| tool&lt;br /&gt;
| ğòxu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iouugá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| spit&lt;br /&gt;
| ğolga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iouugába&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| spit&lt;br /&gt;
| ğolgahpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ípa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| wipe&lt;br /&gt;
| ľipha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ípi&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| crab&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ikpi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ipíupu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| cowrie shell; money&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ipiupu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ísa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔitsha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Íši&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Isi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| isii&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| bee&lt;br /&gt;
| dzìʔì-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| isiigá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| yellow&lt;br /&gt;
| dziga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| isíiga&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| continuously&lt;br /&gt;
| dziʔga&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| isiiká&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| honey, sweetness&lt;br /&gt;
| dzìʔìkha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| isíisi&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| straight&lt;br /&gt;
| dzìdzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| isiŋá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| fingernail&lt;br /&gt;
| dzìňa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ísipe&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| water&lt;br /&gt;
| dziphe-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ísiye&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| want&lt;br /&gt;
| dzije-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ísiyeša&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| want, wish, desire&lt;br /&gt;
| dzijeła-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| išuŋá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| green&lt;br /&gt;
| ğłùŋa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íu&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| outside&lt;br /&gt;
| ğu&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iuáada&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| milk&lt;br /&gt;
| ğlaʔta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íuka&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| short&lt;br /&gt;
| głukha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iumá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| grind, mill&lt;br /&gt;
| ľùma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iume&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| right, east&lt;br /&gt;
| ľùmè-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íupu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| seashell&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|iupu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iúuga&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| pig&lt;br /&gt;
| ğùga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iuusí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| millet&lt;br /&gt;
| ğulzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íuye&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| heavy&lt;br /&gt;
| ğuje-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iyé&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| name&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔìje-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ja&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| for&lt;br /&gt;
| dła&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| jéa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| land&lt;br /&gt;
| dłeʔa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| jéega&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| clan, lineage&lt;br /&gt;
| dłeʔga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ju&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| long&lt;br /&gt;
| dłù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| jugúga&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| family, household&lt;br /&gt;
| dłùkuka-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| juu&lt;br /&gt;
| par.&lt;br /&gt;
| therefore, thus&lt;br /&gt;
| duʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| juusé&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| sky&lt;br /&gt;
| dudze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| júya&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| good&lt;br /&gt;
| duğa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| káa&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| black&lt;br /&gt;
| khàʔa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kába&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| tree&lt;br /&gt;
| khapa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kabogu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| forest&lt;br /&gt;
| khapòkù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| káko&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| laugh&lt;br /&gt;
| khakho-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kákogu&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| amusingly&lt;br /&gt;
| khakhoku-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kakoogá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| mock&lt;br /&gt;
| khakhoga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kaŋaibá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| travel (a long distance), journey&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|kaŋa &amp;quot;walk&amp;quot; + -igba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| káwo&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| narrow&lt;br /&gt;
| khawo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| káya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| fire&lt;br /&gt;
| khaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| káyaaya&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| burn&lt;br /&gt;
| khajaʔaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| káyaba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| burn&lt;br /&gt;
| khajahpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kayašoku&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| ashes&lt;br /&gt;
| khajałòkù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kidá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| citizen&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|kidá}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kólu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| tie, fasten&lt;br /&gt;
| kholu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kúlu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| anus&lt;br /&gt;
| khulu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kúmoo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| priest&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|kumow}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kumú&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| consecrate&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|kumu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kúmupum&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| temple, shrine&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|kumupum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kuubá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| hunt, catch, fish (with a line or trap)&lt;br /&gt;
| khulpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kuugá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| small rowboat or raft&lt;br /&gt;
| khulga- &amp;quot;boat&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Lájisa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| god associated with building and architecture&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Ladisa}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| lápiki&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| nail, peg&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|lapiki}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| lími&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wall (of a building)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|liŋmi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| lómil&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| field, arable land&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|lamil}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| lú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| sea, ocean&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|lu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Lúponi&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| the Lukpanic ethnicity&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Lukpani}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| má&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| place, location&lt;br /&gt;
| ma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| máasa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| nose&lt;br /&gt;
| màdzà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| maasé&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| inland sea, large lake&lt;br /&gt;
| madze- &amp;quot;sea&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mága&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| sharp&lt;br /&gt;
| mahga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| maíŋisap&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| paint, dye&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|maiŋisap}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| máse&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| shine&lt;br /&gt;
| maze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| masese&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| moon&lt;br /&gt;
| mazèzè-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| máye&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| rotten&lt;br /&gt;
| maje-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mébui&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| bear&lt;br /&gt;
| meʔli-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mebuujú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| captain, military officer&lt;br /&gt;
| meʔludu- &amp;quot;warrior (honorific)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mee&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| by means of&lt;br /&gt;
| meʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| meesá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| dog&lt;br /&gt;
| medza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mép&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| wage war on&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋmep}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mesá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| four&lt;br /&gt;
| mètsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| méya&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| along&lt;br /&gt;
| mèľà&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| míigo&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| wet&lt;br /&gt;
| mìgo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| miná&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| mother&lt;br /&gt;
| mìna-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| miŋá&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| the day before yesterday&lt;br /&gt;
| mìňa&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| míši&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| tongue&lt;br /&gt;
| miłi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mitól&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| run, flow (of rivers)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|mital}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mítolum&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| process&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|mitalum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Mítomol&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| the world, Akana&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Mitaŋmal}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| míula&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| goat&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋmiula}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mó&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| harbor&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|mo}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mól&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| realm, domain&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋmal}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| móm&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| dune&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋmam}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| móp&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| ice&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|mop}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| móp&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| blow  (of wind)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|mop}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mósu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| sew&lt;br /&gt;
| moʔzu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mošú&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| wide&lt;br /&gt;
| mòxu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| moyú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| sheep&lt;br /&gt;
| mòğu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mu&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| completely&lt;br /&gt;
| mu&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| múl&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| buckwheat&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|mul}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ná&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| I&lt;br /&gt;
| na-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| naa&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| above&lt;br /&gt;
| naʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| naasé&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| tame&lt;br /&gt;
| nadze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| naasé&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| rarely&lt;br /&gt;
| nadze&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Náibum&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Naigbum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| náipol&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| baby&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|naipal}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| náiu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| roof, terrace&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|naiw}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| náta&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| beam&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|nata}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| néma&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| boat, ship&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|nema}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| néyua&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| white&lt;br /&gt;
| neğla-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| neyuayamá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| mushroom&lt;br /&gt;
| neğlàgłàma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nípa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| fog&lt;br /&gt;
| nipha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nipuibá&lt;br /&gt;
| n. in.&lt;br /&gt;
| concentrate, try earnestly&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|nipu &amp;quot;chew&amp;quot; + -igba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nobigóo&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| read&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|nobigaw}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nóo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| spot, sign, glyph&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|now}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nóobu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| think&lt;br /&gt;
| nòbu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nóogu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| left, west&lt;br /&gt;
| nògù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nóu&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| up towards&lt;br /&gt;
| noʔu&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nóugu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| three&lt;br /&gt;
| nolku-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| noyú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| foot&lt;br /&gt;
| nòğu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋaiši&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| wash&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋaizi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋau&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| weapon&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋau}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋáye&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| frequently&lt;br /&gt;
| ňaje&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋímiu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| village, neighborhood in a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋimiw}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋísapum&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| stew, sauce&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋisapum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋísi&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| smooth&lt;br /&gt;
| ňizi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋouugú&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| dull, blunt&lt;br /&gt;
| ňolgu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋúlu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| onion&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋulu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Ogúgudu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a god associated with healing&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|Hogúgúdú}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| óloo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| carrot&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|alow}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| omó&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| assassinate&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|òamo}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| omókaba&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| assassin, killer&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|òamokaba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| óšu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| smell, sniff&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔoxu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pa&lt;br /&gt;
| par.&lt;br /&gt;
| then, next, and&lt;br /&gt;
| phà&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| everyone, everything, all&lt;br /&gt;
| pha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| páata&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| throw&lt;br /&gt;
| phaʔta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| padóogu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| path, route, way&lt;br /&gt;
| pàtògù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| págui&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| door&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pagui}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pála&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| far&lt;br /&gt;
| phala-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pála&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| swell, become bigger, become tumescent&lt;br /&gt;
| phala-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pamá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| fart&lt;br /&gt;
| błàma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| papáada&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| shoot, throw (as a weapon); direct object is the projectile&lt;br /&gt;
| phaphaʔta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pása&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| copper&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pasa}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pásagee&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| copper ingot, coin&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pasagai}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| patá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| find one&#039;s way&lt;br /&gt;
| pàta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| páubu&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| rope&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|kpaubu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pauibá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| be startled&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pau &amp;quot;cry out (of animals)&amp;quot; + -igba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| páwo&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| walk&lt;br /&gt;
| pławo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pawopoogú&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| walk away, retreat&lt;br /&gt;
| pławoʔogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| peyá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| cloud&lt;br /&gt;
| phèľa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| peyoogú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| aristocrat, noble; used as a term of address&lt;br /&gt;
| pèľogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| piáaga&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| new&lt;br /&gt;
| pľàga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| piamá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| flower&lt;br /&gt;
| pľàma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pída&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| weak, small (of an animal or person)&lt;br /&gt;
| phita-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pii&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| seed&lt;br /&gt;
| phiji-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| píši&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| tree bark&lt;br /&gt;
| phiłi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| píta&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| butter&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|kpita}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Pítomo&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Kpitamo}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| píwo&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| breathe, blow&lt;br /&gt;
| phiwo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| piwoogá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| inflate&lt;br /&gt;
| phiwoga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Pólu&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| the sea goddess&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Polu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Pólubum&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Polugbum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pomíba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| witness, observe (an event or activity)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pam &amp;quot;see&amp;quot; + -igba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pomikí&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| sail, navigate&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pamiki}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| púm&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| grow, mature, ripen&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pum &amp;quot;grow&amp;quot;}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| púpa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wine, alcohol&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pukpa}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| púu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| (paved) road&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|puwu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| puugá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| headman (of a village), chief (of a Western-speaking group)&lt;br /&gt;
| phuga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sa&lt;br /&gt;
| conj./par.&lt;br /&gt;
| and, also&lt;br /&gt;
| tsa&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sadóo&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| freeze&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|sadaw}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sáip&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| spirit, god&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|saip}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sanú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| rumor&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|sèanu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sása&lt;br /&gt;
| conj.&lt;br /&gt;
| moreover&lt;br /&gt;
| tsatsa&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sása&lt;br /&gt;
| par.&lt;br /&gt;
| because&lt;br /&gt;
| tsatsa&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| se&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| down towards&lt;br /&gt;
| ze&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| séa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| dung&lt;br /&gt;
| tshesa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| séaba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| defecate&lt;br /&gt;
| tshesahpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sedá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| sing&lt;br /&gt;
| zèta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| séedakaasa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| flow away&lt;br /&gt;
| zeʔtaʔadza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| séedeisa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| flow towards&lt;br /&gt;
| zeʔteʔihtsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seesé&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| run&lt;br /&gt;
| zedze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seeséoogu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| flee, run away&lt;br /&gt;
| zedzeʔogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seeseoogúubeesa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| steal&lt;br /&gt;
| zedzeʔogùbèdza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seesósu&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| quickly&lt;br /&gt;
| zedzotsu&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| séga&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| sand&lt;br /&gt;
| tshehga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| séina&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| horn&lt;br /&gt;
| tsheľna-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seka&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| earth&lt;br /&gt;
| tshèkhà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| semá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| bad&lt;br /&gt;
| zèma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sésewo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| star&lt;br /&gt;
| zezewo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| séya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| soil&lt;br /&gt;
| tsheja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seyeegí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| worthless items, junk, filth&lt;br /&gt;
| tshejegi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seyošu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| defensive wall, rampart&lt;br /&gt;
| tshejòhxù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| si&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| yesterday&lt;br /&gt;
| tshi&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| two&lt;br /&gt;
| zi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síba&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| some&lt;br /&gt;
| zipa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síbua&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| dry&lt;br /&gt;
| tshiʔla-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sída&lt;br /&gt;
| v. dt.&lt;br /&gt;
| teach&lt;br /&gt;
| tshihta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| siibú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| worm&lt;br /&gt;
| tshibu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síida&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| palm (of hand)&lt;br /&gt;
| zìda-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síiga&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| stand&lt;br /&gt;
| zìgà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síigaasa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| stick in the ground&lt;br /&gt;
| zìgàdza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| siisí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| fat, grease&lt;br /&gt;
| ziľzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| siisí&lt;br /&gt;
| par.&lt;br /&gt;
| instead&lt;br /&gt;
| tshidzi&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síŋa&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| thin&lt;br /&gt;
| tshìňà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| siŋá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| together&lt;br /&gt;
| tshìňa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| siŋáta&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| assemble, repair&lt;br /&gt;
| tshìňatha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síse&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| day&lt;br /&gt;
| zize-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| siwó&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| pine&lt;br /&gt;
| zìwo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síya&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| hear&lt;br /&gt;
| zija-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sóju&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| lie down&lt;br /&gt;
| tshotu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sojuugá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| put, place&lt;br /&gt;
| tshotuga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sópu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| deer&lt;br /&gt;
| tshophu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sówoip&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| silver&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|sawoip}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| súpu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| itch, irritate&lt;br /&gt;
| tsuphu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| supúugaya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| louse&lt;br /&gt;
| tsuphugaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| suubá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| fruit&lt;br /&gt;
| tsuba-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| suubú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| arm&lt;br /&gt;
| tshulpu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| suugá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| float&lt;br /&gt;
| zuga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| suugákaasa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| float downstream, float with the current&lt;br /&gt;
| zugaʔadza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| súwo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| guts&lt;br /&gt;
| zuwo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| súwo&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| through, in the middle of&lt;br /&gt;
| zuwo&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šaagó&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| near&lt;br /&gt;
| łago-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šáya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| eye&lt;br /&gt;
| łağa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šayá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| guard; guide; soul&lt;br /&gt;
| łàğa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šesí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| horse&lt;br /&gt;
| łèzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šéto&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| shovel&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|shetòa}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šíme&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| heron&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|siŋme}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Šiméšita&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Siŋmesita}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šiná&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| lake&lt;br /&gt;
| łìna-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šíta&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| beach&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|sita}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šíya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| snake&lt;br /&gt;
| łija-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šíyaba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| cure, heal&lt;br /&gt;
| łijahpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| tá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| you&lt;br /&gt;
| ta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| tá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| do, make&lt;br /&gt;
| tha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| taabé&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| on, at, when&lt;br /&gt;
| tabe&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| táada&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| cold&lt;br /&gt;
| thàda-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| taagá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| grass&lt;br /&gt;
| taga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| taagábue&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| grassland, plain&lt;br /&gt;
| tagaʔle-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| taagála&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| cloth&lt;br /&gt;
| tagala-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| taagó&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| one&lt;br /&gt;
| tago-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| tábue&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| there, that place&lt;br /&gt;
| thaʔle-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| táta&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| use&lt;br /&gt;
| thatha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| táwo&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| bend&lt;br /&gt;
| thawo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| táya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| milk&lt;br /&gt;
| thaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| tebí&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| sow&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|tebi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Tolélina&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a goddess associated with chaos, lightning and wildfires&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Talelina}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| tóm&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| buckwheat porridge&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|tom}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| tóobu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| fall&lt;br /&gt;
| thòbu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| tóobuuga&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| fell, chop down&lt;br /&gt;
| thòbuga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| túgim&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| grape&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|tugim}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| túku&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| masonry&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|tuku}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| u&lt;br /&gt;
| conj./par.&lt;br /&gt;
| or&lt;br /&gt;
| su&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| language&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úbium&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| knife, dagger&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ubium}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ugá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| tooth&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔùka-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ugába&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| bite&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔùkahpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ugáuba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| eat (not meat)&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔùkalpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úita&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| right (direction)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|uita}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ulá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| round&lt;br /&gt;
| sùla-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ulá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| gesture&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wula}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úmu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| king&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|uŋmu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úna&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| difficult&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|una}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úpu&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| small&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|upu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úsai&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| fig&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wusai}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| usubúi&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| breast&lt;br /&gt;
| dzùʔli-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| usunú&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| full&lt;br /&gt;
| dzùnu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úsupu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| gather, fish (with a net)&lt;br /&gt;
| dzuphu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| usupuugóyu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| fisherman&lt;br /&gt;
| dzuphugoju-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| uugá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| five&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔuga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úuša&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| tomorrow&lt;br /&gt;
| suʔxa&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úwesum&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| liquor; booze&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wuwesum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úwo&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| vomit&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔuwo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úwouba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| vomit&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔuwolpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| pain&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔuja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| uyaasá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| cause pain&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔujadza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| uyaasáša&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wound, injury&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔujadzała-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úyaaya&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| be in pain&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔujaʔaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wáku&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| building, structure&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|waku}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wakúpadoo&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| story, floor (of building)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wakupadaw}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wéda&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| turn&lt;br /&gt;
| weta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wédeisa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| meet&lt;br /&gt;
| weteʔihtsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| weena&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| year&lt;br /&gt;
| wèʔnà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| weesí&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| steep&lt;br /&gt;
| wedzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wejuuna&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| next year&lt;br /&gt;
| wetùʔnà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Wílowi&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| the Wellawi people/nation&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Wilawi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wíma&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| hibiscus&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wiŋma}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wínita&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| ceremony&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|winita}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wipíkau&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| desert&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wipikau}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wipúita&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| left (direction)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wipuita}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wípuŋa&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| easy&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wipuŋa}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wobuu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| liver&lt;br /&gt;
| woʔlu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wógi&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| the day after tomorrow&lt;br /&gt;
| woki&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| woosé&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| die&lt;br /&gt;
| wodze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wooseesá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| kill&lt;br /&gt;
| wodzedza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wópa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| beans&lt;br /&gt;
| wopha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wósu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| eat (of herbivorous animals)&lt;br /&gt;
| wopha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wóuga&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| hit&lt;br /&gt;
| wolka-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Lexicography]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Mhakh_Thandim/Lexicon&amp;diff=12772</id>
		<title>Mhakh Thandim/Lexicon</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Mhakh_Thandim/Lexicon&amp;diff=12772"/>
		<updated>2016-03-07T07:00:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The following is a lexicon of [[Mhakh Thandim]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Part of Speech Abbreviations:&lt;br /&gt;
* adj. - adjective&lt;br /&gt;
* adv. - adverb&lt;br /&gt;
* conj. - conjunction&lt;br /&gt;
* dem. - demonstrative&lt;br /&gt;
* int. - interjection&lt;br /&gt;
* n. an. - animate noun&lt;br /&gt;
* n. ac. - animate collective noun&lt;br /&gt;
* n. ic. - inanimate count noun&lt;br /&gt;
* n. im. - inanimate mass noun&lt;br /&gt;
* num. - numeral&lt;br /&gt;
* pre. - preposition&lt;br /&gt;
* pron. - pronoun&lt;br /&gt;
* qtf. - indefinite quantifier&lt;br /&gt;
* vi. - intransitive verb&lt;br /&gt;
* vt. - monotransitive verb&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Vocabulary=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;bg4 l bold&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| MT || IPA || PoS || gloss || Irregular Forms&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ârsí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /a̤rsi/ || n. ic. || sharp point, tip ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;átaun&#039;&#039;&#039; || /atʰaʊ̯n/ || n. im. || a genre of historical stories ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /aɪ̯/ || vt. || want ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;âi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /a̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || blood || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;âingga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /a̤ɪ̯ŋɡə/ || n. im. || menstrual blood || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;au&#039;&#039;&#039; || /aʊ̯/ || adv. || too, also, as well ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;au&#039;&#039;&#039; || /aʊ̯/ || vt. || swallow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə/ || int. || oh! (vocative particle) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤/ || n. im. || root(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ak’íkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ək&#039;ix/ || n. im. || crystal(s) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;akhnath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əxnəθ/ || n. ic. || canine tooth, eye tooth, fang ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;alam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ələm/ || vt. || fresh-water salmon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;alim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əlɪm/ || vt. || reflect (light) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əm/ || n. an. || lake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əŋ/ || n. im. || rightness, righteousness || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əŋ/ || vi. || be right, be correct, guess correctly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;āg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤k/ || vt. || hurt, wound, injure, harm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ānggén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤ŋgen/ || n. ic. || arrowhead ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ānggí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤ŋgi/ || n. an. || vixen (female fox, less marked) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;anggó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əŋgo/ || n. ic. || vase, amphora, ceramicware for liquids ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ap&#039;ú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əp&#039;u/ || n. an. || knuckle, knuckle bone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ārí&#039;&#039;&#039;|| /ə̤ri/ || n. ic. || spearhead ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ārófu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤rofʊ/ || n. an. || sandstorm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ārung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤rʊŋ/ || n. an. || breast ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;asca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əsʔə/ || n. im. || gypsum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ascikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əsʔɪx/ || n. an. || ankle, talus bone, dice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;asakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əsəx/ || n. an. || wolf ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;asac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əsəʔ/ || n. an. || eagle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;at&#039;í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ət&#039;i/ || n. an. || knee, knee cap || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;akh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əx/ || vi. || return, come back ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əʔ/ || n. im. || rock(s), stone(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;āth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤θ/ || n. im. || color(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;báth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /paθ/ || n. ic. || house, building ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /paɪ̯/ || n. im. || seed(s) (of plants), semen (of animals) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /paʊ̯/ || n. an. || horn (of an animal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;baulā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /paʊ̯lə̤/ || n. an. || weather ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pə/ || vt. || be similar to, be like, resemble ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bab&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəp/ || vi. || stop, halt, cease, come to an end ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bambád&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəmbat/ || n. an. || stream, brook, creek ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bamba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəmbə/ || n. an. || father, paternal uncle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ban&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pən/ || adj. || small ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;banan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pənən/ || n. an. || new moon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;banggí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəŋgi/ || n. an. || bull (male bovine) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bap’ekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəp’ɛx/ || adv. || maybe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;basú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəsu/ || n. im. || daisies ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəθ/ || vt. || switch with, be exchanged for ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pə̤θ/ || n. im. || village, collection of houses ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɛ̤/ || vi. || be intoxicated, be insane, behave erratically ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pi/ || vt. || hint, suggest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɪ/ || vi. || have reached mastery (of a craft or art), be a master ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bid&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɪt/ || vt. || sacrifice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bik&#039;én&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɪk&#039;en/ || n. ic. || fletching (of an arrow) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bombo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɔmbɔ/ || n. an. || infant, baby ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɔŋ/ || n. im. || fruit(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bsaumwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /psaʊ̯mwɪ/ || n. im. || solar eclipse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bsauyān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /psaʊ̯jə̤n/ || n. im. || lunar eclipse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pu/ || n. an. || hand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;búyāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pujə̤θ/ || n. im. || yellow color, yellow pigment ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʊm/ || adj. || good, well ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bumac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʊməʔ/ || n. im. || flint, chert ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bundum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʊndʊm/ || vt. || fix, repair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bwác&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pwaʔ/ || vi. || suffer (from an illness) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bwau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pwaʊ̯/ || n. im. || roof(s), roofing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bwid&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pwɪt/ || n. an. || penis ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔaɪ̯/ || n. ic. || bowl ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔaɪ̯/ || vi. || depart, leave, go away (from listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔaʊ̯/ || vt. || trick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cauphgo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔaʊ̯ɸkɔ/ || n. im. || branch(es) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔə/ || n. ic. || basket ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔə/ || vi. || clap (hands) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔə/ || vt. || request ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔət/ || vi. || bear, give birth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;calí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔəli/ || n. an. || female bird ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔəm/ || vi. || walk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔəθ/ || vt. || carry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔe/ || n. an. || vulva ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔi/ || n. im. || manner, method, way ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔi/ || n. ic. || part, component ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔi/ || qtf. || some, few ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cíwû&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔiwṳ/ || n. ac. || twins ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cód&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔot/ || n. im. || grease, fat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;co&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔɔ/ || adj. || last ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;co&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔɔ/ || vt. || fail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔɔ̤/ || n. ic. || cave ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cúyāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔujə̤θ/ || n. im. || blue, green, blue/green, those colors/pigments ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊ/ || adj. || far, faraway, distant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cuk’a&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊk’ə/ || n. im. || hills ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;culing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊlɪŋ/ || n. im. || noise ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cundith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊndɪθ/ || n. ac. || skeleton, set of bones ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cundung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊndʊŋ/ || vt. || open ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cuph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊɸ/ || vi. || smell, emit odor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cusú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊsu/ || n. an. || hip || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ta/ || vi. || be able ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /taʊ̯/ || vt. || celebrate, honor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tə̤/ || vi. || be cunning, sly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təʔ/ || vt. || extinguish, destroy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tət/ || n. im. || name(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tək/ || vi. || be intelligent, be wise ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təx/ || n. im. || candle(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dambú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təmbu/ || n. an. || rainbow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;danda&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təndə/ || n. an. || mother, maternal aunt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dandí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təndi/ || n. an. || summer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dandu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təndʊ/ || vt. || admit, confess ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tə̤ɸ/ || vt. || pick, select, take ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dat’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tət’əŋ/ || adv. || soon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tə̤θ/ || n. im. || anger ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tə̤θ/ || vi. || be angry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dawō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təwɔ̤/ || n. im. || chimney, smokehole ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;de&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tɛ/ || qtf. || every ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ti/ || n. an. || season ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tí/ || vt. || rub ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;di&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tɪ/ || n. an. || womb, uterus ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;din&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tɪn/ || n. ac. || nation, tribal confederation ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;don&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tɔn/ || vt. || match, be the same as ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dsau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tsaʊ̯/ || n. im. || leaves ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dsec&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tsɛʔ/ || n. an. || planet, wandering star ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dsí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tsi/ || n. an. || mist, fog bank ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tu/ || vi. || go downstream, go downhill, take the easier course of action ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;du&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʊ/ || adj. || really, indeed ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʊm/ || n. an. || ocean ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;duya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʊjə/ || n. im. || midden, waste dump ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dyâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tja̤ʊ̯/ || vi. || kneel, squat, crouch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;e&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛ/ || conj. || or ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛ̤/ || n. im. || feeling, sense, intuition ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ekhcath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛxʔəθ/ || n. ic. || travois, sledge to carry goods ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ekhsa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛxsə/  || n. im. || lacquer, glue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ekht&#039;í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛxt&#039;i/ || n. ic. || rudder (device used to steer a boat) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ekhdá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛxta/ || n. ic. || tool ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;elú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛlu/ || n. im. || free standing wall(s), fortification(s), barrier(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;elû&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛlṳ/ || n. ic. || oar, paddle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;en&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛn/ || vt. || fight ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ērab&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛ̤rəp/ || vi. || sense of touch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fád&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fat/ || n. in. || river ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fálad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /falət/ || n. an. || carp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fándeth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fandɛθ/ || n. ac. || gang, warband, unit (of an army) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fándîm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fandi̤m/ || n. an. || stepchild ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fáph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faɸ/ || n. im. || path, trail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fáth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faθ/ || vi. || happen, occur ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faɪ̯/ || n. an. || spirit, god ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faɪ̯/ || vi. || fall ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faɪ̯/ || vt. || slap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faʊ̯/ || vi. || pass, move on, go forward ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faʊ̯/ || vt. || pour, strew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fafai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fəfaɪ̯/ || n. an. || avalanche, landslide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fafa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fəfə/ || n. an. || brother ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fandeth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fəndɛθ/ || n. ac || army, militia || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fəŋ/ || num. || five ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fanggau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fəŋgaʊ̯/ || vi. || be together, be in a group ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɛ/ || vt. || herd ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;feth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɛθ/ || n. an. || warrior, soldier ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fífí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fifi/ || n. an. || son ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fíth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fiθ/ || n. ic. || stalk, stem ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fíthyâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fiθja̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || right side, the right (direction) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɪ/ || dem. || this, that (inanimate) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɪ/ ||  vt. || wrap around ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fgau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fkaʊ̯/ ||  n. ic. || trap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;flaló&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fləlo/ || n. ic. || water pot (for scoring clay) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;flic&#039;&#039;&#039; || /flɪʔ/ || n. ic. || musical instrument (general category) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fólú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /folu/ || n. ic. || poplar tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fóm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fom/ || n. im. || snot, nasal mucous ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔ/ || n. ic. || pan ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fōb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔ̤p/ || n. an. || skin(s), bark (of a tree) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fokht’éph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔxt’eɸ/ || n. an. || beetle || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;folú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔlu/  || n. im. || grove of poplars ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔŋ/ || vt. || sing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fōsó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔ̤so/ || n. im. || counting beans ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;foth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔθ/ || n. im. || gills ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;frau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fraʊ̯/ || n. ic. || knife, blade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;frambau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /frəmbaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || ford, river crossing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;frén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fren/ || n. im. || cycle, recurring event or process || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fu/ || n. ic. || bag, waterskin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fu/ ||  vi. || be blind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fúm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fum/ || vi. || melt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fʊ/ || n. an. || wind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fundau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fʊndaʊ̯/ || vt. || join, be with, bring (a person) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fwēc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fwɛ̤ʔ/ || n. im. || beads, money ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fwíg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fwik/ || vt. || think about, consider ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fwín&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fwin/ || n. im. || luck, good fortune ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kə̤/ || vi. || be in pain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gak’ókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kək’ox/ || vt. || hunt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;galí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəli/ || n. an. || magpie ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəm/ || n. ic. || drum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gandath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəndəθ/ || n. ac. || parents, same-sex parental siblings ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ganga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəŋə/ || vt. || applaud ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ganggé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəŋge/ || n. ic. || rowan tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gangge&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəŋgɛ/ || n. im. || grove of rowans ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ganggen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəŋgɛn/ || adj. || different, unusual, another ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ganggith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəŋgɪθ/ || n. an. || snow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gayān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəjə̤n/ || n. im. || menstrual period ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gê&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ke̤/ || n. im. || home, shelter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ge&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɛ/ || n. an. || eye || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɛn/ || vi. || be different, be unusual, be another ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gfa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kfə/ || n. ic. || shoe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gín&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kin/ || n. ic. || arrow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gíyāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kijə̤θ/ || n. im. || red color, red pigment ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;giblíc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɪpliʔ/ || adj. || salted, pickled ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gilí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɪli/ || n. an. || thrush ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;githpom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɪθpʰɔm/ || n. an. || skull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;giyî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɪji̤/ || n. an. || fresh-water eel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gli&#039;&#039;&#039; || /klɪ/ || pron. || they ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kox/ || vi. || hunt, go hunting, be a hunter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;góyêkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /koje̤x/ || n. ic. || shrine, temple ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gsac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ksəʔ/ || n. im. || bread ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gso&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ksɔ/ || num. || second ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ku/ || n. ic. || door, entry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kwɪ/ || n. an. || brain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gyai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kjaɪ̯/ || vt. || imagine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gyo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kyɔ/ || vt. || count ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;há&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ha/ || vi. || go down, descend, climb down ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hákh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hax/ || n. an. || liver ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haɪ̯/ || adv. || then (past) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haɪ̯/ || pron. || we, us ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ha̤ɪ̯/ || adv. || recently ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Haifai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haɪ̯faɪ̯/ || n. an. || sky goddess ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haʊ̯/ || vi. || call, shout ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ha̤ʊ̯/ || vt. || shout, cry out (of a word or sound) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;haumam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haʊ̯məm/ || n. im. || dust ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hausikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haʊ̯sɪx/ || n. an. || (entire) leg ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həx/ || n. ic. || mortar (tool for grinding) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həx/ || vt. || hew (with an ax) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Halsa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /Həlsə/ || n. im. || place of spiritual punishment, hell ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ham&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həm/ || vi. || seem ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;han&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hən/ || n. an. || moon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;handā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həndə̤/ || n. ac. || swarm of spiders, nest of spiders ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;handag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həndək/ || n. ac. || pride of cats ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;handú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həndu/ || n. ac. || siblings ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hanō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hənɔ̤/ || n. an. || snake || pl. xúyā&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hara&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hərə/ || n. an. || ear || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hasā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həsə̤/ || n. an. || goose ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həθ/ || qtf. || each ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /he/ || n. im. || ground, floor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /he/ || vi. || suffer a seizure, stroke, or similar attack ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hém&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hem/ || vi. || be fast, be quick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hen/ || vi. || feel homesick, nostalgic ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɛ/ || n. an. || mouse, rat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɛ̤/ || vt. || feel, sense ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hi/ || num. || two ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hi/ || vi. || listen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;híc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hiʔ/ || vt. || rape ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hím&#039;&#039;&#039; || /him/ || vt. || marry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;híyakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hijəx/ || n. an. || spleen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hig&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɪk/ || n. an. || chin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɪx/ || n. im. || voice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɪŋ/ || n. im. || threat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɪŋ/ || vt. || threaten ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɪɸ/ || vt. || realize, become aware of, understand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hlau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hlaʊ̯/ || vt. || beg ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hla&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hlə/ || vt. || improve, make perfect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hlig&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hlɪk/ || n. an. || mind, thoughts ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hox/ || n. an. || woman || pl. cau&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hóth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hoθ/ || vi. || forage, be a forager ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ho&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔ/ || vt. || touch, come in contact with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔ̤/ || n. im. || hole(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;holán&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔlan/ || n. im. || moonflower(s) (night-blooming flower types) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;holég&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔlek/ || n. an. || sow (female pig; less marked) || pl. kā&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;holath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔləθ/ || n. im. || grove of ash trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hon&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔn/ || vt. || seize, take over, conquer, take by force ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔŋ/ || n. im. || place, area, region ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;horâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔra̤ʊ̯/ || n. ac. || buttocks ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hoth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔθ/ || n. ac. || married couple ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hri&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hrɪ/ || adv. || now ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hu/ || num. || eighteen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hu/ || vi. || pilot, navigate (a canoe or raft) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hu/ || vt. || meet ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hû&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hṳ/ || vi. || defecate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;húb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hup/ || n. ic. || festival, feast, holiday ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;húyakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hujəx/ || n. an. || mistress, lover ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;húyākh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hujə̤x/ || n. ic. || ax ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊ/ || adv. || only, merely, barely, just, simply ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊ/ || vt. || break ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊ̤/ || n. an. || lungs ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊ̤/ || vt. || be perpendicular to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊp/ || vt. || eat, consume ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊʔ/ || vt. || kick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊm/ || n. im. || thunder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;humrófu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊmrofʊ/ || n. an. || thunderstorm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hun&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊn/ || vt. || sew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huyîkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊji̤x/ || n. ic. || loom ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hwuth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hwʊθ/ || n. im. || sand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hwuthca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hwʊθʔə/ || n. im. || earwax ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /i/ || vi. || breathe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /i/ || vt. || drip on ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;î&#039;&#039;&#039; || /i̤/ || n. an. || fish(es) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;î&#039;&#039;&#039; || /i̤/ || n. im. || beauty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;î&#039;&#039;&#039; || /i̤/ || vi. || be beautiful, be pretty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ínggókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /iŋgox/ || n. an. || hunter, predatory animal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ínggen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /iŋgɛn/ || n. an. || stranger, foreigner ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;írau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /iraʊ̯/ || n. an. || prisoner, captive, hostage, slave ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ísí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /isi/ || n. an. || leader, guide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ít’ukh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /it’ʊx/ || n. an. || sage, priest, shaman ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;im&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪm/ || vt. || shine on ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;īndaní&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪ̤ndəni/ || n. an. || mosquito(es) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;īnīn&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪ̤nɪ̤n/ || n. an. || daughter(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪŋ/ || adj. || short ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪɸ/ || vt. || praise ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iríph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪriɸ/ || vt. || complain about, protest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iráng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪraŋ/ || vi. || be wrong ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;īwū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪ̤wṳ/ || n. ic. || adze ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iyak’íkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪjək’ix/ || n. ic. || jewel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’au&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’aʊ̯/ || vt. || give in trade, offer in trade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ə̤/ || n. im. || pain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ət/ || n. im. || flesh, meat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’alí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’əli/ || n. an. || hawk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’andath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’əndəθ/ || n. ac. || grandparents ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’əŋ/ || vi. || stay, remain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’é&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’e/ || n. ic. || mountain peak, crest of a hill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’e&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɛ/ || conj. || but ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’e&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɛ/ || vt. || hit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɛ̤/ || n. ic. || bucket ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’i/ || n. an. || beak ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’íkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ix/ || n. an. || hail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’i&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪ/ || vt. || warn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ib&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪp/ || adj. || white, light (in color) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ibac || /k’ɪpəʔ/ || n. im. || chalk, calcium ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’imāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪmə̤θ/ || n. im. || white color, white pigment ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’in&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪn/ || vi. || itch, be annoying ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’indó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪndo/ || n. im. || vetches, patch of vetches ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪθ/ || n. an. || bone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;uph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k&#039;ʊɸ/ || vi. || stink ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰaʊ̯/ || n. an. || bear || pl. hâi&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ka&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰə/ || dem. || this, that (animate) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰə̤/ || n. an. || sky ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰək/ || vt. || waste, squander ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəx/ || vt. || lead, govern, rule, control ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kalalai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰələlaɪ̯/ || n. an. || catfish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kamban&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəmbən/ || adj. || common ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kambikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəmbɪx/ || adj. || private, personal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kambú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəmbu/ || adj. || yellow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kambum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəmbʊm/ || conj. || relativizer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kandafú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəndəfu/ || adj. || coarse, rough ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kandalo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəndəlɔ/ || adj. || fine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kandaná&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəndəna/ || adj. || smooth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kandí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəndi/ || adj. || fragrant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəŋ/ || vt. || hinder, block ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kanggí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəŋgi/ || adj. || red ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kbán&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰpan/ || n. im. || homeland ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kbau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰpaʊ̯/ || conj. || complimentizer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰta/ || adj. || industrious, diligent, hardworking ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtəʔ/ || adj. || massive, heavy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtəm/ || adj. || full ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdarokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtərɔx/ || n. im. || firewood ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdasí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtəsi/ || adj. || sharp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdeth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtɛθ/ || n. im. || bronze, bronzeware ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdónâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtona̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || shore, riverbank ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtʊ̤/ || adj. || blunt, dull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kê&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰe̤/ || vt. || dwell in, live in ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ked&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɛt/ || vt. || judge, conclude, decide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɛx/ || vi. || be pregnant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;keng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɛŋ/ || vi. || depart, leave, go away (from speaker) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;keth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɛθ/ || n. an. || fire ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰi/ || adj. || dry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰi/ || n. an. || bird ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰi̤/ || vt. || respect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kícókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰiʔox/ || n. an. || wife ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kîcoléng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰi̤ʔɔleŋ/ || n. an. || boar (male pig) || pl. k’uyā&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kícom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰiʔɔm/ || n. an. || belly, abdomen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kírû&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰirṳ/ || n. an. || husband ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kísani&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰisənɪ/ || n. im. || minority ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kíwom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰiwɔm/ || n. an. || face ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ki&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɪ/ || pron. || he, she, it ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kig&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɪk/ || n. im. || cry, cries ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kirú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɪru/ || vt. || disagree with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɪθ/ || vt. || drink ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kiyong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɪjɔŋ/ || n. ic. || room, hall, compartment of a house ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kla&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰlə/ || adj. || crooked, bent, unusable (of a tool) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kli&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰlɪ/ || adj. || hollow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;klú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰlu/ || vt. || lie, tell a lie to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;klúph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰluɸ/ || adj. || straight ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;klu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰlʊ/ || vt. || destroy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kmalau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰm̥əlaʊ̯/ || adj. || bad ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kmā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰm̥ə̤/ || adj. || dear, expensive, precious ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kmirâ&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰm̥ɪra̤/ || adj. || cheap, inexpensive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;knai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰn̥aɪ̯/ || vt. || distribute, share ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kné&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰn̥e/ || n. im. || salvation, rescue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰŋ̊u/ || adj. || blue, green, blue/green ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kô&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰo̤/ || vt. || borrow (temporary transfer of possession in either direction) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kóláth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰolaθ/ || n. ic. || ash tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰu/ || adj. || middle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰu/ || vt. || agree with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kúc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰuʔ/ || adj. || empty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kúng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰuŋ/ || vt. || struggle, strive toward ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kwau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰwaʊ̯/ || n. im. || disease, illness ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xa/ || vt. || reach, arrive at ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xaʊ̯/ || adj. || hot, warm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kha&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xə/ || adv. || completely, well ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xə̤/ || n. an. || spider ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xək/ || n. an. || cat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khalí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xəli/ || n. an. || crow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xəθ/ || n. an. || male dog ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xɛ/ || n. an. || anus ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khícau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xiʔaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || shovel, scoop ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khíth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xiθ/ || vi. || be fair, be honorable, be just ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khic&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xɪʔ/ || vt. || play (music) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xo/ || n. ic. || pot, ceramic vessel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xu/ || n. im. || blister(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xɪx/ || n. an. || ram (male sheep) || pl. huyā&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xɪn/ || n. im. || occupation, role ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khirúb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xɪrup/ || vi. || fast (abstain from eating) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lámman&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lammən/ || n. an. || morning ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lán&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lan/ || adj. || new, young ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;láth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /laθ/ || n. ic. || deciduous tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /laʊ̯/ || n. im. || drip, drop(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /laʊ̯/ || vi. || laugh ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;la&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lə/ || vi. || be female, be feminine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lak’im&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lək’ɪm/ || n. im. || limestone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lalau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləlaʊ̯/ || n. im. || size ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lalo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləlɔ/ || n. im. || grime, filth, muck ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lalú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləlu/ || vt. || examine, inspect, investigate, study ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləŋ/ || n. im. || problem ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;langga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləŋgə/ || n. im. || stickiness ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;langgú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləŋgu/ || n. im. || fear, fright ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;langgú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləŋgu/ || vi. || be afraid ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /le/ || vt. || decorate, embellish, gild ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;léph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /leɸ/ || n. an. || river mouth, river delta ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;leg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɛk/ || n. im. || forest of deciduous trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;leg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɛk/ || vi. || smile ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lelí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɛli/ || n. an. || dove, pigeon || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;leth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɛθ/ || vt. || train, practice, learn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /li/ || vi. || be dangerous ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lílā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lilə̤/ || n. an. || cloud ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;li&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɪ/ || vt. || pull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɪn/ || vi. || lie, recline ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;likh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɪx/ || n. im. || cloth, fabric ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɔ/ || vi. || come, approach (towards somewhere other than speaker or listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;loth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɔθ/ || n. ic. || ball, sphere ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lra&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lrə/ || n. an. || termite ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lu/ || vt. || fear, be afraid of ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lʊ/ || vi. || be silent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lʊ/ || vt. || bar, keep out ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lʊp/ || adj. || thick (in dimension) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;luc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lʊʔ/ || vi. || be rough (of weather or water) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;luph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lʊɸ/ || n. an. || toe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;má&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ma/ || vt. || come, approach (towards listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mándú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mandu/ || n. ic. || apple tree || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;máse&#039;&#039;&#039; || /masɛ/ || n. an. || grasshopper ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /maɪ̯/ || n. im. || flour ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /maɪ̯/ || vt. || pray to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;maiwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /maɪ̯wɪ/ || n. im. || peas ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mauyí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /maʊ̯ji/ || n. ic. || beehive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ma&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mə/ || adj. || hard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ma&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mə/ || vi. || die ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mə̤/ || n. an. || elephant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məʔ/ || n. ic. || individual rock, piece of stone, stone block ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mət/ || vi. || be tired ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mək/ || n. im. || sense of taste ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mək/ || vt. || taste, try (of food or drink) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mak’íkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mək’ix/ || n. ic. || individual crystal, piece of crystal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;malā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mələ̤/ || n. an. || turtle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məm/ || n. im. || earth, dirt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mama&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məmə/ || vi. || be lonely ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mamā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məmə̤/ || n. im. || turtle shell, armor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mamikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məmɪx/ || vt. || turn, rotate, revert ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mamúth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məmuθ/ || n. an. || lip ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;man&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mən/ || n. an. || day ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mandag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məndək/ || n. an. || equinox ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mandú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məndu/ || n. im. || apple orchard, grove of apple trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mane&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mənɛ/ || n. ic. || sleeve, leg (of pants) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;manggai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məŋgaɪ̯/ || vi. || pray, meditate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;manggob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məŋgɔp/ || n. an. || winter solstice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;masca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məsʔə/ || n. ic. || piece of gypsum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mbang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mbəŋ/ || n. ic. || nest (of birds) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mbí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mbi/ || n. im. || metal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mbi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mbɪ/ || vi. || grow up, become an adult ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mbō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mbɔ̤/ || n. im. || scales (of a reptile) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /me/ || n. im. || dew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /men/ || vi. || look, look around ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;méng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /meŋ/ || vt. || plot, conspire, scheme ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;me&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɛ/ || vt. || tell, say towards ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mekhsang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɛxsəŋ/ || n. im. || belief, faith, religion ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhásath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥asəθ/ || n. an. || duck ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mháth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥aθ/ || n. im. || egg(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mha&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ə/ || adj. || alone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥əʔ/ || vt. || slaughter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhalath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ələθ/ || n. im. || asters (type of star-shaped flower) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhawō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥əwɔ̤/ || n. im. || ditch(es) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥əx/ || num. || first ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥əθ/ || n. im. || stars ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhírí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥iri/ || n. im. || age, epoch, long time, long period ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhô&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥o̤/ || vt. || order, command, instruct ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mho&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ɔ/ || vt. || cover ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhōb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ɔ̤p/ || n. im. || rash(es), hives, breakout, acne ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ɔx/ || n. im. || valley ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mholókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ɔlox/ || n. im. || lilies (type of flower) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhuwong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ʊwɔŋ/ || n. im. || nut(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mi/ || n. an. || deer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɪ/ || vt. || hold, grasp, catch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɪx/ || vi. || turn around ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mimbíc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɪmbiʔ/ || vi. || turn the tables, seize the advantage (in a negotiation or confrontation) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mirô&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɪro̤/ || vi. || be unimportant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mlau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mlaʊ̯/ || vi. || be bad, behave badly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mlan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mlən/ || n. im. || bay ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɔ̤/ || vi. || be important ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mrai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mraɪ̯/ || n. im. || fingernail(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mro&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mrɔ/ || pron. || it ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mrú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mru/ || n. ic. || single hair, whisker, eyelash ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mu/ || vt. || knead ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;múmbú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mumbu/ || n. im. || dandelions ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;múmú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mumu/ || n. im. || flowers ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;músandai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /musəndaɪ̯/ || n. im. || bed of strawberries ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;múwe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /muwɛ/ || n. im. || cider (alcohol made from apples) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;múwong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /muwɔŋ/ || n. im. || apple(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;muc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mʊʔ/ || vt. || confuse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mummug&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mʊmmʊk/ || n. an. || squirrel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mun&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mʊn/ || n. ic. || spring, well ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mʊŋ/ || pron. || you ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;muyac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mʊjəʔ/ || n. im. || quartz ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mwímbōm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mwimbɔ̤m/ || n. im. || bark cloth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mwɪ/ || n. an. || sun ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;myid&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mjɪt/ || vi. || be brave, be courageous ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ná&#039;&#039;&#039; || /na/ || vt. || exceed, surpass, be greater than ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nám&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nam/ || n. im. || excitement ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nám&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nam/ || vi. || be excited ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /naɪ̯/ || n. ic. || bed, sleeping place ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /naʊ̯/ || vi. || cry, scream ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nə/ || conj. || and, with (of noun phrases) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nə/ || pron. || I, me ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nə̤/ || qtf. || all ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəx/ || n. an. || mare (female horse; less marked) || pl. kan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəx/ || n. im. || wish(es) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəx/ || vt. || wish, hope || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;namba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəmbə/ || n. im. || garden, yard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nandi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəndɪ/ || n. ac. || group ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nandin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəndɪn/ || n. ac. || herd of goats ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nanduth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəndʊθ/ || n. ic. || battle, skirmish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nanakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nənəx/ || n. an. || foal (horse offspring) || pl. fanan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;naneb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nənɛp/ || n. im. || wealth, prosperity ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;naneb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nənɛp/ || vi. || be rich, prosper ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nanú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nənu/ || n. an. || steam || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nangkda&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəŋkʰtə/ || n. an. || smoke ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;narékh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nərex/ || n. an. || magic ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nasîm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəsi̤m/ || n. an. || stepparent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəθ/ || n. im. || teeth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəθ/ || qtf. || both ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nāwe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nə̤wɛ/ || n. im. || perry (alcohol made from pears) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nda/ || n. an. || tiger || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nda/ || vt. || succeed at ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndáph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ndaɸ/ || adj. || weak ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ndaɪ̯/ || vt. || know (a person), be acquainted with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nde/ || qtf. || a lot ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndiŋai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ndɪŋaɪ̯/ || vi. || be unknown ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ndo/ || vi. || stand up (from sitting or lying) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;né&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ne/ || vi. || be safe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;neb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɛp/ || vt. || own, possess ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nec&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɛʔ/ || vi. || win, be victorious ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;neth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɛθ/ || n. an. || kitten ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhándú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥andu/ || n. im. || wall(s) (of a house) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥aʊ̯/ || n. ic. || altar ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhāwong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ə̤wɔŋ/ || n. im. || pear(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ɛ/ || n. an. || tail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥i/ || vi. || sink ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhig&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ɪk/ || n. im. || beard, facial hair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ɪx/ || n. an. || foot |||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhothngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ɔθŋu/ || n. ic./n. im. || pants, trousers, lower body clothing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhúyac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ujəʔ/ || n. ic. || mudbrick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ʊ/ || dem. || the other ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhug&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ʊk/ || n. im. || marsh ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhūsaye&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ʊ̤səjɛ/ || n. ic. || corner ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nílob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nilɔp/ || n. an. || winter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nínggí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /niŋgi/ || n. an. || autumn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;níp’i&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nip’ɪ/ || n. an. || spring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ni&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɪ/ || qtf. || many ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɪn/ || n. an. || nannygoat (female goat; less marked) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ninanin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɪnənɪn/ || n. an. || kid (goat offspring) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nithdau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɪθtaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || incisor, front tooth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nithtam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɪθtʰəm/ || n. ic. || molar, back tooth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nle&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nlɛ/ || vi. || float ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nonnong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɔnnɔŋ/ || n. an. || girl || pl. cí&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nono&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɔnɔ/ || n. an. || seagull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nonggín&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɔŋgin/ || n. ic. || notch, nock (of an arrow) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;núngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nuŋu/ || n. ic./n. im. || shirt, upper body clothing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;núsang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nusəŋ/ || n. im. || evidence, proof ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nʊ/ || vt. || push ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nūfai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nʊ̤faɪ̯/ || n. im. || cliff(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nūrau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nʊ̤raʊ̯/ || n. im. || bandage(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nuth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nʊθ/ || vi. || serve, be a servant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;núb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nup/ || vi. || wake up ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nwed&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nwɛt/ || n. im. || south ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nyô&#039;&#039;&#039; || /njo̤/ || n. ic. || pearl ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋaɪ̯/ || qtf. || a little ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋaɪ̯/ || vt. || seek, look for ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngaungau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋaʊ̯ŋaʊ̯/ || n. an || chick, bird offspring, baby bird ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋə/ || n. im. || milk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋən/ || n. an. || nose ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nganí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəni/ || vi. || drown ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nganga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəŋə/ || n. an. || frog ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngangalau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəŋəlaʊ̯/ || vt. || boil ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngangú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəŋu/ || vt. || notice, take note, note ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngaphkí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəɸkʰi/ || n. an. || owl species ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəθ/ || n. an. || nipple ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋə̤θ/ || n. im. || stain, blot, blemish, colored spot ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngêleth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋe̤lɛθ/ || n. ic. || hearth, firepit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nggim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋgɪm/ || n. an. || light, shine, glow, rays ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nggim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋgɪm/ || vi. || shine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nghau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊aʊ̯/ || vi. || sit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngha&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊ə/ || adj. || soft ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nghelí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊ɛli/ || n. an. || heron ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nghō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊ɔ̤/ || vt. || dislike ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nghob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊ɔp/ || n. an. || evening ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngholób&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊ɔlop/ || n. an || firefly || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nghú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊u/ || vi. || appear, become visible ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋi/ || vi. || be kind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nglau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋlaʊ̯/ || vt. || cook ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngláth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋlaθ/ || n. ic. || dot, mark, blemish || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngôth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋo̤θ/ || vt. || pick (of berries, fruits) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngofán&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋɔfan/ || n. im. || rapids (of a river) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋu/ || n. im. || sight, vision ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋu/ || vt. || see ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngúfamo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋufəmɔ/ || n. im. || clothes ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngúth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋuθ/ || n. im. || vengeance, intense rage, vendetta, feud, blood feud, revenge ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋʊ/ || n. im. || east ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋʊp/ || vi. || become old ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngyen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋjɛn/ || n. an. || vagina ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;o&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɔ/ || conj. || and ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɔ̤/ || vt. || forbid, ban ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’aisani&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’aɪ̯sənɪ/ || n. im. || majority ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’əʔ/ || n. im. || feathers, coat of feathers ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’amba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p&#039;əmbə/ || n. an. || grandfather ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’an&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ən/ || adj. || long ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’əŋ/ || vt. || be diagonal to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’andí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p&#039;əndi/ || n. ic. || spear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’əθ/ || vt. || kiss ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’e&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɛ/ || vi. || be male, be masculine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’eyac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɛjəʔ/ || n. im. || granite ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’i/ || vt. || wage, conduct, venture, attempt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’íth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’iθ/ || vt. || influence ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’i&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɪ/ || vi. || grow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’id&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɪt/ || n. im. || acorn(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ig&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p&#039;ɪk/ || vi. || be public ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɪx/ || num. || one ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’iph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɪɸ/ || n. an. || mite ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’iríg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p&#039;ɪrik/ || vi. || be secret ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’o&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɔ/ || n. an. || descendant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’olóm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɔlom/ || n. an. || lion ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’om&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɔm/ || n. ic. || hat, headgear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’om&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p&#039;ɔm/ || vi. || be noble ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’oth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɔθ/ || vt. || donate, give freely, give as a gift ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ʊp/ || vt. || be parallel to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’un&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ʊn/ || adj. || high, tall ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ungk’a&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ʊŋk’ə/ || n. im. || mountain range, mountain(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pád&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰat/ || n. an. || child ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pándad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰandət/ || n. ac. || group of children, all the children, ones children ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰaɪ̯/ || vi. || depart, leave, go away (from somewhere other than speaker or listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰaʊ̯/ || vt. || find, discover, invent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰə/ || vt. || change ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰəx/ || adj. || sick (of living things), rotten (of food and other goods) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pamban&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰəmbən/ || vt. || clean up ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰən/ || vt. || wash, clean ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pdékh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰtex/ || n. an. || soul, spirit || pl. sa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɛ/ || n. im. || beer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pēc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɛ̤ʔ/ || vt. || receive in trade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;peg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɛk/ || vt. || thank ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɛx/ || vi. || not, be not ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pgo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰkɔ/ || n. ic. || stick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰi/ || vi. || jump, leap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pílath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰiləθ/ || n. im. || grove of beech trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;píyi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰijɪ/ || n. ic. || beech tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɪm/ || vi. || be talented, have talent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ping&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɪŋ/ || vt. || like ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;plíc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰliʔ/ || vi. || taste salty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰo/ || vt. || reply, respond ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰu/ || n. an. || friend, companion ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;púyad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰujət/ || n. an. || orphan ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;púyú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰuju/ || n. an. || enemy (a person) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰʊŋ/ || n. im. || fate, destiny ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pwa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰwə/ || n. an. || maternal uncle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pwekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰwɛx/ || vt. || refuse, deny ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pwing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰwɪŋ/ || vt. || love ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || hammer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸaʊ̯/ || num. || four ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pha&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸə/ || vt. || row ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸə̤/ || n. im. || dough ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸen/ || n. ic. || oak tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phem&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸɛm/ || vt. || bake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸɪ/ || vt. || go between, pass between, be between ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phid&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸɪt/ || n. im. || oak woodland ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸɪŋ/ || vi. || be peaceful ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸo/ || vt. || overlook, offer a view of ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸɔm/ || n. an. || head ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸu/ || n. im. || north ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phúngan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸuŋən/ || n. an. || trunk (of an elephant or anteater) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phúyâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸuja̤ɪ̯/ || n. an. || midday, noon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phundú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸʊndu/ || vt. || close ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rán&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ran/ || vi. || undress, go naked, denude ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /raɪ̯/ || vi. || yawn, gape ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;railau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /raɪ̯laʊ̯/ || n. an. || rain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;raisau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /raɪ̯saʊ̯/ || n. ic. || circle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;raiyâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /raɪ̯ja̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || sap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ra&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rə/ || n. im. || power, influence, ability, strength ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ra&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rə/ || vt. || exert influence on, have an impact on ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rək/ || n. an. || cow (female bovine) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəx/ || n. an. || wing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ralai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəlaɪ̯/ || n. im. || fungus, mushroom(s), fairy ring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rama&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəmə/ || vt. || kill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ramamwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəməmwɪ/ || n. an. || sunset, sundown, late afternoon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ramba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəmbə/ || n. an. || paternal aunt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;randag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəndək/ || n. ac. || herd of cows, herd of cattle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;randau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəndaʊ̯/ || n. im. || plain (geographical) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rangammwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəŋəmmwɪ/ || n. an. || daybreak, sunrise, dawn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ranggé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəŋge/ || vi. || be poor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ranggeth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəŋgɛθ/ || n. an. || ember ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ranggí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəŋgi/ || n. an. || summer solstice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;raríth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəriθ/ || vt. || attack, assault ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rayacau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəjəʔaʊ̯/ || n. an. || puppy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rayag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəjək/ || n. an. || calf (bovine offspring) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rayirú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəjɪru/ || vt. || curse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rayu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəjʊ/ || vt. || bless ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;re&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɛ/ || vt. || lack, miss, be without ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rendá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɛnda/ || n. an. || newt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;reph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɛɸ/ || n. an. || boy || pl. mhe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ríkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rix/ || vi. || flow, blow (of gasses or liquids) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ríwau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /riwaʊ̯/ || n. an. || freezing cold, freezing weather ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ríyān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rijə̤n/ || n. an. || male fox ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɪ/ || n. an. || jaw ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɪɸ/ || n. im. || salt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rlú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rlu/ || vt. || convince, persuade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ró&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ro/ || adj. || big ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rócau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /roʔaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || shield ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rócókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /roʔox/ || n. an. || queen, matriarch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rócoth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /roʔɔθ/ || n. an. || royal couple ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rófu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rofʊ/ || n. an. || storm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rók’ē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rok’ɛ̤/ || n. ic. || barrel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;róla&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rolə/ || n. an. || raven ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rólí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /roli/ || n. an. || king, ruler, chieftain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rómac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /roməʔ/ || n. ic. || megalith ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rómbáth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rombaθ/ || n. ic. || palace, majesting house, dwelling of king/chieftain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rómbāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rombə̤θ/ || n. im. || town; large, permanent village ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rómbí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rombi/ || n. im. || silver ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;róndí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rondi/ || n. an. || year ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rórang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rorəŋ/ || n. im. || promise(s), oath(s), pledge(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;róyān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rojə̤n/ || n. im. || full moon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rôyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ro̤jəŋ/ || n. im. || elation, joy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rôyuyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ro̤jʊjəŋ/ || n. im. || depression, despair, tragedy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ro&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɔ/ || vi. || be special, unique, one-of-a-kind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ro&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɔ/ || vt. || choose, select, settle on, adopt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɔp/ || n. an. || language ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ron&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɔn/ || vt. || recite, tell (a story) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ru/ || aux. v. || cause ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ru/ || vi. || be deaf ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rúmbú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rumbu/ || n. an. || wrist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ru&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊ/ || adj. || holy, sacred ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊ̤/ || vi. || be content, be fullfilled ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊp/ || vt. || roast ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rūm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊ̤m/ || vt. || feed ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rumban&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊmbən/ || n. im. || soap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rusú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊsu/ || n. an. || ancestor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊθ/ || n. an. || mouth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rwau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rwaʊ̯/ || vt. || amuse, joke with, make laugh ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rwilí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rwɪli/ || n. ic. || mask ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ryang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rjəŋ/ || vt. || please, make happy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sa/ || vt. || hide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sáb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sap/ || n. an. || flood ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sácau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saʔaʊ̯/ || n. an. || bitch, female dog (less marked) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sáng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saŋ/ || n. ic. || coniferous tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sáph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saɸ/ || vi. || rest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sásá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sasa/ || n. an. || lizard || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saɪ̯/ || n. im. || word(s), utterance(s), question(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saɪ̯/ || vt. || ask, question, interrogate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saʊ̯/ || n. im. || shape(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saʊ̯/ || n. im. || sense of smell ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saʊ̯/ || vt. || smell, perceive a scent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sa̤ʊ̯/ || vt. || add, mix in ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saurai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saʊ̯raɪ̯/ || n. an. || wet snow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə/ || num. || six ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə/ || vi. || rattle, clatter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə/ || vt. || sculpt, put together, mold ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sət/ || n. im. || time, duration ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səʔ/ || vt. || keep, retain, hold onto ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sacub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səʔʊp/ || n. im. || meal(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sacud&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səʔʊt/ || n. im. || spoils, booty, loot, plunder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;safai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səfaɪ̯/ || n. im. || source, origin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;safeg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səfɛk/ || n. im. || thanks ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;safwing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səfwɪŋ/ || n. im. || love ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sək/ || n. an. || night ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səx/ || n. an. || animal, creature ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sālath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə̤ləθ/ || n. im. || pear orchard, grove of pear trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;salcu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səlʔʊ/ || n. im. || destruction, ruin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saleng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səlɛŋ/ || n. im. || leftovers, remains ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;salî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səli̤/ || n. im. || wonder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;salíth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səliθ/ || n. im. || justice, law enforcement ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;salú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səlu/ || n. im. || center, middle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sambá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmba/ || n. ic. || individual plant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;samba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmbə/ || n. im. || vegetation, plant(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sambi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmbɪ/ || n. im. || crop(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sama&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmə/ || n. im. || death ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;samam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səməm/ || n. im. || clay ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;same&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmɛ/ || n. im. || news, message(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;samid&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmɪt/ || n. im. || offering, sacrifice (not a person or animal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;samô&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmo̤/ || n. im. || order(s), command(s), instruction(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə̤n/ || vi. || teach, be a teacher ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sanān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sənə̤n/ || vt. || teach (something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sandai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səndaɪ̯/ || n. im. || grass ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sandí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səndi/ || n. ac. || line of succession, heirs || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sandí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səndi/ || n. im. || painting(s), mural(s), man made art ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sani&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sənɪ/ || n. im. || quantity ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səŋ/ || n. im. || truth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sāng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə̤ŋ/ || n. im. || coniferous tree forest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sangga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səŋgə/ || vi. || be sticky ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sanggi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səŋgɪ/ || n. im. || warning(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sarāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sərə̤θ/ || n. im. || storage, inventory ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saríph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səɾiɸ/ || n. im. || hate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saríph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səɾiɸ/ || n. im. || offense(s), insult(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saríth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səriθ/ || n. im. || arguement ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sascakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səsʔəx/ || n. an. || sacrificial animal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sasau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səsaʊ̯/ || n. im. || swamp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sasa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səsə/ || n. an. || sister ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sasí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səsi/ || n. im. || dance(s), game(s) (for playing) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sasi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səsɪ/ || n. im. || urine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səθ/ || num. || twelve ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saswo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səswɔ/ || n. ic. || ladder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwaʊ̯/ || n. im. || smell ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwə/ || n. im. || similarity ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawem&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwɛm/ || n. im. || baked goods ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwɪ/ || n. ic. || cloak ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwɪŋ/ || n. im. || peace ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwo/ || n. ic. || window ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwɔŋ/ || n. im. || song ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwu/ || n. an. || fist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwu/ || n. im. || vigil, patrol, watch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwʊm/ || n. an. || late winter/early spring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səjə̤/ || n. im. || turnip(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayāng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səjə̤ŋ/ || n. im. || wound(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saye&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səjɛ/ || n. im. || angle, curve, bend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayec&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səjɛʔ/ || n. im. || end, ending, culmination ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səjɛn/ || n. im. || music ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səji̤/ || n. im. || harvest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səji̤/ || n. im. || respect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayîc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səji̤ʔ/ || n. im. || rape ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayîm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səji̤m/ || n. an. || marriage ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sékh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sex/ || n. an. || flea ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sêyâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /se̤ja̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || coast ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɛ/ || qtf. || no, none ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sec&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɛʔ/ || vt. || finish, complete ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɛn/ || n. im. || fight, conflict ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;seph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɛɸ/ || vt. || spill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;seth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɛθ/ || n. an. || shooting star ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /si/ || vi. || lead, guide, be a leader ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /si/ || vt. || pierce ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /si̤/ || vt. || harvest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;síng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /siŋ/ || n. an. || worm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;síph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /siɸ/ || n. in. || dung ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sísaye&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sisəjɛ/ || n. an. || elbow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;síyala&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sijələ/ || n. ic./n. im. || willow tree, grove of willows ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;si&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪ/ || vi. || urinate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sib&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪp/ || n. im. || war(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪx/ || n. im. || type, kind || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sīláth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪ̤laθ/ || n. ic. || pear tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sīlúph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪ̤luɸ/ || n. ic. || straight line ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪɸ/ || adj. || thin (in dimension), narrow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪɸ/ || vt. || go though, pass through ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siphsikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪɸsɪx/ || n. an. || calf, lower leg ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siphxú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪɸχu/ || n. im. || sinew(s), (length of) string ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sirú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪru/ || vt. || loosen, untie ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪθ/ || n. im. || soup, stew, porridge, mush ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪjə/ || n. an. || louse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;slúsau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /slusaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || rectangle, square ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039; || /so/ || vi. || stand (used as a general copula) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sóndo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sondɔ/ || vt. || put, place, position ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sóri&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sorɪ/ || n. ac. || male genitalia (collectively), testicles and scrotum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sówai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sowaɪ̯/ || n. im. || beans ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;so&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔ/ || vt. || get, receive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔ̤/ || adv. || there ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔp/ || n. an. || tongue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sokhwuth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔxwʊθ/ || n. im. || shoal, shallow (in a body of water) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;soléndai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔlendaɪ̯/ || n. an. || grass snake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;soth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔθ/ || vt. || give ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;srau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sraʊ̯/ || vi. || fly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sréth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sreθ/ || n. ic. || barn, corral, housing for animals ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;srundau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /srʊndaʊ̯/ || vt. || throw, shoot (of an arrow or similar projectile) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;stoth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /stɔθ/ || qtf. || neither ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /su/ || vi. || go upstream, go uphill, take the more difficult course of action ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /su/ || vt. || watch, look at ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súfōm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sufɔ̤m/ || n. an. || waist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súk’ā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /suk’ə̤/ || n. im. || worry, anxiety ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sux/ || vi. || be slow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súmam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /suməm/ || n. im. || mud ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súrí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /suri/ || n. an. || shoulder || pl. tóth&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súrī&#039;&#039;&#039; || /surɪ̤/ || n. im. || intention(s), plan(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súsú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /susu/ || n. an. || bat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súyan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sujən/ || n. im. || glacier ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;su&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊ/ || adj. || near, nearby, close, neighboring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;su&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊ/ || vt. || bind, tie ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊp/ || n. an. || cheek ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sug&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊk/ || n. im. || pool, pond ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;suph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊɸ/ || vt. || punch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;suphsíng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊɸsiŋ/ || n. an. || snail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;suyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊjəŋ/ || n. im. || lie(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;swam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /swəm/ || n. im. || liquid, fluid ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;swo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /swɔ/ || vi. || climb, ascend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sjaɪ̯/ || vt. || demand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sjən/ || vi. || get up (from sitting or lying), rise ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sjo/ || vt. || wait for, await ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sjɔ/ || vt. || chase, pursue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’á&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’a/ || vi. || exist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’án&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’an/ || vi. || become wet, be wet ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ándeph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’andɛɸ/ || n. ac. || swarm of insects, colony of insects ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’aɪ̯/ || n. im. || reason(s), motive(s), explanation ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’auwe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’aʊ̯wɛ/ || n. im. || wine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’auwong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’aʊ̯wɔŋ/ || n. im. || grapes ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’a&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ə/ || vi. || be easy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ə̤/ || vt. || bite ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’anda&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’əndə/ || n. an. || grandmother ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’əŋ/ || adv. || then (in the future) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’é&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’e/ || vt. || split, cleave, divide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’éph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’eɸ/ || n. an. || bug, insect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’e&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɛ/ || qtf. || any ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’i/ || n. an. || thumb ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’i/ || vt. || paint, color, dye ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ím&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’im/ || n. im. || powder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’íth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’iθ/ || vt. || shake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’i&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪ/ || vi. || come, approach (towards speaker) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ikhsau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪxsaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || triangle (shape) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’in&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪn/ || n. im. || wool ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪŋ/ || n. an. || claw ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’irá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪra/ || vi. || be difficult ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪθ/ || n. im. || petals, blossoms ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’o&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɔ/ || vi. || be quiet ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’oth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɔθ/ || qtf. || either ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’únda&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’undə/ || vt. || make, create ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ʊp/ || n. an. || monkey ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’uc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ʊʔ/ || num. || three ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ukh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ʊx/ || vt. || know (facts, how to do something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰa/ || vi. || work ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tâ&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰa̤/ || n. an. || lightning, lightning bolt(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tácā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaʔə̤/ || n. an. || earthworm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;támbú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰambu/ || n. an. || palm of the hand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tánikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰanɪx/ || n. an. || sole of the foot ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tásokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰasɔx/ || n. ic. || pine tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;táth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaθ/ || vt. || look forward to, be excited for ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaɪ̯/ || vt. || say, speak (something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaʊ̯/ || adj. || cold ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaʊ̯/ || vt. || cut ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰa̤ʊ̯/ || vt. || stack, pile up ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tauk’ith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰauk’ɪθ/ || n. im. || frost ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tauyâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaʊ̯ja̤ʊ̯/ || n. im. || shadow, shade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tauyê&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaʊ̯je̤/ || n. im. || land ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ta&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰə/ || vt. || dig || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəʔ/ || vt. || separate, disconnect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəʔə/ || n. an. || earlobe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;takh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəx/ || vt. || rob, steal; pillage, sack ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tambau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəmbaʊ̯/ || vt. || cross ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tambú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəmbu/ || n. an. || collaborator, colleague ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tambu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəmbʊ/ || vi. || swim, keep afloat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰə̤n/ || vt. || prove ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəŋ/ || vt. || talk to, chat with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tasokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəsɔx/ || n. im. || pine forest, pine trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tat’am&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰət’əm/ || vt. || be full of ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tat’íth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰət’iθ/ || n. an. || earthquake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tat’in&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰət’ɪn/ || n. an. || lamb (sheep offspring) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tat’oth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰət’ɔθ/ || qtf. || any of the three ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəθ/ || n. an. || rabbit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;té&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰe/ || n. ic. || bridge ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ténggiph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰeŋgɪɸ/ || vt. || commit incest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tēm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɛ̤m/ || n. im. || courage, bravery ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;terēkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɛrɛ̤x/ || n. im. || gold ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tgi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰkɪ/ || pron. || them (paucal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰi/ || n. an. || arm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰi/ || vt. || play with; dance ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tíd&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰit/ || adv. || here ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tíyā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰijə̤/ || n. im. || charcoal, coal(s) (of a fire) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ti&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪ/ || n. im. || food ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tī&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪ̤/ || n. im. || idea(s), notion(s), purpose(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tīk’ith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪ̤k’ɪθ/ || n. an. || spine, backbone, vertebrae ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪn/ || vt. || believe, accept as truth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tiph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪɸ/ || n. im. || temporary shelter, tent(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tiwom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪwɔm/ || n. an. || neck ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tiyau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪjaʊ̯/ || n. im. || island(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tmung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰm̥ʊŋ/ || pron. || you (paucal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tna&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰn̥ə/ || pron. || us (paucal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tna&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰn̥ə/ || qtf. || all three ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tní&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰn̥i/ || n. an. || fly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tngí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰŋ̊i/ || n. im. || rule(s), law(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰo/ || n. im. || poison ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;to&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɔ/ || pron. || it, they, all of it, all of them (inanimate) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tōc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɔ̤ʔ/ || n. an. || stallion (male horse) || pl. kin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tog&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɔk/ || n. an. || ant || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɔx/ || n. im. || wood (material) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰraɪ̯/ || vt. || declare, announce, proclaim ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰrə/ || vt. || plow, till ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tre&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰrɛ/ || qtf. || none of the three ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰu/ || vt. || start, begin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tû&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰṳ/ || n. an. || man, adult male human || pl. bí&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;túfōm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰufɔ̤m/ || n. im. || human body hair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tûn&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰṳn/ || vi. || be tasty, nourishing (of food) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;túsakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰusəx/ || n. im. || fur(s), pelt(s), animal hair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;túwom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰuwɔm/ || n. im. || human head hair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊ/ || n. an. || fin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tulú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊlu/ || n. im. || slime, any unpleasant, viscous substance ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tun&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊn/ || n. an. || billygoat (male goat) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊŋ/ || n. an. || chest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊŋ/ || vi. || vomit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;turim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊrɪm/ || n. ac. || hostile tribe or village, enemy nation ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tusakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊsəx/ || n. ac. || horde, throng, any large, disorganized group ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tuwú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊwu/ || n. ac. || enemy (as a collective group), &amp;quot;the enemy&amp;quot; ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tuya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊjə/ || n. im. || human feces ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tuyan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊjən/ || n. an. || worthless or uncooperative person, traitor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;twa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰwə/ || n. im. || west ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;twí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰwi/ || vt. || allow, let, permit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θa/ || vi. || shiver ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thám&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θam/ || num. || twenty-four ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θaɪ̯/ || n. im. || butter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θaʊ̯/ || n. im. || grape vine(s), vineyard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tha&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θə/ || conj. || although ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thab&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəp/ || n. an. || finger ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəʔ/ || vt. || take, remove ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəx/ || n. an. || waterfall ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tham&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəm/ || vt. || crush, grind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thandim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəndɪm/ || n. ac. || family, clan, tribe, ethnic group ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thandin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəndɪn/ || n. ac. || flock of sheep and/or goats ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəŋ/ || n. im. || secret(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəŋ/ || vt. || doubt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thaphyâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəɸja̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || left side, the left (direction) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θə̤θ/ || vt. || store, keep, retain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;the&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɛ/ || vi. || kneel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;theb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɛp/ || n. im. || event(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɛx/ || vi. || move around, wander ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;theth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɛθ/ || n. im. || copper ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θi/ || adj. || black, dark (in color) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thílā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θilə̤/ || n. an. || scorpion ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thíph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θiɸ/ || vt. || offend, insult ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thíth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θiθ/ || vt. || argue with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thíyac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θijəʔ/ || n. ic. || pestle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thíyāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θijə̤θ/ || n. im. || black pigment, the color black ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɪ/ || adv. || already ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɪm/ || n. an. || person, individual || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɪn/ || n. an. || ewe (female sheep; less marked) || pl. tná&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θo/ || adj. || strong ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thónda&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θondə/ || vt. || explain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thóyâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θoja̤ʊ̯/ || n. an. || thigh ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thóya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θojə/ || n. ic. || knot ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θu/ || n. im./ic. || thing(s), stuff ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thulí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θʊli/ || n. an. || owl species ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thundam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θʊndəm/ || vt. || fill, load ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thuph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θʊɸ/ || n. an. || heart ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thuyam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θʊjəm/ || adv. || too much, excessively ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /u/ || n. im. || water ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /u/ || vi. || be calm (of weather or water) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /u/ || vt. || intend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;úlí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /uli/ || n. an. || male bird || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;úlí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /uli/ || n. im. || bile ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ûnggín&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ṳŋgin/ || n. ic. || bow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;úyuth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ujʊθ/ || n. im. || saliva, spit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊp/ || adj. || old ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ūn&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊ̤n/ || n. im. || life ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ūn&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊ̤n/ || vi. || live ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;undí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊndi/ || n. an. || legend, story ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊŋ/ || n. im. || help, assistance ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊŋ/ || vt. || help, assist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊɸ/ || vt. || hear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ūph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊ̤ɸ/ || n. im. || sense of hearing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uwa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊwə/ || n. an. || breeze, gust of wind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uwōndum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊwɔ̤ndʊm/ || n. im. || the world, Akana ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uwōngk’uth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊwɔ̤ŋk’ʊθ/ || n. an. || crotch, groin area ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uwūb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊwʊ̤p/ || n. ac. || council, advisers to a ruler ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /waɪ̯/ || n. im. || wheat, grain in general ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /waɪ̯/ || vi. || be ready, get ready, prepare ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;waifu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /waɪ̯fʊ/ || n. an. || breath ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wait’ā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /waɪ̯t’ə̤/ || n. an. || wasp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /waʊ̯/ || n. an. || fingertip ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wə/ || vt. || deserve ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wə̤/ || vt. || guard, protect, nurture, raise (dependent) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wəm/ || n. im. || fertile soil ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wən/ || n. im. || force, pressure ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;warū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wərʊ̤/ || vt. || defeat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wəθ/ || qtf. || the entire ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wathsiya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wəθsɪjə/ || n. im. || nit(s) (louse eggs) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Wekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɛx/ || n. an. || chthonic god of wisdom and magic ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;welā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɛlə̤/ || n. ic. || spider web ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wi/ || pron. || you (plural) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wi/ || vt. || lose, misplace ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɪx/ || n. im. || rope(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wikhfi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɪxfɪ/ || n. im. || blanket(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wiróph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɪroɸ/ || vi. || be hungry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;withgén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɪθken/ || n. ic. || shaft (of an arrow) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;withtí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɪθtʰi/ || n. ic. || shaft (of a spear), handle (of a long-hafted tool) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wlanú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wlənu/ || n. im. || mortar (construction material) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔ/ || vt. || use ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔp/ || vi. || be lazy, unhelpful, useless ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wōc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔ̤ʔ/ || n. im. || value, price ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;won&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔn/ || adv. || rather, somewhat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;woph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔɸ/ || vi. || be full (of food) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wōscayîm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔ̤sʔəji̤m/ || n. im. || brideprice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;woth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔθ/ || n. an. || kidney ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wōyî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔ̤ji̤/ || n. im. || fish skin, fish scales ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wra&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wrə/ || vt. || commit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wu/ || n. an. || bladder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wu/ || vi. || slip, slide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xám&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χam/ || n. an. || centipede, millipede ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χaɪ̯/ || n. an. || wave (of water), splash ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xaundum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χaʊ̯ndʊm/ || n. im. || seashell(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χə/ || n. im. || guts, innards ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χə/ || vt. || step on, step toward ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χət/ || n. im. || ashes ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xāmbú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χə̤mbu/ || n. an. || twilight ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xamen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χəmɛn/ || n. ic. || weapon, sword ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xaníb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χənip/ || n. an. || scabies || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xcúph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χʔuɸ/ || n. an. || cockroach ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χi/ || vi. || burn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xíwūn&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χiwʊ̤n/ || n. an. || widow, widower ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χo/ || n. ic. || table ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χɔ/ || n. im. || omen(s), portent(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χɔp/ || n. an. || darkness ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xon&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χɔn/ || n. an. || game (hunted animal) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xoxolég&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χɔχɔlek/ || n. an. || piglet || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xri&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χrɪ/ || n. an. || stomach ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xúlin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χulɪn/ || n. im. || quest, mission, task ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xúsalú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χusəlu/ || n. an. || torso, trunk of the body ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xusang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χʊsəŋ/ || n. im. || fact(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χwɪ/ || vt. || kindle, ignite, burn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaɪ̯/ || n. ic. || boat, raft ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ja̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || edge, margin, border ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yaica&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaɪ̯ʔə/ || n. ic. || earring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yairí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaɪ̯ri/ || n. ic. || armband ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yairi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaɪ̯rɪ/ || n. ic. || necklace ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yairub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaɪ̯rʊp/ || n. ic. || finger ring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaʊ̯/ || adj. || deep ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yaulalai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaʊ̯ləlaɪ̯/ || n. im. || bottom (of a body of water) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jə/ || adj. || previous, one before ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jə/ || int. || hail! goodbye! ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jə/ || vi. || hail, greet, say goodbye ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jə̤/ || n. im. || cream ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəx/ || n. an. || throat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yale&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəlɛ/ || n. im. || intestine, rectum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yammokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəmmɔx/ || n. im. || flat grassland, meadow, pasture ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jən/ || adj. || next ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jən/ || n. an. || ice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yaŋ&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəŋ/ || n. im. || happiness ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yaŋ&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəŋ/ || vi. || be happy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yayílí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəjili/ || n. im. || vomit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ye&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛ/ || vt. || bend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yēcú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛ̤ʔu/ || n. im. || glass (vitreous substances produced as byproducts of bronze smelting) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yeg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛk/ || vi. || sleep ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yēk’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛ̤k’i/ || n. im. || red obsidian ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛn/ || vt. || have sex with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yēt’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛ̤t’i/ || n. im. || black obsidian ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yeth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛθ/ || vt. || think, reflect, consider, assume ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ji/ || vi. || be thirsty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ji/ || vt. || chew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yímú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jimu/ || n. an. || bee ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yîyē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ji̤jɛ̤/ || n. im. || texture ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɔ/ || vt. || wear (of clothing, armor) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yoth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɔθ/ || n. ic. || oven ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jʊp/ || vi. || be awake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jʊʔ/ || n. im. || emptiness, air ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yunduc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jʊndʊʔ/ || vt. || empty, unload ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jʊjəŋ/ || n. im. || sadness ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jʊjəŋ/ || vi. || be sad ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Serial Verb Constructions=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;bg4 l bold&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| MT || Transitivity || gloss || notes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ba tí&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || imitate || &amp;quot;be similar to play with&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bwác xí&#039;&#039;&#039; || intr. || have a fever || &amp;quot;suffer burn&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cam t’irá&#039;&#039;&#039; || intr. || limp || &amp;quot;walk be difficult&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cau su&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || trap || &amp;quot;trick bind&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāph fi yo&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || put on (of clothes, armor) || &amp;quot;take wrap around wear&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fi mho sá&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || cover or wrap something completely || &amp;quot;wrap cover hide&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fundau thekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || follow || &amp;quot;join move around&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāph wā&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || adopt (a child) || &amp;quot;take protect&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāph cath t’i&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || bring (not a person) || &amp;quot;take carry come&amp;quot; (also used with 2nd and 3rd person motion verbs)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hau lo hú&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || invite || &amp;quot;call come meet&amp;quot; (also used with 1st and 2nd person motion verbs)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hau dāph&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || gather, summon (of people) || &amp;quot;call take&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hau nu&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || challenge, provoke || &amp;quot;call push&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ho hē&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || check, test || &amp;quot;touch feel&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hun bundum&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || mend (of cloth) || &amp;quot;sew fix&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’au pēc&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || barter, trade || &amp;quot;offer and receive (in trade)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kô so&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || borrow || &amp;quot;borrow get&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kô soth&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || lend || &amp;quot;borrow give&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ked k’e āg&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || punish || &amp;quot;judge hit hurt&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ked fai me&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || scold, admonish, reprimand || &amp;quot;judge slap tell&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lau nu&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || make fun of, mock, tease || &amp;quot;laugh push&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;li rú ... soth nga&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || milk || &amp;quot;pull cause ... give milk&amp;quot; (ECM construction)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lin cam&#039;&#039;&#039; || intr. || crawl || &amp;quot;lie walk&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lo hú&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || visit || &amp;quot;come meet&amp;quot; (also used with 1st and 2nd person motion verbs)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mén mikh ngai&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || search, search for || &amp;quot;look turn around seek&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngú ndai&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || recognize || &amp;quot;see know&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’í tai&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || guess, suppose || &amp;quot;venture say&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pai yuyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || regret || &amp;quot;go away be sad&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pí pai&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || escape, flee from || &amp;quot;jump depart&amp;quot; (also used with 1st and 2nd person motion verbs)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syan keng hub yeg lo&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || travel to (a distant location) || &amp;quot;rise go from here eat sleep come to there&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syó ndai&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || expect, anticipate, predict || &amp;quot;await know&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’o cam&#039;&#039;&#039; || intr. || sneak || &amp;quot;be quiet walk&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ta thāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || bury || &amp;quot;dig keep&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tai k’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || promise, swear || &amp;quot;say stay&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tai kang&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || interrupt (through speaking) || &amp;quot;say hinder&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tai ríkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || whisper || &amp;quot;say blow&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tai uph yeth pó&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || discuss, debate, negotiate || &amp;quot;say hear think respond&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tau pan&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || peel || &amp;quot;cut clean&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tau thac&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || cut off, shave off || &amp;quot;cut remove&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wa so&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || earn || &amp;quot;deserve get&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wa soth&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || owe || &amp;quot;deserve give&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;warū su thāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || capture, keep as a hostage || &amp;quot;defeat bind keep&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yeg gyai ngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || dream (about) || &amp;quot;sleep imagine see&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yeth pau&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || remember || &amp;quot;think find&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Lexicography]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12771</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12771"/>
		<updated>2016-03-07T03:54:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* Evidentiality */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = split ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;(C)V(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters. Words phonemically beginning in a vowel are phonetically realized with an initial glottal stop, which is not represented in the orthography.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. With noun stems beginning in a vowel, the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a vowel, the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || reytruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || reypal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || reyhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || reysa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || reyšat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || reykol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || reytree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions. Verbs may also be marked for the perfective and iterative aspects and the interrogative mood, while additional grammatical categories are primarily indicated using verbal auxiliaries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a vowel, as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a vowel, the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer is killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe a single, completed event or a state that is no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the free-standing particle &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed immediately before the verb phrase. Any auxiliaries or prefixes further modifying the verb invariably come after the perfective particle, as it is syntatically treated as standing outside of the verb phrase proper. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Interrogative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Questions in Ray Tyuwey Išup are generally formed using the &#039;&#039;interrogative mood&#039;&#039;, which transforms a clause into a polar (&amp;quot;yes or no&amp;quot;) question. Other types of questions are formed through specialized syntax, but likewise involve the use of the interrogative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The interrogative mood (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-is-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable in the verb stem. Following a labial consonant, the infix is realized as &#039;&#039;&#039;-us-&#039;&#039;&#039;, while before /i/ it becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-iš-&#039;&#039;&#039; (or &#039;&#039;&#039;-uš-&#039;&#039;&#039;). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yiseň|sleep.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.A}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo?|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Is the baby sleeping?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|puši|grow.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|way?|wheat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Has the wheat grown?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any prefixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated, appearing attached to the first instance of the verb stem. On the other hand, the interrogative infix is repeated, in cases where a verb is marked both interrogative and iterative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|musunow|fix.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|musunow|fix.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či?|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Has his aunt resumed mending his cloak? [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Auxiliaries===&lt;br /&gt;
The primary markers of &#039;&#039;tense&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;aspect&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;mood&#039;&#039; (TAM) in Ray Tywey Išup are &#039;&#039;auxiliaries&#039;&#039;. Many of these are specialized verbs which may, depending on their syntactic context, either stand as the core of their own verb phrase or serve as a function morpheme modifying another verb. On the other hand, some (such as the negative, imperative, and evidential markers) are fully grammaticalized function morphemes that never stand on their own. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the most part, each auxiliary primarily marks a single aspectual or modal category, but most are also taken to denote a particular tense in the absence of more explicit temporal markers. However, some auxiliaries can convey information falling into all three categories, or serve different functions depending on the context in which they appear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although they do not form a unified group semantically, auxiliaries are discussed together here because they behave in a similar way morphosyntactically, variously appearing as proclitics or as phonologically independent words based on semantic and prosodic considerations:&lt;br /&gt;
* Disyllabic auxiliaries appear as free-standing words unless they fall immediately before a syllable containing a long vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
* Monosyllabic auxiliaries typically appear as proclitics unless they fall in a position where they would take secondary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
* An auxiliary may always appear as free-standing word if the speaker wishes to emphasize it for pragmatic reasons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also worth noting that several of the auxiliaries are compatible only with certain types of verbs, or change their meaning to some extent depending on the verb with which they are used. For example, in order to express inceptive aspect or immediate future, most telic verbs are marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;truukum ra hi čihek&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll eat the bread now&amp;quot;), while motion verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;siyey čay ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll leave you now&amp;quot; and stative and atelic verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;loyeň ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll sleep now&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although most verb phrases contain no more than one auxiliary, it is possible to combine them, to the extent that it is semantically useful. When two or more of these morphemes are present, they generally occur in the order in which they are presented below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Experiential Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;experiential&#039;&#039; aspect ascribes to a subject the quality of having experienced an event or state. This necessarily places the verb in the past, and emphasizes it&#039;s relevance in the present, usually by indicating that the subject is competent to perform an action or to make informed judgements regarding an event or state.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truš&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;know (facts)&amp;quot;, marks the experiential aspect. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;trow=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;truč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|exp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Inceptive Aspect and the Immediate Future====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive&#039;&#039; aspect indicates that an event is about to begin, is beginning already, or has just begun, while the immediate future tense refers to an event that is about to occur very soon. Both may be marked with one of three auxiliaries, depending on the type of verb which is being modified. When used in this fashion, all three are glossed as {{sc|inc}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;begin,&amp;quot; is used with telic events which do not primarily describe motion. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;truu=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;trow&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;rise&amp;quot;, is used with motion verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and usually appears as as &#039;&#039;&#039;siyir=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. Before syllables beginning in /j/, the medial cluster /jj/ is realized as [ccʰ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from a verb meaning &amp;quot;come&amp;quot;, is used with atelic activities and stative verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;lo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;l=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Energetic Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The energetic mood expresses commitment and determination on the part of the subject, or a stronger-than-usual intensity of the referenced action or state. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;titri&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;try&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it tales the form &#039;&#039;&#039;titri=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;titr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Obligative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;obligative&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered to be required or certain due to social obligation or logical necessity. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;š=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Optative Mood and the Prospective Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;optative mood&#039;&#039; indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered desirable and/or looked forward to, while the prospective aspect is used to express that a favorable event is about the occur. Both are marked by the same auxiliary, &#039;&#039;&#039;ar&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;want&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;aw=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;ar=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as {{sc|opt}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Imperative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;imperative&#039;&#039; mood is used to issue orders, and can be formed in one of two ways. An unmarked verb stem may be used to express a strong imperative when the order is being addressed to a second person subject, in which case the subject is dropped from the sentence. In addition to being somewhat limited in application, this is considered rude under most circumstances, and is mostly used in circumstances that call for heightened intensity and urgency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second method, which produces a weaker and more polite imperative, is to use the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šopow-&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as {{sc|imp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It should be noted that neither of the imperative auxiliaries may co-occur with any other TAM auxiliary, with the interrogative auxiliary, or with any evidential marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Potential Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;potential&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical future event is considered possible but uncertain. It is most often used to express that an event seems unlikely or when explaining that it is contingent on on some other event or state. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; marks the potential mood. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tra=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|pot}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Negation====&lt;br /&gt;
A clause may be negated using the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;peš&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;pii=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;peč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Evidentiality====&lt;br /&gt;
Verb clauses in Ray Tyuwey Išup may optionally be marked for &#039;&#039;evidentiality&#039;&#039;, particularly if the described event took place in the past and/or when the speaker was not directly involved in it. There are three different evidential auxiliaries, called the &#039;&#039;direct&#039;&#039;, the &#039;&#039;inferential&#039;&#039;, and the &#039;&#039;reportative&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;direct&#039;&#039; evidential, glossed as {{sc|dir}}, indicates certainty on the part of the speaker regarding the veracity of a statement, and emphasizes that that the speaker has direct evidence that the described event took place. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;yii&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;yii=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;yey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inferential&#039;&#039; evidential, glossed as {{sc|infer}} indicates that the speaker believes the statement to be true based on circumstantial evidence, general knowledge, or the speaker&#039;s own reasoning. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;hey&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it appears as  &#039;&#039;&#039;how=&#039;&#039;&#039; before labial consonants, &#039;&#039;&#039;hey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before all other consonants, and &#039;&#039;&#039;huw=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a vowel. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as {{sc|opt}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;reportative&#039;&#039; evidential, glossed as {{sc|rep}}, indicates that the speaker has only second-hand knowledge of the described event, and cannot be certain if the statement is true. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;tray&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it always takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tray=&#039;&#039;&#039;, but before syllables beginning in /j/, the medial cluster /jj/ is realized as [ccʰ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12770</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12770"/>
		<updated>2016-03-07T03:53:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* Auxiliaries */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = split ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;(C)V(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters. Words phonemically beginning in a vowel are phonetically realized with an initial glottal stop, which is not represented in the orthography.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. With noun stems beginning in a vowel, the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a vowel, the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || reytruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || reypal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || reyhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || reysa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || reyšat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || reykol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || reytree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions. Verbs may also be marked for the perfective and iterative aspects and the interrogative mood, while additional grammatical categories are primarily indicated using verbal auxiliaries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a vowel, as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a vowel, the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer is killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe a single, completed event or a state that is no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the free-standing particle &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed immediately before the verb phrase. Any auxiliaries or prefixes further modifying the verb invariably come after the perfective particle, as it is syntatically treated as standing outside of the verb phrase proper. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Interrogative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Questions in Ray Tyuwey Išup are generally formed using the &#039;&#039;interrogative mood&#039;&#039;, which transforms a clause into a polar (&amp;quot;yes or no&amp;quot;) question. Other types of questions are formed through specialized syntax, but likewise involve the use of the interrogative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The interrogative mood (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-is-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable in the verb stem. Following a labial consonant, the infix is realized as &#039;&#039;&#039;-us-&#039;&#039;&#039;, while before /i/ it becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-iš-&#039;&#039;&#039; (or &#039;&#039;&#039;-uš-&#039;&#039;&#039;). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yiseň|sleep.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.A}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo?|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Is the baby sleeping?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|puši|grow.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|way?|wheat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Has the wheat grown?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any prefixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated, appearing attached to the first instance of the verb stem. On the other hand, the interrogative infix is repeated, in cases where a verb is marked both interrogative and iterative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|musunow|fix.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|musunow|fix.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či?|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Has his aunt resumed mending his cloak? [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Auxiliaries===&lt;br /&gt;
The primary markers of &#039;&#039;tense&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;aspect&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;mood&#039;&#039; (TAM) in Ray Tywey Išup are &#039;&#039;auxiliaries&#039;&#039;. Many of these are specialized verbs which may, depending on their syntactic context, either stand as the core of their own verb phrase or serve as a function morpheme modifying another verb. On the other hand, some (such as the negative, imperative, and evidential markers) are fully grammaticalized function morphemes that never stand on their own. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the most part, each auxiliary primarily marks a single aspectual or modal category, but most are also taken to denote a particular tense in the absence of more explicit temporal markers. However, some auxiliaries can convey information falling into all three categories, or serve different functions depending on the context in which they appear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although they do not form a unified group semantically, auxiliaries are discussed together here because they behave in a similar way morphosyntactically, variously appearing as proclitics or as phonologically independent words based on semantic and prosodic considerations:&lt;br /&gt;
* Disyllabic auxiliaries appear as free-standing words unless they fall immediately before a syllable containing a long vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
* Monosyllabic auxiliaries typically appear as proclitics unless they fall in a position where they would take secondary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
* An auxiliary may always appear as free-standing word if the speaker wishes to emphasize it for pragmatic reasons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also worth noting that several of the auxiliaries are compatible only with certain types of verbs, or change their meaning to some extent depending on the verb with which they are used. For example, in order to express inceptive aspect or immediate future, most telic verbs are marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;truukum ra hi čihek&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll eat the bread now&amp;quot;), while motion verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;siyey čay ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll leave you now&amp;quot; and stative and atelic verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;loyeň ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll sleep now&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although most verb phrases contain no more than one auxiliary, it is possible to combine them, to the extent that it is semantically useful. When two or more of these morphemes are present, they generally occur in the order in which they are presented below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Experiential Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;experiential&#039;&#039; aspect ascribes to a subject the quality of having experienced an event or state. This necessarily places the verb in the past, and emphasizes it&#039;s relevance in the present, usually by indicating that the subject is competent to perform an action or to make informed judgements regarding an event or state.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truš&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;know (facts)&amp;quot;, marks the experiential aspect. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;trow=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;truč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|exp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Inceptive Aspect and the Immediate Future====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive&#039;&#039; aspect indicates that an event is about to begin, is beginning already, or has just begun, while the immediate future tense refers to an event that is about to occur very soon. Both may be marked with one of three auxiliaries, depending on the type of verb which is being modified. When used in this fashion, all three are glossed as {{sc|inc}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;begin,&amp;quot; is used with telic events which do not primarily describe motion. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;truu=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;trow&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;rise&amp;quot;, is used with motion verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and usually appears as as &#039;&#039;&#039;siyir=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. Before syllables beginning in /j/, the medial cluster /jj/ is realized as [ccʰ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from a verb meaning &amp;quot;come&amp;quot;, is used with atelic activities and stative verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;lo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;l=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Energetic Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The energetic mood expresses commitment and determination on the part of the subject, or a stronger-than-usual intensity of the referenced action or state. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;titri&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;try&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it tales the form &#039;&#039;&#039;titri=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;titr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Obligative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;obligative&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered to be required or certain due to social obligation or logical necessity. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;š=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Optative Mood and the Prospective Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;optative mood&#039;&#039; indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered desirable and/or looked forward to, while the prospective aspect is used to express that a favorable event is about the occur. Both are marked by the same auxiliary, &#039;&#039;&#039;ar&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;want&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;aw=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;ar=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as {{sc|opt}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Imperative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;imperative&#039;&#039; mood is used to issue orders, and can be formed in one of two ways. An unmarked verb stem may be used to express a strong imperative when the order is being addressed to a second person subject, in which case the subject is dropped from the sentence. In addition to being somewhat limited in application, this is considered rude under most circumstances, and is mostly used in circumstances that call for heightened intensity and urgency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second method, which produces a weaker and more polite imperative, is to use the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šopow-&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as {{sc|imp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It should be noted that neither of the imperative auxiliaries may co-occur with any other TAM auxiliary, with the interrogative auxiliary, or with any evidential marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Potential Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;potential&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical future event is considered possible but uncertain. It is most often used to express that an event seems unlikely or when explaining that it is contingent on on some other event or state. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; marks the potential mood. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tra=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|pot}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Negation====&lt;br /&gt;
A clause may be negated using the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;peš&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;pii=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;peč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Evidentiality====&lt;br /&gt;
Verb clauses in Ray Tyuwey Išup may optionally be marked for &#039;&#039;evidentiality&#039;&#039;, particularly if the described event took place in the past and/or when the speaker was not directly involved in it. There are three different evidential auxiliaries, called the &#039;&#039;direct&#039;&#039;, the &#039;&#039;inferential&#039;&#039;, and the &#039;&#039;reportative&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;direct&#039;&#039; evidential, glossed as {{sc|dir}}, indicates certainty on the part of the speaker regarding the veracity of a statement, and emphasizes that that the speaker has direct evidence that the described event took place. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;yii&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;yii=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;yey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inferential&#039;&#039; evidential, glossed as {{sc|infer}} indicates that the speaker believes the event to be true based on circumstantial evidence, general knowledge, or the speaker&#039;s own reasoning. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;hey&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it appears as  &#039;&#039;&#039;how=&#039;&#039;&#039; before labial consonants, &#039;&#039;&#039;hey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before all other consonants, and &#039;&#039;&#039;huw=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a vowel. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as {{sc|opt}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;reportative&#039;&#039; evidential, glossed as {{sc|rep}}, indicates that the speaker has only second-hand knowledge of the described event, and cannot be certain if the statement is true. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;tray&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it always takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tray=&#039;&#039;&#039;, but before syllables beginning in /j/, the medial cluster /jj/ is realized as [ccʰ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=U_Bol/Lexicon&amp;diff=12740</id>
		<title>U Bol/Lexicon</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=U_Bol/Lexicon&amp;diff=12740"/>
		<updated>2016-03-01T21:38:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg sortable l}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | word &lt;br /&gt;
! align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | p.o.s. &lt;br /&gt;
! align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | definition &lt;br /&gt;
! align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | etymology &lt;br /&gt;
! align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | notes &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| aa&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| inside, during, while&lt;br /&gt;
| sàʔ&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| aabáya&lt;br /&gt;
| vmt.&lt;br /&gt;
| fight&lt;br /&gt;
| sabaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| aagó&lt;br /&gt;
| vi.&lt;br /&gt;
| rain&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔaɡo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| aají&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| fear&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔadi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ába&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| anger, rage&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔahpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| abaasá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| anger&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔahpadza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| áip&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| metal&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|aip}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| amá&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| with&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔàma&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ápo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| lizard; reptile&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|apo}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| asala&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| stab&lt;br /&gt;
| dzàlà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| asamá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| red&lt;br /&gt;
| dzàma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| asauudaya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| bird&lt;br /&gt;
| dzaldàjà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| asauudayouiiá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wing&lt;br /&gt;
| dzaldàjòʔuʔiľsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ase&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wife, woman&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔàzè-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| elder, official, councilor &lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|gba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bába&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| nation, people &lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|gbagba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| báiba&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| snow&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|baiba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| baikibá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| confront, challenge &lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|gbai &amp;quot;look (hostile)&amp;quot; + -igba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| báse&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| holiness&lt;br /&gt;
| batshe-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| béa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| cut&lt;br /&gt;
| besa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| beebéa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| split&lt;br /&gt;
| bebesa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| béesa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| have, carry, possess&lt;br /&gt;
| bèdza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| béesanoošuwoogaya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| relative (honorific)&lt;br /&gt;
| bèdzànoʔxuwogaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| beóogu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| sharp edge, blade&lt;br /&gt;
| besògù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bí&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| build&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|gbi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| biušá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| meat, flesh&lt;br /&gt;
| bľùxa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| buimí&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| flow (of tides)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|buimi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| búm&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|gbum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| búpitu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| mead&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|bupitu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| búsa&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| crazy&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|busa}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cabúa&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| repeatedly&lt;br /&gt;
| tłàʔlà&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cíejie&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| prepare leather&lt;br /&gt;
| tľetľe-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ciibí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| daughter&lt;br /&gt;
| thìʔpi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cíla&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| tin&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|tila}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| císa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| hair&lt;br /&gt;
| tiza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ciší&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| write&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|tisi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cíšium&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| writing&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|tisium}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúbi&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| few&lt;br /&gt;
| tupi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúga&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| house, home&lt;br /&gt;
| tuka-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúla&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wool&lt;br /&gt;
| thula-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cuŋa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| head of the family, father&lt;br /&gt;
| thùŋà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cuŋaa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| uncle, brother&lt;br /&gt;
| thùňàʔà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúpe&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| find, discover&lt;br /&gt;
| tłuphe-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúuba&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| root&lt;br /&gt;
| thuba-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cuugú&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| have sex with&lt;br /&gt;
| thùgu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cuusu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| knee&lt;br /&gt;
| thùdzù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúwo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| blood&lt;br /&gt;
| tłuwo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúya&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| become&lt;br /&gt;
| thuja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| cúya&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| become&lt;br /&gt;
| thuja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Daayóo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| the Doayâu language&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Doa|Doayâu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dábue&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| here&lt;br /&gt;
| daʔle-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dadá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| swim (of a person)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|dada}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dala&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| fly, swim (of a fish)&lt;br /&gt;
| dàlà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dáya&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| shout&lt;br /&gt;
| dağa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dayáasa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| call to&lt;br /&gt;
| dağadza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dekú&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| trade, barter&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|deku}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dónu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| abundance&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|donu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Dónu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Donu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dóŋu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| spear&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|daŋu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dóo&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| ebb&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|dew}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| doobú&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| thick&lt;br /&gt;
| dòbu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dúi&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| fish&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|dui}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| dúme&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| sail&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|dume}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Dúnom&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a god associated with crafts and controlled fires&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Dunom}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| edá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| feather&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔèta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eedá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. dt.&lt;br /&gt;
| give&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔèda-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| éi&lt;br /&gt;
| conj.&lt;br /&gt;
| because&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔeľ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| éi&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| night&lt;br /&gt;
| seji-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| éji&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| oddly, unexpectedly&lt;br /&gt;
| sèhtì&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| él&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| guard&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|el}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ése&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| across, through; to&lt;br /&gt;
| dze&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eseá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| dance&lt;br /&gt;
| dzèsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| esée&lt;br /&gt;
| par.&lt;br /&gt;
| however&lt;br /&gt;
| dzeʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eseegá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| sit&lt;br /&gt;
| dzega-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eseegaasá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| seat&lt;br /&gt;
| dzegadza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eseesí&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| say&lt;br /&gt;
| dzedzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eseiidá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| see; know&lt;br /&gt;
| dzeľda-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ésesa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| heart&lt;br /&gt;
| dzehdza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| éta&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| river, estuary&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|eta}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| etákaip&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| gold&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|etakaip}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| étu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| brick&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|etu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Éwaku&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Ewaku}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ga&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| on behalf of&lt;br /&gt;
| ga&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gama&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| fear&lt;br /&gt;
| gàmà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gaŋáu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| Wañelinlawag emperor&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|ganyéahú}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Gaŋelíni&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| the Great Lake, Wañelín&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|Ganyelíni}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Gaŋeliló&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| the Wañelinlawag ethnicity&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|Ganyeliló}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gása&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| mistress, lover&lt;br /&gt;
| gatsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gása&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| soil, make dirty&lt;br /&gt;
| gatsha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gáta&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| correct&lt;br /&gt;
| gatha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ge&lt;br /&gt;
| conj.&lt;br /&gt;
| but&lt;br /&gt;
| ge&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| geesí&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| towards&lt;br /&gt;
| gèʔdzi&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gési&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| dirty&lt;br /&gt;
| getshi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| géya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| child&lt;br /&gt;
| geľa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gía&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| make felt&lt;br /&gt;
| gisa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gía&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| squeeze, press&lt;br /&gt;
| gisa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gíciu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| whale&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|gitiw}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gínip&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| harvest&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ginip}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| googú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| tail&lt;br /&gt;
| gogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| googú&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| cook&lt;br /&gt;
| gogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| góoju&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| head&lt;br /&gt;
| gòdu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| góp&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| cow, cattle&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|gop}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gúgu&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| after, behind&lt;br /&gt;
| guku&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| gúšu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wolf&lt;br /&gt;
| guxu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| guugá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| sleep&lt;br /&gt;
| guga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| guuwó&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| leg&lt;br /&gt;
| gluwo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| i&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| if&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔi&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ía&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| man; husband&lt;br /&gt;
| ľa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iáa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| food&lt;br /&gt;
| jàsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iáa&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| under&lt;br /&gt;
| ľaʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iáaba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| insult&lt;br /&gt;
| ľaʔpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iáaba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| attain, win; take by force&lt;br /&gt;
| ľaʔpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iáaba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| eat (of meat)&lt;br /&gt;
| jàsahpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iaadá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| old&lt;br /&gt;
| jada-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iaagá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| play&lt;br /&gt;
| jaga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iaasé&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| mixture&lt;br /&gt;
| gładze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iáase&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| big&lt;br /&gt;
| ğàdze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iáase&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| skin&lt;br /&gt;
| głàdze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íabue&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| salt&lt;br /&gt;
| ğaʔle-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íaga&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| ear&lt;br /&gt;
| ľahga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ialaŋá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| dig&lt;br /&gt;
| ľàlàňa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iamá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| warm&lt;br /&gt;
| ľàma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iamá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| berries&lt;br /&gt;
| głàma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iamá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| sun&lt;br /&gt;
| jàma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iamáyaa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| human&lt;br /&gt;
| jàmajaʔa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iaŋá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| leaf&lt;br /&gt;
| ğàňa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iaŋá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| wound, hurt&lt;br /&gt;
| ľàňa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iaŋáša&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| crack, scratch&lt;br /&gt;
| ľàňała-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iasá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| egg&lt;br /&gt;
| ľàtsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iasá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| many&lt;br /&gt;
| ľàtsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íata&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| tend, garden&lt;br /&gt;
| jatha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iataadáya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| slave&lt;br /&gt;
| jathadaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íataba&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| garden&lt;br /&gt;
| jathapa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íayo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| smoke&lt;br /&gt;
| ľağo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ibida&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| float&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ibida}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| icím&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| hollow out&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|itim}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ícimum&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| canoe&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|itimum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ieea&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| game animal&lt;br /&gt;
| głèʔhà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ieegé&lt;br /&gt;
| conj.&lt;br /&gt;
| but not&lt;br /&gt;
| jege&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ieegí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| boy&lt;br /&gt;
| ľegi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ieesá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| push&lt;br /&gt;
| jedza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iéesi&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| river&lt;br /&gt;
| jèdzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íei&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| stone&lt;br /&gt;
| ğeľi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íeisi&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| neck&lt;br /&gt;
| ğeľzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iemá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| row&lt;br /&gt;
| jèma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ieoogú&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| away from&lt;br /&gt;
| jeʔogu&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ieoogú&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| leave&lt;br /&gt;
| jeʔogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íesa&lt;br /&gt;
| conj.&lt;br /&gt;
| and not&lt;br /&gt;
| jetsa&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íesi&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| hold, own, marry&lt;br /&gt;
| jezi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íeye&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| hill&lt;br /&gt;
| ğeje-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ieyuujú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| mount&lt;br /&gt;
| ğeľudu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| igóo&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| count&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|igaw}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iiá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| hand&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔiľsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iidá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| slow&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔida-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iidá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wind&lt;br /&gt;
| ğìta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íisa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| come&lt;br /&gt;
| jiʔihtsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iisaasá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| pull&lt;br /&gt;
| jiʔihtsadza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iisí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| arrow&lt;br /&gt;
| jidzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íiwo&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| live, be alive&lt;br /&gt;
| ğiwo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iiwoogá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| give birth to, engender&lt;br /&gt;
| ğiwoga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ikiibé&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| drink&lt;br /&gt;
| ğibe-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íma&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| without; if not&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔihma&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íobu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| prostitute, concubine&lt;br /&gt;
| ğohbu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íolu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| other&lt;br /&gt;
| jolu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ióobu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| mouth&lt;br /&gt;
| jòbu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ióobuuba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| suck&lt;br /&gt;
| jòbulpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ioogú&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| quick, fast&lt;br /&gt;
| ğogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ioogú&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| perform rituals&lt;br /&gt;
| jogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ioogúbuawopoogu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| escape from, run away from&lt;br /&gt;
| ğoguʔlawoʔogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iooguugú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| eagle&lt;br /&gt;
| ğogugu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iošú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| back&lt;br /&gt;
| ľòxu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iošú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| tool&lt;br /&gt;
| ğòxu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iouugá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| spit&lt;br /&gt;
| ğolga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iouugába&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| spit&lt;br /&gt;
| ğolgahpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ípa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| wipe&lt;br /&gt;
| ľipha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ípi&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| crab&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ikpi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ipíupu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| cowrie shell; money&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ipiupu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ísa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔitsha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Íši&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Isi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| isii&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| bee&lt;br /&gt;
| dzìʔì-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| isiigá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| yellow&lt;br /&gt;
| dziga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| isíiga&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| continuously&lt;br /&gt;
| dziʔga&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| isiiká&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| honey, sweetness&lt;br /&gt;
| dzìʔìkha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| isíisi&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| straight&lt;br /&gt;
| dzìdzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| isiŋá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| fingernail&lt;br /&gt;
| dzìňa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ísipe&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| water&lt;br /&gt;
| dziphe-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ísiye&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| want&lt;br /&gt;
| dzije-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ísiyeša&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| want, wish, desire&lt;br /&gt;
| dzijeła-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| išuŋá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| green&lt;br /&gt;
| ğłùŋa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íu&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| outside&lt;br /&gt;
| ğu&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iuáada&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| milk&lt;br /&gt;
| ğlaʔta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íuka&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| short&lt;br /&gt;
| głukha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iumá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| grind, mill&lt;br /&gt;
| ľùma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iume&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| right, east&lt;br /&gt;
| ľùmè-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íupu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| seashell&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|iupu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iúuga&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| pig&lt;br /&gt;
| ğùga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iuusí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| millet&lt;br /&gt;
| ğulzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| íuye&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| heavy&lt;br /&gt;
| ğuje-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| iyé&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| name&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔìje-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ja&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| for&lt;br /&gt;
| dła&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| jéa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| land&lt;br /&gt;
| dłeʔa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| jéega&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| clan, lineage&lt;br /&gt;
| dłeʔga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ju&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| long&lt;br /&gt;
| dłù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| jugúga&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| family, household&lt;br /&gt;
| dłùkuka-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| juu&lt;br /&gt;
| par.&lt;br /&gt;
| therefore, thus&lt;br /&gt;
| duʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| juusé&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| sky&lt;br /&gt;
| dudze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| júya&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| good&lt;br /&gt;
| duğa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| káa&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| black&lt;br /&gt;
| khàʔa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kába&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| tree&lt;br /&gt;
| khapa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kabogu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| forest&lt;br /&gt;
| khapòkù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| káko&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| laugh&lt;br /&gt;
| khakho-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kákogu&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| amusingly&lt;br /&gt;
| khakhoku-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kakoogá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| mock&lt;br /&gt;
| khakhoga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kaŋaibá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| travel (a long distance), journey&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|kaŋa &amp;quot;walk&amp;quot; + -igba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| káwo&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| narrow&lt;br /&gt;
| khawo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| káya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| fire&lt;br /&gt;
| khaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| káyaaya&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| burn&lt;br /&gt;
| khajaʔaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| káyaba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| burn&lt;br /&gt;
| khajahpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kayašoku&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| ashes&lt;br /&gt;
| khajałòkù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kidá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| citizen&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|kidá}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kólu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| tie, fasten&lt;br /&gt;
| kholu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kúlu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| anus&lt;br /&gt;
| khulu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kúmoo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| priest&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|kumow}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kumú&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| consecrate&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|kumu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kúmupum&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| temple, shrine&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|kumupum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kuubá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| hunt, catch, fish (with a line or trap)&lt;br /&gt;
| khulpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kuugá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| small rowboat or raft&lt;br /&gt;
| khulga- &amp;quot;boat&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Lájisa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| god associated with building and architecture&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Ladisa}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| lápiki&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| nail, peg&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|lapiki}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| lími&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wall (of a building)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|liŋmi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| lómil&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| field, arable land&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|lamil}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| lú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| sea, ocean&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|lu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Lúponi&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| the Lukpanic ethnicity&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Lukpani}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| má&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| place, location&lt;br /&gt;
| ma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| máasa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| nose&lt;br /&gt;
| màdzà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| maasé&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| inland sea, large lake&lt;br /&gt;
| madze- &amp;quot;sea&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mága&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| sharp&lt;br /&gt;
| mahga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| maíŋisap&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| paint, dye&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|maiŋisap}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| máse&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| shine&lt;br /&gt;
| maze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| masese&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| moon&lt;br /&gt;
| mazèzè-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| máye&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| rotten&lt;br /&gt;
| maje-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mébui&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| bear&lt;br /&gt;
| meʔli-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mebuujú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| captain, military officer&lt;br /&gt;
| meʔludu- &amp;quot;warrior (honorific)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mee&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| by means of&lt;br /&gt;
| meʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| meesá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| dog&lt;br /&gt;
| medza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mép&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| wage war on&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋmep}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mesá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| four&lt;br /&gt;
| mètsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| méya&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| along&lt;br /&gt;
| mèľà&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| míigo&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| wet&lt;br /&gt;
| mìgo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| miná&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| mother&lt;br /&gt;
| mìna-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| miŋá&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| the day before yesterday&lt;br /&gt;
| mìňa&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| míši&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| tongue&lt;br /&gt;
| miłi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mitól&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| run, flow (of rivers)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|mital}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mítolum&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| process&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|mitalum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Mítomol&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| the world, Akana&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Mitaŋmal}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| míula&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| goat&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋmiula}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mó&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| harbor&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|mo}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mól&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| realm, domain&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋmal}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| móm&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| dune&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋmam}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| móp&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| ice&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|mop}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| móp&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| blow  (of wind)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|mop}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mósu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| sew&lt;br /&gt;
| moʔzu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mošú&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| wide&lt;br /&gt;
| mòxu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| moyú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| sheep&lt;br /&gt;
| mòğu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mu&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| completely&lt;br /&gt;
| mu&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| múl&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| buckwheat&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|mul}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ná&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| I&lt;br /&gt;
| na-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| naa&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| above&lt;br /&gt;
| naʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| naasé&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| tame&lt;br /&gt;
| nadze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| naasé&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| rarely&lt;br /&gt;
| nadze&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Náibum&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Naigbum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| náipol&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| baby&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|naipal}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| náiu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| roof, terrace&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|naiw}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| náta&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| beam&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|nata}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| néma&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| boat, ship&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|nema}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| néyua&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| white&lt;br /&gt;
| neğla-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| neyuayamá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| mushroom&lt;br /&gt;
| neğlàgłàma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nípa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| fog&lt;br /&gt;
| nipha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nipuibá&lt;br /&gt;
| n. in.&lt;br /&gt;
| concentrate, try earnestly&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|nipu &amp;quot;chew&amp;quot; + -igba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nobigóo&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| read&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|nobigaw}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nóo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| spot, sign, glyph&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|now}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nóobu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| think&lt;br /&gt;
| nòbu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nóogu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| left, west&lt;br /&gt;
| nògù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nóu&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| up towards&lt;br /&gt;
| noʔu&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nóugu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| three&lt;br /&gt;
| nolku-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| noyú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| foot&lt;br /&gt;
| nòğu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋaiši&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| wash&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋaizi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋau&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| weapon&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋau}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋáye&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| frequently&lt;br /&gt;
| ňaje&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋímiu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| village, neighborhood in a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋimiw}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋísapum&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| stew, sauce&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋisapum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋísi&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| smooth&lt;br /&gt;
| ňizi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋouugú&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| dull, blunt&lt;br /&gt;
| ňolgu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋúlu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| onion&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ŋulu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Ogúgudu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a god associated with healing&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|Hogúgúdú}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| óloo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| carrot&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|alow}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| omó&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| assassinate&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|òamo}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| omókaba&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| assassin, killer&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|òamokaba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| óšu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| smell, sniff&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔoxu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pa&lt;br /&gt;
| par.&lt;br /&gt;
| then, next, and&lt;br /&gt;
| phà&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| everyone, everything, all&lt;br /&gt;
| pha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| páata&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| throw&lt;br /&gt;
| phaʔta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| padóogu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| path, route, way&lt;br /&gt;
| pàtògù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| págui&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| door&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pagui}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pála&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| far&lt;br /&gt;
| phala-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pála&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| swell, become bigger, become tumescent&lt;br /&gt;
| phala-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pamá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| fart&lt;br /&gt;
| błàma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| papáada&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| shoot, throw (as a weapon); direct object is the projectile&lt;br /&gt;
| phaphaʔta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pása&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| copper&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pasa}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pásagee&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| copper ingot, coin&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pasagai}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| patá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| find one&#039;s way&lt;br /&gt;
| pàta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| páubu&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| rope&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|kpaubu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pauibá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| be startled&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pau &amp;quot;cry out (of animals)&amp;quot; + -igba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| páwo&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| walk&lt;br /&gt;
| pławo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pawopoogú&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| walk away, retreat&lt;br /&gt;
| pławoʔogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| peyá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| cloud&lt;br /&gt;
| phèľa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| peyoogú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| aristocrat, noble; used as a term of address&lt;br /&gt;
| pèľogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| piáaga&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| new&lt;br /&gt;
| pľàga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| piamá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| flower&lt;br /&gt;
| pľàma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pída&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| weak, small (of an animal or person)&lt;br /&gt;
| phita-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pii&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| seed&lt;br /&gt;
| phiji-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| píši&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| tree bark&lt;br /&gt;
| phiłi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| píta&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| butter&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|kpita}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Pítomo&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Kpitamo}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| píwo&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| breathe, blow&lt;br /&gt;
| phiwo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| piwoogá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| inflate&lt;br /&gt;
| phiwoga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Pólu&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| the sea goddess&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Polu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Pólubum&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Polugbum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pomíba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| witness, observe (an event or activity)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pam &amp;quot;see&amp;quot; + -igba}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pomikí&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| sail, navigate&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pamiki}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| púm&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| grow, mature, ripen&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pum &amp;quot;grow&amp;quot;}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| púpa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wine, alcohol&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|pukpa}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| púu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| (paved) road&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|puwu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| puugá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| headman (of a village), chief (of a Western-speaking group)&lt;br /&gt;
| phuga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sa&lt;br /&gt;
| conj./par.&lt;br /&gt;
| and, also&lt;br /&gt;
| tsa&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sadóo&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| freeze&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|sadaw}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sáip&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| spirit, god&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|saip}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sanú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| rumor&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|sèanu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sása&lt;br /&gt;
| conj.&lt;br /&gt;
| moreover&lt;br /&gt;
| tsatsa&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sása&lt;br /&gt;
| par.&lt;br /&gt;
| because&lt;br /&gt;
| tsatsa&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| se&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| down towards&lt;br /&gt;
| ze&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| séa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| dung&lt;br /&gt;
| tshesa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| séaba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| defecate&lt;br /&gt;
| tshesahpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sedá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| sing&lt;br /&gt;
| zèta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| séedakaasa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| flow away&lt;br /&gt;
| zeʔtaʔadza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| séedeisa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| flow towards&lt;br /&gt;
| zeʔteʔihtsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seesé&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| run&lt;br /&gt;
| zedze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seeséoogu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| flee, run away&lt;br /&gt;
| zedzeʔogu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seeseoogúubeesa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| steal&lt;br /&gt;
| zedzeʔogùbèdza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seesósu&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| quickly&lt;br /&gt;
| zedzotsu&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| séga&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| sand&lt;br /&gt;
| tshehga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| séina&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| horn&lt;br /&gt;
| tsheľna-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seka&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| earth&lt;br /&gt;
| tshèkhà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| semá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| bad&lt;br /&gt;
| zèma-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sésewo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| star&lt;br /&gt;
| zezewo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| séya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| soil&lt;br /&gt;
| tsheja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seyeegí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| worthless items, junk, filth&lt;br /&gt;
| tshejegi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seyošu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| defensive wall, rampart&lt;br /&gt;
| tshejòhxù-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| si&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| yesterday&lt;br /&gt;
| tshi&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| two&lt;br /&gt;
| zi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síba&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| some&lt;br /&gt;
| zipa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síbua&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| dry&lt;br /&gt;
| tshiʔla-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sída&lt;br /&gt;
| v. dt.&lt;br /&gt;
| teach&lt;br /&gt;
| tshihta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| siibú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| worm&lt;br /&gt;
| tshibu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síida&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| palm (of hand)&lt;br /&gt;
| zìda-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síiga&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| stand&lt;br /&gt;
| zìgà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síigaasa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| stick in the ground&lt;br /&gt;
| zìgàdza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| siisí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| fat, grease&lt;br /&gt;
| ziľzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| siisí&lt;br /&gt;
| par.&lt;br /&gt;
| instead&lt;br /&gt;
| tshidzi&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síŋa&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| thin&lt;br /&gt;
| tshìňà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| siŋá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| together&lt;br /&gt;
| tshìňa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| siŋáta&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| assemble, repair&lt;br /&gt;
| tshìňatha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síse&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| day&lt;br /&gt;
| zize-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| siwó&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| pine&lt;br /&gt;
| zìwo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| síya&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| hear&lt;br /&gt;
| zija-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sóju&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| lie down&lt;br /&gt;
| tshotu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sojuugá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| put, place&lt;br /&gt;
| tshotuga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sópu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| deer&lt;br /&gt;
| tshophu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| sówoip&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| silver&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|sawoip}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| súpu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| itch, irritate&lt;br /&gt;
| tsuphu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| supúugaya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| louse&lt;br /&gt;
| tsuphugaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| suubá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| fruit&lt;br /&gt;
| tsuba-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| suubú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| arm&lt;br /&gt;
| tshulpu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| suugá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| float&lt;br /&gt;
| zuga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| suugákaasa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| float downstream, float with the current&lt;br /&gt;
| zugaʔadza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| súwo&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| guts&lt;br /&gt;
| zuwo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| súwo&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| through, in the middle of&lt;br /&gt;
| zuwo&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šaagó&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| near&lt;br /&gt;
| łago-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šáya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| eye&lt;br /&gt;
| łağa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šayá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| guard; guide; soul&lt;br /&gt;
| łàğa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šesí&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| horse&lt;br /&gt;
| łèzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šéto&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| shovel&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Ish|shetòa}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šíme&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| heron&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|siŋme}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Šiméšita&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a city&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Siŋmesita}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šiná&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| lake&lt;br /&gt;
| łìna-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šíta&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| beach&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|sita}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šíya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| snake&lt;br /&gt;
| łija-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| šíyaba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| cure, heal&lt;br /&gt;
| łijahpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| tá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| you&lt;br /&gt;
| ta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| tá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| do, make&lt;br /&gt;
| tha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| taabé&lt;br /&gt;
| pp.&lt;br /&gt;
| on, at, when&lt;br /&gt;
| tabe&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| táada&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| cold&lt;br /&gt;
| thàda-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| taagá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| grass&lt;br /&gt;
| taga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| taagábue&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| grassland, plain&lt;br /&gt;
| tagaʔle-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| taagála&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| cloth&lt;br /&gt;
| tagala-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| taagó&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| one&lt;br /&gt;
| tago-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| tábue&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| there, that place&lt;br /&gt;
| thaʔle-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| táta&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| use&lt;br /&gt;
| thatha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| táwo&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| bend&lt;br /&gt;
| thawo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| táya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| milk&lt;br /&gt;
| thaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| tebí&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| sow&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|tebi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Tolélina&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| a goddess associated with chaos, lightning and wildfires&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Talelina}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| tóm&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| buckwheat porridge&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|tom}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| tóobu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| fall&lt;br /&gt;
| thòbu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| tóobuuga&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| fell, chop down&lt;br /&gt;
| thòbuga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| túgim&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| grape&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|tugim}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| túku&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| masonry&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|tuku}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| u&lt;br /&gt;
| conj./par.&lt;br /&gt;
| or&lt;br /&gt;
| su&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ú&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| language&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|u}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úbium&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| knife, dagger&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|ubium}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ugá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| tooth&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔùka-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ugába&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| bite&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔùkahpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ugáuba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| eat (not meat)&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔùkalpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úita&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| right (direction)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|uita}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ulá&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| round&lt;br /&gt;
| sùla-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ulá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| gesture&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wula}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úmu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| king&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|uŋmu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úna&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| difficult&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|una}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úpu&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| small&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|upu}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úsai&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| fig&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wusai}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| usubúi&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| breast&lt;br /&gt;
| dzùʔli-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| usunú&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| full&lt;br /&gt;
| dzùnu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úsupu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| gather, fish (with a net)&lt;br /&gt;
| dzuphu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| usupuugóyu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| fisherman&lt;br /&gt;
| dzuphugoju-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| uugá&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| five&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔuga-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úuša&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| tomorrow&lt;br /&gt;
| suʔxa&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úwesum&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| liquor; booze&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wuwesum}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úwo&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| vomit&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔuwo-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úwouba&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| vomit&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔuwolpa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úya&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| pain&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔuja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| uyaasá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| cause pain&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔujadza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| uyaasáša&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| wound, injury&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔujadzała-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| úyaaya&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| be in pain&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔujaʔaja-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wáku&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| building, structure&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|waku}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wakúpadoo&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| story, floor (of building)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wakupadaw}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wéda&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| turn&lt;br /&gt;
| weta-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wédeisa&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| meet&lt;br /&gt;
| weteʔihtsa-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| weena&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| year&lt;br /&gt;
| wèʔnà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| weesí&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| steep&lt;br /&gt;
| wedzi-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wejuuna&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| next year&lt;br /&gt;
| wetùʔnà-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Wílowi&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| the Wellawi people/nation&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|Wilawi}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wíma&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| hibiscus&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wiŋma}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wínita&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| ceremony&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|winita}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wipíkau&lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| desert&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wipikau}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wipúita&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| left (direction)&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wipuita}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wípuŋa&lt;br /&gt;
| adj.&lt;br /&gt;
| easy&lt;br /&gt;
| {{DoL|wipuŋa}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wobuu&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| liver&lt;br /&gt;
| woʔlu-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wógi&lt;br /&gt;
| adv.&lt;br /&gt;
| the day after tomorrow&lt;br /&gt;
| woki&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| woosé&lt;br /&gt;
| v. it.&lt;br /&gt;
| die&lt;br /&gt;
| wodze-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wooseesá&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| kill&lt;br /&gt;
| wodzedza-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wópa&lt;br /&gt;
| n.&lt;br /&gt;
| beans&lt;br /&gt;
| wopha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wósu&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| eat (of herbivorous animals)&lt;br /&gt;
| wopha-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| wóuga&lt;br /&gt;
| v. mt.&lt;br /&gt;
| hit&lt;br /&gt;
| wolka-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Lexicography]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=U_Bol&amp;diff=12739</id>
		<title>U Bol</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=U_Bol&amp;diff=12739"/>
		<updated>2016-03-01T20:18:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* Phonology */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Article}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = U Bol&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = [u boɫ]&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. -200 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = Western Lukpanic coast&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = Unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = Lukpanic script (rarely)&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = mixed Lukpanic–Western&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = agglutinating&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = NOM-ACC&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;U Bol&#039;&#039;&#039; is a mixed language spoken in the western Lukpanic Coast and descended from the languages of the native Lukpanic people and later Coastal Western immigrants. Although its vocabulary, including most basic terms, is derived from [[Proto-Coastal-Western]], U Bol&#039;s phonology, phonotactics, and inflectional morphology are mostly similar to those of the Lukpanic languages.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
U Bol may be described more accurately as a dialect continuum than a unitary language. The dialect described here is spoken in the city of Doanu (local name &#039;&#039;&#039;Donu&#039;&#039;&#039;), but more-or-less mutually intelligible varieties are spoken by scattered populations along the coast as far as [[Isi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
U Bol has a moderately small phonemic inventory consisting of 16 consonants and 5 vowel qualities. However, due to allophony its surface phonetics are similar to those of its closest Coastal-Western relative, [[Ishoʻu ʻOhu]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg c}}&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Labial&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Alveolar&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Palatal&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Velar&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Plosive&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p&#039;&#039;&#039; /p/ &#039;&#039;&#039;b&#039;&#039;&#039; /b/&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; /t/ &#039;&#039;&#039;d&#039;&#039;&#039; /d/&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; /k/ &#039;&#039;&#039;g&#039;&#039;&#039; /ɡ/&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Affricate&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;c&#039;&#039;&#039; /tʃ/ &#039;&#039;&#039;j&#039;&#039;&#039; /dʒ/&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Fricative&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;s&#039;&#039;&#039; /s/&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;š&#039;&#039;&#039; /ʃ/&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Nasal&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;m&#039;&#039;&#039; /m/&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;n&#039;&#039;&#039; /n/&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ŋ&#039;&#039;&#039; /ŋ/&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Approximant&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; /w/&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;l&#039;&#039;&#039; /l/&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; /j/&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Front&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Central&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Back&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;High&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;i&#039;&#039;&#039; /i/ &#039;&#039;&#039;ii&#039;&#039;&#039; /iː/&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;u&#039;&#039;&#039; /u/ &#039;&#039;&#039;uu&#039;&#039;&#039; /uː/&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Mid&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;e&#039;&#039;&#039; /e/ &#039;&#039;&#039;ee&#039;&#039;&#039; /eː/&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;o&#039;&#039;&#039; /o/ &#039;&#039;&#039;oo&#039;&#039;&#039; /oː/&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Low&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039; /a/ &#039;&#039;&#039;aa&#039;&#039;&#039; /aː/&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Suprasegmentals==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
U Bol is unusual among the languages of the Lukpanic Coast in making use of a phonemic stress accent. Stress is left-oriented and may fall on any syllable of a stem or the first syllable of a suffix. Stress position is indicated by an acute accent (á). Some noun and verb stems are listed in the lexicon without an indication of stress position; for these, stress fall syllable of any suffix applied to the stem, or on the first syllable of the stem if no suffix is applied.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Syllables are usually of the form (C)V, but word-final syllables may have a coda consonant, which may be any one of /p m l/. Pairs of vowels in hiatus are common, but vowels with identical qualities are usually separated by an epenthetic stop consonant when morphological processes would otherwise bring them into contact.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The semivowel /j/, a phoneme absent from many of the languages of the Lukpanic Coast, has a limited distribution in U Bol, occurring only in intervocalic positions except as an allophone of /i/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Allophony and Phonetic Detail==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The fricatives /s ʃ/ are voiced to [z ʒ] between vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Following a back vowel, /l/ is velarized to [ɫ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some speakers drop the semivowel /j/ before /i/ and otherwise treat it as an allophone of the short close-front vowel in careful and formal speech. This is an example of hypercorrection, and is considered nonstandard and generally looked down upon by higher-status speakers in cities like Doanu.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some speakers in rural areas toward the western extreme of U Bol&#039;s range retain /k͡p ɡ͡b/ in words of Lukpanic origin, while these have merged with the labial stops /p b/ in most dialects. Speakers in these same areas are also well known for eliding the final vowels of many words of Western origin when they follow a valid coda consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Short, unstressed close vowels tend to reduce to semivowels when they stand in hiatus before a mid or open vowel, or when they stand a the second of three vowels in hiatus. When a close vowel is reduced following a consonant, the resulting sequence of consonants is realized as an onset cluster even if it follows an open syllable. This reduction is prevalent across all dialects except in careful or formal speech.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sound changes from Proto-Coastal-Western==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The dialect of Coastal-Western that provided U Bol with the bulk of its vocabulary shares a common origin with [[Ishoʻu ʻOhu]]. The two varieties probably diverged some time in the 11th or 10th century BP. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===First phase (to c. -1000 YP)===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. LENITION&lt;br /&gt;
* ʎ &amp;gt; i / C_, _C, _#&lt;br /&gt;
* ʎ &amp;gt; j&lt;br /&gt;
* ɫ &amp;gt; u / C_, _C, _#&lt;br /&gt;
* ɫ &amp;gt; l / !_V[+back]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. CLUSTER SIMPLIFICATION&lt;br /&gt;
* pɬ &amp;gt; pʰ&lt;br /&gt;
* tɬ &amp;gt; ʨʰ&lt;br /&gt;
* dɬ &amp;gt; ʥ&lt;br /&gt;
* ɡɬ &amp;gt; ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. TONOGENESIS&lt;br /&gt;
* V[+high] &amp;gt; [+rising] / _ʔ$&lt;br /&gt;
* V[+low] &amp;gt; [+falling] / _ʔ$&lt;br /&gt;
* ʔ &amp;gt; Ø / _$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. CHANGES TO FRICATIVES&lt;br /&gt;
* ɬ &amp;gt; ɕ&lt;br /&gt;
* s &amp;gt; h / V_V, #_&lt;br /&gt;
* z &amp;gt; s&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. PALATALISATION&lt;br /&gt;
* tʰ t d &amp;gt; ʨʰ ʨ ʥ / _i, _u (persistent rule)&lt;br /&gt;
* ʦʰ &amp;gt; s / _i&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6. LABIALISATION&lt;br /&gt;
* ʔ &amp;gt; p / _uV&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7. LOSS OF /h/&lt;br /&gt;
* h[+stop] &amp;gt; [+stop +tenuis]&lt;br /&gt;
* h &amp;gt; ʔ / #_&lt;br /&gt;
* h &amp;gt; Ø / (aspirated stops unaffected)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Second phase (to c. -200 YP)===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. DEVELOPMENT OF LONG VOWELS&lt;br /&gt;
* Identical vowels in hiatus contract to a single long vowel&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. LOSS OF VELAR FRICATIVES&lt;br /&gt;
* x &amp;gt; ɕ (possibly by way of ç and/or ʝ)&lt;br /&gt;
* ɣ &amp;gt; j&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. DEAFFRICATION OF ALVEOLAR AFFRICATES&lt;br /&gt;
* ʦʰ ʦ &amp;gt; s&lt;br /&gt;
* ʣ &amp;gt; z&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. VOWEL LENGTHENING&lt;br /&gt;
* Short vowels lengthened before voiced stops and fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. LOSS OF FRICATIVE VOICING DISTINCTION&lt;br /&gt;
* Ø &amp;gt; V / #_{z, ʒ}V&lt;br /&gt;
* s ʃ &amp;gt; z ʒ / V_V&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6. STOP PHONATION SHIFT&lt;br /&gt;
* C[+stop +tenuis] &amp;gt; C[+stop +voice] / V_V&lt;br /&gt;
* C[+aspiration] &amp;gt; C[+tenuis]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7. TONE CONTOUR TO LENGTH&lt;br /&gt;
* Short vowels with rising or falling tone become long&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels with high or low tone shift to falling or rising tone, respectively&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
8. INITIAL /j/ VOCALIZATION&lt;br /&gt;
* j &amp;gt; i / #_&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
9. LOSS OF GLOTTAL STOP&lt;br /&gt;
* ʔ &amp;gt; Ø&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
10. HOMORGANIC VOWEL HIATUS RESOLUTION&lt;br /&gt;
* Identical short vowels contract to a single long vowel&lt;br /&gt;
* Other homorganic vowels in hiatus are separated by an epenthetic stop&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
11. DEVELOPMENT OF PHONEMIC STRESS&lt;br /&gt;
* Stress moves to the first syllable in a word with rising tone&lt;br /&gt;
* If a word has no syllable with rising tone, stress falls on the first high-tone syllable that follows a syllable with low or falling tone&lt;br /&gt;
* If a word has no other syllable to attract stress, it falls on the first high-tone syllable&lt;br /&gt;
* Tone ceases to be distinctive&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
12. LOSS OF PALATAL NASAL&lt;br /&gt;
* ɲ &amp;gt; ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Morphology=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite massive relexification, the inflectional morphology of U Bol remains mostly identical to that of contemporary Doanu Lukpanic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbal Morphology==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
U Bol verbal morphology is agglutinative, with inflectional suffixes filling one of four available &amp;quot;slots.&amp;quot; When the initial vowel of a suffix is identical to the final vowel of the stem, an epenthetic stop (indicated in parentheses) is inserted to break up the hiatus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Slot 1===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first slot for suffixes combines information about agency and aspect: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*The suffix -&#039;&#039;&#039;(k)ai&#039;&#039;&#039; indicates timeless or recurring natural processes, or general states of affairs: &#039;&#039;&#039;mitólai iéesi&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;the river flows.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*-&#039;&#039;&#039;(p)uši&#039;&#039;&#039; is used for distinct physical actions or events, including natural events: &#039;&#039;&#039;aagóuši&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;it&#039;s raining;&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;bíuši séyošupuši&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;[they] are building a wall.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*-&#039;&#039;&#039;(k)iŋi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used for habitual actions (as part of one&#039;s profession, etc.): &#039;&#039;&#039;kuubáiŋi&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;[he] is a hunter;&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;bíkiŋi némali&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;[he] builds ships.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Slot 2===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second slot marks information about tense, aspect and mood. All examples are given in the &#039;&#039;&#039;-uši&#039;&#039;&#039; form.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*The unmarked form marks the present or foreseeable future, or recent or ongoing past activity.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;-(p)ul&#039;&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;-(p)o-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a consonant, is used for the completed past: &#039;&#039;&#039;bíušiul némali&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;[he] built a boat;&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;aagóušiul&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;it rained.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;-gil&#039;&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;-(g)e-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a consonant is used for the speculative future or irrealis states: &#039;&#039;&#039;asalaúšigil áse íali&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;the woman may stab her husband.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;-mau&#039;&#039;&#039; marks plans or volitions: &#039;&#039;&#039;bíušimau némali&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;[I&#039;m] going to build a boat.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Slot 3===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The third slot marks evidentiality.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*The unmarked form indicates general knowledge, or leaves the source of knowledge unspecified.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;-da&#039;&#039;&#039; indicates directly witnessed information: &#039;&#039;&#039;mitólušioda iéesi&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;the river was flowing [I saw it].&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;-bita&#039;&#039;&#039; indicates inference or hearsay: &#039;&#039;&#039;bíkiŋibita némali&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;He builds boats [apparently; so I heard].&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Slot 4===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The fourth slot marks negation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*The unmarked form is positive.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;-ki&#039;&#039;&#039; is the strong negative (used for things distinctly known to be negative): &#039;&#039;&#039;bíušimauki némali&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I am not going to build a boat.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;-(k)ip&#039;&#039;&#039; is the weak negative (to indicate uncertainty or indistinct states): &#039;&#039;&#039;asalaúšigilip áse íali&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I don&#039;t think the woman will stab her husband.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Agentive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any verb can be converted into an agentive noun (&amp;quot;doer of X&amp;quot;) by adding the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-aw&#039;&#039;&#039;. The first slot is typically left blank in these constructions: &#039;&#039;&#039;mitólaw&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;something that flows;&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;némali bímaukew&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;one who isn&#039;t going to build a boat.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Gerund===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The gerund is formed by adding the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-(k)i&#039;&#039;&#039;. Slots 1 and 2 are always left blank; but negation or, rarely, the evidentiality suffixes may be included: &#039;&#039;&#039;iéesi mitóli&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;the flowing river;&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;náipol úwoubai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;the vomiting baby;&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;áse sedádai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;the woman [that I see is] singing.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*The negative &#039;&#039;&#039;-ki&#039;&#039;&#039; combines with the gerund suffix as &#039;&#039;&#039;-kui&#039;&#039;&#039; rather than the expected *&#039;&#039;kiki&#039;&#039;: &#039;&#039;&#039;áse sedákui&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;the woman who is not singing.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Verbal Noun===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The verb in its unmarked form is a verbal noun: &#039;&#039;&#039;pamibáušiul na kuubáli&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I witnessed the hunting&amp;quot; (the verb here bears an accusative suffix).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Nominal Morphology==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
U Bol nouns take only one inflectional suffix, &#039;&#039;&#039;-li&#039;&#039;&#039;, which marks the accusative case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Numerals=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
U Bol makes use of the base eight number system common to the Western language family. Furthermore, the cardinal numbers in U Bol take suffixes indicating the type of object being counted, a vestige of the Western noun class system which is otherwise absent from the language. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! Class I&lt;br /&gt;
! Class II&lt;br /&gt;
! Class III&lt;br /&gt;
! Class IV&lt;br /&gt;
! Class V&lt;br /&gt;
! Class VI&lt;br /&gt;
! Class VII&lt;br /&gt;
! Ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 1&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taagoogé&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taagéyata&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taagéye&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taagóga&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taagóga&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taagówo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taagési&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taagoogú&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 2&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saasé&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;síyata&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;síye&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sída&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sísa&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súwo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sísi&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;suujú&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 3&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nouguugé&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nóuguyata&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nóuguye&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nóuguga&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nóuguga&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nóuguwo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nóugusi&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nouguugú&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 4&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mesaasé&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;meséyata&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;meséye&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mesáda&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mesása&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mesówo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mesési&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mesoogú&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 5&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uugaasé&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uugéyata&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uugéye&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uugáda&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uugása&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uugówo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uugési&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uugoogú&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 6&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;míisiise&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;míisiyata&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;míisiye&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;míisida&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;míisisa&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;míisuwo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;míisisi&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;míisuuju&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 7&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;neisiisé&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;néisiyata&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;néisiye&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;néisida&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;néisisa&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;néisuwo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;néisisi&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;neisuujú&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 10 &amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;8&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ŋayoogé&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ŋáyeyata&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ŋáyeye&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ŋáyoga&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ŋáyoga&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ŋáyowo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ŋáyesi&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ŋayoogú&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[U_Bol/Lexicon|U Bol Lexicon]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=U_Bol&amp;diff=12738</id>
		<title>U Bol</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=U_Bol&amp;diff=12738"/>
		<updated>2016-03-01T20:01:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* Allophony and Phonetic Detail */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Article}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = U Bol&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = [u boɫ]&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. -200 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = Western Lukpanic coast&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = Unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = Lukpanic script (rarely)&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = mixed Lukpanic–Western&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = agglutinating&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = NOM-ACC&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;U Bol&#039;&#039;&#039; is a mixed language spoken in the western Lukpanic Coast and descended from the languages of the native Lukpanic people and later Coastal Western immigrants. Although its vocabulary, including most basic terms, is derived from [[Proto-Coastal-Western]], U Bol&#039;s phonology, phonotactics, and inflectional morphology are mostly similar to those of the Lukpanic languages.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
U Bol may be described more accurately as a dialect continuum than a unitary language. The dialect described here is spoken in the city of Doanu (local name &#039;&#039;&#039;Donu&#039;&#039;&#039;), but more-or-less mutually intelligible varieties are spoken by scattered populations along the coast as far as [[Isi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
U Bol has a moderately small phonemic inventory consisting of 16 consonants and 5 vowel qualities. However, due to allophony its surface phonetics are similar to those of its closest Coastal-Western relative, [[Ishoʻu ʻOhu]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg c}}&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Labial&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Alveolar&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Palatal&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Velar&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Plosive&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p&#039;&#039;&#039; /p/ &#039;&#039;&#039;b&#039;&#039;&#039; /b/&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; /t/ &#039;&#039;&#039;d&#039;&#039;&#039; /d/&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; /k/ &#039;&#039;&#039;g&#039;&#039;&#039; /ɡ/&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Affricate&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;c&#039;&#039;&#039; /tʃ/ &#039;&#039;&#039;j&#039;&#039;&#039; /dʒ/&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Fricative&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;s&#039;&#039;&#039; /s/&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;š&#039;&#039;&#039; /ʃ/&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Nasal&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;m&#039;&#039;&#039; /m/&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;n&#039;&#039;&#039; /n/&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ŋ&#039;&#039;&#039; /ŋ/&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Approximant&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; /w/&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;l&#039;&#039;&#039; /l/&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; /j/&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Front&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Central&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Back&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;High&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;i&#039;&#039;&#039; /i/ &#039;&#039;&#039;ii&#039;&#039;&#039; /iː/&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;u&#039;&#039;&#039; /u/ &#039;&#039;&#039;uu&#039;&#039;&#039; /uː/&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Mid&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;e&#039;&#039;&#039; /e/ &#039;&#039;&#039;ee&#039;&#039;&#039; /eː/&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;o&#039;&#039;&#039; /o/ &#039;&#039;&#039;oo&#039;&#039;&#039; /oː/&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;Low&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039; /a/ &#039;&#039;&#039;aa&#039;&#039;&#039; /aː/&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Suprasegmentals==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
U Bol is unusual among the languages of the Lukpanic Coast in making use of a phonemic stress accent. Stress is left-oriented and may fall on any syllable of a stem or the first syllable of a suffix. Stress position is indicated by an acute accent (á). Some noun and verb stems are listed in the lexicon without an indication of stress position; for these, stress fall syllable of any suffix applied to the stem, or on the first syllable of the stem if no suffix is applied.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Allophony and Phonetic Detail==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The fricatives /s ʃ/ are voiced to [z ʒ] between vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Following a back vowel, /l/ is velarized to [ɫ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some speakers drop the semivowel /j/ before /i/ and otherwise treat it as an allophone of the close-front vowel in careful and formal speech. This is an example of hypercorrection, and is considered nonstandard and generally looked down upon by high-class speakers in cities like Doanu.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some speakers in rural areas toward the western extreme of U Bol&#039;s range retain /k͡p ɡ͡b/ in words of Lukpanic origin, while these have merged with the labial stops /p b/ in most dialects. Speakers in these same areas are also well known for eliding the final vowels of many words of Western origin when they follow a valid coda consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Syllables are usually of the form (C)V, but word-final syllables may have a coda consonant, which may be any one of /p m l/. Pairs of vowels in hiatus are common, but identical short vowels brought into contact through morphological processes contract to a single long vowel. Other homorganic vowels brought into contact are instead separated by an epenthetic stop, either /b/ (between rounded vowels) or /g/ (between unrounded vowels). If a sequence of three vowels is formed, the second is realized allophonically as a semivowel, either [w] (if a rounded vowel) or [j] (if an unrounded vowel). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There is a strong tendency to pronounce vowel sequences as rising diphthongs in rapid or casual speech, and under these conditions /i u/ are phonetically indistinguishable from /j w/ as the first element of a diphthong.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The semivowel /j/, a phoneme absent from many of the languages of the Lukpanic Coast, has a limited distribution in U Bol, occurring only in intervocalic positions except as an allophone of /i/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sound changes from Proto-Coastal-Western==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The dialect of Coastal-Western that provided U Bol with the bulk of its vocabulary shares a common origin with [[Ishoʻu ʻOhu]]. The two varieties probably diverged some time in the 11th or 10th century BP. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===First phase (to c. -1000 YP)===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. LENITION&lt;br /&gt;
* ʎ &amp;gt; i / C_, _C, _#&lt;br /&gt;
* ʎ &amp;gt; j&lt;br /&gt;
* ɫ &amp;gt; u / C_, _C, _#&lt;br /&gt;
* ɫ &amp;gt; l / !_V[+back]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. CLUSTER SIMPLIFICATION&lt;br /&gt;
* pɬ &amp;gt; pʰ&lt;br /&gt;
* tɬ &amp;gt; ʨʰ&lt;br /&gt;
* dɬ &amp;gt; ʥ&lt;br /&gt;
* ɡɬ &amp;gt; ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. TONOGENESIS&lt;br /&gt;
* V[+high] &amp;gt; [+rising] / _ʔ$&lt;br /&gt;
* V[+low] &amp;gt; [+falling] / _ʔ$&lt;br /&gt;
* ʔ &amp;gt; Ø / _$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. CHANGES TO FRICATIVES&lt;br /&gt;
* ɬ &amp;gt; ɕ&lt;br /&gt;
* s &amp;gt; h / V_V, #_&lt;br /&gt;
* z &amp;gt; s&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. PALATALISATION&lt;br /&gt;
* tʰ t d &amp;gt; ʨʰ ʨ ʥ / _i, _u (persistent rule)&lt;br /&gt;
* ʦʰ &amp;gt; s / _i&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6. LABIALISATION&lt;br /&gt;
* ʔ &amp;gt; p / _uV&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7. LOSS OF /h/&lt;br /&gt;
* h[+stop] &amp;gt; [+stop +tenuis]&lt;br /&gt;
* h &amp;gt; ʔ / #_&lt;br /&gt;
* h &amp;gt; Ø / (aspirated stops unaffected)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Second phase (to c. -200 YP)===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. DEVELOPMENT OF LONG VOWELS&lt;br /&gt;
* Identical vowels in hiatus contract to a single long vowel&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. LOSS OF VELAR FRICATIVES&lt;br /&gt;
* x &amp;gt; ɕ (possibly by way of ç and/or ʝ)&lt;br /&gt;
* ɣ &amp;gt; j&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. DEAFFRICATION OF ALVEOLAR AFFRICATES&lt;br /&gt;
* ʦʰ ʦ &amp;gt; s&lt;br /&gt;
* ʣ &amp;gt; z&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. VOWEL LENGTHENING&lt;br /&gt;
* Short vowels lengthened before voiced stops and fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. LOSS OF FRICATIVE VOICING DISTINCTION&lt;br /&gt;
* Ø &amp;gt; V / #_{z, ʒ}V&lt;br /&gt;
* s ʃ &amp;gt; z ʒ / V_V&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6. STOP PHONATION SHIFT&lt;br /&gt;
* C[+stop +tenuis] &amp;gt; C[+stop +voice] / V_V&lt;br /&gt;
* C[+aspiration] &amp;gt; C[+tenuis]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7. TONE CONTOUR TO LENGTH&lt;br /&gt;
* Short vowels with rising or falling tone become long&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels with high or low tone shift to falling or rising tone, respectively&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
8. INITIAL /j/ VOCALIZATION&lt;br /&gt;
* j &amp;gt; i / #_&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
9. LOSS OF GLOTTAL STOP&lt;br /&gt;
* ʔ &amp;gt; Ø&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
10. HOMORGANIC VOWEL HIATUS RESOLUTION&lt;br /&gt;
* Identical short vowels contract to a single long vowel&lt;br /&gt;
* Other homorganic vowels in hiatus are separated by an epenthetic stop&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
11. DEVELOPMENT OF PHONEMIC STRESS&lt;br /&gt;
* Stress moves to the first syllable in a word with rising tone&lt;br /&gt;
* If a word has no syllable with rising tone, stress falls on the first high-tone syllable that follows a syllable with low or falling tone&lt;br /&gt;
* If a word has no other syllable to attract stress, it falls on the first high-tone syllable&lt;br /&gt;
* Tone ceases to be distinctive&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
12. LOSS OF PALATAL NASAL&lt;br /&gt;
* ɲ &amp;gt; ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Morphology=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite massive relexification, the inflectional morphology of U Bol remains mostly identical to that of contemporary Doanu Lukpanic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbal Morphology==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
U Bol verbal morphology is agglutinative, with inflectional suffixes filling one of four available &amp;quot;slots.&amp;quot; When the initial vowel of a suffix is identical to the final vowel of the stem, an epenthetic stop (indicated in parentheses) is inserted to break up the hiatus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Slot 1===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first slot for suffixes combines information about agency and aspect: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*The suffix -&#039;&#039;&#039;(k)ai&#039;&#039;&#039; indicates timeless or recurring natural processes, or general states of affairs: &#039;&#039;&#039;mitólai iéesi&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;the river flows.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*-&#039;&#039;&#039;(p)uši&#039;&#039;&#039; is used for distinct physical actions or events, including natural events: &#039;&#039;&#039;aagóuši&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;it&#039;s raining;&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;bíuši séyošupuši&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;[they] are building a wall.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*-&#039;&#039;&#039;(k)iŋi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used for habitual actions (as part of one&#039;s profession, etc.): &#039;&#039;&#039;kuubáiŋi&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;[he] is a hunter;&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;bíkiŋi némali&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;[he] builds ships.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Slot 2===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second slot marks information about tense, aspect and mood. All examples are given in the &#039;&#039;&#039;-uši&#039;&#039;&#039; form.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*The unmarked form marks the present or foreseeable future, or recent or ongoing past activity.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;-(p)ul&#039;&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;-(p)o-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a consonant, is used for the completed past: &#039;&#039;&#039;bíušiul némali&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;[he] built a boat;&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;aagóušiul&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;it rained.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;-gil&#039;&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;-(g)e-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a consonant is used for the speculative future or irrealis states: &#039;&#039;&#039;asalaúšigil áse íali&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;the woman may stab her husband.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;-mau&#039;&#039;&#039; marks plans or volitions: &#039;&#039;&#039;bíušimau némali&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;[I&#039;m] going to build a boat.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Slot 3===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The third slot marks evidentiality.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*The unmarked form indicates general knowledge, or leaves the source of knowledge unspecified.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;-da&#039;&#039;&#039; indicates directly witnessed information: &#039;&#039;&#039;mitólušioda iéesi&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;the river was flowing [I saw it].&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;-bita&#039;&#039;&#039; indicates inference or hearsay: &#039;&#039;&#039;bíkiŋibita némali&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;He builds boats [apparently; so I heard].&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Slot 4===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The fourth slot marks negation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*The unmarked form is positive.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;-ki&#039;&#039;&#039; is the strong negative (used for things distinctly known to be negative): &#039;&#039;&#039;bíušimauki némali&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I am not going to build a boat.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;-(k)ip&#039;&#039;&#039; is the weak negative (to indicate uncertainty or indistinct states): &#039;&#039;&#039;asalaúšigilip áse íali&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I don&#039;t think the woman will stab her husband.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Agentive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any verb can be converted into an agentive noun (&amp;quot;doer of X&amp;quot;) by adding the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-aw&#039;&#039;&#039;. The first slot is typically left blank in these constructions: &#039;&#039;&#039;mitólaw&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;something that flows;&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;némali bímaukew&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;one who isn&#039;t going to build a boat.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Gerund===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The gerund is formed by adding the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-(k)i&#039;&#039;&#039;. Slots 1 and 2 are always left blank; but negation or, rarely, the evidentiality suffixes may be included: &#039;&#039;&#039;iéesi mitóli&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;the flowing river;&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;náipol úwoubai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;the vomiting baby;&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;áse sedádai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;the woman [that I see is] singing.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*The negative &#039;&#039;&#039;-ki&#039;&#039;&#039; combines with the gerund suffix as &#039;&#039;&#039;-kui&#039;&#039;&#039; rather than the expected *&#039;&#039;kiki&#039;&#039;: &#039;&#039;&#039;áse sedákui&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;the woman who is not singing.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Verbal Noun===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The verb in its unmarked form is a verbal noun: &#039;&#039;&#039;pamibáušiul na kuubáli&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I witnessed the hunting&amp;quot; (the verb here bears an accusative suffix).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Nominal Morphology==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
U Bol nouns take only one inflectional suffix, &#039;&#039;&#039;-li&#039;&#039;&#039;, which marks the accusative case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Numerals=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
U Bol makes use of the base eight number system common to the Western language family. Furthermore, the cardinal numbers in U Bol take suffixes indicating the type of object being counted, a vestige of the Western noun class system which is otherwise absent from the language. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! Class I&lt;br /&gt;
! Class II&lt;br /&gt;
! Class III&lt;br /&gt;
! Class IV&lt;br /&gt;
! Class V&lt;br /&gt;
! Class VI&lt;br /&gt;
! Class VII&lt;br /&gt;
! Ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 1&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taagoogé&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taagéyata&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taagéye&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taagóga&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taagóga&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taagówo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taagési&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taagoogú&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 2&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saasé&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;síyata&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;síye&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sída&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sísa&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súwo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sísi&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;suujú&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 3&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nouguugé&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nóuguyata&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nóuguye&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nóuguga&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nóuguga&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nóuguwo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nóugusi&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nouguugú&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 4&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mesaasé&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;meséyata&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;meséye&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mesáda&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mesása&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mesówo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mesési&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mesoogú&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 5&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uugaasé&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uugéyata&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uugéye&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uugáda&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uugása&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uugówo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uugési&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uugoogú&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 6&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;míisiise&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;míisiyata&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;míisiye&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;míisida&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;míisisa&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;míisuwo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;míisisi&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;míisuuju&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 7&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;neisiisé&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;néisiyata&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;néisiye&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;néisida&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;néisisa&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;néisuwo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;néisisi&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;neisuujú&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 10 &amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;8&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ŋayoogé&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ŋáyeyata&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ŋáyeye&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ŋáyoga&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ŋáyoga&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ŋáyowo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ŋáyesi&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ŋayoogú&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[U_Bol/Lexicon|U Bol Lexicon]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Mhakh_Thandim/Lexicon&amp;diff=12733</id>
		<title>Mhakh Thandim/Lexicon</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Mhakh_Thandim/Lexicon&amp;diff=12733"/>
		<updated>2016-02-27T08:09:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The following is a lexicon of [[Mhakh Thandim]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Part of Speech Abbreviations:&lt;br /&gt;
* adj. - adjective&lt;br /&gt;
* adv. - adverb&lt;br /&gt;
* conj. - conjunction&lt;br /&gt;
* dem. - demonstrative&lt;br /&gt;
* int. - interjection&lt;br /&gt;
* n. an. - animate noun&lt;br /&gt;
* n. ac. - animate collective noun&lt;br /&gt;
* n. ic. - inanimate count noun&lt;br /&gt;
* n. im. - inanimate mass noun&lt;br /&gt;
* num. - numeral&lt;br /&gt;
* pre. - preposition&lt;br /&gt;
* pron. - pronoun&lt;br /&gt;
* qtf. - indefinite quantifier&lt;br /&gt;
* vi. - intransitive verb&lt;br /&gt;
* vt. - monotransitive verb&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Vocabulary=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;bg4 l bold&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| MT || IPA || PoS || gloss || Irregular Forms&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ârsí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /a̤rsi/ || n. ic. || sharp point, tip ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;átaun&#039;&#039;&#039; || /atʰaʊ̯n/ || n. im. || a genre of historical stories ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /aɪ̯/ || vt. || want ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;âi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /a̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || blood || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;âingga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /a̤ɪ̯ŋɡə/ || n. im. || menstrual blood || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;au&#039;&#039;&#039; || /aʊ̯/ || adv. || too, also, as well ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;au&#039;&#039;&#039; || /aʊ̯/ || vt. || swallow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə/ || int. || oh! (vocative particle) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤/ || n. im. || root(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ak’íkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ək&#039;ix/ || n. im. || crystal(s) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;akhnath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əxnəθ/ || n. ic. || canine tooth, eye tooth, fang ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;alam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ələm/ || vt. || fresh-water salmon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;alim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əlɪm/ || vt. || reflect (light) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əm/ || n. an. || lake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əŋ/ || n. im. || rightness, righteousness || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əŋ/ || vi. || be right, be correct, guess correctly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;āg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤k/ || vt. || hurt, wound, injure, harm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ānggén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤ŋgen/ || n. ic. || arrowhead ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ānggí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤ŋgi/ || n. an. || vixen (female fox, less marked) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;anggó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əŋgo/ || n. ic. || vase, amphora, ceramicware for liquids ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ap&#039;ú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əp&#039;u/ || n. an. || knuckle, knuckle bone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ārí&#039;&#039;&#039;|| /ə̤ri/ || n. ic. || spearhead ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ārófu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤rofʊ/ || n. an. || sandstorm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ārung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤rʊŋ/ || n. an. || breast ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;asca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əsʔə/ || n. im. || gypsum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ascikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əsʔɪx/ || n. an. || ankle, talus bone, dice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;asakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əsəx/ || n. an. || wolf ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;asac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əsəʔ/ || n. an. || eagle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;at&#039;í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ət&#039;i/ || n. an. || knee, knee cap || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;akh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əx/ || vi. || return, come back ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əʔ/ || n. im. || rock(s), stone(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;āth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤θ/ || n. im. || color(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;báth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /paθ/ || n. ic. || house, building ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /paɪ̯/ || n. im. || seed(s) (of plants), semen (of animals) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /paʊ̯/ || n. an. || horn (of an animal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;baulā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /paʊ̯lə̤/ || n. an. || weather ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pə/ || vt. || be similar to, be like, resemble ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bab&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəp/ || vi. || stop, halt, cease, come to an end ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bambád&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəmbat/ || n. an. || stream, brook, creek ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bamba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəmbə/ || n. an. || father, paternal uncle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ban&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pən/ || adj. || small ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;banan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pənən/ || n. an. || new moon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;banggí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəŋgi/ || n. an. || bull (male bovine) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bap’ekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəp’ɛx/ || adv. || maybe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;basú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəsu/ || n. im. || daisies ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəθ/ || vt. || switch with, be exchanged for ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pə̤θ/ || n. im. || village, collection of houses ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɛ̤/ || vi. || be intoxicated, be insane, behave erratically ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pi/ || vt. || hint, suggest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɪ/ || vi. || have reached mastery (of a craft or art), be a master ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bid&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɪt/ || vt. || sacrifice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bik&#039;én&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɪk&#039;en/ || n. ic. || fletching (of an arrow) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bombo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɔmbɔ/ || n. an. || infant, baby ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɔŋ/ || n. im. || fruit(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bsaumwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /psaʊ̯mwɪ/ || n. im. || solar eclipse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bsauyān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /psaʊ̯jə̤n/ || n. im. || lunar eclipse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pu/ || n. an. || hand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;búyāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pujə̤θ/ || n. im. || yellow color, yellow pigment ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʊm/ || adj. || good, well ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bumac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʊməʔ/ || n. im. || flint, chert ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bundum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʊndʊm/ || vt. || fix, repair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bwác&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pwaʔ/ || vi. || suffer (from an illness) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bwau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pwaʊ̯/ || n. im. || roof(s), roofing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bwid&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pwɪt/ || n. an. || penis ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔaɪ̯/ || n. ic. || bowl ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔaɪ̯/ || vi. || depart, leave, go away (from listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔaʊ̯/ || vt. || trick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cauphgo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔaʊ̯ɸkɔ/ || n. im. || branch(es) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔə/ || n. ic. || basket ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔə/ || vi. || clap (hands) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔə/ || vt. || request ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔət/ || vi. || bear, give birth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;calí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔəli/ || n. an. || female bird ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔəm/ || vi. || walk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔəθ/ || vt. || carry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔe/ || n. an. || vulva ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔi/ || n. im. || manner, method, way ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔi/ || n. ic. || part, component ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔi/ || qtf. || some, few ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cíwû&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔiwṳ/ || n. ac. || twins ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cód&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔot/ || n. im. || grease, fat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;co&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔɔ/ || adj. || last ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;co&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔɔ/ || vt. || fail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔɔ̤/ || n. ic. || cave ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cúyāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔujə̤θ/ || n. im. || blue, green, blue/green, those colors/pigments ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊ/ || adj. || far, faraway, distant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cuk’a&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊk’ə/ || n. im. || hills ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;culing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊlɪŋ/ || n. im. || noise ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cundith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊndɪθ/ || n. ac. || skeleton, set of bones ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cundung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊndʊŋ/ || vt. || open ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cuph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊɸ/ || vi. || smell, emit odor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cusú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊsu/ || n. an. || hip || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ta/ || vi. || be able ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /taʊ̯/ || vt. || celebrate, honor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tə̤/ || vi. || be cunning, sly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təʔ/ || vt. || extinguish, destroy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tət/ || n. im. || name(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tək/ || vi. || be intelligent, be wise ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təx/ || n. im. || candle(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dambú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təmbu/ || n. an. || rainbow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;danda&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təndə/ || n. an. || mother, maternal aunt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dandí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təndi/ || n. an. || summer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dandu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təndʊ/ || vt. || admit, confess ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tə̤ɸ/ || vt. || pick, select, take ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dat’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tət’əŋ/ || adv. || soon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tə̤θ/ || n. im. || anger ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tə̤θ/ || vi. || be angry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dawō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təwɔ̤/ || n. im. || chimney, smokehole ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;de&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tɛ/ || qtf. || every ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ti/ || n. an. || season ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tí/ || vt. || rub ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;di&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tɪ/ || n. an. || womb, uterus ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;din&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tɪn/ || n. ac. || nation, tribal confederation ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;don&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tɔn/ || vt. || match, be the same as ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dsau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tsaʊ̯/ || n. im. || leaves ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dsec&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tsɛʔ/ || n. an. || planet, wandering star ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dsí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tsi/ || n. an. || mist, fog bank ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tu/ || vi. || go downstream, go downhill, take the easier course of action ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;du&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʊ/ || adj. || really, indeed ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʊm/ || n. an. || ocean ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;duya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʊjə/ || n. im. || midden, waste dump ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dyâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tja̤ʊ̯/ || vi. || kneel, squat, crouch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;e&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛ/ || conj. || or ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛ̤/ || n. im. || feeling, sense, intuition ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ekhcath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛxʔəθ/ || n. ic. || travois, sledge to carry goods ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ekhsa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛxsə/  || n. im. || lacquer, glue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ekht&#039;í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛxt&#039;i/ || n. ic. || rudder (device used to steer a boat) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ekhdá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛxta/ || n. ic. || tool ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;elú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛlu/ || n. im. || free standing wall(s), fortification(s), barrier(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;elû&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛlṳ/ || n. ic. || oar, paddle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;en&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛn/ || vt. || fight ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ērab&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛ̤rəp/ || vi. || sense of touch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fád&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fat/ || n. in. || river ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fálad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /falət/ || n. an. || carp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fándeth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fandɛθ/ || n. ac. || gang, warband, unit (of an army) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fándîm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fandi̤m/ || n. an. || stepchild ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fáph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faɸ/ || n. im. || path, trail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fáth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faθ/ || vi. || happen, occur ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faɪ̯/ || n. an. || spirit, god ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faɪ̯/ || vi. || fall ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faɪ̯/ || vt. || slap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faʊ̯/ || vi. || pass, move on, go forward ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faʊ̯/ || vt. || pour, strew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fafai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fəfaɪ̯/ || n. an. || avalanche, landslide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fafa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fəfə/ || n. an. || brother ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fandeth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fəndɛθ/ || n. ac || army, militia || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fəŋ/ || num. || five ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fanggau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fəŋgaʊ̯/ || vi. || be together, be in a group ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɛ/ || vt. || herd ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;feth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɛθ/ || n. an. || warrior, soldier ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fífí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fifi/ || n. an. || son ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fíth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fiθ/ || n. ic. || stalk, stem ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fíthyâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fiθja̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || right side, the right (direction) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɪ/ || dem. || this, that (inanimate) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɪ/ ||  vt. || wrap around ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fgau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fkaʊ̯/ ||  n. ic. || trap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;flaló&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fləlo/ || n. ic. || water pot (for scoring clay) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;flic&#039;&#039;&#039; || /flɪʔ/ || n. ic. || musical instrument (general category) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fólú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /folu/ || n. ic. || poplar tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fóm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fom/ || n. im. || snot, nasal mucous ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔ/ || n. ic. || pan ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fōb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔ̤p/ || n. an. || skin(s), bark (of a tree) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fokht’éph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔxt’eɸ/ || n. an. || beetle || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;folú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔlu/  || n. im. || grove of poplars ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔŋ/ || vt. || sing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fōsó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔ̤so/ || n. im. || counting beans ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;foth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔθ/ || n. im. || gills ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;frau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fraʊ̯/ || n. ic. || knife, blade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;frambau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /frəmbaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || ford, river crossing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;frén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fren/ || n. im. || cycle, recurring event or process || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fu/ || n. ic. || bag, waterskin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fu/ ||  vi. || be blind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fúm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fum/ || vi. || melt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fʊ/ || n. an. || wind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fundau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fʊndaʊ̯/ || vt. || join, be with, bring (a person) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fwēc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fwɛ̤ʔ/ || n. im. || beads, money ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fwíg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fwik/ || vt. || think about, consider ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fwín&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fwin/ || n. im. || luck, good fortune ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kə̤/ || vi. || be in pain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gak’ókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kək’ox/ || vt. || hunt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;galí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəli/ || n. an. || magpie ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəm/ || n. ic. || drum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gandath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəndəθ/ || n. ac. || parents, same-sex parental siblings ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ganga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəŋə/ || vt. || applaud ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ganggé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəŋge/ || n. ic. || rowan tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gangge&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəŋgɛ/ || n. im. || grove of rowans ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ganggen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəŋgɛn/ || adj. || different, unusual, another ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ganggith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəŋgɪθ/ || n. an. || snow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gayān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəjə̤n/ || n. im. || menstrual period ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gê&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ke̤/ || n. im. || home, shelter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ge&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɛ/ || n. an. || eye || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɛn/ || vi. || be different, be unusual, be another ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gfa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kfə/ || n. ic. || shoe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gín&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kin/ || n. ic. || arrow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gíyāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kijə̤θ/ || n. im. || red color, red pigment ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;giblíc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɪpliʔ/ || adj. || salted, pickled ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gilí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɪli/ || n. an. || thrush ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;githpom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɪθpʰɔm/ || n. an. || skull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;giyî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɪji̤/ || n. an. || fresh-water eel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gli&#039;&#039;&#039; || /klɪ/ || pron. || they ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kox/ || vi. || hunt, go hunting, be a hunter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;góyêkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /koje̤x/ || n. ic. || shrine, temple ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gsac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ksəʔ/ || n. im. || bread ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gso&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ksɔ/ || num. || second ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ku/ || n. ic. || door, entry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kwɪ/ || n. an. || brain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gyai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kjaɪ̯/ || vt. || imagine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gyo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kyɔ/ || vt. || count ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;há&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ha/ || vi. || go down, descend, climb down ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hákh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hax/ || n. an. || liver ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haɪ̯/ || adv. || then (past) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haɪ̯/ || pron. || we, us ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ha̤ɪ̯/ || adv. || recently ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Haifai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haɪ̯faɪ̯/ || n. an. || sky goddess ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haʊ̯/ || vi. || call, shout ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ha̤ʊ̯/ || vt. || shout, cry out (of a word or sound) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;haumam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haʊ̯məm/ || n. im. || dust ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hausikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haʊ̯sɪx/ || n. an. || (entire) leg ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həx/ || n. ic. || mortar (tool for grinding) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həx/ || vt. || hew (with an ax) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Halsa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /Həlsə/ || n. im. || place of spiritual punishment, hell ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ham&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həm/ || vi. || seem ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;han&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hən/ || n. an. || moon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;handā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həndə̤/ || n. ac. || swarm of spiders, nest of spiders ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;handag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həndək/ || n. ac. || pride of cats ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;handú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həndu/ || n. ac. || siblings ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hanō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hənɔ̤/ || n. an. || snake || pl. xúyā&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hara&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hərə/ || n. an. || ear || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hasā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həsə̤/ || n. an. || goose ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həθ/ || qtf. || each ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /he/ || n. im. || ground, floor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /he/ || vi. || suffer a seizure, stroke, or similar attack ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hém&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hem/ || vi. || be fast, be quick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hen/ || vi. || feel homesick, nostalgic ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɛ/ || n. an. || mouse, rat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɛ̤/ || vt. || feel, sense ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hi/ || num. || two ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hi/ || vi. || listen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;híc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hiʔ/ || vt. || rape ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hím&#039;&#039;&#039; || /him/ || vt. || marry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;híyakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hijəx/ || n. an. || spleen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hig&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɪk/ || n. an. || chin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɪx/ || n. im. || voice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɪŋ/ || n. im. || threat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɪŋ/ || vt. || threaten ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɪɸ/ || vt. || realize, become aware of, understand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hlau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hlaʊ̯/ || vt. || beg ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hla&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hlə/ || vt. || improve, make perfect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hlig&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hlɪk/ || n. an. || mind, thoughts ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hox/ || n. an. || woman || pl. cau&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hóth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hoθ/ || vi. || forage, be a forager ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ho&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔ/ || vt. || touch, come in contact with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔ̤/ || n. im. || hole(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;holán&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔlan/ || n. im. || moonflower(s) (night-blooming flower types) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;holég&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔlek/ || n. an. || sow (female pig; less marked) || pl. kā&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;holath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔləθ/ || n. im. || grove of ash trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hon&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔn/ || vt. || seize, take over, conquer, take by force ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔŋ/ || n. im. || place, area, region ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;horâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔra̤ʊ̯/ || n. ac. || buttocks ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hoth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔθ/ || n. ac. || married couple ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hri&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hrɪ/ || adv. || now ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hu/ || num. || eighteen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hu/ || vi. || pilot, navigate (a canoe or raft) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hu/ || vt. || meet ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hû&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hṳ/ || vi. || defecate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;húb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hup/ || n. ic. || festival, feast, holiday ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;húyakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hujəx/ || n. an. || mistress, lover ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;húyākh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hujə̤x/ || n. ic. || ax ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊ/ || adv. || only, merely, barely, just, simply ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊ/ || vt. || break ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊ̤/ || n. an. || lungs ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊ̤/ || vt. || be perpendicular to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊp/ || vt. || eat, consume ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊʔ/ || vt. || kick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊm/ || n. im. || thunder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;humrófu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊmrofʊ/ || n. an. || thunderstorm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hun&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊn/ || vt. || sew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huyîkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊji̤x/ || n. ic. || loom ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hwuth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hwʊθ/ || n. im. || sand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hwuthca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hwʊθʔə/ || n. im. || earwax ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /i/ || vi. || breathe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /i/ || vt. || drip on ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;î&#039;&#039;&#039; || /i̤/ || n. an. || fish(es) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;î&#039;&#039;&#039; || /i̤/ || n. im. || beauty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;î&#039;&#039;&#039; || /i̤/ || vi. || be beautiful, be pretty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ínggókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /iŋgox/ || n. an. || hunter, predatory animal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ínggen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /iŋgɛn/ || n. an. || stranger, foreigner ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;írau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /iraʊ̯/ || n. an. || prisoner, captive, hostage, slave ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ísí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /isi/ || n. an. || leader, guide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ít’ukh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /it’ʊx/ || n. an. || sage, priest, shaman ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;im&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪm/ || vt. || shine on ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;īndaní&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪ̤ndəni/ || n. an. || mosquito(es) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;īnīn&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪ̤nɪ̤n/ || n. an. || daughter(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪŋ/ || adj. || short ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪɸ/ || vt. || praise ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iríph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪriɸ/ || vt. || complain about, protest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iráng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪraŋ/ || vi. || be wrong ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;īwū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪ̤wṳ/ || n. ic. || adze ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iyak’íkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪjək’ix/ || n. ic. || jewel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’au&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’aʊ̯/ || vt. || give in trade, offer in trade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ə̤/ || n. im. || pain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ət/ || n. im. || flesh, meat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’alí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’əli/ || n. an. || hawk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’andath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’əndəθ/ || n. ac. || grandparents ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’əŋ/ || vi. || stay, remain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’é&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’e/ || n. ic. || mountain peak, crest of a hill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’e&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɛ/ || conj. || but ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’e&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɛ/ || vt. || hit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɛ̤/ || n. ic. || bucket ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’i/ || n. an. || beak ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’íkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ix/ || n. an. || hail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’i&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪ/ || vt. || warn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ib&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪp/ || adj. || white, light (in color) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ibac || /k’ɪpəʔ/ || n. im. || chalk, calcium ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’imāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪmə̤θ/ || n. im. || white color, white pigment ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’in&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪn/ || vi. || itch, be annoying ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’indó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪndo/ || n. im. || vetches, patch of vetches ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪθ/ || n. an. || bone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;uph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k&#039;ʊɸ/ || vi. || stink ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰaʊ̯/ || n. an. || bear || pl. hâi&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ka&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰə/ || dem. || this, that (animate) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰə̤/ || n. an. || sky ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰək/ || vt. || waste, squander ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəx/ || vt. || lead, govern, rule, control ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kalalai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰələlaɪ̯/ || n. an. || catfish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kamban&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəmbən/ || adj. || common ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kambikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəmbɪx/ || adj. || private, personal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kambú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəmbu/ || adj. || yellow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kambum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəmbʊm/ || conj. || relativizer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kandafú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəndəfu/ || adj. || coarse, rough ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kandalo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəndəlɔ/ || adj. || fine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kandaná&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəndəna/ || adj. || smooth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kandí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəndi/ || adj. || fragrant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəŋ/ || vt. || hinder, block ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kanggí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəŋgi/ || adj. || red ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kbán&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰpan/ || n. im. || homeland ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kbau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰpaʊ̯/ || conj. || complimentizer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰta/ || adj. || industrious, diligent, hardworking ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtəʔ/ || adj. || massive, heavy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtəm/ || adj. || full ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdarokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtərɔx/ || n. im. || firewood ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdasí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtəsi/ || adj. || sharp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdeth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtɛθ/ || n. im. || bronze, bronzeware ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdónâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtona̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || shore, riverbank ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtʊ̤/ || adj. || blunt, dull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kê&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰe̤/ || vt. || dwell in, live in ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ked&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɛt/ || vt. || judge, conclude, decide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɛx/ || vi. || be pregnant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;keng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɛŋ/ || vi. || depart, leave, go away (from speaker) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;keth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɛθ/ || n. an. || fire ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰi/ || adj. || dry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰi/ || n. an. || bird ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰi̤/ || vt. || respect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kícókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰiʔox/ || n. an. || wife ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kîcoléng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰi̤ʔɔleŋ/ || n. an. || boar (male pig) || pl. k’ujā&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kícom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰiʔɔm/ || n. an. || belly, abdomen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kírû&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰirṳ/ || n. an. || husband ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kísani&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰisənɪ/ || n. im. || minority ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kíwom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰiwɔm/ || n. an. || face ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ki&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɪ/ || pron. || he, she, it ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kig&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɪk/ || n. im. || cry, cries ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kirú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɪru/ || vt. || disagree with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɪθ/ || vt. || drink ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kiyong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɪjɔŋ/ || n. ic. || room, hall, compartment of a house ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kla&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰlə/ || adj. || crooked, bent, unusable (of a tool) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kli&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰlɪ/ || adj. || hollow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;klú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰlu/ || vt. || lie, tell a lie to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;klúph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰluɸ/ || adj. || straight ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;klu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰlʊ/ || vt. || destroy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kmalau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰm̥əlaʊ̯/ || adj. || bad ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kmā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰm̥ə̤/ || adj. || dear, expensive, precious ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kmirâ&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰm̥ɪra̤/ || adj. || cheap, inexpensive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;knai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰn̥aɪ̯/ || vt. || distribute, share ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kné&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰn̥e/ || n. im. || salvation, rescue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰŋ̊u/ || adj. || blue, green, blue/green ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kô&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰo̤/ || vt. || borrow (temporary transfer of possession in either direction) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kóláth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰolaθ/ || n. ic. || ash tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰu/ || adj. || middle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰu/ || vt. || agree with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kúc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰuʔ/ || adj. || empty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kúng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰuŋ/ || vt. || struggle, strive toward ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kwau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰwaʊ̯/ || n. im. || disease, illness ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xa/ || vt. || reach, arrive at ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xaʊ̯/ || adj. || hot, warm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kha&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xə/ || adv. || completely, well ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xə̤/ || n. an. || spider ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xək/ || n. an. || cat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khalí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xəli/ || n. an. || crow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xəθ/ || n. an. || male dog ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xɛ/ || n. an. || anus ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khícau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xiʔaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || shovel, scoop ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khíth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xiθ/ || vi. || be fair, be honorable, be just ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khic&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xɪʔ/ || vt. || play (music) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xo/ || n. ic. || pot, ceramic vessel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xu/ || n. im. || blister(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xɪx/ || n. an. || ram (male sheep) || pl. hujā&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xɪn/ || n. im. || occupation, role ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khirúb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xɪrup/ || vi. || fast (abstain from eating) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lámman&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lammən/ || n. an. || morning ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lán&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lan/ || adj. || new, young ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;láth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /laθ/ || n. ic. || deciduous tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /laʊ̯/ || n. im. || drip, drop(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /laʊ̯/ || vi. || laugh ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;la&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lə/ || vi. || be female, be feminine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lak’im&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lək’ɪm/ || n. im. || limestone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lalau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləlaʊ̯/ || n. im. || size ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lalo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləlɔ/ || n. im. || grime, filth, muck ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lalú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləlu/ || vt. || examine, inspect, investigate, study ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləŋ/ || n. im. || problem ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;langga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləŋgə/ || n. im. || stickiness ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;langgú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləŋgu/ || n. im. || fear, fright ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;langgú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləŋgu/ || vi. || be afraid ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /le/ || vt. || decorate, embellish, gild ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;léph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /leɸ/ || n. an. || river mouth, river delta ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;leg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɛk/ || n. im. || forest of deciduous trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;leg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɛk/ || vi. || smile ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lelí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɛli/ || n. an. || dove, pigeon || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;leth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɛθ/ || vt. || train, practice, learn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /li/ || vi. || be dangerous ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lílā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lilə̤/ || n. an. || cloud ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;li&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɪ/ || vt. || pull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɪn/ || vi. || lie, recline ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;likh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɪx/ || n. im. || cloth, fabric ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɔ/ || vi. || come, approach (towards somewhere other than speaker or listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;loth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɔθ/ || n. ic. || ball, sphere ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lra&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lrə/ || n. an. || termite ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lu/ || vt. || fear, be afraid of ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lʊ/ || vi. || be silent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lʊ/ || vt. || bar, keep out ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lʊp/ || adj. || thick (in dimension) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;luc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lʊʔ/ || vi. || be rough (of weather or water) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;luph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lʊɸ/ || n. an. || toe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;má&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ma/ || vt. || come, approach (towards listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mándú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mandu/ || n. ic. || apple tree || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;máse&#039;&#039;&#039; || /masɛ/ || n. an. || grasshopper ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /maɪ̯/ || n. im. || flour ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /maɪ̯/ || vt. || pray to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;maiwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /maɪ̯wɪ/ || n. im. || peas ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mauyí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /maʊ̯ji/ || n. ic. || beehive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ma&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mə/ || adj. || hard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ma&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mə/ || vi. || die ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mə̤/ || n. an. || elephant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məʔ/ || n. ic. || individual rock, piece of stone, stone block ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mət/ || vi. || be tired ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mək/ || n. im. || sense of taste ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mək/ || vt. || taste, try (of food or drink) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mak’íkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mək’ix/ || n. ic. || individual crystal, piece of crystal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;malā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mələ̤/ || n. an. || turtle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məm/ || n. im. || earth, dirt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mama&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məmə/ || vi. || be lonely ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mamā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məmə̤/ || n. im. || turtle shell, armor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mamikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məmɪx/ || vt. || turn, rotate, revert ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mamúth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məmuθ/ || n. an. || lip ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;man&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mən/ || n. an. || day ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mandag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məndək/ || n. an. || equinox ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mandú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məndu/ || n. im. || apple orchard, grove of apple trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mane&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mənɛ/ || n. ic. || sleeve, leg (of pants) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;manggai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məŋgaɪ̯/ || vi. || pray, meditate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;manggob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məŋgɔp/ || n. an. || winter solstice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;masca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məsʔə/ || n. ic. || piece of gypsum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mbang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mbəŋ/ || n. ic. || nest (of birds) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mbí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mbi/ || n. im. || metal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mbi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mbɪ/ || vi. || grow up, become an adult ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mbō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mbɔ̤/ || n. im. || scales (of a reptile) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /me/ || n. im. || dew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /men/ || vi. || look, look around ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;méng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /meŋ/ || vt. || plot, conspire, scheme ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;me&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɛ/ || vt. || tell, say towards ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mekhsang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɛxsəŋ/ || n. im. || belief, faith, religion ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhásath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥asəθ/ || n. an. || duck ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mháth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥aθ/ || n. im. || egg(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mha&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ə/ || adj. || alone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥əʔ/ || vt. || slaughter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhalath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ələθ/ || n. im. || asters (type of star-shaped flower) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhawō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥əwɔ̤/ || n. im. || ditch(es) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥əx/ || num. || first ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥əθ/ || n. im. || stars ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhírí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥iri/ || n. im. || age, epoch, long time, long period ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhô&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥o̤/ || vt. || order, command, instruct ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mho&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ɔ/ || vt. || cover ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhōb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ɔ̤p/ || n. im. || rash(es), hives, breakout, acne ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ɔx/ || n. im. || valley ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mholókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ɔlox/ || n. im. || lilies (type of flower) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhuwong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ʊwɔŋ/ || n. im. || nut(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mi/ || n. an. || deer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɪ/ || vt. || hold, grasp, catch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɪx/ || vi. || turn around ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mimbíc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɪmbiʔ/ || vi. || turn the tables, seize the advantage (in a negotiation or confrontation) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mirô&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɪro̤/ || vi. || be unimportant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mlau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mlaʊ̯/ || vi. || be bad, behave badly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mlan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mlən/ || n. im. || bay ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɔ̤/ || vi. || be important ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mrai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mraɪ̯/ || n. im. || fingernail(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mro&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mrɔ/ || pron. || it ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mrú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mru/ || n. ic. || single hair, whisker, eyelash ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mu/ || vt. || knead ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;múmbú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mumbu/ || n. im. || dandelions ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;múmú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mumu/ || n. im. || flowers ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;músandai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /musəndaɪ̯/ || n. im. || bed of strawberries ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;múwe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /muwɛ/ || n. im. || cider (alcohol made from apples) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;múwong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /muwɔŋ/ || n. im. || apple(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;muc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mʊʔ/ || vt. || confuse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mummug&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mʊmmʊk/ || n. an. || squirrel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mun&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mʊn/ || n. ic. || spring, well ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mʊŋ/ || pron. || you ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;muyac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mʊjəʔ/ || n. im. || quartz ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mwímbōm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mwimbɔ̤m/ || n. im. || bark cloth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mwɪ/ || n. an. || sun ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;myid&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mjɪt/ || vi. || be brave, be courageous ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ná&#039;&#039;&#039; || /na/ || vt. || exceed, surpass, be greater than ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nám&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nam/ || n. im. || excitement ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nám&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nam/ || vi. || be excited ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /naɪ̯/ || n. ic. || bed, sleeping place ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /naʊ̯/ || vi. || cry, scream ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nə/ || conj. || and, with (of noun phrases) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nə/ || pron. || I, me ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nə̤/ || qtf. || all ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəx/ || n. an. || mare (female horse; less marked) || pl. kan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəx/ || n. im. || wish(es) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəx/ || vt. || wish, hope || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;namba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəmbə/ || n. im. || garden, yard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nandi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəndɪ/ || n. ac. || group ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nandin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəndɪn/ || n. ac. || herd of goats ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nanduth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəndʊθ/ || n. ic. || battle, skirmish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nanakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nənəx/ || n. an. || foal (horse offspring) || pl. fanan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;naneb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nənɛp/ || n. im. || wealth, prosperity ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;naneb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nənɛp/ || vi. || be rich, prosper ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nanú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nənu/ || n. an. || steam || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nangkda&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəŋkʰtə/ || n. an. || smoke ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;narékh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nərex/ || n. an. || magic ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nasîm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəsi̤m/ || n. an. || stepparent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəθ/ || n. im. || teeth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəθ/ || qtf. || both ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nāwe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nə̤wɛ/ || n. im. || perry (alcohol made from pears) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nda/ || n. an. || tiger || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nda/ || vt. || succeed at ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndáph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ndaɸ/ || adj. || weak ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ndaɪ̯/ || vt. || know (a person), be acquainted with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nde/ || qtf. || a lot ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndiŋai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ndɪŋaɪ̯/ || vi. || be unknown ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ndo/ || vi. || stand up (from sitting or lying) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;né&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ne/ || vi. || be safe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;neb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɛp/ || vt. || own, possess ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nec&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɛʔ/ || vi. || win, be victorious ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;neth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɛθ/ || n. an. || kitten ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhándú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥andu/ || n. im. || wall(s) (of a house) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥aʊ̯/ || n. ic. || altar ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhāwong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ə̤wɔŋ/ || n. im. || pear(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ɛ/ || n. an. || tail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥i/ || vi. || sink ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhig&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ɪk/ || n. im. || beard, facial hair |&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ɪx/ || n. an. || foot |||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhothngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ɔθŋu/ || n. ic./n. im. || pants, trousers, lower body clothing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhúyac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ujəʔ/ || n. ic. || mudbrick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ʊ/ || dem. || the other ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhug&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ʊk/ || n. im. || marsh ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhūsaye&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ʊ̤səjɛ/ || n. ic. || corner ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nílob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nilɔp/ || n. an. || winter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nínggí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /niŋgi/ || n. an. || autumn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;níp’i&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nip’ɪ/ || n. an. || spring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ni&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɪ/ || qtf. || many ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɪn/ || n. an. || nannygoat (female goat; less marked) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ninanin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɪnənɪn/ || n. an. || kid (goat offspring) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nithdau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɪθtaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || incisor, front tooth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nithtam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɪθtʰəm/ || n. ic. || molar, back tooth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nle&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nlɛ/ || vi. || float ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nonnong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɔnnɔŋ/ || n. an. || girl || pl. cí&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nono&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɔnɔ/ || n. an. || seagull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nonggín&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɔŋgin/ || n. ic. || notch, nock (of an arrow) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;núngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nuŋu/ || n. ic./n. im. || shirt, upper body clothing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;núsang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nusəŋ/ || n. im. || evidence, proof ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nʊ/ || vt. || push ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nūfai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nʊ̤faɪ̯/ || n. im. || cliff(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nūrau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nʊ̤raʊ̯/ || n. im. || bandage(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nuth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nʊθ/ || vi. || serve, be a servant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;núb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nup/ || vi. || wake up ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nwed&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nwɛt/ || n. im. || south ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nyô&#039;&#039;&#039; || /njo̤/ || n. ic. || pearl ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋaɪ̯/ || qtf. || a little ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋaɪ̯/ || vt. || seek, look for ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngaungau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋaʊ̯ŋaʊ̯/ || n. an || chick, bird offspring, baby bird ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋə/ || n. im. || milk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋən/ || n. an. || nose ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nganí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəni/ || vi. || drown ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nganga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəŋə/ || n. an. || frog ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngangalau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəŋəlaʊ̯/ || vt. || boil ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngangú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəŋu/ || vt. || notice, take note, note ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngaphkí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəɸkʰi/ || n. an. || owl species ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəθ/ || n. an. || nipple ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋə̤θ/ || n. im. || stain, blot, blemish, colored spot ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngêleth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋe̤lɛθ/ || n. ic. || hearth, firepit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nggim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋgɪm/ || n. an. || light, shine, glow, rays ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nggim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋgɪm/ || vi. || shine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nghau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊aʊ̯/ || vi. || sit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngha&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊ə/ || adj. || soft ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nghelí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊ɛli/ || n. an. || heron ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nghō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊ɔ̤/ || vt. || dislike ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nghob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊ɔp/ || n. an. || evening ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngholób&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊ɔlop/ || n. an || firefly || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nghú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊u/ || vi. || appear, become visible ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋi/ || vi. || be kind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nglau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋlaʊ̯/ || vt. || cook ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngláth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋlaθ/ || n. ic. || dot, mark, blemish || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngôth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋo̤θ/ || vt. || pick (of berries, fruits) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngofán&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋɔfan/ || n. im. || rapids (of a river) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋu/ || n. im. || sight, vision ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋu/ || vt. || see ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngúfamo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋufəmɔ/ || n. im. || clothes ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngúth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋuθ/ || n. im. || vengeance, intense rage, vendetta, feud, blood feud, revenge ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋʊ/ || n. im. || east ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋʊp/ || vi. || become old ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngyen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋjɛn/ || n. an. || vagina ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;o&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɔ/ || conj. || and ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɔ̤/ || vt. || forbid, ban ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’aisani&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’aɪ̯sənɪ/ || n. im. || majority ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’əʔ/ || n. im. || feathers, coat of feathers ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’amba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p&#039;əmbə/ || n. an. || grandfather ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’an&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ən/ || adj. || long ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’əŋ/ || vt. || be diagonal to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’andí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p&#039;əndi/ || n. ic. || spear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’əθ/ || vt. || kiss ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’e&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɛ/ || vi. || be male, be masculine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’eyac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɛjəʔ/ || n. im. || granite ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’i/ || vt. || wage, conduct, venture, attempt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’íth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’iθ/ || vt. || influence ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’i&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɪ/ || vi. || grow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’id&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɪt/ || n. im. || acorn(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ig&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p&#039;ɪk/ || vi. || be public ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɪx/ || num. || one ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’iph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɪɸ/ || n. an. || mite ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’iríg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p&#039;ɪrik/ || vi. || be secret ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’o&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɔ/ || n. an. || descendant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’olóm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɔlom/ || n. an. || lion ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’om&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɔm/ || n. ic. || hat, headgear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’om&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p&#039;ɔm/ || vi. || be noble ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’oth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɔθ/ || vt. || donate, give freely, give as a gift ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ʊp/ || vt. || be parallel to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’un&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ʊn/ || adj. || high, tall ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ungk’a&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ʊŋk’ə/ || n. im. || mountain range, mountain(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pád&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰat/ || n. an. || child ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pándad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰandət/ || n. ac. || group of children, all the children, ones children ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰaɪ̯/ || vi. || depart, leave, go away (from somewhere other than speaker or listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰaʊ̯/ || vt. || find, discover, invent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰə/ || vt. || change ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰəx/ || adj. || sick (of living things), rotten (of food and other goods) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pamban&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰəmbən/ || vt. || clean up ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰən/ || vt. || wash, clean ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pdékh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰtex/ || n. an. || soul, spirit || pl. sa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɛ/ || n. im. || beer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pēc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɛ̤ʔ/ || vt. || receive in trade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;peg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɛk/ || vt. || thank ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɛx/ || vi. || not, be not ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pgo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰkɔ/ || n. ic. || stick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰi/ || vi. || jump, leap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pílath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰiləθ/ || n. im. || grove of beech trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;píyi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰijɪ/ || n. ic. || beech tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɪm/ || vi. || be talented, have talent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ping&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɪŋ/ || vt. || like ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;plíc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰliʔ/ || vi. || taste salty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰo/ || vt. || reply, respond ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰu/ || n. an. || friend, companion ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;púyad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰujət/ || n. an. || orphan ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;púyú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰuju/ || n. an. || enemy (a person) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰʊŋ/ || n. im. || fate, destiny ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pwa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰwə/ || n. an. || maternal uncle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pwekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰwɛx/ || vt. || refuse, deny ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pwing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰwɪŋ/ || vt. || love ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || hammer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸaʊ̯/ || num. || four ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pha&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸə/ || vt. || row ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸə̤/ || n. im. || dough ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸen/ || n. ic. || oak tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phem&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸɛm/ || vt. || bake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸɪ/ || vt. || go between, pass between, be between ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phid&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸɪt/ || n. im. || oak woodland ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸɪŋ/ || vi. || be peaceful ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸo/ || vt. || overlook, offer a view of ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸɔm/ || n. an. || head ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸu/ || n. im. || north ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phúngan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸuŋən/ || n. an. || trunk (of an elephant or anteater) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phúyâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸuja̤ɪ̯/ || n. an. || midday, noon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phundú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸʊndu/ || vt. || close ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rán&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ran/ || vi. || undress, go naked, denude ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /raɪ̯/ || vi. || yawn, gape ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;railau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /raɪ̯laʊ̯/ || n. an. || rain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;raisau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /raɪ̯saʊ̯/ || n. ic. || circle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;raiyâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /raɪ̯ja̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || sap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ra&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rə/ || n. im. || power, influence, ability, strength ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ra&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rə/ || vt. || exert influence on, have an impact on ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rək/ || n. an. || cow (female bovine) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəx/ || n. an. || wing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ralai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəlaɪ̯/ || n. im. || fungus, mushroom(s), fairy ring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rama&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəmə/ || vt. || kill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ramamwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəməmwɪ/ || n. an. || sunset, sundown, late afternoon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ramba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəmbə/ || n. an. || paternal aunt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;randag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəndək/ || n. ac. || herd of cows, herd of cattle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;randau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəndaʊ̯/ || n. im. || plain (geographical) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rangammwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəŋəmmwɪ/ || n. an. || daybreak, sunrise, dawn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ranggé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəŋge/ || vi. || be poor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ranggeth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəŋgɛθ/ || n. an. || ember ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ranggí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəŋgi/ || n. an. || summer solstice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;raríth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəriθ/ || vt. || attack, assault ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rayacau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəjəʔaʊ̯/ || n. an. || puppy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rayag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəjək/ || n. an. || calf (bovine offspring) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rayirú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəjɪru/ || vt. || curse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rayu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəjʊ/ || vt. || bless ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;re&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɛ/ || vt. || lack, miss, be without ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rendá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɛnda/ || n. an. || newt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;reph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɛɸ/ || n. an. || boy || pl. mhe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ríkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rix/ || vi. || flow, blow (of gasses or liquids) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ríwau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /riwaʊ̯/ || n. an. || freezing cold, freezing weather ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ríyān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rijə̤n/ || n. an. || male fox ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɪ/ || n. an. || jaw ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɪɸ/ || n. im. || salt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rlú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rlu/ || vt. || convince, persuade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ró&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ro/ || adj. || big ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rócau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /roʔaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || shield ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rócókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /roʔox/ || n. an. || queen, matriarch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rócoth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /roʔɔθ/ || n. an. || royal couple ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rófu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rofʊ/ || n. an. || storm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rók’ē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rok’ɛ̤/ || n. ic. || barrel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;róla&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rolə/ || n. an. || raven ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rólí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /roli/ || n. an. || king, ruler, chieftain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rómac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /roməʔ/ || n. ic. || megalith ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rómbáth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rombaθ/ || n. ic. || palace, majesting house, dwelling of king/chieftain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rómbāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rombə̤θ/ || n. im. || town; large, permanent village ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rómbí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rombi/ || n. im. || silver ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;róndí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rondi/ || n. an. || year ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rórang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rorəŋ/ || n. im. || promise(s), oath(s), pledge(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;róyān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rojə̤n/ || n. im. || full moon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rôyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ro̤jəŋ/ || n. im. || elation, joy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rôyuyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ro̤jʊjəŋ/ || n. im. || depression, despair, tragedy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ro&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɔ/ || vi. || be special, unique, one-of-a-kind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ro&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɔ/ || vt. || choose, select, settle on, adopt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɔp/ || n. an. || language ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ron&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɔn/ || vt. || recite, tell (a story) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ru/ || aux. v. || cause ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ru/ || vi. || be deaf ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rúmbú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rumbu/ || n. an. || wrist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ru&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊ/ || adj. || holy, sacred ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊ̤/ || vi. || be content, be fullfilled ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊp/ || vt. || roast ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rūm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊ̤m/ || vt. || feed ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rumban&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊmbən/ || n. im. || soap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rusú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊsu/ || n. an. || ancestor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊθ/ || n. an. || mouth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rwau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rwaʊ̯/ || vt. || amuse, joke with, make laugh ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rwilí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rwɪli/ || n. ic. || mask ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ryang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rjəŋ/ || vt. || please, make happy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sa/ || vt. || hide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sáb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sap/ || n. an. || flood ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sácau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saʔaʊ̯/ || n. an. || bitch, female dog (less marked) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sáng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saŋ/ || n. ic. || coniferous tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sáph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saɸ/ || vi. || rest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sásá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sasa/ || n. an. || lizard || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saɪ̯/ || n. im. || word(s), utterance(s), question(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saɪ̯/ || vt. || ask, question, interrogate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saʊ̯/ || n. im. || shape(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saʊ̯/ || n. im. || sense of smell ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saʊ̯/ || vt. || smell, perceive a scent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sa̤ʊ̯/ || vt. || add, mix in ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saurai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saʊ̯raɪ̯/ || n. an. || wet snow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə/ || num. || six ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə/ || vi. || rattle, clatter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə/ || vt. || sculpt, put together, mold ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sət/ || n. im. || time, duration ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səʔ/ || vt. || keep, retain, hold onto ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sacub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səʔʊp/ || n. im. || meal(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sacud&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səʔʊt/ || n. im. || spoils, booty, loot, plunder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;safai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səfaɪ̯/ || n. im. || source, origin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;safeg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səfɛk/ || n. im. || thanks ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;safwing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səfwɪŋ/ || n. im. || love ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sək/ || n. an. || night ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səx/ || n. an. || animal, creature ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sālath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə̤ləθ/ || n. im. || pear orchard, grove of pear trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;salcu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səlʔʊ/ || n. im. || destruction, ruin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saleng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səlɛŋ/ || n. im. || leftovers, remains ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;salî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səli̤/ || n. im. || wonder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;salíth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səliθ/ || n. im. || justice, law enforcement ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;salú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səlu/ || n. im. || center, middle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sambá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmba/ || n. ic. || individual plant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;samba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmbə/ || n. im. || vegetation, plant(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sambi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmbɪ/ || n. im. || crop(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sama&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmə/ || n. im. || death ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;samam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səməm/ || n. im. || clay ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;same&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmɛ/ || n. im. || news, message(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;samid&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmɪt/ || n. im. || offering, sacrifice (not a person or animal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;samô&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmo̤/ || n. im. || order(s), command(s), instruction(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə̤n/ || vi. || teach, be a teacher ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sanān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sənə̤n/ || vt. || teach (something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sandai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səndaɪ̯/ || n. im. || grass ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sandí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səndi/ || n. ac. || line of succession, heirs || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sandí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səndi/ || n. im. || painting(s), mural(s), man made art ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sani&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sənɪ/ || n. im. || quantity ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səŋ/ || n. im. || truth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sāng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə̤ŋ/ || n. im. || coniferous tree forest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sangga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səŋgə/ || vi. || be sticky ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sanggi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səŋgɪ/ || n. im. || warning(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sarāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sərə̤θ/ || n. im. || storage, inventory ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saríph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səɾiɸ/ || n. im. || hate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saríph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səɾiɸ/ || n. im. || offense(s), insult(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saríth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səriθ/ || n. im. || arguement ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sascakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səsʔəx/ || n. an. || sacrificial animal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sasau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səsaʊ̯/ || n. im. || swamp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sasa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səsə/ || n. an. || sister ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sasí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səsi/ || n. im. || dance(s), game(s) (for playing) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sasi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səsɪ/ || n. im. || urine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səθ/ || num. || twelve ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saswo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səswɔ/ || n. ic. || ladder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwaʊ̯/ || n. im. || smell ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwə/ || n. im. || similarity ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawem&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwɛm/ || n. im. || baked goods ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwɪ/ || n. ic. || cloak ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwɪŋ/ || n. im. || peace ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwo/ || n. ic. || window ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwɔŋ/ || n. im. || song ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwu/ || n. an. || fist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwu/ || n. im. || vigil, patrol, watch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwʊm/ || n. an. || late winter/early spring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səjə̤/ || n. im. || turnip(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayāng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səjə̤ŋ/ || n. im. || wound(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saye&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səjɛ/ || n. im. || angle, curve, bend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayec&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səjɛʔ/ || n. im. || end, ending, culmination ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səjɛn/ || n. im. || music ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səji̤/ || n. im. || harvest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səji̤/ || n. im. || respect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayîc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səji̤ʔ/ || n. im. || rape ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayîm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səji̤m/ || n. an. || marriage ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sékh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sex/ || n. an. || flea ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sêyâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /se̤ja̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || coast ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɛ/ || qtf. || no, none ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sec&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɛʔ/ || vt. || finish, complete ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɛn/ || n. im. || fight, conflict ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;seph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɛɸ/ || vt. || spill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;seth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɛθ/ || n. an. || shooting star ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /si/ || vi. || lead, guide, be a leader ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /si/ || vt. || pierce ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /si̤/ || vt. || harvest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;síng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /siŋ/ || n. an. || worm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;síph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /siɸ/ || n. in. || dung ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sísaye&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sisəjɛ/ || n. an. || elbow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;síyala&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sijələ/ || n. ic./n. im. || willow tree, grove of willows ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;si&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪ/ || vi. || urinate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sib&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪp/ || n. im. || war(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪx/ || n. im. || type, kind || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sīláth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪ̤laθ/ || n. ic. || pear tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sīlúph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪ̤luɸ/ || n. ic. || straight line ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪɸ/ || adj. || thin (in dimension), narrow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪɸ/ || vt. || go though, pass through ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siphsikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪɸsɪx/ || n. an. || calf, lower leg ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siphxú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪɸχu/ || n. im. || sinew(s), (length of) string ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sirú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪru/ || vt. || loosen, untie ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪθ/ || n. im. || soup, stew, porridge, mush ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪjə/ || n. an. || louse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;slúsau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /slusaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || rectangle, square ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039; || /so/ || vi. || stand (used as a general copula) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sóndo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sondɔ/ || vt. || put, place, position ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sóri&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sorɪ/ || n. ac. || male genitalia (collectively), testicles and scrotum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sówai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sowaɪ̯/ || n. im. || beans ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;so&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔ/ || vt. || get, receive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔ̤/ || adv. || there ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔp/ || n. an. || tongue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sokhwuth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔxwʊθ/ || n. im. || shoal, shallow (in a body of water) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;soléndai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔlendaɪ̯/ || n. an. || grass snake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;soth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔθ/ || vt. || give ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;srau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sraʊ̯/ || vi. || fly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sréth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sreθ/ || n. ic. || barn, corral, housing for animals ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;srundau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /srʊndaʊ̯/ || vt. || throw, shoot (of an arrow or similar projectile) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;stoth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /stɔθ/ || qtf. || neither ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /su/ || vi. || go upstream, go uphill, take the more difficult course of action ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /su/ || vt. || watch, look at ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súfōm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sufɔ̤m/ || n. an. || waist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súk’ā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /suk’ə̤/ || n. im. || worry, anxiety ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sux/ || vi. || be slow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súmam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /suməm/ || n. im. || mud ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súrí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /suri/ || n. an. || shoulder || pl. tóth&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súrī&#039;&#039;&#039; || /surɪ̤/ || n. im. || intention(s), plan(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súsú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /susu/ || n. an. || bat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súyan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sujən/ || n. im. || glacier ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;su&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊ/ || adj. || near, nearby, close, neighboring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;su&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊ/ || vt. || bind, tie ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊp/ || n. an. || cheek ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sug&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊk/ || n. im. || pool, pond ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;suph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊɸ/ || vt. || punch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;suphsíng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊɸsiŋ/ || n. an. || snail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;suyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊjəŋ/ || n. im. || lie(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;swam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /swəm/ || n. im. || liquid, fluid ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;swo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /swɔ/ || vi. || climb, ascend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sjaɪ̯/ || vt. || demand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sjən/ || vi. || get up (from sitting or lying), rise ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sjo/ || vt. || wait for, await ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sjɔ/ || vt. || chase, pursue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’á&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’a/ || vi. || exist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’án&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’an/ || vi. || become wet, be wet ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ándeph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’andɛɸ/ || n. ac. || swarm of insects, colony of insects ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’aɪ̯/ || n. im. || reason(s), motive(s), explanation ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’auwe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’aʊ̯wɛ/ || n. im. || wine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’auwong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’aʊ̯wɔŋ/ || n. im. || grapes ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’a&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ə/ || vi. || be easy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ə̤/ || vt. || bite ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’anda&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’əndə/ || n. an. || grandmother ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’əŋ/ || adv. || then (in the future) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’é&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’e/ || vt. || split, cleave, divide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’éph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’eɸ/ || n. an. || bug, insect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’e&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɛ/ || qtf. || any ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’i/ || n. an. || thumb ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’i/ || vt. || paint, color, dye ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ím&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’im/ || n. im. || powder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’íth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’iθ/ || vt. || shake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’i&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪ/ || vi. || come, approach (towards speaker) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ikhsau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪxsaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || triangle (shape) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’in&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪn/ || n. im. || wool ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪŋ/ || n. an. || claw ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’irá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪra/ || vi. || be difficult ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪθ/ || n. im. || petals, blossoms ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’o&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɔ/ || vi. || be quiet ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’oth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɔθ/ || qtf. || either ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’únda&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’undə/ || vt. || make, create ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ʊp/ || n. an. || monkey ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’uc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ʊʔ/ || num. || three ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ukh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ʊx/ || vt. || know (facts, how to do something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰa/ || vi. || work ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tâ&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰa̤/ || n. an. || lightning, lightning bolt(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tácā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaʔə̤/ || n. an. || earthworm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;támbú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰambu/ || n. an. || palm of the hand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tánikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰanɪx/ || n. an. || sole of the foot ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tásokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰasɔx/ || n. ic. || pine tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;táth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaθ/ || vt. || look forward to, be excited for ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaɪ̯/ || vt. || say, speak (something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaʊ̯/ || adj. || cold ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaʊ̯/ || vt. || cut ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰa̤ʊ̯/ || vt. || stack, pile up ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tauk’ith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰauk’ɪθ/ || n. im. || frost ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tauyâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaʊ̯ja̤ʊ̯/ || n. im. || shadow, shade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tauyê&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaʊ̯je̤/ || n. im. || land ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ta&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰə/ || vt. || dig || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəʔ/ || vt. || separate, disconnect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəʔə/ || n. an. || earlobe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;takh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəx/ || vt. || rob, steal; pillage, sack ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tambau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəmbaʊ̯/ || vt. || cross ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tambú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəmbu/ || n. an. || collaborator, colleague ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tambu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəmbʊ/ || vi. || swim, keep afloat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰə̤n/ || vt. || prove ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəŋ/ || vt. || talk to, chat with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tasokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəsɔx/ || n. im. || pine forest, pine trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tat’am&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰət’əm/ || vt. || be full of ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tat’íth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰət’iθ/ || n. an. || earthquake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tat’in&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰət’ɪn/ || n. an. || lamb (sheep offspring) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tat’oth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰət’ɔθ/ || qtf. || any of the three ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəθ/ || n. an. || rabbit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;té&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰe/ || n. ic. || bridge ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ténggiph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰeŋgɪɸ/ || vt. || commit incest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tēm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɛ̤m/ || n. im. || courage, bravery ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;terēkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɛrɛ̤x/ || n. im. || gold ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tgi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰkɪ/ || pron. || them (paucal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰi/ || n. an. || arm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰi/ || vt. || play with; dance ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tíd&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰit/ || adv. || here ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tíyā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰijə̤/ || n. im. || charcoal, coal(s) (of a fire) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ti&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪ/ || n. im. || food ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tī&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪ̤/ || n. im. || idea(s), notion(s), purpose(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tīk’ith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪ̤k’ɪθ/ || n. an. || spine, backbone, vertebrae ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪn/ || vt. || believe, accept as truth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tiph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪɸ/ || n. im. || temporary shelter, tent(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tiwom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪwɔm/ || n. an. || neck ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tiyau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪjaʊ̯/ || n. im. || island(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tmung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰm̥ʊŋ/ || pron. || you (paucal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tna&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰn̥ə/ || pron. || us (paucal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tna&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰn̥ə/ || qtf. || all three ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tní&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰn̥i/ || n. an. || fly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tngí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰŋ̊i/ || n. im. || rule(s), law(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰo/ || n. im. || poison ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;to&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɔ/ || pron. || it, they, all of it, all of them (inanimate) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tōc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɔ̤ʔ/ || n. an. || stallion (male horse) || pl. kin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tog&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɔk/ || n. an. || ant || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɔx/ || n. im. || wood (material) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰraɪ̯/ || vt. || declare, announce, proclaim ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰrə/ || vt. || plow, till ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tre&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰrɛ/ || qtf. || none of the three ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰu/ || vt. || start, begin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tû&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰṳ/ || n. an. || man, adult male human || pl. bí&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;túfōm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰufɔ̤m/ || n. im. || human body hair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tûn&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰṳn/ || vi. || be tasty, nourishing (of food) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;túsakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰusəx/ || n. im. || fur(s), pelt(s), animal hair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;túwom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰuwɔm/ || n. im. || human head hair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊ/ || n. an. || fin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tulú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊlu/ || n. im. || slime, any unpleasant, viscous substance ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tun&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊn/ || n. an. || billygoat (male goat) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊŋ/ || n. an. || chest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊŋ/ || vi. || vomit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;turim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊrɪm/ || n. ac. || hostile tribe or village, enemy nation ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tusakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊsəx/ || n. ac. || horde, throng, any large, disorganized group ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tuwú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊwu/ || n. ac. || enemy (as a collective group), &amp;quot;the enemy&amp;quot; ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tuya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊjə/ || n. im. || human feces ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tuyan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊjən/ || n. an. || worthless or uncooperative person, traitor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;twa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰwə/ || n. im. || west ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;twí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰwi/ || vt. || allow, let, permit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θa/ || vi. || shiver ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thám&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θam/ || num. || twenty-four ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θaɪ̯/ || n. im. || butter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θaʊ̯/ || n. im. || grape vine(s), vineyard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tha&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θə/ || conj. || although ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thab&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəp/ || n. an. || finger ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəʔ/ || vt. || take, remove ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəx/ || n. an. || waterfall ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tham&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəm/ || vt. || crush, grind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thandim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəndɪm/ || n. ac. || family, clan, tribe, ethnic group ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thandin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəndɪn/ || n. ac. || flock of sheep and/or goats ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəŋ/ || n. im. || secret(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəŋ/ || vt. || doubt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thaphyâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəɸja̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || left side, the left (direction) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θə̤θ/ || vt. || store, keep, retain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;the&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɛ/ || vi. || kneel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;theb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɛp/ || n. im. || event(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɛx/ || vi. || move around, wander ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;theth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɛθ/ || n. im. || copper ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θi/ || adj. || black, dark (in color) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thílā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θilə̤/ || n. an. || scorpion ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thíph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θiɸ/ || vt. || offend, insult ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thíth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θiθ/ || vt. || argue with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thíyac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θijəʔ/ || n. ic. || pestle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thíyāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θijə̤θ/ || n. im. || black pigment, the color black ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɪ/ || adv. || already ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɪm/ || n. an. || person, individual || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɪn/ || n. an. || ewe (female sheep; less marked) || pl. tná&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θo/ || adj. || strong ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thónda&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θondə/ || vt. || explain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thóyâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θoja̤ʊ̯/ || n. an. || thigh ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thóya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θojə/ || n. ic. || knot ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θu/ || n. im./ic. || thing(s), stuff ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thulí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θʊli/ || n. an. || owl species ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thundam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θʊndəm/ || vt. || fill, load ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thuph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θʊɸ/ || n. an. || heart ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thuyam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θʊjəm/ || adv. || too much, excessively ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /u/ || n. im. || water ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /u/ || vi. || be calm (of weather or water) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /u/ || vt. || intend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;úlí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /uli/ || n. an. || male bird || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;úlí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /uli/ || n. im. || bile ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ûnggín&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ṳŋgin/ || n. ic. || bow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;úyuth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ujʊθ/ || n. im. || saliva, spit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊp/ || adj. || old ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ūn&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊ̤n/ || n. im. || life ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ūn&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊ̤n/ || vi. || live ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;undí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊndi/ || n. an. || legend, story ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊŋ/ || n. im. || help, assistance ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊŋ/ || vt. || help, assist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊɸ/ || vt. || hear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ūph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊ̤ɸ/ || n. im. || sense of hearing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uwa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊwə/ || n. an. || breeze, gust of wind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uwōndum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊwɔ̤ndʊm/ || n. im. || the world, Akana ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uwōngk’uth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊwɔ̤ŋk’ʊθ/ || n. an. || crotch, groin area ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uwūb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊwʊ̤p/ || n. ac. || council, advisers to a ruler ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /waɪ̯/ || n. im. || wheat, grain in general ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /waɪ̯/ || vi. || be ready, get ready, prepare ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;waifu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /waɪ̯fʊ/ || n. an. || breath ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wait’ā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /waɪ̯t’ə̤/ || n. an. || wasp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /waʊ̯/ || n. an. || fingertip ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wə/ || vt. || deserve ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wə̤/ || vt. || guard, protect, nurture, raise (dependent) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wəm/ || n. im. || fertile soil ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wən/ || n. im. || force, pressure ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;warū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wərʊ̤/ || vt. || defeat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wəθ/ || qtf. || the entire ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wathsiya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wəθsɪjə/ || n. im. || nit(s) (louse eggs) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Wekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɛx/ || n. an. || chthonic god of wisdom and magic ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;welā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɛlə̤/ || n. ic. || spider web ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wi/ || pron. || you (plural) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wi/ || vt. || lose, misplace ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɪx/ || n. im. || rope(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wikhfi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɪxfɪ/ || n. im. || blanket(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wiróph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɪroɸ/ || vi. || be hungry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;withgén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɪθken/ || n. ic. || shaft (of an arrow) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;withtí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɪθtʰi/ || n. ic. || shaft (of a spear), handle (of a long-hafted tool) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wlanú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wlənu/ || n. im. || mortar (construction material) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔ/ || vt. || use ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔp/ || vi. || be lazy, unhelpful, useless ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wōc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔ̤ʔ/ || n. im. || value, price ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;won&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔn/ || adv. || rather, somewhat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;woph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔɸ/ || vi. || be full (of food) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wōscayîm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔ̤sʔəji̤m/ || n. im. || brideprice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;woth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔθ/ || n. an. || kidney ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wōyî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔ̤ji̤/ || n. im. || fish skin, fish scales ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wra&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wrə/ || vt. || commit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wu/ || n. an. || bladder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wu/ || vi. || slip, slide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xám&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χam/ || n. an. || centipede, millipede ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χaɪ̯/ || n. an. || wave (of water), splash ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xaundum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χaʊ̯ndʊm/ || n. im. || seashell(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χə/ || n. im. || guts, innards ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χə/ || vt. || step on, step toward ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χət/ || n. im. || ashes ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xāmbú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χə̤mbu/ || n. an. || twilight ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xamen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χəmɛn/ || n. ic. || weapon, sword ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xaníb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χənip/ || n. an. || scabies || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xcúph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χʔuɸ/ || n. an. || cockroach ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χi/ || vi. || burn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xíwūn&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χiwʊ̤n/ || n. an. || widow, widower ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χo/ || n. ic. || table ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χɔ/ || n. im. || omen(s), portent(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χɔp/ || n. an. || darkness ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xon&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χɔn/ || n. an. || game (hunted animal) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xoxolég&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χɔχɔlek/ || n. an. || piglet || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xri&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χrɪ/ || n. an. || stomach ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xúlin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χulɪn/ || n. im. || quest, mission, task ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xúsalú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χusəlu/ || n. an. || torso, trunk of the body ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xusang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χʊsəŋ/ || n. im. || fact(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χwɪ/ || vt. || kindle, ignite, burn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaɪ̯/ || n. ic. || boat, raft ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ja̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || edge, margin, border ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yaica&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaɪ̯ʔə/ || n. ic. || earring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yairí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaɪ̯ri/ || n. ic. || armband ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yairi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaɪ̯rɪ/ || n. ic. || necklace ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yairub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaɪ̯rʊp/ || n. ic. || finger ring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaʊ̯/ || adj. || deep ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yaulalai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaʊ̯ləlaɪ̯/ || n. im. || bottom (of a body of water) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jə/ || adj. || previous, one before ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jə/ || int. || hail! goodbye! ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jə/ || vi. || hail, greet, say goodbye ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jə̤/ || n. im. || cream ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəx/ || n. an. || throat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yale&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəlɛ/ || n. im. || intestine, rectum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yammokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəmmɔx/ || n. im. || flat grassland, meadow, pasture ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jən/ || adj. || next ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jən/ || n. an. || ice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yaŋ&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəŋ/ || n. im. || happiness ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yaŋ&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəŋ/ || vi. || be happy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yayílí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəjili/ || n. im. || vomit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ye&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛ/ || vt. || bend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yēcú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛ̤ʔu/ || n. im. || glass (vitreous substances produced as byproducts of bronze smelting) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yeg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛk/ || vi. || sleep ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yēk’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛ̤k’i/ || n. im. || red obsidian ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛn/ || vt. || have sex with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yēt’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛ̤t’i/ || n. im. || black obsidian ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yeth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛθ/ || vt. || think, reflect, consider, assume ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ji/ || vi. || be thirsty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ji/ || vt. || chew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yímú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jimu/ || n. an. || bee ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yîyē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ji̤jɛ̤/ || n. im. || texture ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɔ/ || vt. || wear (of clothing, armor) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yoth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɔθ/ || n. ic. || oven ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jʊp/ || vi. || be awake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jʊʔ/ || n. im. || emptiness, air ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yunduc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jʊndʊʔ/ || vt. || empty, unload ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jʊjəŋ/ || n. im. || sadness ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jʊjəŋ/ || vi. || be sad ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Serial Verb Constructions=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;bg4 l bold&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| MT || Transitivity || gloss || notes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ba tí&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || imitate || &amp;quot;be similar to play with&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bwác xí&#039;&#039;&#039; || intr. || have a fever || &amp;quot;suffer burn&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cam t’irá&#039;&#039;&#039; || intr. || limp || &amp;quot;walk be difficult&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cau su&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || trap || &amp;quot;trick bind&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāph fi yo&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || put on (of clothes, armor) || &amp;quot;take wrap around wear&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fi mho sá&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || cover or wrap something completely || &amp;quot;wrap cover hide&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fundau thekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || follow || &amp;quot;join move around&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāph wā&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || adopt (a child) || &amp;quot;take protect&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāph cath t’i&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || bring (not a person) || &amp;quot;take carry come&amp;quot; (also used with 2nd and 3rd person motion verbs)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hau lo hú&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || invite || &amp;quot;call come meet&amp;quot; (also used with 1st and 2nd person motion verbs)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hau dāph&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || gather, summon (of people) || &amp;quot;call take&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hau nu&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || challenge, provoke || &amp;quot;call push&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ho hē&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || check, test || &amp;quot;touch feel&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hun bundum&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || mend (of cloth) || &amp;quot;sew fix&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’au pēc&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || barter, trade || &amp;quot;offer and receive (in trade)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kô so&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || borrow || &amp;quot;borrow get&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kô soth&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || lend || &amp;quot;borrow give&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ked k’e āg&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || punish || &amp;quot;judge hit hurt&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ked fai me&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || scold, admonish, reprimand || &amp;quot;judge slap tell&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lau nu&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || make fun of, mock, tease || &amp;quot;laugh push&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;li rú ... soth nga&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || milk || &amp;quot;pull cause ... give milk&amp;quot; (ECM construction)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lin cam&#039;&#039;&#039; || intr. || crawl || &amp;quot;lie walk&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lo hú&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || visit || &amp;quot;come meet&amp;quot; (also used with 1st and 2nd person motion verbs)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mén mikh ngai&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || search, search for || &amp;quot;look turn around seek&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngú ndai&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || recognize || &amp;quot;see know&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’í tai&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || guess, suppose || &amp;quot;venture say&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pai yuyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || regret || &amp;quot;go away be sad&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pí pai&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || escape, flee from || &amp;quot;jump depart&amp;quot; (also used with 1st and 2nd person motion verbs)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syan keng hub yeg lo&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || travel to (a distant location) || &amp;quot;rise go from here eat sleep come to there&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syó ndai&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || expect, anticipate, predict || &amp;quot;await know&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’o cam&#039;&#039;&#039; || intr. || sneak || &amp;quot;be quiet walk&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ta thāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || bury || &amp;quot;dig keep&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tai k’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || promise, swear || &amp;quot;say stay&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tai kang&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || interrupt (through speaking) || &amp;quot;say hinder&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tai ríkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || whisper || &amp;quot;say blow&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tai uph yeth pó&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || discuss, debate, negotiate || &amp;quot;say hear think respond&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tau pan&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || peel || &amp;quot;cut clean&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tau thac&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || cut off, shave off || &amp;quot;cut remove&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wa so&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || earn || &amp;quot;deserve get&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wa soth&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || owe || &amp;quot;deserve give&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;warū su thāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || capture, keep as a hostage || &amp;quot;defeat bind keep&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yeg gyai ngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || dream (about) || &amp;quot;sleep imagine see&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yeth pau&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || remember || &amp;quot;think find&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Lexicography]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Mhakh_Thandim/Lexicon&amp;diff=12732</id>
		<title>Mhakh Thandim/Lexicon</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Mhakh_Thandim/Lexicon&amp;diff=12732"/>
		<updated>2016-02-27T07:53:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The following is a lexicon of [[Mhakh Thandim]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Part of Speech Abbreviations:&lt;br /&gt;
* adj. - adjective&lt;br /&gt;
* adv. - adverb&lt;br /&gt;
* conj. - conjunction&lt;br /&gt;
* dem. - demonstrative&lt;br /&gt;
* int. - interjection&lt;br /&gt;
* n. an. - animate noun&lt;br /&gt;
* n. ac. - animate collective noun&lt;br /&gt;
* n. ic. - inanimate count noun&lt;br /&gt;
* n. im. - inanimate mass noun&lt;br /&gt;
* num. - numeral&lt;br /&gt;
* pre. - preposition&lt;br /&gt;
* pron. - pronoun&lt;br /&gt;
* qtf. - indefinite quantifier&lt;br /&gt;
* vi. - intransitive verb&lt;br /&gt;
* vt. - monotransitive verb&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Vocabulary=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;bg4 l bold&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| MT || IPA || PoS || gloss || Irregular Forms&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ârsí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /a̤rsi/ || n. ic. || sharp point, tip ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;átaun&#039;&#039;&#039; || /atʰaʊ̯n/ || n. im. || a genre of historical stories ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /aɪ̯/ || vt. || want ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;âi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /a̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || blood || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;âingga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /a̤ɪ̯ŋɡə/ || n. im. || menstrual blood || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;au&#039;&#039;&#039; || /aʊ̯/ || adv. || too, also, as well ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;au&#039;&#039;&#039; || /aʊ̯/ || vt. || swallow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə/ || int. || oh! (vocative particle) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤/ || n. im. || root(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ak’íkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ək&#039;ix/ || n. im. || crystal(s) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;akhnath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əxnəθ/ || n. ic. || canine tooth, eye tooth, fang ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;alam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ələm/ || vt. || fresh-water salmon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;alim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əlɪm/ || vt. || reflect (light) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əm/ || n. an. || lake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əŋ/ || n. im. || rightness, righteousness || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əŋ/ || vi. || be right, be correct, guess correctly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;āg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤k/ || vt. || hurt, wound, injure, harm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ānggén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤ŋgen/ || n. ic. || arrowhead ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ānggí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤ŋgi/ || n. an. || vixen (female fox, less marked) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;anggó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əŋgo/ || n. ic. || vase, amphora, ceramicware for liquids ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ap&#039;ú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əp&#039;u/ || n. an. || knuckle, knuckle bone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ārí&#039;&#039;&#039;|| /ə̤ri/ || n. ic. || spearhead ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ārófu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤rofʊ/ || n. an. || sandstorm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ārung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤rʊŋ/ || n. an. || breast ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;asca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əsʔə/ || n. im. || gypsum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ascikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əsʔɪx/ || n. an. || ankle, talus bone, dice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;asakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əsəx/ || n. an. || wolf ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;asac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əsəʔ/ || n. an. || eagle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;at&#039;í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ət&#039;i/ || n. an. || knee, knee cap || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;akh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əx/ || vi. || return, come back ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əʔ/ || n. im. || rock(s), stone(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;āth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤θ/ || n. im. || color(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;báth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /paθ/ || n. ic. || house, building ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /paɪ̯/ || n. im. || seed(s) (of plants), semen (of animals) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /paʊ̯/ || n. an. || horn (of an animal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;baulā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /paʊ̯lə̤/ || n. an. || weather ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pə/ || vt. || be similar to, be like, resemble ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bab&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəp/ || vi. || stop, halt, cease, come to an end ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bambád&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəmbat/ || n. an. || stream, brook, creek ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bamba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəmbə/ || n. an. || father, paternal uncle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ban&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pən/ || adj. || small ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;banan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pənən/ || n. an. || new moon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;banggí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəŋgi/ || n. an. || bull (male bovine) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bap’ekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəp’ɛx/ || adv. || maybe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;basú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəsu/ || n. im. || daisies ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəθ/ || vt. || switch with, be exchanged for ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pə̤θ/ || n. im. || village, collection of houses ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɛ̤/ || vi. || be intoxicated, be insane, behave erratically ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pi/ || vt. || hint, suggest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɪ/ || vi. || have reached mastery (of a craft or art), be a master ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bid&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɪt/ || vt. || sacrifice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bik&#039;én&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɪk&#039;en/ || n. ic. || fletching (of an arrow) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bombo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɔmbɔ/ || n. an. || infant, baby ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɔŋ/ || n. im. || fruit(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bsaumwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /psaʊ̯mwɪ/ || n. im. || solar eclipse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bsauyān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /psaʊ̯jə̤n/ || n. im. || lunar eclipse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pu/ || n. an. || hand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;búyāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pujə̤θ/ || n. im. || yellow color, yellow pigment ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʊm/ || adj. || good, well ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bumac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʊməʔ/ || n. im. || flint, chert ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bundum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʊndʊm/ || vt. || fix, repair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bwác&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pwaʔ/ || vi. || suffer (from an illness) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bwau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pwaʊ̯/ || n. im. || roof(s), roofing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bwid&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pwɪt/ || n. an. || penis ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔaɪ̯/ || n. ic. || bowl ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔaɪ̯/ || vi. || depart, leave, go away (from listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔaʊ̯/ || vt. || trick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cauphgo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔaʊ̯ɸkɔ/ || n. im. || branch(es) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔə/ || n. ic. || basket ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔə/ || vi. || clap (hands) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔə/ || vt. || request ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔət/ || vi. || bear, give birth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;calí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔəli/ || n. an. || female bird ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔəm/ || vi. || walk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔəθ/ || vt. || carry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔe/ || n. an. || vulva ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔi/ || n. im. || manner, method, way ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔi/ || n. ic. || part, component ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔi/ || qtf. || some, few ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cíwû&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔiwṳ/ || n. ac. || twins ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cód&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔot/ || n. im. || grease, fat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;co&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔɔ/ || adj. || last ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;co&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔɔ/ || vt. || fail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔɔ̤/ || n. ic. || cave ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cúyāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔujə̤θ/ || n. im. || blue, green, blue/green, those colors/pigments ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊ/ || adj. || far, faraway, distant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cuk’a&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊk’ə/ || n. im. || hills ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;culing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊlɪŋ/ || n. im. || noise ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cundith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊndɪθ/ || n. ac. || skeleton, set of bones ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cundung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊndʊŋ/ || vt. || open ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cuph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊɸ/ || vi. || smell, emit odor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cusú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊsu/ || n. an. || hip || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ta/ || vi. || be able ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /taʊ̯/ || vt. || celebrate, honor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tə̤/ || vi. || be cunning, sly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təʔ/ || vt. || extinguish, destroy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təd/ || n. im. || name(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tək/ || vi. || be intelligent, be wise ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təx/ || n. im. || candle(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dambú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təmbu/ || n. an. || rainbow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;danda&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təndə/ || n. an. || mother, maternal aunt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dandí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təndi/ || n. an. || summer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dandu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təndʊ/ || vt. || admit, confess ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tə̤ɸ/ || vt. || pick, select, take ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dat’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tət’əŋ/ || adv. || soon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tə̤θ/ || n. im. || anger ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tə̤θ/ || vi. || be angry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dawō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təwɔ̤/ || n. im. || chimney, smokehole ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;de&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tɛ/ || qtf. || every ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ti/ || n. an. || season ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tí/ || vt. || rub ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;di&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tɪ/ || n. an. || womb, uterus ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;din&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tɪn/ || n. ac. || nation, tribal confederation ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;don&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tɔn/ || vt. || match, be the same as ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dsau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tsaʊ̯/ || n. im. || leaves ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dsec&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tsɛʔ/ || n. an. || planet, wandering star ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dsí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tsi/ || n. an. || mist, fog bank ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tu/ || vi. || go downstream, go downhill, take the easier course of action ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;du&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʊ/ || adj. || really, indeed ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʊm/ || n. an. || ocean ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;duya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʊjə/ || n. im. || midden, waste dump ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dyâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tja̤ʊ̯/ || vi. || kneel, squat, crouch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;e&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛ/ || conj. || or ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛ̤/ || n. im. || feeling, sense, intuition ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ekhcath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛxʔəθ/ || n. ic. || travois, sledge to carry goods ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ekhsa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛxsə/  || n. im. || lacquer, glue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ekht&#039;í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛxt&#039;i/ || n. ic. || rudder (device used to steer a boat) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ekhdá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛxta/ || n. ic. || tool ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;elú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛlu/ || n. im. || free standing wall(s), fortification(s), barrier(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;elû&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛlṳ/ || n. ic. || oar, paddle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;en&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛn/ || vt. || fight ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ērab&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛ̤rəp/ || vi. || sense of touch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fád&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fat/ || n. in. || river ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fálad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /falət/ || n. an. || carp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fándeth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fandɛθ/ || n. ac. || gang, warband, unit (of an army) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fándîm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fandi̤m/ || n. an. || stepchild ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fáph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faɸ/ || n. im. || path, trail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fáth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faθ/ || vi. || happen, occur ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faɪ̯/ || n. an. || spirit, god ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faɪ̯/ || vi. || fall ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faɪ̯/ || vt. || slap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faʊ̯/ || vi. || pass, move on, go forward ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faʊ̯/ || vt. || pour, strew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fafai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fəfaɪ̯/ || n. an. || avalanche, landslide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fafa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fəfə/ || n. an. || brother ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fandeth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fəndɛθ/ || n. ac || army, militia || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fəŋ/ || num. || five ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fanggau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fəŋgaʊ̯/ || vi. || be together, be in a group ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɛ/ || vt. || herd ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;feth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɛθ/ || n. an. || warrior, soldier ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fífí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fifi/ || n. an. || son ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fíth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fiθ/ || n. ic. || stalk, stem ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fíthyâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fiθja̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || right side, the right (direction) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɪ/ || dem. || this, that (inanimate) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɪ/ ||  vt. || wrap around ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fgau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fkaʊ̯/ ||  n. ic. || trap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;flaló&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fləlo/ || n. ic. || water pot (for scoring clay) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;flic&#039;&#039;&#039; || /flɪʔ/ || n. ic. || musical instrument (general category) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fólú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /folu/ || n. ic. || poplar tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fóm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fom/ || n. im. || snot, nasal mucous ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔ/ || n. ic. || pan ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fōb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔ̤p/ || n. an. || skin(s), bark (of a tree) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fokht’éph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔxt’eɸ/ || n. an. || beetle || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;folú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔlu/  || n. im. || grove of poplars ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔŋ/ || vt. || sing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fōsó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔ̤so/ || n. im. || counting beans ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;foth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔθ/ || n. im. || gills ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;frau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fraʊ̯/ || n. ic. || knife, blade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;frambau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /frəmbaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || ford, river crossing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;frén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fren/ || n. im. || cycle, recurring event or process || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fu/ || n. ic. || bag, waterskin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fu/ ||  vi. || be blind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fúm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fum/ || vi. || melt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fʊ/ || n. an. || wind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fundau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fʊndaʊ̯/ || vt. || join, be with, bring (a person) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fwēc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fwɛ̤ʔ/ || n. im. || beads, money ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fwíg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fwik/ || vt. || think about, consider ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fwín&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fwin/ || n. im. || luck, good fortune ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kə̤/ || vi. || be in pain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gak’ókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kək’ox/ || vt. || hunt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;galí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəli/ || n. an. || magpie ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəm/ || n. ic. || drum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gandath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəndəθ/ || n. ac. || parents, same-sex parental siblings ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ganga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəŋə/ || vt. || applaud ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ganggé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəŋge/ || n. ic. || rowan tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gangge&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəŋgɛ/ || n. im. || grove of rowans ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ganggen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəŋgɛn/ || adj. || different, unusual, another ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ganggith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəŋgɪθ/ || n. an. || snow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gayān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəjə̤n/ || n. im. || menstrual period ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gê&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ke̤/ || n. im. || home, shelter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ge&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɛ/ || n. an. || eye || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɛn/ || vi. || be different, be unusual, be another ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gfa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kfə/ || n. ic. || shoe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gín&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kin/ || n. ic. || arrow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gíyāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kijə̤θ/ || n. im. || red color, red pigment ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;giblíc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɪpliʔ/ || adj. || salted, pickled ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gilí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɪli/ || n. an. || thrush ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;githpom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɪθpʰɔm/ || n. an. || skull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;giyî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɪji̤/ || n. an. || fresh-water eel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gli&#039;&#039;&#039; || /klɪ/ || pron. || they ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kox/ || vi. || hunt, go hunting, be a hunter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;góyêkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /koje̤x/ || n. ic. || shrine, temple ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gsac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ksəʔ/ || n. im. || bread ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gso&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ksɔ/ || num. || second ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ku/ || n. ic. || door, entry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kwɪ/ || n. an. || brain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gyai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kjaɪ̯/ || vt. || imagine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gyo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kyɔ/ || vt. || count ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;há&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ha/ || vi. || go down, descend, climb down ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hákh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hax/ || n. an. || liver ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haɪ̯/ || adv. || then (past) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haɪ̯/ || pron. || we, us ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ha̤ɪ̯/ || adv. || recently ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Haifai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haɪ̯faɪ̯/ || n. an. || sky goddess ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haʊ̯/ || vi. || call, shout ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ha̤ʊ̯/ || vt. || shout, cry out (of a word or sound) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;haumam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haʊ̯məm/ || n. im. || dust ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hausikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haʊ̯sɪx/ || n. an. || (entire) leg ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həx/ || n. ic. || mortar (tool for grinding) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həx/ || vt. || hew (with an ax) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Halsa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /Həlsə/ || n. im. || place of spiritual punishment, hell ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ham&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həm/ || vi. || seem ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;han&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hən/ || n. an. || moon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;handā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həndə̤/ || n. ac. || swarm of spiders, nest of spiders ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;handag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həndək/ || n. ac. || pride of cats ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;handú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həndu/ || n. ac. || siblings ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hanō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hənɔ̤/ || n. an. || snake || pl. xúyā&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hara&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hərə/ || n. an. || ear || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hasā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həsə̤/ || n. an. || goose ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həθ/ || qtf. || each ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /he/ || n. im. || ground, floor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /he/ || vi. || suffer a seizure, stroke, or similar attack ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hém&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hem/ || vi. || be fast, be quick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hen/ || vi. || feel homesick, nostalgic ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɛ/ || n. an. || mouse, rat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɛ̤/ || vt. || feel, sense ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hi/ || num. || two ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hi/ || vi. || listen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;híc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hiʔ/ || vt. || rape ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hím&#039;&#039;&#039; || /him/ || vt. || marry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;híyakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hijəx/ || n. an. || spleen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hig&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɪk/ || n. an. || chin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɪx/ || n. im. || voice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɪŋ/ || n. im. || threat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɪŋ/ || vt. || threaten ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɪɸ/ || vt. || realize, become aware of, understand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hlau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hlaʊ̯/ || vt. || beg ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hla&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hlə/ || vt. || improve, make perfect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hlig&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hlɪk/ || n. an. || mind, thoughts ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hox/ || n. an. || woman || pl. cau&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hóth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hoθ/ || vi. || forage, be a forager ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ho&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔ/ || vt. || touch, come in contact with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔ̤/ || n. im. || hole(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;holán&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔlan/ || n. im. || moonflower(s) (night-blooming flower types) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;holég&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔlek/ || n. an. || sow (female pig; less marked) || pl. kā&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;holath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔləθ/ || n. im. || grove of ash trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hon&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔn/ || vt. || seize, take over, conquer, take by force ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔŋ/ || n. im. || place, area, region ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;horâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔra̤ʊ̯/ || n. ac. || buttocks ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hoth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔθ/ || n. ac. || married couple ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hri&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hrɪ/ || adv. || now ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hu/ || num. || eighteen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hu/ || vi. || pilot, navigate (a canoe or raft) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hu/ || vt. || meet ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hû&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hṳ/ || vi. || defecate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;húb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hup/ || n. ic. || festival, feast, holiday ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;húyakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hujəx/ || n. an. || mistress, lover ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;húyākh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hujə̤x/ || n. ic. || ax ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊ/ || adv. || only, merely, barely, just, simply ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊ/ || vt. || break ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊ̤/ || n. an. || lungs ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊ̤/ || vt. || be perpendicular to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊp/ || vt. || eat, consume ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊʔ/ || vt. || kick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊm/ || n. im. || thunder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;humrófu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊmrofʊ/ || n. an. || thunderstorm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hun&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊn/ || vt. || sew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huyîkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊji̤x/ || n. ic. || loom ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hwuth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hwʊθ/ || n. im. || sand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hwuthca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hwʊθʔə/ || n. im. || earwax ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /i/ || vi. || breathe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /i/ || vt. || drip on ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;î&#039;&#039;&#039; || /i̤/ || n. an. || fish(es) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;î&#039;&#039;&#039; || /i̤/ || n. im. || beauty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;î&#039;&#039;&#039; || /i̤/ || vi. || be beautiful, be pretty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ínggókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /iŋgox/ || n. an. || hunter, predatory animal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ínggen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /iŋgɛn/ || n. an. || stranger, foreigner ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;írau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /iraʊ̯/ || n. an. || prisoner, captive, hostage, slave ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ísí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /isi/ || n. an. || leader, guide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ít’ukh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /it’ʊx/ || n. an. || sage, priest, shaman ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;im&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪm/ || vt. || shine on ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;īndaní&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪ̤ndəni/ || n. an. || mosquito(es) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;īnīn&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪ̤nɪ̤n/ || n. an. || daughter(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪŋ/ || adj. || short ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪɸ/ || vt. || praise ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iríph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪriɸ/ || vt. || complain about, protest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iráng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪraŋ/ || vi. || be wrong ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;īwū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪ̤wṳ/ || n. ic. || adze ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iyak’íkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪjək’ix/ || n. ic. || jewel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’au&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’aʊ̯/ || vt. || give in trade, offer in trade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ə̤/ || n. im. || pain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ət/ || n. im. || flesh, meat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’alí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’əli/ || n. an. || hawk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’andath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’əndəθ/ || n. ac. || grandparents ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’əŋ/ || vi. || stay, remain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’é&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’e/ || n. ic. || mountain peak, crest of a hill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’e&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɛ/ || conj. || but ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’e&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɛ/ || vt. || hit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɛ̤/ || n. ic. || bucket ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’i/ || n. an. || beak ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’íkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ix/ || n. an. || hail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’i&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪ/ || vt. || warn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ib&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪm/ || adj. || white, light (in color) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ibac || /k’ɪbəʔ/ || n. im. || chalk, calcium ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’imāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪmə̤θ/ || n. im. || white color, white pigment ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’in&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪn/ || vi. || itch, be annoying ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’indó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪndo/ || n. im. || vetches, patch of vetches ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪθ/ || n. an. || bone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;uph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k&#039;ʊɸ/ || vi. || stink ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰaʊ̯/ || n. an. || bear || pl. hâi&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ka&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰə/ || dem. || this, that (animate) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰə̤/ || n. an. || sky ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰək/ || vt. || waste, squander ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəx/ || vt. || lead, govern, rule, control ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kalalai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰələlaɪ̯/ || n. an. || catfish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kamban&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəmbən/ || adj. || common ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kambikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəmbɪx/ || adj. || private, personal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kambú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəmbu/ || adj. || yellow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kambum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəmbʊm/ || conj. || relativizer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kandafú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəndəfu/ || adj. || coarse, rough ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kandalo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəndəlɔ/ || adj. || fine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kandaná&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəndəna/ || adj. || smooth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kandí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəndi/ || adj. || fragrant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəŋ/ || vt. || hinder, block ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kanggí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəŋgi/ || adj. || red ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kbán&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰpan/ || n. im. || homeland ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kbau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰpaʊ̯/ || conj. || complimentizer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰta/ || adj. || industrious, diligent, hardworking ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtəʔ/ || adj. || massive, heavy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtəm/ || adj. || full ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdarokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtərɔx/ || n. im. || firewood ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdasí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtəsi/ || adj. || sharp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdeth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtɛθ/ || n. im. || bronze, bronzeware ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdónâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtona̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || shore, riverbank ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtʊ̤/ || adj. || blunt, dull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kê&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰe̤/ || vt. || dwell in, live in ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ked&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɛt/ || vt. || judge, conclude, decide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɛx/ || vi. || be pregnant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;keng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɛŋ/ || vi. || depart, leave, go away (from speaker) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;keth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɛθ/ || n. an. || fire ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰi/ || adj. || dry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰi/ || n. an. || bird ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰi̤/ || vt. || respect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kícókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰiʔox/ || n. an. || wife ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kîcoléng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰi̤ʔɔleŋ/ || n. an. || boar (male pig) || pl. k’ujā&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kícom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰiʔɔm/ || n. an. || belly, abdomen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kírû&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰirṳ/ || n. an. || husband ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kísani&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰisənɪ/ || n. im. || minority ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kíwom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰiwɔm/ || n. an. || face ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ki&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɪ/ || pron. || he, she, it ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kig&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɪk/ || n. im. || cry, cries ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kirú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɪru/ || vt. || disagree with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɪθ/ || vt. || drink ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kiyong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɪjɔŋ/ || n. ic. || room, hall, compartment of a house ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kla&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰlə/ || adj. || crooked, bent, unusable (of a tool) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kli&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰlɪ/ || adj. || hollow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;klú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰlu/ || vt. || lie, tell a lie to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;klúph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰluɸ/ || adj. || straight ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;klu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰlʊ/ || vt. || destroy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kmalau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰm̥əlaʊ̯/ || adj. || bad ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kmā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰm̥ə̤/ || adj. || dear, expensive, precious ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kmirâ&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰm̥ɪra̤/ || adj. || cheap, inexpensive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;knai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰn̥aɪ̯/ || vt. || distribute, share ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kné&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰn̥e/ || n. im. || salvation, rescue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰŋ̊u/ || adj. || blue, green, blue/green ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kô&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰo̤/ || vt. || borrow (temporary transfer of possession in either direction) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kóláth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰolaθ/ || n. ic. || ash tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰu/ || adj. || middle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰu/ || vt. || agree with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kúc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰuʔ/ || adj. || empty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kúng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰuŋ/ || vt. || struggle, strive toward ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kwau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰwaʊ̯/ || n. im. || disease, illness ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xa/ || vt. || reach, arrive at ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xaʊ̯/ || adj. || hot, warm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kha&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xə/ || adv. || completely, well ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xə̤/ || n. an. || spider ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xək/ || n. an. || cat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khalí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xəli/ || n. an. || crow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xəθ/ || n. an. || male dog ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xɛ/ || n. an. || anus ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khícau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xiʔaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || shovel, scoop ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khíth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xiθ/ || vi. || be fair, be honorable, be just ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khic&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xɪʔ/ || vt. || play (music) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xo/ || n. ic. || pot, ceramic vessel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xu/ || n. im. || blister(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xɪx/ || n. an. || ram (male sheep) || pl. hujā&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xɪn/ || n. im. || occupation, role ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khirúb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xɪrup/ || vi. || fast (abstain from eating) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lámman&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lammən/ || n. an. || morning ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lán&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lan/ || adj. || new, young ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;láth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /laθ/ || n. ic. || deciduous tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /laʊ̯/ || n. im. || drip, drop(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /laʊ̯/ || vi. || laugh ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;la&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lə/ || vi. || be female, be feminine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lak’im&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lək’ɪm/ || n. im. || limestone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lalau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləlaʊ̯/ || n. im. || size ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lalo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləlɔ/ || n. im. || grime, filth, muck ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lalú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləlu/ || vt. || examine, inspect, investigate, study ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləŋ/ || n. im. || problem ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;langga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləŋgə/ || n. im. || stickiness ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;langgú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləŋgu/ || n. im. || fear, fright ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;langgú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləŋgu/ || vi. || be afraid ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /le/ || vt. || decorate, embellish, gild ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;léph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /leɸ/ || n. an. || river mouth, river delta ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;leg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɛk/ || n. im. || forest of deciduous trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;leg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɛk/ || vi. || smile ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lelí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɛli/ || n. an. || dove, pigeon || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;leth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɛθ/ || vt. || train, practice, learn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /li/ || vi. || be dangerous ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lílā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lilə̤/ || n. an. || cloud ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;li&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɪ/ || vt. || pull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɪn/ || vi. || lie, recline ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;likh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɪx/ || n. im. || cloth, fabric ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɔ/ || vi. || come, approach (towards somewhere other than speaker or listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;loth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɔθ/ || n. ic. || ball, sphere ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lra&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lrə/ || n. an. || termite ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lu/ || vt. || fear, be afraid of ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lʊ/ || vi. || be silent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lʊ/ || vt. || bar, keep out ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lʊp/ || adj. || thick (in dimension) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;luc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lʊʔ/ || vi. || be rough (of weather or water) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;luph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lʊɸ/ || n. an. || toe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;má&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ma/ || vt. || come, approach (towards listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mándú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mandu/ || n. ic. || apple tree || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;máse&#039;&#039;&#039; || /masɛ/ || n. an. || grasshopper ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /maɪ̯/ || n. im. || flour ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /maɪ̯/ || vt. || pray to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;maiwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /maɪ̯wɪ/ || n. im. || peas ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mauyí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /maʊ̯ji/ || n. ic. || beehive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ma&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mə/ || adj. || hard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ma&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mə/ || vi. || die ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mə̤/ || n. an. || elephant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məʔ/ || n. ic. || individual rock, piece of stone, stone block ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mət/ || vi. || be tired ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mək/ || n. im. || sense of taste ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mək/ || vt. || taste, try (of food or drink) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mak’íkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mək’ix/ || n. ic. || individual crystal, piece of crystal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;malā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mələ̤/ || n. an. || turtle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məm/ || n. im. || earth, dirt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mama&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məmə/ || vi. || be lonely ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mamā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məmə̤/ || n. im. || turtle shell, armor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mamikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məmɪx/ || vt. || turn, rotate, revert ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mamúth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məmuθ/ || n. an. || lip ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;man&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mən/ || n. an. || day ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mandag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məndək/ || n. an. || equinox ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mandú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məndu/ || n. im. || apple orchard, grove of apple trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mane&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mənɛ/ || n. ic. || sleeve, leg (of pants) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;manggai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məŋgaɪ̯/ || vi. || pray, meditate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;manggob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məŋgɔp/ || n. an. || winter solstice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;masca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məsʔə/ || n. ic. || piece of gypsum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mbang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mbəŋ/ || n. ic. || nest (of birds) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mbí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mbi/ || n. im. || metal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mbi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mbɪ/ || vi. || grow up, become an adult ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mbō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mbɔ̤/ || n. im. || scales (of a reptile) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /me/ || n. im. || dew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /men/ || vi. || look, look around ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;méng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /meŋ/ || vt. || plot, conspire, scheme ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;me&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɛ/ || vt. || tell, say towards ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mekhsang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɛxsəŋ/ || n. im. || belief, faith, religion ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhásath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥asəθ/ || n. an. || duck ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mháth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥aθ/ || n. im. || egg(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mha&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ə/ || adj. || alone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥əʔ/ || vt. || slaughter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhalath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ələθ/ || n. im. || asters (type of star-shaped flower) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhawō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥əwɔ̤/ || n. im. || ditch(es) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥əx/ || num. || first ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥əθ/ || n. im. || stars ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhírí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥iri/ || n. im. || age, epoch, long time, long period ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhô&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥o̤/ || vt. || order, command, instruct ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mho&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ɔ/ || vt. || cover ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhōb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ɔ̤p/ || n. im. || rash(es), hives, breakout, acne ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ɔx/ || n. im. || valley ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mholókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ɔlox/ || n. im. || lilies (type of flower) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhuwong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ʊwɔŋ/ || n. im. || nut(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mi/ || n. an. || deer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɪ/ || vt. || hold, grasp, catch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɪx/ || vi. || turn around ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mimbíc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɪmbiʔ/ || vi. || turn the tables, seize the advantage (in a negotiation or confrontation) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mirô&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɪro̤/ || vi. || be unimportant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mlau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mlaʊ̯/ || vi. || be bad, behave badly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mlan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mlən/ || n. im. || bay ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɔ̤/ || vi. || be important ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mrai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mraɪ̯/ || n. im. || fingernail(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mro&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mrɔ/ || pron. || it ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mrú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mru/ || n. ic. || single hair, whisker, eyelash ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mu/ || vt. || knead ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;múmbú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mumbu/ || n. im. || dandelions ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;múmú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mumu/ || n. im. || flowers ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;músandai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /musəndaɪ̯/ || n. im. || bed of strawberries ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;múwe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /muwɛ/ || n. im. || cider (alcohol made from apples) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;múwong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /muwɔŋ/ || n. im. || apple(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;muc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mʊʔ/ || vt. || confuse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mummug&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mʊmmʊk/ || n. an. || squirrel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mun&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mʊn/ || n. ic. || spring, well ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mʊŋ/ || pron. || you ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;muyac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mʊjəʔ/ || n. im. || quartz ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mwímbōm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mwimbɔ̤m/ || n. im. || bark cloth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mwɪ/ || n. an. || sun ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;myid&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mjɪt/ || vi. || be brave, be courageous ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ná&#039;&#039;&#039; || /na/ || vt. || exceed, surpass, be greater than ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nám&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nam/ || n. im. || excitement ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nám&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nam/ || vi. || be excited ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /naɪ̯/ || n. ic. || bed, sleeping place ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /naʊ̯/ || vi. || cry, scream ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nə/ || conj. || and, with (of noun phrases) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nə/ || pron. || I, me ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nə̤/ || qtf. || all ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəx/ || n. an. || mare (female horse; less marked) || pl. kan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəx/ || n. im. || wish(es) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəx/ || vt. || wish, hope || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;namba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəmbə/ || n. im. || garden, yard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nandi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəndɪ/ || n. ac. || group ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nandin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəndɪn/ || n. ac. || herd of goats ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nanduth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəndʊθ/ || n. ic. || battle, skirmish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nanakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nənəx/ || n. an. || foal (horse offspring) || pl. fanan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;naneb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nənɛp/ || n. im. || wealth, prosperity ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;naneb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nənɛp/ || vi. || be rich, prosper ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nanú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nənu/ || n. an. || steam || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nangkda&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəŋkʰtə/ || n. an. || smoke ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;narékh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nərex/ || n. an. || magic ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nasîm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəsi̤m/ || n. an. || stepparent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəθ/ || n. im. || teeth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəθ/ || qtf. || both ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nāwe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nə̤wɛ/ || n. im. || perry (alcohol made from pears) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nda/ || n. an. || tiger || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nda/ || vt. || succeed at ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndáph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ndaɸ/ || adj. || weak ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ndaɪ̯/ || vt. || know (a person), be acquainted with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nde/ || qtf. || a lot ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndiŋai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ndɪŋaɪ̯/ || vi. || be unknown ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ndo/ || vi. || stand up (from sitting or lying) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;né&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ne/ || vi. || be safe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;neb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɛp/ || vt. || own, possess ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nec&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɛʔ/ || vi. || win, be victorious ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;neth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɛθ/ || n. an. || kitten ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhándú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥andu/ || n. im. || wall(s) (of a house) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥aʊ̯/ || n. ic. || altar ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhāwong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ə̤wɔŋ/ || n. im. || pear(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ɛ/ || n. an. || tail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥i/ || vi. || sink ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhig&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ɪk/ || n. im. || beard, facial hair |&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ɪx/ || n. an. || foot |||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhothngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ɔθŋu/ || n. ic./n. im. || pants, trousers, lower body clothing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhúyac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ujəʔ/ || n. ic. || mudbrick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ʊ/ || dem. || the other ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhug&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ʊk/ || n. im. || marsh ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhūsaye&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ʊ̤səjɛ/ || n. ic. || corner ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nílob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nilɔp/ || n. an. || winter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nínggí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /niŋgi/ || n. an. || autumn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;níp’i&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nip’ɪ/ || n. an. || spring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ni&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɪ/ || qtf. || many ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɪn/ || n. an. || nannygoat (female goat; less marked) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ninanin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɪnənɪn/ || n. an. || kid (goat offspring) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nithdau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɪθtaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || incisor, front tooth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nithtam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɪθtʰəm/ || n. ic. || molar, back tooth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nle&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nlɛ/ || vi. || float ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nonnong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɔnnɔŋ/ || n. an. || girl || pl. cí&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nono&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɔnɔ/ || n. an. || seagull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nonggín&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɔŋgin/ || n. ic. || notch, nock (of an arrow) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;núngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nuŋu/ || n. ic./n. im. || shirt, upper body clothing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;núsang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nusəŋ/ || n. im. || evidence, proof ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nʊ/ || vt. || push ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nūfai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nʊ̤faɪ̯/ || n. im. || cliff(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nūrau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nʊ̤raʊ̯/ || n. im. || bandage(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nuth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nʊθ/ || vi. || serve, be a servant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;núb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nup/ || vi. || wake up ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nwed&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nwɛt/ || n. im. || south ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nyô&#039;&#039;&#039; || /njo̤/ || n. ic. || pearl ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋaɪ̯/ || qtf. || a little ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋaɪ̯/ || vt. || seek, look for ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngaungau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋaʊ̯ŋaʊ̯/ || n. an || chick, bird offspring, baby bird ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋə/ || n. im. || milk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋən/ || n. an. || nose ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nganí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəni/ || vi. || drown ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nganga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəŋə/ || n. an. || frog ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngangalau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəŋəlaʊ̯/ || vt. || boil ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngangú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəŋu/ || vt. || notice, take note, note ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngaphkí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəɸkʰi/ || n. an. || owl species ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəθ/ || n. an. || nipple ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋə̤θ/ || n. im. || stain, blot, blemish, colored spot ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngêleth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋe̤lɛθ/ || n. ic. || hearth, firepit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nggim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋgɪm/ || n. an. || light, shine, glow, rays ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nggim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋgɪm/ || vi. || shine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nghau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊aʊ̯/ || vi. || sit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngha&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊ə/ || adj. || soft ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nghelí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊ɛli/ || n. an. || heron ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nghō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊ɔ̤/ || vt. || dislike ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nghob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊ɔp/ || n. an. || evening ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngholób&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊ɔlop/ || n. an || firefly || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nghú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊u/ || vi. || appear, become visible ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋi/ || vi. || be kind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nglau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋlaʊ̯/ || vt. || cook ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngláth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋlaθ/ || n. ic. || dot, mark, blemish || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngôth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋo̤θ/ || vt. || pick (of berries, fruits) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngofán&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋɔfan/ || n. im. || rapids (of a river) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋu/ || n. im. || sight, vision ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋu/ || vt. || see ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngúfamo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋufəmɔ/ || n. im. || clothes ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngúth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋuθ/ || n. im. || vengeance, intense rage, vendetta, feud, blood feud, revenge ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋʊ/ || n. im. || east ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋʊp/ || vi. || become old ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngyen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋjɛn/ || n. an. || vagina ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;o&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɔ/ || conj. || and ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɔ̤/ || vt. || forbid, ban ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’aisani&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’aɪ̯sənɪ/ || n. im. || majority ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’əʔ/ || n. im. || feathers, coat of feathers ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’amba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p&#039;əmbə/ || n. an. || grandfather ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’an&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ən/ || adj. || long ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’əŋ/ || vt. || be diagonal to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’andí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p&#039;əndi/ || n. ic. || spear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’əθ/ || vt. || kiss ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’e&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɛ/ || vi. || be male, be masculine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’eyac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɛjəʔ/ || n. im. || granite ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’i/ || vt. || wage, conduct, venture, attempt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’íth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’iθ/ || vt. || influence ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’i&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɪ/ || vi. || grow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’id&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɪt/ || n. im. || acorn(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ig&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p&#039;ɪk/ || vi. || be public ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɪx/ || num. || one ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’iph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɪɸ/ || n. an. || mite ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’iríg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p&#039;ɪrik/ || vi. || be secret ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’o&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɔ/ || n. an. || descendant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’olóm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɔlom/ || n. an. || lion ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’om&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɔm/ || n. ic. || hat, headgear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’om&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p&#039;ɔm/ || vi. || be noble ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’oth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɔθ/ || vt. || donate, give freely, give as a gift ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ʊp/ || vt. || be parallel to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’un&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ʊn/ || adj. || high, tall ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ungk’a&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ʊŋk’ə/ || n. im. || mountain range, mountain(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pád&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰat/ || n. an. || child ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pándad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰandət/ || n. ac. || group of children, all the children, ones children ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰaɪ̯/ || vi. || depart, leave, go away (from somewhere other than speaker or listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰaʊ̯/ || vt. || find, discover, invent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰə/ || vt. || change ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰəx/ || adj. || sick (of living things), rotten (of food and other goods) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pamban&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰəmbən/ || vt. || clean up ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰən/ || vt. || wash, clean ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pdékh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰtex/ || n. an. || soul, spirit || pl. sa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɛ/ || n. im. || beer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pēc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɛ̤ʔ/ || vt. || receive in trade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;peg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɛk/ || vt. || thank ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɛx/ || vi. || not, be not ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pgo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰkɔ/ || n. ic. || stick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰi/ || vi. || jump, leap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pílath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰiləθ/ || n. im. || grove of beech trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;píyi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰijɪ/ || n. ic. || beech tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɪm/ || vi. || be talented, have talent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ping&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɪŋ/ || vt. || like ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;plíc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰliʔ/ || vi. || taste salty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰo/ || vt. || reply, respond ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰu/ || n. an. || friend, companion ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;púyad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰujət/ || n. an. || orphan ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;púyú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰuju/ || n. an. || enemy (a person) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰʊŋ/ || n. im. || fate, destiny ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pwa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰwə/ || n. an. || maternal uncle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pwekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰwɛx/ || vt. || refuse, deny ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pwing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰwɪŋ/ || vt. || love ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || hammer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸaʊ̯/ || num. || four ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pha&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸə/ || vt. || row ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸə̤/ || n. im. || dough ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸen/ || n. ic. || oak tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phem&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸɛm/ || vt. || bake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸɪ/ || vt. || go between, pass between, be between ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phid&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸɪt/ || n. im. || oak woodland ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸɪŋ/ || vi. || be peaceful ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸo/ || vt. || overlook, offer a view of ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸɔm/ || n. an. || head ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸu/ || n. im. || north ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phúngan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸuŋən/ || n. an. || trunk (of an elephant or anteater) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phúyâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸuja̤ɪ̯/ || n. an. || midday, noon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phundú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸʊndu/ || vt. || close ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rán&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ran/ || vi. || undress, go naked, denude ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /raɪ̯/ || vi. || yawn, gape ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;railau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /raɪ̯laʊ̯/ || n. an. || rain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;raisau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /raɪ̯saʊ̯/ || n. ic. || circle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;raiyâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /raɪ̯ja̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || sap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ra&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rə/ || n. im. || power, influence, ability, strength ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ra&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rə/ || vt. || exert influence on, have an impact on ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rək/ || n. an. || cow (female bovine) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəx/ || n. an. || wing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ralai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəlaɪ̯/ || n. im. || fungus, mushroom(s), fairy ring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rama&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəmə/ || vt. || kill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ramamwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəməmwɪ/ || n. an. || sunset, sundown, late afternoon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ramba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəmbə/ || n. an. || paternal aunt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;randag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəndək/ || n. ac. || herd of cows, herd of cattle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;randau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəndaʊ̯/ || n. im. || plain (geographical) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rangammwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəŋəmmwɪ/ || n. an. || daybreak, sunrise, dawn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ranggé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəŋge/ || vi. || be poor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ranggeth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəŋgɛθ/ || n. an. || ember ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ranggí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəŋgi/ || n. an. || summer solstice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;raríth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəriθ/ || vt. || attack, assault ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rayacau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəjəʔaʊ̯/ || n. an. || puppy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rayag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəjək/ || n. an. || calf (bovine offspring) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rayirú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəjɪru/ || vt. || curse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rayu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəjʊ/ || vt. || bless ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;re&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɛ/ || vt. || lack, miss, be without ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rendá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɛnda/ || n. an. || newt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;reph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɛɸ/ || n. an. || boy || pl. mhe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ríkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rix/ || vi. || flow, blow (of gasses or liquids) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ríwau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /riwaʊ̯/ || n. an. || freezing cold, freezing weather ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ríyān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rijə̤n/ || n. an. || male fox ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɪ/ || n. an. || jaw ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɪɸ/ || n. im. || salt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rlú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rlu/ || vt. || convince, persuade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ró&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ro/ || adj. || big ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rócau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /roʔaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || shield ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rócókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /roʔox/ || n. an. || queen, matriarch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rócoth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /roʔɔθ/ || n. an. || royal couple ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rófu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rofʊ/ || n. an. || storm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rók’ē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rok’ɛ̤/ || n. ic. || barrel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;róla&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rolə/ || n. an. || raven ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rólí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /roli/ || n. an. || king, ruler, chieftain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rómac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /roməʔ/ || n. ic. || megalith ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rómbáth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rombaθ/ || n. ic. || palace, majesting house, dwelling of king/chieftain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rómbāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rombə̤θ/ || n. im. || town; large, permanent village ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rómbí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rombi/ || n. im. || silver ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;róndí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rondi/ || n. an. || year ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rórang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rorəŋ/ || n. im. || promise(s), oath(s), pledge(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;róyān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rojə̤n/ || n. im. || full moon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rôyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ro̤jəŋ/ || n. im. || elation, joy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rôyuyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ro̤jʊjəŋ/ || n. im. || depression, despair, tragedy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ro&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɔ/ || vi. || be special, unique, one-of-a-kind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ro&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɔ/ || vt. || choose, select, settle on, adopt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɔp/ || n. an. || language ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ron&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɔn/ || vt. || recite, tell (a story) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ru/ || aux. v. || cause ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ru/ || vi. || be deaf ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rúmbú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rumbu/ || n. an. || wrist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ru&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊ/ || adj. || holy, sacred ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊ̤/ || vi. || be content, be fullfilled ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊp/ || vt. || roast ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rūm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊ̤m/ || vt. || feed ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rumban&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊmbən/ || n. im. || soap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rusú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊsu/ || n. an. || ancestor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊθ/ || n. an. || mouth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rwau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rwaʊ̯/ || vt. || amuse, joke with, make laugh ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rwilí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rwɪli/ || n. ic. || mask ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ryang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rjəŋ/ || vt. || please, make happy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sa/ || vt. || hide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sáb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sap/ || n. an. || flood ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sácau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saʔaʊ̯/ || n. an. || bitch, female dog (less marked) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sáng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saŋ/ || n. ic. || coniferous tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sáph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saɸ/ || vi. || rest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sásá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sasa/ || n. an. || lizard || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saɪ̯/ || n. im. || word(s), utterance(s), question(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saɪ̯/ || vt. || ask, question, interrogate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saʊ̯/ || n. im. || shape(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saʊ̯/ || n. im. || sense of smell ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saʊ̯/ || vt. || smell, perceive a scent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sa̤ʊ̯/ || vt. || add, mix in ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saurai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saʊ̯raɪ̯/ || n. an. || wet snow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə/ || num. || six ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə/ || vi. || rattle, clatter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə/ || vt. || sculpt, put together, mold ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sət/ || n. im. || time, duration ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səʔ/ || vt. || keep, retain, hold onto ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sacub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səʔʊp/ || n. im. || meal(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sacud&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səʔʊt/ || n. im. || spoils, booty, loot, plunder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;safai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səfaɪ̯/ || n. im. || source, origin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;safeg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səfɛk/ || n. im. || thanks ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;safwing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səfwɪŋ/ || n. im. || love ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sək/ || n. an. || night ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səx/ || n. an. || animal, creature ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sālath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə̤ləθ/ || n. im. || pear orchard, grove of pear trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;salcu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səlʔʊ/ || n. im. || destruction, ruin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saleng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səlɛŋ/ || n. im. || leftovers, remains ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;salî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səli̤/ || n. im. || wonder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;salíth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səliθ/ || n. im. || justice, law enforcement ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;salú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səlu/ || n. im. || center, middle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sambá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmba/ || n. ic. || individual plant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;samba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmbə/ || n. im. || vegetation, plant(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sambi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmbɪ/ || n. im. || crop(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sama&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmə/ || n. im. || death ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;samam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səməm/ || n. im. || clay ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;same&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmɛ/ || n. im. || news, message(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;samid&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmɪt/ || n. im. || offering, sacrifice (not a person or animal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;samô&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmo̤/ || n. im. || order(s), command(s), instruction(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə̤n/ || vi. || teach, be a teacher ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sanān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sənə̤n/ || vt. || teach (something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sandai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səndaɪ̯/ || n. im. || grass ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sandí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səndi/ || n. ac. || line of succession, heirs || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sandí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səndi/ || n. im. || painting(s), mural(s), man made art ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sani&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sənɪ/ || n. im. || quantity ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səŋ/ || n. im. || truth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sāng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə̤ŋ/ || n. im. || coniferous tree forest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sangga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səŋgə/ || vi. || be sticky ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sanggi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səŋgɪ/ || n. im. || warning(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sarāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sərə̤θ/ || n. im. || storage, inventory ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saríph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səɾiɸ/ || n. im. || hate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saríph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səɾiɸ/ || n. im. || offense(s), insult(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saríth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səriθ/ || n. im. || arguement ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sascakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səsʔəx/ || n. an. || sacrificial animal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sasau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səsaʊ̯/ || n. im. || swamp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sasa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səsə/ || n. an. || sister ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sasí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səsi/ || n. im. || dance(s), game(s) (for playing) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sasi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səsɪ/ || n. im. || urine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səθ/ || num. || twelve ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saswo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səswɔ/ || n. ic. || ladder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwaʊ̯/ || n. im. || smell ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwə/ || n. im. || similarity ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawem&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwɛm/ || n. im. || baked goods ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwɪ/ || n. ic. || cloak ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwɪŋ/ || n. im. || peace ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwo/ || n. ic. || window ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwɔŋ/ || n. im. || song ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwu/ || n. an. || fist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwu/ || n. im. || vigil, patrol, watch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwʊm/ || n. an. || late winter/early spring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səjə̤/ || n. im. || turnip(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayāng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səjə̤ŋ/ || n. im. || wound(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saye&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səjɛ/ || n. im. || angle, curve, bend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayec&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səjɛʔ/ || n. im. || end, ending, culmination ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səjɛn/ || n. im. || music ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səji̤/ || n. im. || harvest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səji̤/ || n. im. || respect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayîc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səji̤ʔ/ || n. im. || rape ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayîm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səji̤m/ || n. an. || marriage ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sékh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sex/ || n. an. || flea ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sêyâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /se̤ja̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || coast ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɛ/ || qtf. || no, none ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sec&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɛʔ/ || vt. || finish, complete ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɛn/ || n. im. || fight, conflict ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;seph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɛɸ/ || vt. || spill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;seth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɛθ/ || n. an. || shooting star ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /si/ || vi. || lead, guide, be a leader ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /si/ || vt. || pierce ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /si̤/ || vt. || harvest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;síng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /siŋ/ || n. an. || worm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;síph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /siɸ/ || n. in. || dung ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sísaye&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sisəjɛ/ || n. an. || elbow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;síyala&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sijələ/ || n. ic./n. im. || willow tree, grove of willows ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;si&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪ/ || vi. || urinate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sib&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪp/ || n. im. || war(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪx/ || n. im. || type, kind || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sīláth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪ̤laθ/ || n. ic. || pear tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sīlúph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪ̤luɸ/ || n. ic. || straight line ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪɸ/ || adj. || thin (in dimension), narrow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪɸ/ || vt. || go though, pass through ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siphsikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪɸsɪx/ || n. an. || calf, lower leg ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siphxú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪɸχu/ || n. im. || sinew(s), (length of) string ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sirú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪru/ || vt. || loosen, untie ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪθ/ || n. im. || soup, stew, porridge, mush ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪjə/ || n. an. || louse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;slúsau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /slusaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || rectangle, square ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039; || /so/ || vi. || stand (used as a general copula) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sóndo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sondɔ/ || vt. || put, place, position ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sóri&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sorɪ/ || n. ac. || male genitalia (collectively), testicles and scrotum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sówai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sowaɪ̯/ || n. im. || beans ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;so&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔ/ || vt. || get, receive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔ̤/ || adv. || there ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔp/ || n. an. || tongue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sokhwuth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔxwʊθ/ || n. im. || shoal, shallow (in a body of water) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;soléndai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔlendaɪ̯/ || n. an. || grass snake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;soth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔθ/ || vt. || give ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;srau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sraʊ̯/ || vi. || fly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sréth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sreθ/ || n. ic. || barn, corral, housing for animals ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;srundau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /srʊndaʊ̯/ || vt. || throw, shoot (of an arrow or similar projectile) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;stoth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /stɔθ/ || qtf. || neither ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /su/ || vi. || go upstream, go uphill, take the more difficult course of action ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /su/ || vt. || watch, look at ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súfōm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sufɔ̤m/ || n. an. || waist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súk’ā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /suk’ə̤/ || n. im. || worry, anxiety ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sux/ || vi. || be slow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súmam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /suməm/ || n. im. || mud ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súrí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /suri/ || n. an. || shoulder || pl. tóth&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súrī&#039;&#039;&#039; || /surɪ̤/ || n. im. || intention(s), plan(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súsú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /susu/ || n. an. || bat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súyan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sujən/ || n. im. || glacier ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;su&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊ/ || adj. || near, nearby, close, neighboring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;su&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊ/ || vt. || bind, tie ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊp/ || n. an. || cheek ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sug&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊk/ || n. im. || pool, pond ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;suph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊɸ/ || vt. || punch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;suphsíng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊɸsiŋ/ || n. an. || snail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;suyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊjəŋ/ || n. im. || lie(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;swam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /swəm/ || n. im. || liquid, fluid ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;swo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /swɔ/ || vi. || climb, ascend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sjaɪ̯/ || vt. || demand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sjən/ || vi. || get up (from sitting or lying), rise ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sjo/ || vt. || wait for, await ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sjɔ/ || vt. || chase, pursue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’á&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’a/ || vi. || exist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’án&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’an/ || vi. || become wet, be wet ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ándeph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’andɛɸ/ || n. ac. || swarm of insects, colony of insects ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’aɪ̯/ || n. im. || reason(s), motive(s), explanation ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’auwe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’aʊ̯wɛ/ || n. im. || wine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’auwong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’aʊ̯wɔŋ/ || n. im. || grapes ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’a&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ə/ || vi. || be easy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ə̤/ || vt. || bite ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’anda&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’əndə/ || n. an. || grandmother ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’əŋ/ || adv. || then (in the future) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’é&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’e/ || vt. || split, cleave, divide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’éph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’eɸ/ || n. an. || bug, insect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’e&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɛ/ || qtf. || any ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’i/ || n. an. || thumb ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’i/ || vt. || paint, color, dye ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ím&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’im/ || n. im. || powder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’íth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’iθ/ || vt. || shake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’i&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪ/ || vi. || come, approach (towards speaker) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ikhsau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪxsaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || triangle (shape) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’in&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪn/ || n. im. || wool ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪŋ/ || n. an. || claw ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’irá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪra/ || vi. || be difficult ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪθ/ || n. im. || petals, blossoms ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’o&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɔ/ || vi. || be quiet ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’oth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɔθ/ || qtf. || either ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’únda&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’undə/ || vt. || make, create ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ʊp/ || n. an. || monkey ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’uc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ʊʔ/ || num. || three ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ukh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ʊx/ || vt. || know (facts, how to do something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰa/ || vi. || work ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tâ&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰa̤/ || n. an. || lightning, lightning bolt(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tácā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaʔə̤/ || n. an. || earthworm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;támbú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰambu/ || n. an. || palm of the hand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tánikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰanɪx/ || n. an. || sole of the foot ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tásokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰasɔx/ || n. ic. || pine tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;táth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaθ/ || vt. || look forward to, be excited for ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaɪ̯/ || vt. || say, speak (something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaʊ̯/ || adj. || cold ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaʊ̯/ || vt. || cut ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰa̤ʊ̯/ || vt. || stack, pile up ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tauk’ith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰauk’ɪθ/ || n. im. || frost ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tauyâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaʊ̯ja̤ʊ̯/ || n. im. || shadow, shade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tauyê&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaʊ̯je̤/ || n. im. || land ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ta&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰə/ || vt. || dig || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəʔ/ || vt. || separate, disconnect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəʔə/ || n. an. || earlobe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;takh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəx/ || vt. || rob, steal; pillage, sack ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tambau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəmbaʊ̯/ || vt. || cross ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tambú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəmbu/ || n. an. || collaborator, colleague ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tambu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəmbʊ/ || vi. || swim, keep afloat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰə̤n/ || vt. || prove ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəŋ/ || vt. || talk to, chat with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tasokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəsɔx/ || n. im. || pine forest, pine trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tat’am&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰət’əm/ || vt. || be full of ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tat’íth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰət’iθ/ || n. an. || earthquake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tat’in&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰət’ɪn/ || n. an. || lamb (sheep offspring) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tat’oth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰət’ɔθ/ || qtf. || any of the three ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəθ/ || n. an. || rabbit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;té&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰe/ || n. ic. || bridge ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ténggiph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰeŋgɪɸ/ || vt. || commit incest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tēm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɛ̤m/ || n. im. || courage, bravery ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;terēkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɛrɛ̤x/ || n. im. || gold ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tgi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰkɪ/ || pron. || them (paucal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰi/ || n. an. || arm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰi/ || vt. || play with; dance ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tíd&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰit/ || adv. || here ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tíyā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰijə̤/ || n. im. || charcoal, coal(s) (of a fire) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ti&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪ/ || n. im. || food ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tī&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪ̤/ || n. im. || idea(s), notion(s), purpose(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tīk’ith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪ̤k’ɪθ/ || n. an. || spine, backbone, vertebrae ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪn/ || vt. || believe, accept as truth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tiph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪɸ/ || n. im. || temporary shelter, tent(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tiwom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪwɔm/ || n. an. || neck ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tiyau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪjaʊ̯/ || n. im. || island(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tmung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰm̥ʊŋ/ || pron. || you (paucal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tna&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰn̥ə/ || pron. || us (paucal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tna&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰn̥ə/ || qtf. || all three ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tní&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰn̥i/ || n. an. || fly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tngí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰŋ̊i/ || n. im. || rule(s), law(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰo/ || n. im. || poison ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;to&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɔ/ || pron. || it, they, all of it, all of them (inanimate) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tōc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɔ̤ʔ/ || n. an. || stallion (male horse) || pl. kin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tog&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɔk/ || n. an. || ant || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɔx/ || n. im. || wood (material) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰraɪ̯/ || vt. || declare, announce, proclaim ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰrə/ || vt. || plow, till ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tre&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰrɛ/ || qtf. || none of the three ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰu/ || vt. || start, begin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tû&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰṳ/ || n. an. || man, adult male human || pl. bí&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;túfōm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰufɔ̤m/ || n. im. || human body hair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tûn&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰṳn/ || vi. || be tasty, nourishing (of food) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;túsakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰusəx/ || n. im. || fur(s), pelt(s), animal hair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;túwom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰuwɔm/ || n. im. || human head hair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊ/ || n. an. || fin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tulú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊlu/ || n. im. || slime, any unpleasant, viscous substance ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tun&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊn/ || n. an. || billygoat (male goat) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊŋ/ || n. an. || chest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊŋ/ || vi. || vomit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;turim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊrɪm/ || n. ac. || hostile tribe or village, enemy nation ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tusakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊsəx/ || n. ac. || horde, throng, any large, disorganized group ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tuwú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊwu/ || n. ac. || enemy (as a collective group), &amp;quot;the enemy&amp;quot; ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tuya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊjə/ || n. im. || human feces ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tuyan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊjən/ || n. an. || worthless or uncooperative person, traitor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;twa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰwə/ || n. im. || west ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;twí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰwi/ || vt. || allow, let, permit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θa/ || vi. || shiver ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thám&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θam/ || num. || twenty-four ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θaɪ̯/ || n. im. || butter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θaʊ̯/ || n. im. || grape vine(s), vineyard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tha&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θə/ || conj. || although ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thab&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəp/ || n. an. || finger ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəʔ/ || vt. || take, remove ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəx/ || n. an. || waterfall ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tham&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəm/ || vt. || crush, grind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thandim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəndɪm/ || n. ac. || family, clan, tribe, ethnic group ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thandin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəndɪn/ || n. ac. || flock of sheep and/or goats ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəŋ/ || n. im. || secret(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəŋ/ || vt. || doubt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thaphyâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəɸja̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || left side, the left (direction) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θə̤θ/ || vt. || store, keep, retain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;the&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɛ/ || vi. || kneel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;theb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɛp/ || n. im. || event(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɛx/ || vi. || move around, wander ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;theth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɛθ/ || n. im. || copper ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θi/ || adj. || black, dark (in color) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thílā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θilə̤/ || n. an. || scorpion ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thíph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θiɸ/ || vt. || offend, insult ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thíth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θiθ/ || vt. || argue with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thíyac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θijəʔ/ || n. ic. || pestle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thíyāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θijə̤θ/ || n. im. || black pigment, the color black ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɪ/ || adv. || already ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɪm/ || n. an. || person, individual || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɪn/ || n. an. || ewe (female sheep; less marked) || pl. tná&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θo/ || adj. || strong ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thónda&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θondə/ || vt. || explain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thóyâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θoja̤ʊ̯/ || n. an. || thigh ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thóya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θojə/ || n. ic. || knot ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θu/ || n. im./ic. || thing(s), stuff ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thulí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θʊli/ || n. an. || owl species ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thundam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θʊndəm/ || vt. || fill, load ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thuph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θʊɸ/ || n. an. || heart ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thuyam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θʊjəm/ || adv. || too much, excessively ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /u/ || n. im. || water ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /u/ || vi. || be calm (of weather or water) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /u/ || vt. || intend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;úlí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /uli/ || n. an. || male bird || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;úlí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /uli/ || n. im. || bile ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ûnggín&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ṳŋgin/ || n. ic. || bow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;úyuth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ujʊθ/ || n. im. || saliva, spit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊp/ || adj. || old ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ūn&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊ̤n/ || n. im. || life ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ūn&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊ̤n/ || vi. || live ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;undí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊndi/ || n. an. || legend, story ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊŋ/ || n. im. || help, assistance ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊŋ/ || vt. || help, assist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊɸ/ || vt. || hear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ūph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊ̤ɸ/ || n. im. || sense of hearing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uwa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊwə/ || n. an. || breeze, gust of wind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uwōndum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊwɔ̤ndʊm/ || n. im. || the world, Akana ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uwōngk’uth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊwɔ̤ŋk’ʊθ/ || n. an. || crotch, groin area ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uwūb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊwʊ̤p/ || n. ac. || council, advisers to a ruler ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /waɪ̯/ || n. im. || wheat, grain in general ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /waɪ̯/ || vi. || be ready, get ready, prepare ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;waifu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /waɪ̯fʊ/ || n. an. || breath ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wait’ā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /waɪ̯t’ə̤/ || n. an. || wasp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /waʊ̯/ || n. an. || fingertip ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wə/ || vt. || deserve ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wə̤/ || vt. || guard, protect, nurture, raise (dependent) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wəm/ || n. im. || fertile soil ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wən/ || n. im. || force, pressure ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;warū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wərʊ̤/ || vt. || defeat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wəθ/ || qtf. || the entire ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wathsiya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wəθsɪjə/ || n. im. || nit(s) (louse eggs) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Wekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɛx/ || n. an. || chthonic god of wisdom and magic ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;welā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɛlə̤/ || n. ic. || spider web ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wi/ || pron. || you (plural) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wi/ || vt. || lose, misplace ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɪx/ || n. im. || rope(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wikhfi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɪxfɪ/ || n. im. || blanket(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wiróph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɪroɸ/ || vi. || be hungry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;withgén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɪθken/ || n. ic. || shaft (of an arrow) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;withtí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɪθtʰi/ || n. ic. || shaft (of a spear), handle (of a long-hafted tool) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wlanú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wlənu/ || n. im. || mortar (construction material) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔ/ || vt. || use ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔp/ || vi. || be lazy, unhelpful, useless ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wōc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔ̤ʔ/ || n. im. || value, price ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;won&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔn/ || adv. || rather, somewhat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;woph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔɸ/ || vi. || be full (of food) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wōscayîm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔ̤sʔəji̤m/ || n. im. || brideprice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;woth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔθ/ || n. an. || kidney ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wōyî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔ̤ji̤/ || n. im. || fish skin, fish scales ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wra&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wrə/ || vt. || commit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wu/ || n. an. || bladder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wu/ || vi. || slip, slide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xám&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χam/ || n. an. || centipede, millipede ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χaɪ̯/ || n. an. || wave (of water), splash ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xaundum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χaʊ̯ndʊm/ || n. im. || seashell(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χə/ || n. im. || guts, innards ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χə/ || vt. || step on, step toward ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χət/ || n. im. || ashes ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xāmbú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χə̤mbu/ || n. an. || twilight ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xamen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χəmɛn/ || n. ic. || weapon, sword ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xaníb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χənip/ || n. an. || scabies || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xcúph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χʔuɸ/ || n. an. || cockroach ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χi/ || vi. || burn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xíwūn&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χiwʊ̤n/ || n. an. || widow, widower ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χo/ || n. ic. || table ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χɔ/ || n. im. || omen(s), portent(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χɔp/ || n. an. || darkness ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xon&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χɔn/ || n. an. || game (hunted animal) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xoxolég&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χɔχɔlek/ || n. an. || piglet || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xri&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χrɪ/ || n. an. || stomach ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xúlin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χulɪn/ || n. im. || quest, mission, task ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xúsalú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χusəlu/ || n. an. || torso, trunk of the body ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xusang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χʊsəŋ/ || n. im. || fact(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χwɪ/ || vt. || kindle, ignite, burn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaɪ̯/ || n. ic. || boat, raft ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ja̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || edge, margin, border ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yaica&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaɪ̯ʔə/ || n. ic. || earring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yairí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaɪ̯ri/ || n. ic. || armband ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yairi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaɪ̯rɪ/ || n. ic. || necklace ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yairub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaɪ̯rʊp/ || n. ic. || finger ring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaʊ̯/ || adj. || deep ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yaulalai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaʊ̯ləlaɪ̯/ || n. im. || bottom (of a body of water) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jə/ || adj. || previous, one before ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jə/ || int. || hail! goodbye! ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jə/ || vi. || hail, greet, say goodbye ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jə̤/ || n. im. || cream ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəx/ || n. an. || throat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yale&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəlɛ/ || n. im. || intestine, rectum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yammokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəmmɔx/ || n. im. || flat grassland, meadow, pasture ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jən/ || adj. || next ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jən/ || n. an. || ice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yaŋ&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəŋ/ || n. im. || happiness ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yaŋ&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəŋ/ || vi. || be happy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yayílí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəjili/ || n. im. || vomit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ye&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛ/ || vt. || bend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yēcú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛ̤ʔu/ || n. im. || glass (vitreous substances produced as byproducts of bronze smelting) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yeg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛk/ || vi. || sleep ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yēk’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛ̤k’i/ || n. im. || red obsidian ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛn/ || vt. || have sex with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yēt’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛ̤t’i/ || n. im. || black obsidian ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yeth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛθ/ || vt. || think, reflect, consider, assume ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ji/ || vi. || be thirsty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ji/ || vt. || chew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yímú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jimu/ || n. an. || bee ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yîyē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ji̤jɛ̤/ || n. im. || texture ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɔ/ || vt. || wear (of clothing, armor) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yoth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɔθ/ || n. ic. || oven ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jʊp/ || vi. || be awake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jʊʔ/ || n. im. || emptiness, air ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yunduc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jʊndʊʔ/ || vt. || empty, unload ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jʊjəŋ/ || n. im. || sadness ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jʊjəŋ/ || vi. || be sad ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Serial Verb Constructions=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;bg4 l bold&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| MT || Transitivity || gloss || notes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ba tí&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || imitate || &amp;quot;be similar to play with&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bwác xí&#039;&#039;&#039; || intr. || have a fever || &amp;quot;suffer burn&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cam t’irá&#039;&#039;&#039; || intr. || limp || &amp;quot;walk be difficult&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cau su&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || trap || &amp;quot;trick bind&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāph fi yo&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || put on (of clothes, armor) || &amp;quot;take wrap around wear&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fi mho sá&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || cover or wrap something completely || &amp;quot;wrap cover hide&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fundau thekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || follow || &amp;quot;join move around&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāph wā&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || adopt (a child) || &amp;quot;take protect&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāph cath t’i&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || bring (not a person) || &amp;quot;take carry come&amp;quot; (also used with 2nd and 3rd person motion verbs)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hau lo hú&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || invite || &amp;quot;call come meet&amp;quot; (also used with 1st and 2nd person motion verbs)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hau dāph&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || gather, summon (of people) || &amp;quot;call take&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hau nu&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || challenge, provoke || &amp;quot;call push&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ho hē&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || check, test || &amp;quot;touch feel&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hun bundum&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || mend (of cloth) || &amp;quot;sew fix&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’au pēc&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || barter, trade || &amp;quot;offer and receive (in trade)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kô so&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || borrow || &amp;quot;borrow get&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kô soth&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || lend || &amp;quot;borrow give&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ked k’e āg&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || punish || &amp;quot;judge hit hurt&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ked fai me&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || scold, admonish, reprimand || &amp;quot;judge slap tell&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lau nu&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || make fun of, mock, tease || &amp;quot;laugh push&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;li rú ... soth nga&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || milk || &amp;quot;pull cause ... give milk&amp;quot; (ECM construction)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lin cam&#039;&#039;&#039; || intr. || crawl || &amp;quot;lie walk&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lo hú&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || visit || &amp;quot;come meet&amp;quot; (also used with 1st and 2nd person motion verbs)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mén mikh ngai&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || search, search for || &amp;quot;look turn around seek&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngú ndai&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || recognize || &amp;quot;see know&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’í tai&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || guess, suppose || &amp;quot;venture say&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pai yuyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || regret || &amp;quot;go away be sad&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pí pai&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || escape, flee from || &amp;quot;jump depart&amp;quot; (also used with 1st and 2nd person motion verbs)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syan keng hub yeg lo&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || travel to (a distant location) || &amp;quot;rise go from here eat sleep come to there&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syó ndai&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || expect, anticipate, predict || &amp;quot;await know&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’o cam&#039;&#039;&#039; || intr. || sneak || &amp;quot;be quiet walk&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ta thāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || bury || &amp;quot;dig keep&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tai k’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || promise, swear || &amp;quot;say stay&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tai kang&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || interrupt (through speaking) || &amp;quot;say hinder&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tai ríkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || whisper || &amp;quot;say blow&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tai uph yeth pó&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || discuss, debate, negotiate || &amp;quot;say hear think respond&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tau pan&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || peel || &amp;quot;cut clean&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tau thac&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || cut off, shave off || &amp;quot;cut remove&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wa so&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || earn || &amp;quot;deserve get&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wa soth&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || owe || &amp;quot;deserve give&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;warū su thāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || capture, keep as a hostage || &amp;quot;defeat bind keep&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yeg gyai ngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || dream (about) || &amp;quot;sleep imagine see&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yeth pau&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || remember || &amp;quot;think find&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Lexicography]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Mhakh_Thandim&amp;diff=12731</id>
		<title>Mhakh Thandim</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Mhakh_Thandim&amp;diff=12731"/>
		<updated>2016-02-24T22:03:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* Aspect */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{TBC|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Rob wí Mhakh Thandim&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[rɔp wi m̥əx θənˈdɪm]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = central Kè mountains&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = [[Ronquian languages|Ronquian]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = SVO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mostly isolating&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = NOM-ACC&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Article}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Rob wí Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;Language of the First Tribe&amp;quot;), hereafter &#039;&#039;&#039;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039;&#039;, is a [[Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] dialect cluster spoken amidst the foothills and alpine valleys of the central Kè mountains (MT. &#039;&#039;P’ungk&#039;a nikh Kbán&#039;&#039;) in northwest Tuysáfa around 1 YP. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although the nature of Mhakh Thandim consonant clusters (see below) makes it somewhat difficult to analyze the underlying phonemes found in syllable onsets, the more conservative dialects are generally described as having the following inventory of 27 consonants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;coronal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dorsal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p&#039; · pʰ · p&lt;br /&gt;
| t&#039; · tʰ · t&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| k&#039; · kʰ · k&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| ɸ · f&lt;br /&gt;
| θ · s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| x · χ&lt;br /&gt;
| h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m̥ · m&lt;br /&gt;
| n̥ · n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋ̊ · ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w&lt;br /&gt;
| l · r&lt;br /&gt;
| j&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is possible to analyze Mhakh Thandim&#039;s aspirated and ejective stops and voiceless nasals as underlying consonant clusters, but due to the frequency with which they are attested relative to ejective fricatives and voicless or glottalized approximants they will be treated as unitary phonemes for the purposes of this document.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has an unusual inventory of fricatives, which may be divided into two groups: /f/, /s/ and /χ/ are termed &amp;quot;strident&amp;quot;, while /ɸ/, /θ/, /x/, and /h/ are termed &amp;quot;spirant&amp;quot;. The spirant fricatives have a more limited distribution than their strident counterparts, and the two series contrast only in single-consonant syllable onsets. In this position, the place contrast between the two series is enhanced by an additional tense/lax distinction, with the strident fricatives being pronounced longer and more forcefully than their spirant counterparts. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The consonants are romanized as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
* /p&#039; pʰ p t&#039; tʰ t k&#039; kʰ k ʔ/ &#039;&#039;&#039;p&#039; p b t&#039; t d k&#039; k g c&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /f ɸ s θ χ x h/ &#039;&#039;&#039;f ph s th x kh h&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̊/ &#039;&#039;&#039;m mh n nh ng ngh&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /w l r j/ &#039;&#039;&#039;w l r y&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has a large inventory of 10 contrasting vowel qualities, which may be grouped into five tense/lax pairs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;central&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! high&lt;br /&gt;
| i · ɪ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| u · ʊ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| e · ɛ&lt;br /&gt;
| ə&lt;br /&gt;
| o · ɔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! low&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| a&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The mid-central vowel /ə/ is generally regarded as the lax counterpart of the low-central vowel /a/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, most dialects of Mhakh Thandim have two diphthongs, both of them closing and falling:  /aɪ̯ aʊ̯/. These are treated as tense vowels for the purpose of determining stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The vowel qualities are written as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɪ ɛ ə ɔ ʊ/ &#039;&#039;&#039;i e a o u&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /i e a o u/ &#039;&#039;&#039;í é á ó ú&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /aɪ̯ aʊ̯/ &#039;&#039;&#039;ai au&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Register===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All vowels in Mhakh Thandim may be contrastively realized with modal or breathy voice, and breathy-voiced vowels are additionally pronounced longer than the corresponding modally-voiced vowels, and at a notably lower pitch. Breathy-voiced vowels make up a relatively small percentage of lexical vowels, but a shift from modal to breathy voice also serves as the primary method of marking the plural number in nouns. Orthographically, breathy-voiced lax are marked with a macron, and breathy-voiced tense vowels with a circumflex; for instance, /ə̤/ would be represented as &amp;lt;ā&amp;gt;, and /a̤/ as &amp;lt;â&amp;gt;. Only the first component of a diphthong is marked in this manner, as in &amp;lt;âi&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Syllables in Mhakh Thandim have the basic structure &#039;&#039;&#039;(C)(C)V(X)&#039;&#039;&#039;, where X may be any nasal, plain stop (including /ʔ/), or spirant fricative. Additionally, the approximants /w/, /l/, and /r/ may appear as coda consonants in intervocalic consonant clusters, but never word-finally. A syllable onset may consist of any of the following:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*No consonant&lt;br /&gt;
*Any single consonant&lt;br /&gt;
*A plain stop, strident fricative, voiced nasal, or /h/ followed by an approximant&lt;br /&gt;
*A plain stop followed by a strident fricative&lt;br /&gt;
*An aspirated stop followed by a non-homorganic plain stop, voiceless nasal, or approximant (which becomes voiceless)&lt;br /&gt;
*A strident fricative, nasal, or approximant and /ʔ/ (realized as an ejective fricative or glottalized sonorant)&lt;br /&gt;
*A strident fricative followed by a plain stop or non-identical strident fricative&lt;br /&gt;
*A nasal followed by a homorganic plain stop (which becomes voiced)&lt;br /&gt;
*Any two non-identical approximants in any order&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Intervocalic consonant clusters may consist of up to three segments, in cases where a syllable with a coda consonant is followed by one with an onset cluster.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Allophony and Phonetic Detail==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*With the exception of the interdental /θ/, “coronal” consonants may be freely realized as dental or alveolar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Ejectives in Mhakh Thandim are relatively &amp;quot;weak&amp;quot;, being distinguished from plain stops and fricatives primarily by a longer voice-onset time followed by a short interval of creaky phonation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Vowels are likewise partly glottalized adjacent to glottal stops, and complete glottal closure may not be achieved at all during rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Glottalized sonorants may be preglottalized or pronounced with creaky voice throughout their duration, and in either case the glottal constriction extends onto any preceding vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;Voiceless&amp;quot; nasals in Mhakh Thandim are only partially devoiced, with a voice onset time longer than that of a plain nasal but shorter than that of a plain stop.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Not all dialects preserve the distinction between /f/ and /ɸ/ and between /x/ and /χ/. In some one or both of these pairs have merged, while in others one or more of the spirant fricatives have been debuccalized to /h/. /θ/, which is an unusually common phoneme in Mhakh Thandim, is usually exempt from these mergers, though in a few villages it has merged with the plain stop /t/ word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*/r/ is more or less consistently realized as a trilled [r] initially and in clusters (though it is devoiced to [r̥] following aspirated stops) and as a flapped [ɾ] intervocalically.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*/l/ is generally in free variation with velarized /ɫ/, though the distribution of the latter varies significantly by dialect. In some varieties /l/ is never velarized, while in others it is entirely replaced by /ɫ/, and in some there is a regular alternation between /l/ and /ɫ/ before front and back vowels, respectively. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*In most dialects the lax vowel /ə/ is in roughly free variation with /ɐ/, with the latter realization being particularly common in stressed syllables and adjacent to dorsal consonants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Mhakh Thandim&#039;s breathy register is realized differently depending on the phonetic environment:&lt;br /&gt;
**In syllables beginning with a vowel, approximant, plain nasal, spirant fricative, or plain stop, the onset of breathy phonation usually corresponds closely with the beginning of the syllable, coloring the pronunciation of the onset consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
**Strident fricatives and aspirated stops are always voiceless, and the onset of breathy phonation following one of these sounds is the same as the regular voice onset time of a modal register syllable. Likewise, in a syllable beginning with a &amp;quot;voiceless&amp;quot; nasal, the initial voicelessness of the onset transitions directly into breathy voice.&lt;br /&gt;
**Because the glottal constriction in ejectives, glottal stops, and glottalized sonorants influences the phonation of surrounding vowels, these consonants can delay the onset of breathy voice or cause it to end prematurely. In rapid speach, no perceptible breathiness may be achieved at all, and breathy-register syllables in the vicinity of glottalized consonants may be distinguished solely by length and/or tone.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Stress==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has a non-phonemic dynamic accent which always falls on the first syllable in a word that has a tense vowel, or on the final syllable of a word with only lax vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of Words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim grammar relies heavily on word order and anylytic serial verb constructions, and has no regular inflectional verbal morphology. Verbs are distinguished as inherently transitive or intransitive, and an intransitive verb cannot behave as a trasitive verb (or vice-versa) without the aid of an auxiliary verb or explicit derivational marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nouns in Mhakh Thandim are marked only for number.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A fundamental distinction is also made between animate and inanimate nouns, though animacy is not explicitly marked on the noun. Inanimate nouns may additionally be distinguished as count nouns or mass nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Animate nouns are always considered singular in their least-marked form, and are regularly marked for the plural number by shifting the first syllable from the modal register to the breathy register.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;thim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;person, individual&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;thīm&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;people, individuals&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;p’olóm&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;lion&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ōlóm&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;lions&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A number of animate nouns have irregular or suppletive plural forms:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;thin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;ewe, sheep (less marked) → &#039;&#039;&#039;tná&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;ewes, sheep (less marked)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;nakh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;mare, horse (less marked) → &#039;&#039;&#039;kad&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;mares, horses (less marked)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A few animate nouns begin in a breathy syllable in their singular form and remain unchanged in the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;î&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;fish, fishes&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;īnīn&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;daughter, daughters&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to the simple plural, animate nouns have a collective plural, marked with the infix ⟨&#039;&#039;&#039;and&#039;&#039;&#039;⟩, which follows the onset consonant(s) of the first syllable. In nouns beginning with a vowel, this becomes the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;d&#039;&#039;&#039;-.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;nin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;nannygoat, goat (less marked)&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;nandin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;herd of goats&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;thim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;person&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;thandim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;tribe, people, ethnic group&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some collective animate nouns, mostly generic kinship terms, are not derived from any productive root, however.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;andath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;grandparents&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;handú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;siblings&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Inanimate count nouns are not morphologically marked for number, but may be modified by numerals and quantifiers. Inanimate mass nouns, however, may take the paucal infix ⟨&#039;&#039;&#039;iy&#039;&#039;&#039;⟩, which expresses that the noun is present in a small or insufficient quantity. With nouns beginning in a vowel, this becomes the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039;-.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ti&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;food&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;tiyi&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;a little food, not enough food&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;phid&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;oak woodland&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;phiyid&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;oak grove, a few oaks&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The paucal infix is also sometimes used with collective animate nouns, but this is less common.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;niyandin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;a small herd of goats&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Pronouns and Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
===Personal Pronouns===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pronouns in Mhakh Thandim mark three  grammatical numbers: the singular, used to refer to exactly one referent, the paucal, used to refer to a relatively small number of referents, and the plural, used to refer to a relatively large number of referents. There are no strict rules governing when the paucal number should be used as opposed to the plural, and the frequency with which each is used varies considerably depending on the dialect and the individual speaker. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The third person pronouns also distinguish between animate and inanimate referents, and number is handled somewhat differently for the latter. The inanimate plural is used to refer to uncountable masses and collective groups, in addition to groups of multiple countable objects. Likewise, the paucal may be interpreted as referring to a small quantity of a substance or a small group of creatures, depending on the referent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;l&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;5&amp;quot;| &#039;&#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;6&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;l&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;| &#039;&#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tna&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hai&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 2&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mung&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tmung&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 2&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 3&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ki&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tgi&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gli&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 3&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mro&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tro&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;to&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Indefinite Determiners===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim lacks simple indefinite pronouns (such as the English &amp;quot;someone&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;something&amp;quot;), instead making use of two indefinite determiners: &#039;&#039;&#039;ísó&#039;&#039;&#039; (used with animate referents) and &#039;&#039;&#039;esó&#039;&#039;&#039; (used with inanimate referents). These are used in conjunction with nouns, most commonly generic “dummy nouns&amp;quot; like &#039;&#039;&#039;thim&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;person&amp;quot; and &#039;&#039;&#039;thú&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;thing,&amp;quot; but more specific nouns may be used as well.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ísó thim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;somebody&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ísó sakh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some creature&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ísó hókh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some woman&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;esó thú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;something&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;esó hong&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some place&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;esó sambá&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some plant&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Makh Thandim makes use of three demonstratives, which distinguish only a single degree of spatial deixis. The demonstratives &#039;&#039;&#039;ka&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;fi&#039;&#039;&#039; can both be translated as &amp;quot;this&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;that,&amp;quot; referring to animate and inanimate referents respectively, while &#039;&#039;&#039;nhu&#039;&#039;&#039; is best translated as &amp;quot;the other&amp;quot;. These may only be used adnominally, but demonstrative pronouns can be created by pairing them with generic nouns, as with the indefinite determiners. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Interrogative Determiners===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rather than interrogative pronouns, Makh Thandim makes use of the interrogative determiners &#039;&#039;&#039;khau&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;khén&#039;&#039;&#039;, both best translated as &amp;quot;what?&amp;quot;, which, like other determiners, may be used pronominally by combining them with a noun. &#039;&#039;&#039;Khau&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with animate referents, while &#039;&#039;&#039;khén&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimates:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;khau thim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;what person? who?&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;khau sakh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;what creature?&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;khén thú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;what thing? what?&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Indefinite Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;no, none&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;sdoth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;neither (of two)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;tre&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;none of the three&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;t’e&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;any (of many)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;t’oth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;either (of two)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;tat’oth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;any of the three&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;cí&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some, few, a few&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;ngai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;a little, a small amount (of an uncountable mass)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ni&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;many&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;ndé&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;a lot, much, a large amount (of an uncountable mass)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;de&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;every (of a countable number)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;nath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;both&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;tna&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;all three&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;nā&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;all (of a countable number)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;each (of a collective group)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;wath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;all (of an uncountable mass), the entire, every (of a collective group)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system similar to that found in the nearby [[Ronc Tyu]] language. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! width=&amp;quot;28%&amp;quot;| cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! width=&amp;quot;28%&amp;quot;| multiplier&lt;br /&gt;
! width=&amp;quot;28%&amp;quot;| ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| p’ikh || bikh || mhakh&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| hí || cí || gso&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| t’uc || duc || ndoc&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| phau || pau ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| fang || wang ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || la ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| sath || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| hú || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| thám || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prepositions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many  grammatical relationships marked with preposition in English are handled in Mhakh Thandim using serial verb constructions (see below). However, there are a small number of prepositions used for marking spatial and genitive relationships between noun phrases.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Locative Prepositions===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most common locative prepositions are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;kath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;near, next to&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;nge&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;across from, facing&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;ngu&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;east of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;nikh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;at&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;nwed&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;south of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;pom&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;above, at the top of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;pú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;north of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;around, surrounding&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;tá&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;below, under, on the bottom of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;taph&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;left of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;ti&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;behind, at the back of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;twa&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;west of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;outside of, at a distance from&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;wōb&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;on, on top of, on the surface of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;in, inside&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;yith&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;right of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;yuth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;through, between&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Genitive Prepositions===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The preposition &#039;&#039;&#039;mú&#039;&#039;&#039; is used to mark the possessor of an inanimate object. Other kinds of genitive relationships use formed using locative prepositions. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ūnggín|bow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mú|of}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Brother&#039;s bow}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;wōb&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;on,&amp;quot; indicates the possessor of body parts and other things which are physically attached, as well as items currently being worn.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bú|hand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōm|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|my hand}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ârsí|tip}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōm|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ing|claw}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|tip of a/the claw}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|núngú|shirt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōm|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|your shirt (specifically the one you&#039;re wearing)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;in,&amp;quot; is used to indicate the possessor of an emotion, idea, or state, as well as for internal organs and other things normally thought of as being ‘inside’ their possessor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāth|anger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|mother&#039;s anger}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kwau|illness}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng&#039;s illness}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pdékh|soul}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping&#039;s soul}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039;, here best interpreted as meaning &amp;quot;out of,&amp;quot; may be used to indicate the origin or composition of a noun referent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngu|east}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|a/the man from the east}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kiyong|hall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ac|stone}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|a/the stone hall}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Possession&amp;quot; of kin and other living beings is handled without the use of a preposition, with the possessed term simply preceding the possessor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping&#039;s mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khath|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng&#039;s dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is worth noting that possessives are used less frequently in Mhakh Thandim than in English. For instance, one wouldn&#039;t typically say &#039;&#039;&#039;Táng hub ti mú ki&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;Táng eats his food.&amp;quot; In a statement like &#039;&#039;&#039;Táng hub ti&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;Táng eats food,&amp;quot; it is assumed that the food eaten belonged to Táng at the time, although context may indicate otherwise. Likewise, one would usually say &#039;&#039;&#039;danda ngi&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;mother is kind&amp;quot; rather than &#039;&#039;&#039;danda na ngi&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;my mother is kind,&amp;quot; as unmarked kinship terms are typically assumed to refer to referents related to the speaker (though, again, this depends on context).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Adjectives and Adverbs===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Adjectives and adverbs constitute relatively small, closed classes in Mhakh Thandim. Adverbs serve mostly to mark spacial and temporal deixis and certain types of modality. Examples include &#039;&#039;&#039;tíd&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;here,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;sō&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;there,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;hri&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;now,&amp;quot; and the emphatic &#039;&#039;&#039;du&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;really, indeed.&amp;quot; Other meanings expressed using adverbs in English, such as the manner in which an action is carried out, are instead expressed using serial verb constructions in Mhakh Thandim. Adjectives are mostly limited to basic vocabulary terms such a &#039;&#039;&#039;ró&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;big,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;ban&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;small,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;lán&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;new, young,&amp;quot; and &#039;&#039;&#039;bum&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;good,&amp;quot; while stative verbs are  used to express a much broader range of meanings. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Basic Syntax=&lt;br /&gt;
==Simple Sentences==&lt;br /&gt;
===Intransitive Clauses===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Intransitive clauses in Mhakh Thandim minimally consist of a subject noun followed by an intransitive verb, giving SV word order:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Bombo|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yeg.|sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The baby sleeps.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fu|wind}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ríkh.|blow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The wind blows.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Transitive Clauses===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Clauses with transitive verbs follow a SVO pattern.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Bamba|father}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bundum|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bwau.|roof}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Father fixes the roof.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngangú|notice}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tath.|rabbit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The hunter spots a rabbit.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Inanimate subjects of transitive verbs must be marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;use&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’andí|spear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sí|pierce}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rócau.|shield}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The spear pierces the shield.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sentences with directional verbs look a lot like ordinary transitives if there is an overt source or destination, but they are in fact intransitive: directional verbs cannot be passivized, and inanimate subjects in such constructions do not take &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gín|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí.|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The arrow approaches the deer.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While the above sentence is perfectly grammatical, directional motion verbs are more much more commonly used as part of a serial verb construction:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gín|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|srau|fly}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí.|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The arrow flies toward the deer.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Predication===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The verb &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;stand,&amp;quot; is used as a general copula in Mhakh Thandim, behaving as a transitive verb in that context:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hókh|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’un|tall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thim.|person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The woman is tall.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sakh|creature}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|asakh.|wolf}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The creature is a wolf.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When used to express a locative meaning, the exact type of spatial relation is indicated with a preposition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth.|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother is in the house.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pom|above}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sáng.|coniferous.tree}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother is at the top of the tree.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In most cases, an individual&#039;s profession is described using the verb describing the activity associated with that profession, rather than a copular clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gókh.|hunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother hunts/my brother is a hunter.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Pwa|maternal.uncle}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’únda|make}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yai.|boat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My maternal uncle makes a boat/my maternal uncle is a boat-builder.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive Voice===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Transitive verbs may be made passive using the particle &#039;&#039;&#039;ta&#039;&#039;&#039;, which immediately follows the verb. In a passive clause, the object of the transitive verb precedes the verb itself, occupying the position normally filled by the subject:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sawong|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta.|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The song is sung.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A subject may optionally be included after the verb and the passive voice particle, in the position normally occupied by the object of the verb. As normal, the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039; must be used before an inanimate subject. When a subject is included in this manner, passive constructions usually serve to mark the perfective aspect in addition to emphasizing the role of the object in the clause. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sawong|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda.|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The song has been sung by mother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Anggó|vase}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hu|break}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ac.|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The vase has been broken with a rock.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Oblique Participants===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has only one object slot in the verb phrase. As a result, the recipient of a ditransitive clause needs to be introduced with the help of a coverb. The same strategy is also used to introduce other participants in oblique roles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Dative and Benefactive====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dative participants are marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;so&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|soth|give}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndá.|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man gives meat to the tiger.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Benefactive participants are marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;ung&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;help&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|músandai|strawberries}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ung|help}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pakh|sick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|īnīn.|daughter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother picks strawberries for her sick daughter.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Antibenefactive participants are marked using the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;āg&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;hurt&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwekh|deny}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ti|food}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|āg|hurt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fífí.|son}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother denies food to her son.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Benefactive and antibenefactive constructions are often used in cases where English would instead indicate possession:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bundum|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|núngú|shirt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ung|help}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My sister mends my shirt.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Turim|hostile.tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|klu|destory}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bāth|village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|āg|hurt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kírû.|husband}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A hostile tribe destroys my husband&#039;s village.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Instrumental====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Instrumental participants are marked using the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;use&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|phem|bake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gsac|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yoth.|oven}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother bakes bread in the oven.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In passive clauses, a demoted subject must immediately follow the passivized verb, with the instrumental falling at the end of the sentence:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|K’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cut}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|frau.|knife}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The meat has been cut by you, using a knife.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Comitative====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comitative participants are marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;fundau&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be with, bring&amp;quot;, while anticomitative participants are marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;re&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;lack, be without&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gak’ókh|hunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fundau|be.with}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa.|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I hunt deer with my brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gê|home}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|re|lack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My sister goes home without me.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Locative====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Locative participants are usually marked using the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;stand,&amp;quot; though other verbs such as &#039;&#039;&#039;nghau&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;sit&amp;quot; or &#039;&#039;&#039;lin&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;lie, recline&amp;quot; may be used to give additional information about the posture or position of the subject. In any case, the position of the subject relative to the locative participant is indicated using a preposition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hókh|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kath|near}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngêleth.|hearth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The woman sings a song near the hearth.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kau|bear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yeg|sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cō.|cave}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bear sleeps lying in a cave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the subject is in motion but the action still takes place at a single location, the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;thekh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;move around, wander&amp;quot; is used instead of a positional verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hai|1P}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tí|dance (v.)}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sasí|dance (n.)}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thekh|wander}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngêleth.|hearth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|We dance (a dance) around the hearth.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Negation===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sentences are negated with the auxiliary verb &#039;&#039;&#039;pekh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;not, be not&amp;quot;, which is placed before the rest of the verb phrase:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|takh|steal}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thú!|thing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother doesn&#039;t steal things/my brother isn&#039;t a thief!}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In general, contiguous serial verb constructions can only be negated as a whole. Negating one or more of the verbs in the construction separately is ungrammatical.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|akh|return}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hum.|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I&#039;m not coming home for dinner}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;*Na akh má pekh hum.&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;(ungrammatical; intended meaning: &amp;quot;I’m coming home but I won’t eat&amp;quot;)&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, if there is a modal auxiliary, negation may either take scope over the modal (and thus over the whole clause), or alternatively only over the non-modal part of the SVC:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng.|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You don’t have to leave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2SG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng.|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You’re not allowed to leave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In ECM constructions (see below), each verb phrase can be negated separately:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ca|request}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng.|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I&#039;m not asking you to leave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ca|request}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng.|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I&#039;m asking you not to leave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Individual noun phrases can be negated with the quantifier &#039;&#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;no, none&amp;quot;. Negating the object of a transitive clause in this way is often logically equivalent to negating the verb, but it has slightly different semantic connotations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sácau.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The dog hasn&#039;t gotten any meat. (Lit. &amp;quot;No meat has been gotten by the dog.&amp;quot;)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If only the subject is negated, the resulting meaning is often partitive, especially if the subject appears in a non-singular number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|K’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sâcau.|PL/dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|None of the dogs have gotten any meat.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A typical case in which both the subject and the object may be simultaneously negated is when two different subjects are contrasted with one another:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khath,|male.dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|to|3P.IN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sácau.|female.dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|It&#039;s not the male dog who hasn&#039;t gotten any meat, it&#039;s the female one.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Interrogatives===&lt;br /&gt;
====Polar Questions====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Polar questions in Mhakh Thandim are regularly formed by shifting the verb to the beginning of the clause, giving the word order VS(O), or VO(S) in passive constructions:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|T’i|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung?|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Are you coming?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Pau|find}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mandú|grove.of.apple.trees}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung?|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Have you found the grove of apple trees. (lit. Has the grove of apple trees been found by you?)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Copular predicates are questioned with a special interrogative copula &#039;&#039;&#039;sô&#039;&#039;&#039;, in addition to the regular shift in word order:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sô|Q.COP}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bum|good}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû?|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Is he a good man?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Content Questions====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Questions that give a list of possible answers are formed like polar questions, with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;ro&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;choose, select&amp;quot; introducing each alternative (which must appear in the form of a noun phrase):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ai|want}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kith|drink}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ro|choose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pe|beer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ro|choose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ú?|water}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Do you want to drink beer or water?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In order to ask about a particular noun phrase in a sentence, this noun phrase is marked with the interrogative determiners &#039;&#039;&#039;khau&#039;&#039;&#039; (referring to animate nouns) and &#039;&#039;&#039;khén&#039;&#039;&#039; (referring to inanimate nouns). Non-subject NPs are moved to the beginning of the sentence, along with the associated coverb in the case of oblique NPs, with all other elements remaining in their usual positions:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khau|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thim|person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hu|break}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’andí|spear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mú|of}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na?|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Who broke my spear?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khén|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’an|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|înggókh|PL/hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cath|carry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’i|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pai|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sāng?|coniferous.forest}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|What kind of meat did the hunters bring home from the forest?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These determiners combine with nouns like &#039;&#039;&#039;hong&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;place, area, region&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;&#039;sad&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;time&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;&#039;cí&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;manner, method&amp;quot; or &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;reason, motive, explanation&amp;quot; to create various adverbial interrogatives:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khén|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hong|place}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rólí|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só?|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Where is the king?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khén|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cí|method}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|asakh?|wolf}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|How did you kill the wolf?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Open content questions are formed in a similar manner using the copula &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, with the interrogative determiner taking a generic &amp;quot;dummy&amp;quot; noun as its referent:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khau|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thim|person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só?|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Who are you?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khén|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thú|thing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sō?|there}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|What&#039;s that over there?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Reflexives and Reciprocals===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since Mhakh Thandim does not have dedicated reflexive pronouns, statements where the subject acts upon itself simply use a normal personal pronoun co-referential with the subject in the object position of a transitive clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|āg|hurt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I fall down and hurt myself.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When a paucal or plural pronoun is used in this way, the resulting clause is often interpreted as reciprocal:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gandath|parents}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tgi.|3Pa}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My parents love each other.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In situations where ambiguity with a non-reflexive reading might arise, reflexive or reciprocal semantics can optionally be made explicit by reduplicating the object pronoun:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cut}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior cuts him/her/it.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cut}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior cuts himself.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Complex Sentences==&lt;br /&gt;
===Clause Coordination===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Clause-level conjunctions such as &#039;&#039;&#039;o&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;and&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;&#039;e&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;or&amp;quot;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;k’e&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;but, however&amp;quot; are placed clause-initially. Note that these conjunctions cannot be used to connect noun phrases:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Reph|boy}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|myid|be.brave}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dag.|be.intelligent}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The boy is brave and the girl is intelligent.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hri|now}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|baulā|weather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ú,|be.calm}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’e|but}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|1s}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thí|black}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lîlā|PL/cloud}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nikh|at}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|twa.|west}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Now the weather is calm, but I see dark clouds in the west.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Coordination of Noun Phrases===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Non-subject noun phrases are coordinated using the conjunction &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;and, with&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khag|cat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sácau.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I see a cat and a dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|phem|bake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gsac|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mháth|egg}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nga.|milk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother makes bread with egg and milk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This conjunction cannot be used for sentence subjects though, so subject noun phrases are instead coordinated with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;fundau&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be with, bring&amp;quot;. The fundau-phrase can appear either directly after the subject or after the main verb phrase, but it refers to the subject in both situations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fundau|be.with}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bamba|father}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yen|have.sex}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tgi.|3pa}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother and father have sex [with each other].}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wiróph|be.hungry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mad|be.tired}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fundau|be.with}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1s}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother and I are hungry and tired.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Noun phrases can be presented as alternatives to each other with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;ro&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;choose, select&amp;quot;, which is repeated before each NP. This conjunction can be used with both subjects and non-subjects:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dá|be.able}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ro|choose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|múwong|apple}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ro|choose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nhāwong.|pear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You may have some apple or some pear.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Contrastive coordination of noun phrases (&amp;quot;but&amp;quot;) is achieved with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;re&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be without&amp;quot; if the noun phrases appear in subject position, or with the conjunction &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;and, with&amp;quot; and the quantifier &#039;&#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;no, none&amp;quot; otherwise. Note that in both cases the negated NP must follow the non-negated one.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khath|male.dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|re|be.without}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sácau|female.dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad.|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The male dog receives meat but the female dog doesn&#039;t.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndai|know}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ka|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ka|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hókh.|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I know this man but not this woman.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Relative Clauses===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Relative clauses, i.e. subordinated clauses acting as an attribute to a noun phrase, are introduced with the relativizer &#039;&#039;&#039;kambum&#039;&#039;&#039;. A pronoun referring to the relativized noun is retained within the relative clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wath|all}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|músandai|strawberries}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|to.|3PL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My sister eats all of the strawberries that I pick.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If a pronoun itself is being relativized, it appears only in the relative clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tna|1PA}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|myid|be.courageous}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nec.|win}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|We courageous few will be victorious.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If both subject and object of a transitive relative clause are represented by the same pronoun, the relativized noun will be assumed to be the subject of the subclause. In order to relativize the object in such a situation, the subject must be represented by one of the special logophoric pronouns &#039;&#039;&#039;ídon&#039;&#039;&#039; (for animate referents) or &#039;&#039;&#039;ekhdon&#039;&#039;&#039; (for inanimate referents) instead, which explicitly refer back to the subject of the matrix clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior killed the man who attached him.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior killed the man whom he attacked.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Compliment Clauses===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Complement clauses, i.e. subordinated clauses acting as a noun (most importantly as the subject or object of a sentence), are formed much like relative clauses, being introduced with a noun related to the type of action or event described in the clause followed by the complimentizer &#039;&#039;&#039;kbau&#039;&#039;&#039;. Common nouns used in this manner include &#039;&#039;&#039;theb&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;event,&amp;quot; used to complimentize wide range of real and hypothetical events, &#039;&#039;&#039;xúlin&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;task,&amp;quot; used to complimentize occupations and activities, &#039;&#039;&#039;tī&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;idea,&amp;quot; used to complimentize plans and abstract concepts, and &#039;&#039;&#039;sai&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;word,&amp;quot; used to complimentize reported speech:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|takh|steal}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nakh|horse}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dá.|be.possible}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The girl could have stolen the horse.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rócókh|queen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nghō|dislike}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tī|idea}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hai|1PL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|turim.|enemy.tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The queen dislikes the idea of us attacking the enemy tribe.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Complement clauses can also act as the objects of coverbs:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dá|be.able}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gak’ókh|hunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ālam|PL/salmon}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|re|be.without}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xúlin|task}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fád.|river}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You can&#039;t catch salmon without going to the river.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Serial Verb Constructions (SVC)=&lt;br /&gt;
==Sequential Events==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of the most obvious uses of serial verb constructions is for expressing sequences of closely connected actions that are understood to form a single event. Verbs in a series of this type have equal status within the construction (i.e. there is no clear ‘head’), are ordered according to the actual temporal sequence, and usually have a shared subject.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sometimes all components of a sequential SVC are intransitive:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ca|clap}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya.|hail}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother claps her hands and waves goodbye.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sometimes all of the verbs are transitive. In this case, the SVC as a whole is transitive too, and both subject and object are shared by all verbs:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|P’olóm|lion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ā|bite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yí|chew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|au|swallow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad.|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The lion bites, chews, and swallows the meat.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If a transitive and an intransitive verb are used together, the intransitive verb must come first because it may not intervene between the transitive verb and its object:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hau|shout}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ínggókh.|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The tiger roars and attacks the hunter.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;*Ndá raríth hau ínggókh.&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;(ungrammatical)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sequential SVC often contain one or more passivized verbs. If the first verb in the series is passivized, the passive-marking particle &#039;&#039;&#039;ta&#039;&#039;&#039; is moved to the end of the SCV:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ā|bite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ma|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndá.|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The hunter died after being bitten by the tiger.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since passives are normally interpreted as perfective, an additional serialized verb is generally used to make such a sentence imperfective, usually &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;stand,&amp;quot; which comes before the the main SCV:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ā|bite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ma|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndá.|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The hunter is being bitten to death by the tiger.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the semantics and transitivity values of the verbs do not permit iconic order (for example because the verb that happens last is intransitive), or if two or more transitive verbs have different objects, it is not possible to use a sequential SVC. Instead, the event can be described as a sequence of independent clauses, with the shared subject being referred to with the logophoric pronouns &#039;&#039;&#039;ídon&#039;&#039;&#039; (animate) or &#039;&#039;&#039;ekhdon&#039;&#039;&#039; (inanimate) in all but the first of these chained clauses:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hau.|shout}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The tiger attacks the hunter and roars.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Lexicalized Sequential Serials===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many combinations of sequential serial verbs are lexicalized, usually referring to common, culturally recognized activities. As a guideline, the longer a SVC, the more likely it is to have acquired a specialized and often idiomatic meaning:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndai|know}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa|brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Sister recognizes her brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ít’ukh|priest}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fi|wrap.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yo|wear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rwilí.|mask}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The priest puts on a mask.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Bí|PL/man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bāth|village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tai|say}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uph|hear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yeth|think}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pó|reply}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thú|thing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mō.|be.important}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The men in the village discuss important matters.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Grammatical Use of Serial Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
===Causation===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The simplest method of forming causative statements in Mhakh Thandim is through the use of the auxiliary verb &#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;cause&amp;quot;, before the verb being causativized. This effectively increases the valency of intransitive verbs, and the clause is structured as if they were transitive:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|cause}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother made me fall.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The verb &#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039; can only be used as an auxiliary verb (except in a few fossilized sequential serial verb constructions such as &#039;&#039;&#039;li rú ... soth nga&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;milk (an animal)&amp;quot; (lit. &amp;quot;pull cause … give milk&amp;quot;)), so it never appears as the first element in an ECM construction. In its place, the verb &#039;&#039;&#039;soth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;give&amp;quot; can function as a generic causative verb. Causatives which involve movement of some sort often use &#039;&#039;&#039;sóndo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;put, place&amp;quot; instead:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|soth|give}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bamba|father}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cath|carry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’i|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kdarokh|firewood}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pai|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sāng.|coniferous.forest}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother made father bring in firewood from the forest.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ûnggín|bow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōb|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xó.|table}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior laid his bow on the table.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, many semantically causative statements can be formed as ECM constructions without the use of an explicit causative marker:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|P’olóm|lion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ā|bite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ma.|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The lion bites the hunter to death.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Intransitive verbs may act as the first verb in a causative ECM construction if serialized with a generic causative verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pándad|children.COLL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lau|laugh}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|soth|give}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|núb.|wake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I&#039;m woken up by the laughter of my children.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, in many cases a sequential serial verb construction may be interpreted as a cause-and-effect statement in which the event described by the second verb is a direct consequence of the action described by the first verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ít’ukh|priest}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cut}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thac|remove}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nhig.|beard}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The priest shaves off his beard. (lit. the priest cuts his beard, removing it).}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Comparison===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comparative statements are made with serial verb constructions using the verb &#039;&#039;&#039;ná&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;exceed, surpass&amp;quot;, which is simply added after the verb(s) expressing the compared quality:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|myid|be.brave}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa.|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping is braver than her brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Superlatives are formed by using a totality of referents as the object of the clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|myid|be.brave}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|de|every}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thim.|person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng is the bravest (lit. Táng is braver than every person).}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the compared quality is expressed with an adjective, the serial verb construction is introduced by a copular phrase that predicates the adjective to the subject. Unlike other adjectival predicates, no dummy noun is used:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda.|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng loves his mother more than his brother does.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa.|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng loves his mother more than he loves his mother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In cases like the second example, it’s common to leave out the subject of the second clause and replace the second verb with the particle &#039;&#039;&#039;ta&#039;&#039;&#039;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|do.same}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa.|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng loves his mother more than he does his brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Motion Verbs===&lt;br /&gt;
====Direction and deixis====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has a set of seven deictic motion verbs marking not only origin/destination, but also  the grammatical person of the reference point:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;l&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;min-width:15em;&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;min-width:15em;&amp;quot;| Origin (go away from)&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;min-width:15em;&amp;quot;| Destination (come towards)&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;min-width:15em;&amp;quot;| No direction (move)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;keng&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go away from speaker&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’i&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;come towards speaker&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go away from listener&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;má&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;come towards listener&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go away from a third person point of origin&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;come towards a third person destination&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thekh&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘go nowhere in particular, &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;move around, roam, wander’&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All of these deictic motion verbs are technically intransitive:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai.|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I’m leaving [you].}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the origin and destination verbs may also take a nominal complement. This is especially common with the third person motion verbs. With first and second person motion verbs, an overt complement that is not a matching pronoun will be interpreted to be possessed or accompanied by the given person:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth.|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|He/she goes towards the house.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth.|SGV/village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|He/she goes towards your house.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While deictic motion verbs may be used on their own, they are much more frequently encountered in serial verb constructions, generally ordered according to the iconic sequence of events (i.e. &#039;&#039;cause → motion away from → motion towards → result&#039;&#039;):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|huc|kick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|loth.|ball}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I kick the ball to you.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cuk’a.|hills}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You go toward the hills.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although somewhat contrived, the following example is grammatical:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Bamba|father}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pei|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’i|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gê.|home}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Our father left his house and came to yours, left yours and came to mine, then went back to yours and left it to return to his house.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(Note that each destination is explicitly left by the father before moving on to the next one. Stringing together several origin verbs or several destination verbs immediately after one another would be ungrammatical.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Manner of Motion====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Verbs indicating the manner of motion in Mhakh Thandim usually do not specify a direction, and so are often combined with directional verbs. Manner-of-motion verbs are placed between origin and destination verb if both are present; otherwise they appear before the directional verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|P’amba|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thekh.|move.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather goes for a stroll.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hém|be.quick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kdónâi.|riverbank}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I run toward the riverbank.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(Compare to &#039;&#039;&#039;p&#039;amba cam&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;grandfather is on foot&amp;quot; and &#039;&#039;&#039;na hém&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I am fast.&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This strategy is also used to convert verbs of posture or stationary movement to verbs of motion:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’i.|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior crawls toward me.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hai|1PL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pí|jump}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|am.|lake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|We jump toward the lake.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are a number of non-deictic motion verbs which do specify a direction (e.g. &#039;&#039;&#039;dú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go downhill, go downstream&amp;quot; or &#039;&#039;&#039;siph&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go through&amp;quot;). These may be used as manner-of-motion verbs too:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dú|go.downhill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The tiger tumbles downhill.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Source and Target====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The origin and destination verbs can also be used as coverbs to add an argument in the role of source or target respectively, increasing the valency of the main VP:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|srundau|throw}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gín|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí.|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The hunter shoots an arrow at the deer.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Posture and orientation===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Posture can be expressed by means of serializing the copula &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039; with one of the positional verbs &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;stand,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;nghau&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;sit,&amp;quot; or &#039;&#039;&#039;lin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;lie.&amp;quot; This means that the reduplicated sequence &#039;&#039;&#039;só só&#039;&#039;&#039; has the meaning &amp;quot;stand upright,&amp;quot; and can be used to disambiguate locative/positional ‘stand’ from the grammaticalized use of ‘stand’ as a non-locative copula:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só.|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng stands upright.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this type of construction the positional verbs may take a complement NP describing the location of the subject. An overt preposition is only necessary in order to specify more detailed spatial relationships than a generic &amp;quot;at,&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;on&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Phéd|oak.tree}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mro|3S.IN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hé.|ground}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A fallen oak tree lies on the ground.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Frau|knife}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōb|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xó.|table}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The knife lies on top of the table.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Posture constructions can be extended with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;sú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;watch, look at, face,&amp;quot; which introduces an additional directional complement. Other verbs of orientation like &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ub&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be parallel to,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;hū&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be perpendicular to,&amp;quot; and &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be diagonal to&amp;quot; may also be used in this manner:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pom|above}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ac|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sú|look.at}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng is standing on top of the rock, facing me.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note how the coverb phrase in the example above semantically relates to the subject of the posture predicate (so it is &#039;&#039;&#039;Táng&#039;&#039;&#039; who is facing the speaker), in contrast to the following sentence, where the preposition &#039;&#039;&#039;nge&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;across from, facing&amp;quot; is used instead, and relates to the immediately preceding noun phrase (so it is the rock which is facing the speaker):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pom|above}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ac|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nge|facing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng stands on top of the rock, which is facing me.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In order to describe a change of posture and/or orientation, the copula &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039; is replaced by an appropriate movement verb such as &#039;&#039;&#039;fai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;fall,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;syan&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;rise,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;ho&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;touch, get in contact with,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;mikh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;turn around,&amp;quot; or similar:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Phéd|oak.tree}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hé|ground}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hū|be.perpendicular}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fáph.|path}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The oak tree has fallen so that it lies on the ground, blocking the path.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mikh|turn.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sú|look.at}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’ungk’a.|mountains}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng turns around to stand facing the mountains.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Descriptions of posture and/or orientation can also be used as part of a larger predicate. In this case, the positional verb (series) appears as the second part of an ECM construction, with any additional complements following it. If causation is involved, &#039;&#039;&#039;sóndo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;put, place&amp;quot; is added to the first part of the ECM construction:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gli|3P.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’únda|make}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nghau|sit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kath|near}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sug.|pond}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|They build a house next to the pond.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Aspect===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By default, active verbs in Mhakh Thandim are also imperfective, while passive verbs are perfective. Additional aspectual distinctions may be made using serial verb constructions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;progressive aspect&#039;&#039; is expressed by using &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;stand&amp;quot;, as an auxiliary verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong.|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The girl is singing a song.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive aspect&#039;&#039; is expressed with the verbs &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;come&amp;quot; (preferred for states) or &#039;&#039;&#039;tú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;start, begin&amp;quot; (preferred for events), used in auxiliary position. Similar semantics may also be achieved with causative or factitive formations resulting in a stative predicate:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tú|begin}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong.|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The girl is starting to sing a song.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’olóm|lion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wiróph.|be.hungry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The lion is becoming hungry.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;habitual&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;iterative aspect&#039;&#039; can be formed by repeating a verb (effectively: serializing it with itself):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong.|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The girl is always singing songs.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In certain contexts, a &#039;&#039;resumptive&#039;&#039; interpretation is more appropriate:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hai|then.PST}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawi.|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Then his mother resumed sewing the cloak. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[said after describing how she stopped sewing for a while, e.g. in order to talk to someone]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When applying the habitual/iterative aspect to serial verb constructions, normally only the first non-auxiliary verb is repeated:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1SG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|arrive}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bāth|village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mú|of}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gli.|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I walked on and on until I reached their village.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, relatively short verb series that describe a conventional sequence of events are often repeated as a whole:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mikh|turn.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mén|look}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mikh|turn_around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mén|look}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pai|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ai|reason}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|langgú.|be.afraid}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng keeps turning and looking around because he is afraid.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In ECM constructions, both parts of the construction may be repeated individually:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|twí|allow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|twí|allow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|músandai.|strawberries}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping keeps allowing her sister to pick strawberries.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|twí|allow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|músandai.|strawberries}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping allows her sister to keep picking strawberries.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An &#039;&#039;experiential aspect&#039;&#039;, which indicates that the subject has been involved in an event of this type before, can be formed by using &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ukh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;know how to do sth.&amp;quot; as an auxiliary verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ukh|know}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’olóm.|lion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng has killed a lion before. / Táng knows how to kill a lion.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A &#039;&#039;completive aspect&#039;&#039;, which indicates that an event has been successfully completed, is marked with the verb &#039;&#039;&#039;sec&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;finish, complete&amp;quot; in series-final position. With directional motion verbs and lexically atelic verbs, &#039;&#039;&#039;khá&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;reach, arrive at&amp;quot; is used instead, again in series-final position:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bundum|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sec|finish}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mane.|sleeve}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother has finished mending the sleeve.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1SG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|arrive}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bāth|village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fáth|happen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|previous}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sag.|night}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I arrived at the village last night.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A &#039;&#039;cessative aspect&#039;&#039;, which indicates that an event stopped before being completed (and thus carries an implication of failure when used with telic verbs), may be formed with &#039;&#039;&#039;bab&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;stop, cease&amp;quot; in series-final position:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bundum|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bab|stop}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mane.|sleeve}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother stopped mending the sleeve.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|P’amba|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thekh|move.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bab.|stop}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather has stopped walking around.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An &#039;&#039;interruptive aspect&#039;&#039;, which indicates that an event was interrupted through outside influence, may be formed with &#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;lose, misplace&amp;quot;, in series-final position. When used with telic verbs, the interruptive aspect implies failure but emphasizes that the fault lies with events outside of the subject&#039;s control:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|lose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong.|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping had to stop singing (because something else happened).}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Sample text=&lt;br /&gt;
==Why people speak different languages==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Mwi yeg, o wath uwōndum só ya xob. Se mhath nggim só wōb kā hai. Mhakh thandim hu cad ta lán, o ídon pekh t’ukh cí kbau xwi keth thi. Gli thá iríph ríwau.&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Mummug só fai kambum nuth Wekh. Ki swo sáng o ídon ngú nggim wí cu keth, o ídon pai hém tú xúlin kbau ki lalú nggim. Fáth theb kbau mummug akh khá, ki dāph cath lo kanggí tiyíyā, kambum ki sóndo mro só lin nikh salú ya báth kambum thandim kê mro. Au ganggen fâi dāph cath lo sóndo kí sandai na kdarokh, ngú ngú theb kbau nggim thundam báth o thīm trau bab. Mhakh Thandim tanggang lau fong sawong ídon tí sasí thekh rú keth.&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Hai Ndá lo khá ya báth, o ídon li rú lo xúsalú wōb ró mí kambum ídon rama ki. Ndá sóndo nglau mí lin ya ngêleth, k’e k’ad lo mho keth pekh dac ta hu. Báth lo só tau hong, o xob mho de ge. Thīm kambum gli nghau cu wí keth trau du, khá sayec kbau ídon thá t’íth nath sa o ídon pekh dá tai sai bum. Thīm langgú mi sac li rú lo thīm kath gli, khá sayec kbau thandim t’é ta o ídon lo só ni niyandi. De nandi tú tai ganggen sai o rob wí Mhakh Thandim t’é ta wo cí kbau fi theb o ídon lo só ni rōb kambum hai uph gli hri.&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Interlinear gloss===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mwi|Sun}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yeg,|sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wath|entire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uwōndum|world}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xob.|darkness}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Sun slept, and all the world was dark.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mhath|stars}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nggim|shine}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōb|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kā|sky}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hai.|then.PST}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|No stars shone in the sky at that time.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mhakh|first}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hu|only}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cad|give.birth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lán,|new}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|not}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ukh|know}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cí|manner}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xwi|ignite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thi.|already}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The &#039;&#039;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039; were newly born into the world, and they did not yet know how to make a fire.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gli|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thá|shiver}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|iríph|complain.of}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ríwau.|freezing.cold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|They shivered and complained that they were cold.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mummug|squirrel}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|spirit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nuth|serve}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wekh.|Wekh}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Squirrel was one of the spirits who served Wekh.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|swo|climb}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sáng,|coniferous.tree}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nggim|light}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cu|distant}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth,|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pai|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hém|be.quick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tú|start}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xúlin|task}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lalú|examine}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nggim.|light}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|He climbed a tree and saw the light of a distant fire, and so he hurried away to investigate the light.}} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fáth|happen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mummug|squirrel}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|akh|return}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá,|arrive}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cath|carry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kanggí|red}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tiyíyā,|PAU/coal}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mro|3S.IN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nikh|at}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|salú|middle}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kê|dwell}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mro.|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|When Squirrel returned, he brought a small quantity of glowing coals, which he set down in the center of the house where the tribe lived.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Au|also}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ganggen|other}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fâi|PL/spirit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cath|carry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kí|dry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sandai|grass}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kdarokh,|firewood}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nggim|light}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thundam|fill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thīm|PL/person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trau|feel.cold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bab.|stop}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Other spirits came and added dry grass and firewood, until the house was filled with light and the people were no longer cold.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mhakh|first}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tanggang|AP/talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lau|laugh}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tí|dance[v]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sasí|dance[n]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thekh|wander}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth.|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The &#039;&#039;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039; talked and laughed and sang and danced around the fire.}} &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hai|then.PST}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|Tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|arrive}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth,|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|li|pull}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|cause}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xúsalú|body}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōb|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ró|big}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Then Tiger came in, dragging the body of a huge deer he had killed.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|Tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nglau|cook}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngêleth,|hearth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’e|but}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mho|cover}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|not}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dac|extinguish}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hu.|barely}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|He put the deer in the hearth to cook it, but the meat ended up covering the fire and almost putting it out.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Báth|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hong,|place}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xob|darkness}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mho|cover}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|de|every}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ge.|eye}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The house became cold, and it was too dark to see.}}  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Thīm|PL/person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gli|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nghau|sit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cu|far}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trau|feel.cold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|du,|really}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|reach}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sayec|end}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thá|shiver}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’íth|shake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nath|teeth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sa|rattle}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|not}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dá|be.able}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tai|say}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sai|words}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bum.|good}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The people sitting far from the fire felt so cold that their teeth chattered and they could not speak well.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Thīm|PL/person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|langgú|be.afraid}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mi|grasp}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sac|hold.onto}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|li|pull}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|cause}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thīm|PL/person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kath|near}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gli,|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|reach}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sayec|end}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’é|split}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ni|many}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|niyandi.|PAU/group}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The people were frightened and took ahold of those nearby, pulling them close, and so they became divided into many small groups.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|De|every}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nandi|group}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tú|begin}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tai|say}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ganggen|different}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sai,|words}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rob|language}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mhakh|first}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’é|split}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cí|manner}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fi|this.IN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ni|many}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rōb|PL/language}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hai|1PL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uph|hear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gli|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hri.|now}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Each group began to speak differently from the others, and in this way the tongue of the &#039;&#039;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039; became divided into the many languages that we hear today.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Mhakh Thandim Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Mhakh_Thandim&amp;diff=12730</id>
		<title>Mhakh Thandim</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Mhakh_Thandim&amp;diff=12730"/>
		<updated>2016-02-24T22:02:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* Why people speak different languages */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{TBC|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Rob wí Mhakh Thandim&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[rɔp wi m̥əx θənˈdɪm]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = central Kè mountains&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = [[Ronquian languages|Ronquian]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = SVO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mostly isolating&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = NOM-ACC&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Article}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Rob wí Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;Language of the First Tribe&amp;quot;), hereafter &#039;&#039;&#039;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039;&#039;, is a [[Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] dialect cluster spoken amidst the foothills and alpine valleys of the central Kè mountains (MT. &#039;&#039;P’ungk&#039;a nikh Kbán&#039;&#039;) in northwest Tuysáfa around 1 YP. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although the nature of Mhakh Thandim consonant clusters (see below) makes it somewhat difficult to analyze the underlying phonemes found in syllable onsets, the more conservative dialects are generally described as having the following inventory of 27 consonants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;coronal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dorsal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p&#039; · pʰ · p&lt;br /&gt;
| t&#039; · tʰ · t&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| k&#039; · kʰ · k&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| ɸ · f&lt;br /&gt;
| θ · s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| x · χ&lt;br /&gt;
| h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m̥ · m&lt;br /&gt;
| n̥ · n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋ̊ · ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w&lt;br /&gt;
| l · r&lt;br /&gt;
| j&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is possible to analyze Mhakh Thandim&#039;s aspirated and ejective stops and voiceless nasals as underlying consonant clusters, but due to the frequency with which they are attested relative to ejective fricatives and voicless or glottalized approximants they will be treated as unitary phonemes for the purposes of this document.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has an unusual inventory of fricatives, which may be divided into two groups: /f/, /s/ and /χ/ are termed &amp;quot;strident&amp;quot;, while /ɸ/, /θ/, /x/, and /h/ are termed &amp;quot;spirant&amp;quot;. The spirant fricatives have a more limited distribution than their strident counterparts, and the two series contrast only in single-consonant syllable onsets. In this position, the place contrast between the two series is enhanced by an additional tense/lax distinction, with the strident fricatives being pronounced longer and more forcefully than their spirant counterparts. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The consonants are romanized as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
* /p&#039; pʰ p t&#039; tʰ t k&#039; kʰ k ʔ/ &#039;&#039;&#039;p&#039; p b t&#039; t d k&#039; k g c&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /f ɸ s θ χ x h/ &#039;&#039;&#039;f ph s th x kh h&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̊/ &#039;&#039;&#039;m mh n nh ng ngh&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /w l r j/ &#039;&#039;&#039;w l r y&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has a large inventory of 10 contrasting vowel qualities, which may be grouped into five tense/lax pairs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;central&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! high&lt;br /&gt;
| i · ɪ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| u · ʊ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| e · ɛ&lt;br /&gt;
| ə&lt;br /&gt;
| o · ɔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! low&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| a&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The mid-central vowel /ə/ is generally regarded as the lax counterpart of the low-central vowel /a/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, most dialects of Mhakh Thandim have two diphthongs, both of them closing and falling:  /aɪ̯ aʊ̯/. These are treated as tense vowels for the purpose of determining stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The vowel qualities are written as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɪ ɛ ə ɔ ʊ/ &#039;&#039;&#039;i e a o u&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /i e a o u/ &#039;&#039;&#039;í é á ó ú&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /aɪ̯ aʊ̯/ &#039;&#039;&#039;ai au&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Register===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All vowels in Mhakh Thandim may be contrastively realized with modal or breathy voice, and breathy-voiced vowels are additionally pronounced longer than the corresponding modally-voiced vowels, and at a notably lower pitch. Breathy-voiced vowels make up a relatively small percentage of lexical vowels, but a shift from modal to breathy voice also serves as the primary method of marking the plural number in nouns. Orthographically, breathy-voiced lax are marked with a macron, and breathy-voiced tense vowels with a circumflex; for instance, /ə̤/ would be represented as &amp;lt;ā&amp;gt;, and /a̤/ as &amp;lt;â&amp;gt;. Only the first component of a diphthong is marked in this manner, as in &amp;lt;âi&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Syllables in Mhakh Thandim have the basic structure &#039;&#039;&#039;(C)(C)V(X)&#039;&#039;&#039;, where X may be any nasal, plain stop (including /ʔ/), or spirant fricative. Additionally, the approximants /w/, /l/, and /r/ may appear as coda consonants in intervocalic consonant clusters, but never word-finally. A syllable onset may consist of any of the following:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*No consonant&lt;br /&gt;
*Any single consonant&lt;br /&gt;
*A plain stop, strident fricative, voiced nasal, or /h/ followed by an approximant&lt;br /&gt;
*A plain stop followed by a strident fricative&lt;br /&gt;
*An aspirated stop followed by a non-homorganic plain stop, voiceless nasal, or approximant (which becomes voiceless)&lt;br /&gt;
*A strident fricative, nasal, or approximant and /ʔ/ (realized as an ejective fricative or glottalized sonorant)&lt;br /&gt;
*A strident fricative followed by a plain stop or non-identical strident fricative&lt;br /&gt;
*A nasal followed by a homorganic plain stop (which becomes voiced)&lt;br /&gt;
*Any two non-identical approximants in any order&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Intervocalic consonant clusters may consist of up to three segments, in cases where a syllable with a coda consonant is followed by one with an onset cluster.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Allophony and Phonetic Detail==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*With the exception of the interdental /θ/, “coronal” consonants may be freely realized as dental or alveolar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Ejectives in Mhakh Thandim are relatively &amp;quot;weak&amp;quot;, being distinguished from plain stops and fricatives primarily by a longer voice-onset time followed by a short interval of creaky phonation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Vowels are likewise partly glottalized adjacent to glottal stops, and complete glottal closure may not be achieved at all during rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Glottalized sonorants may be preglottalized or pronounced with creaky voice throughout their duration, and in either case the glottal constriction extends onto any preceding vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;Voiceless&amp;quot; nasals in Mhakh Thandim are only partially devoiced, with a voice onset time longer than that of a plain nasal but shorter than that of a plain stop.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Not all dialects preserve the distinction between /f/ and /ɸ/ and between /x/ and /χ/. In some one or both of these pairs have merged, while in others one or more of the spirant fricatives have been debuccalized to /h/. /θ/, which is an unusually common phoneme in Mhakh Thandim, is usually exempt from these mergers, though in a few villages it has merged with the plain stop /t/ word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*/r/ is more or less consistently realized as a trilled [r] initially and in clusters (though it is devoiced to [r̥] following aspirated stops) and as a flapped [ɾ] intervocalically.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*/l/ is generally in free variation with velarized /ɫ/, though the distribution of the latter varies significantly by dialect. In some varieties /l/ is never velarized, while in others it is entirely replaced by /ɫ/, and in some there is a regular alternation between /l/ and /ɫ/ before front and back vowels, respectively. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*In most dialects the lax vowel /ə/ is in roughly free variation with /ɐ/, with the latter realization being particularly common in stressed syllables and adjacent to dorsal consonants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Mhakh Thandim&#039;s breathy register is realized differently depending on the phonetic environment:&lt;br /&gt;
**In syllables beginning with a vowel, approximant, plain nasal, spirant fricative, or plain stop, the onset of breathy phonation usually corresponds closely with the beginning of the syllable, coloring the pronunciation of the onset consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
**Strident fricatives and aspirated stops are always voiceless, and the onset of breathy phonation following one of these sounds is the same as the regular voice onset time of a modal register syllable. Likewise, in a syllable beginning with a &amp;quot;voiceless&amp;quot; nasal, the initial voicelessness of the onset transitions directly into breathy voice.&lt;br /&gt;
**Because the glottal constriction in ejectives, glottal stops, and glottalized sonorants influences the phonation of surrounding vowels, these consonants can delay the onset of breathy voice or cause it to end prematurely. In rapid speach, no perceptible breathiness may be achieved at all, and breathy-register syllables in the vicinity of glottalized consonants may be distinguished solely by length and/or tone.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Stress==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has a non-phonemic dynamic accent which always falls on the first syllable in a word that has a tense vowel, or on the final syllable of a word with only lax vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of Words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim grammar relies heavily on word order and anylytic serial verb constructions, and has no regular inflectional verbal morphology. Verbs are distinguished as inherently transitive or intransitive, and an intransitive verb cannot behave as a trasitive verb (or vice-versa) without the aid of an auxiliary verb or explicit derivational marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nouns in Mhakh Thandim are marked only for number.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A fundamental distinction is also made between animate and inanimate nouns, though animacy is not explicitly marked on the noun. Inanimate nouns may additionally be distinguished as count nouns or mass nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Animate nouns are always considered singular in their least-marked form, and are regularly marked for the plural number by shifting the first syllable from the modal register to the breathy register.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;thim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;person, individual&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;thīm&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;people, individuals&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;p’olóm&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;lion&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ōlóm&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;lions&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A number of animate nouns have irregular or suppletive plural forms:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;thin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;ewe, sheep (less marked) → &#039;&#039;&#039;tná&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;ewes, sheep (less marked)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;nakh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;mare, horse (less marked) → &#039;&#039;&#039;kad&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;mares, horses (less marked)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A few animate nouns begin in a breathy syllable in their singular form and remain unchanged in the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;î&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;fish, fishes&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;īnīn&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;daughter, daughters&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to the simple plural, animate nouns have a collective plural, marked with the infix ⟨&#039;&#039;&#039;and&#039;&#039;&#039;⟩, which follows the onset consonant(s) of the first syllable. In nouns beginning with a vowel, this becomes the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;d&#039;&#039;&#039;-.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;nin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;nannygoat, goat (less marked)&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;nandin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;herd of goats&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;thim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;person&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;thandim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;tribe, people, ethnic group&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some collective animate nouns, mostly generic kinship terms, are not derived from any productive root, however.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;andath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;grandparents&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;handú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;siblings&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Inanimate count nouns are not morphologically marked for number, but may be modified by numerals and quantifiers. Inanimate mass nouns, however, may take the paucal infix ⟨&#039;&#039;&#039;iy&#039;&#039;&#039;⟩, which expresses that the noun is present in a small or insufficient quantity. With nouns beginning in a vowel, this becomes the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039;-.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ti&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;food&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;tiyi&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;a little food, not enough food&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;phid&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;oak woodland&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;phiyid&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;oak grove, a few oaks&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The paucal infix is also sometimes used with collective animate nouns, but this is less common.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;niyandin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;a small herd of goats&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Pronouns and Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
===Personal Pronouns===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pronouns in Mhakh Thandim mark three  grammatical numbers: the singular, used to refer to exactly one referent, the paucal, used to refer to a relatively small number of referents, and the plural, used to refer to a relatively large number of referents. There are no strict rules governing when the paucal number should be used as opposed to the plural, and the frequency with which each is used varies considerably depending on the dialect and the individual speaker. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The third person pronouns also distinguish between animate and inanimate referents, and number is handled somewhat differently for the latter. The inanimate plural is used to refer to uncountable masses and collective groups, in addition to groups of multiple countable objects. Likewise, the paucal may be interpreted as referring to a small quantity of a substance or a small group of creatures, depending on the referent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;l&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;5&amp;quot;| &#039;&#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;6&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;l&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;| &#039;&#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tna&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hai&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 2&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mung&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tmung&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 2&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 3&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ki&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tgi&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gli&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 3&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mro&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tro&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;to&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Indefinite Determiners===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim lacks simple indefinite pronouns (such as the English &amp;quot;someone&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;something&amp;quot;), instead making use of two indefinite determiners: &#039;&#039;&#039;ísó&#039;&#039;&#039; (used with animate referents) and &#039;&#039;&#039;esó&#039;&#039;&#039; (used with inanimate referents). These are used in conjunction with nouns, most commonly generic “dummy nouns&amp;quot; like &#039;&#039;&#039;thim&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;person&amp;quot; and &#039;&#039;&#039;thú&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;thing,&amp;quot; but more specific nouns may be used as well.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ísó thim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;somebody&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ísó sakh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some creature&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ísó hókh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some woman&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;esó thú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;something&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;esó hong&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some place&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;esó sambá&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some plant&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Makh Thandim makes use of three demonstratives, which distinguish only a single degree of spatial deixis. The demonstratives &#039;&#039;&#039;ka&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;fi&#039;&#039;&#039; can both be translated as &amp;quot;this&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;that,&amp;quot; referring to animate and inanimate referents respectively, while &#039;&#039;&#039;nhu&#039;&#039;&#039; is best translated as &amp;quot;the other&amp;quot;. These may only be used adnominally, but demonstrative pronouns can be created by pairing them with generic nouns, as with the indefinite determiners. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Interrogative Determiners===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rather than interrogative pronouns, Makh Thandim makes use of the interrogative determiners &#039;&#039;&#039;khau&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;khén&#039;&#039;&#039;, both best translated as &amp;quot;what?&amp;quot;, which, like other determiners, may be used pronominally by combining them with a noun. &#039;&#039;&#039;Khau&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with animate referents, while &#039;&#039;&#039;khén&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimates:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;khau thim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;what person? who?&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;khau sakh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;what creature?&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;khén thú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;what thing? what?&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Indefinite Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;no, none&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;sdoth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;neither (of two)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;tre&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;none of the three&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;t’e&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;any (of many)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;t’oth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;either (of two)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;tat’oth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;any of the three&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;cí&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some, few, a few&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;ngai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;a little, a small amount (of an uncountable mass)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ni&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;many&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;ndé&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;a lot, much, a large amount (of an uncountable mass)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;de&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;every (of a countable number)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;nath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;both&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;tna&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;all three&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;nā&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;all (of a countable number)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;each (of a collective group)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;wath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;all (of an uncountable mass), the entire, every (of a collective group)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system similar to that found in the nearby [[Ronc Tyu]] language. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! width=&amp;quot;28%&amp;quot;| cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! width=&amp;quot;28%&amp;quot;| multiplier&lt;br /&gt;
! width=&amp;quot;28%&amp;quot;| ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| p’ikh || bikh || mhakh&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| hí || cí || gso&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| t’uc || duc || ndoc&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| phau || pau ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| fang || wang ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || la ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| sath || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| hú || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| thám || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prepositions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many  grammatical relationships marked with preposition in English are handled in Mhakh Thandim using serial verb constructions (see below). However, there are a small number of prepositions used for marking spatial and genitive relationships between noun phrases.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Locative Prepositions===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most common locative prepositions are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;kath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;near, next to&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;nge&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;across from, facing&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;ngu&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;east of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;nikh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;at&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;nwed&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;south of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;pom&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;above, at the top of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;pú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;north of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;around, surrounding&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;tá&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;below, under, on the bottom of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;taph&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;left of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;ti&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;behind, at the back of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;twa&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;west of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;outside of, at a distance from&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;wōb&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;on, on top of, on the surface of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;in, inside&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;yith&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;right of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;yuth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;through, between&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Genitive Prepositions===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The preposition &#039;&#039;&#039;mú&#039;&#039;&#039; is used to mark the possessor of an inanimate object. Other kinds of genitive relationships use formed using locative prepositions. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ūnggín|bow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mú|of}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Brother&#039;s bow}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;wōb&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;on,&amp;quot; indicates the possessor of body parts and other things which are physically attached, as well as items currently being worn.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bú|hand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōm|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|my hand}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ârsí|tip}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōm|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ing|claw}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|tip of a/the claw}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|núngú|shirt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōm|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|your shirt (specifically the one you&#039;re wearing)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;in,&amp;quot; is used to indicate the possessor of an emotion, idea, or state, as well as for internal organs and other things normally thought of as being ‘inside’ their possessor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāth|anger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|mother&#039;s anger}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kwau|illness}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng&#039;s illness}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pdékh|soul}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping&#039;s soul}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039;, here best interpreted as meaning &amp;quot;out of,&amp;quot; may be used to indicate the origin or composition of a noun referent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngu|east}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|a/the man from the east}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kiyong|hall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ac|stone}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|a/the stone hall}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Possession&amp;quot; of kin and other living beings is handled without the use of a preposition, with the possessed term simply preceding the possessor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping&#039;s mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khath|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng&#039;s dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is worth noting that possessives are used less frequently in Mhakh Thandim than in English. For instance, one wouldn&#039;t typically say &#039;&#039;&#039;Táng hub ti mú ki&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;Táng eats his food.&amp;quot; In a statement like &#039;&#039;&#039;Táng hub ti&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;Táng eats food,&amp;quot; it is assumed that the food eaten belonged to Táng at the time, although context may indicate otherwise. Likewise, one would usually say &#039;&#039;&#039;danda ngi&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;mother is kind&amp;quot; rather than &#039;&#039;&#039;danda na ngi&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;my mother is kind,&amp;quot; as unmarked kinship terms are typically assumed to refer to referents related to the speaker (though, again, this depends on context).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Adjectives and Adverbs===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Adjectives and adverbs constitute relatively small, closed classes in Mhakh Thandim. Adverbs serve mostly to mark spacial and temporal deixis and certain types of modality. Examples include &#039;&#039;&#039;tíd&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;here,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;sō&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;there,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;hri&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;now,&amp;quot; and the emphatic &#039;&#039;&#039;du&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;really, indeed.&amp;quot; Other meanings expressed using adverbs in English, such as the manner in which an action is carried out, are instead expressed using serial verb constructions in Mhakh Thandim. Adjectives are mostly limited to basic vocabulary terms such a &#039;&#039;&#039;ró&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;big,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;ban&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;small,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;lán&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;new, young,&amp;quot; and &#039;&#039;&#039;bum&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;good,&amp;quot; while stative verbs are  used to express a much broader range of meanings. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Basic Syntax=&lt;br /&gt;
==Simple Sentences==&lt;br /&gt;
===Intransitive Clauses===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Intransitive clauses in Mhakh Thandim minimally consist of a subject noun followed by an intransitive verb, giving SV word order:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Bombo|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yeg.|sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The baby sleeps.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fu|wind}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ríkh.|blow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The wind blows.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Transitive Clauses===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Clauses with transitive verbs follow a SVO pattern.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Bamba|father}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bundum|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bwau.|roof}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Father fixes the roof.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngangú|notice}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tath.|rabbit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The hunter spots a rabbit.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Inanimate subjects of transitive verbs must be marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;use&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’andí|spear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sí|pierce}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rócau.|shield}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The spear pierces the shield.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sentences with directional verbs look a lot like ordinary transitives if there is an overt source or destination, but they are in fact intransitive: directional verbs cannot be passivized, and inanimate subjects in such constructions do not take &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gín|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí.|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The arrow approaches the deer.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While the above sentence is perfectly grammatical, directional motion verbs are more much more commonly used as part of a serial verb construction:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gín|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|srau|fly}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí.|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The arrow flies toward the deer.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Predication===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The verb &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;stand,&amp;quot; is used as a general copula in Mhakh Thandim, behaving as a transitive verb in that context:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hókh|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’un|tall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thim.|person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The woman is tall.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sakh|creature}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|asakh.|wolf}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The creature is a wolf.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When used to express a locative meaning, the exact type of spatial relation is indicated with a preposition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth.|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother is in the house.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pom|above}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sáng.|coniferous.tree}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother is at the top of the tree.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In most cases, an individual&#039;s profession is described using the verb describing the activity associated with that profession, rather than a copular clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gókh.|hunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother hunts/my brother is a hunter.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Pwa|maternal.uncle}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’únda|make}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yai.|boat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My maternal uncle makes a boat/my maternal uncle is a boat-builder.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive Voice===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Transitive verbs may be made passive using the particle &#039;&#039;&#039;ta&#039;&#039;&#039;, which immediately follows the verb. In a passive clause, the object of the transitive verb precedes the verb itself, occupying the position normally filled by the subject:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sawong|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta.|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The song is sung.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A subject may optionally be included after the verb and the passive voice particle, in the position normally occupied by the object of the verb. As normal, the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039; must be used before an inanimate subject. When a subject is included in this manner, passive constructions usually serve to mark the perfective aspect in addition to emphasizing the role of the object in the clause. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sawong|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda.|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The song has been sung by mother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Anggó|vase}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hu|break}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ac.|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The vase has been broken with a rock.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Oblique Participants===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has only one object slot in the verb phrase. As a result, the recipient of a ditransitive clause needs to be introduced with the help of a coverb. The same strategy is also used to introduce other participants in oblique roles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Dative and Benefactive====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dative participants are marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;so&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|soth|give}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndá.|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man gives meat to the tiger.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Benefactive participants are marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;ung&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;help&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|músandai|strawberries}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ung|help}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pakh|sick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|īnīn.|daughter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother picks strawberries for her sick daughter.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Antibenefactive participants are marked using the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;āg&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;hurt&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwekh|deny}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ti|food}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|āg|hurt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fífí.|son}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother denies food to her son.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Benefactive and antibenefactive constructions are often used in cases where English would instead indicate possession:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bundum|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|núngú|shirt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ung|help}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My sister mends my shirt.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Turim|hostile.tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|klu|destory}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bāth|village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|āg|hurt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kírû.|husband}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A hostile tribe destroys my husband&#039;s village.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Instrumental====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Instrumental participants are marked using the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;use&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|phem|bake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gsac|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yoth.|oven}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother bakes bread in the oven.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In passive clauses, a demoted subject must immediately follow the passivized verb, with the instrumental falling at the end of the sentence:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|K’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cut}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|frau.|knife}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The meat has been cut by you, using a knife.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Comitative====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comitative participants are marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;fundau&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be with, bring&amp;quot;, while anticomitative participants are marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;re&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;lack, be without&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gak’ókh|hunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fundau|be.with}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa.|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I hunt deer with my brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gê|home}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|re|lack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My sister goes home without me.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Locative====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Locative participants are usually marked using the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;stand,&amp;quot; though other verbs such as &#039;&#039;&#039;nghau&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;sit&amp;quot; or &#039;&#039;&#039;lin&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;lie, recline&amp;quot; may be used to give additional information about the posture or position of the subject. In any case, the position of the subject relative to the locative participant is indicated using a preposition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hókh|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kath|near}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngêleth.|hearth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The woman sings a song near the hearth.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kau|bear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yeg|sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cō.|cave}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bear sleeps lying in a cave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the subject is in motion but the action still takes place at a single location, the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;thekh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;move around, wander&amp;quot; is used instead of a positional verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hai|1P}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tí|dance (v.)}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sasí|dance (n.)}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thekh|wander}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngêleth.|hearth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|We dance (a dance) around the hearth.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Negation===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sentences are negated with the auxiliary verb &#039;&#039;&#039;pekh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;not, be not&amp;quot;, which is placed before the rest of the verb phrase:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|takh|steal}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thú!|thing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother doesn&#039;t steal things/my brother isn&#039;t a thief!}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In general, contiguous serial verb constructions can only be negated as a whole. Negating one or more of the verbs in the construction separately is ungrammatical.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|akh|return}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hum.|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I&#039;m not coming home for dinner}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;*Na akh má pekh hum.&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;(ungrammatical; intended meaning: &amp;quot;I’m coming home but I won’t eat&amp;quot;)&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, if there is a modal auxiliary, negation may either take scope over the modal (and thus over the whole clause), or alternatively only over the non-modal part of the SVC:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng.|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You don’t have to leave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2SG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng.|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You’re not allowed to leave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In ECM constructions (see below), each verb phrase can be negated separately:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ca|request}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng.|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I&#039;m not asking you to leave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ca|request}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng.|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I&#039;m asking you not to leave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Individual noun phrases can be negated with the quantifier &#039;&#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;no, none&amp;quot;. Negating the object of a transitive clause in this way is often logically equivalent to negating the verb, but it has slightly different semantic connotations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sácau.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The dog hasn&#039;t gotten any meat. (Lit. &amp;quot;No meat has been gotten by the dog.&amp;quot;)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If only the subject is negated, the resulting meaning is often partitive, especially if the subject appears in a non-singular number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|K’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sâcau.|PL/dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|None of the dogs have gotten any meat.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A typical case in which both the subject and the object may be simultaneously negated is when two different subjects are contrasted with one another:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khath,|male.dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|to|3P.IN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sácau.|female.dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|It&#039;s not the male dog who hasn&#039;t gotten any meat, it&#039;s the female one.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Interrogatives===&lt;br /&gt;
====Polar Questions====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Polar questions in Mhakh Thandim are regularly formed by shifting the verb to the beginning of the clause, giving the word order VS(O), or VO(S) in passive constructions:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|T’i|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung?|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Are you coming?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Pau|find}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mandú|grove.of.apple.trees}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung?|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Have you found the grove of apple trees. (lit. Has the grove of apple trees been found by you?)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Copular predicates are questioned with a special interrogative copula &#039;&#039;&#039;sô&#039;&#039;&#039;, in addition to the regular shift in word order:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sô|Q.COP}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bum|good}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû?|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Is he a good man?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Content Questions====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Questions that give a list of possible answers are formed like polar questions, with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;ro&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;choose, select&amp;quot; introducing each alternative (which must appear in the form of a noun phrase):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ai|want}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kith|drink}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ro|choose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pe|beer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ro|choose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ú?|water}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Do you want to drink beer or water?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In order to ask about a particular noun phrase in a sentence, this noun phrase is marked with the interrogative determiners &#039;&#039;&#039;khau&#039;&#039;&#039; (referring to animate nouns) and &#039;&#039;&#039;khén&#039;&#039;&#039; (referring to inanimate nouns). Non-subject NPs are moved to the beginning of the sentence, along with the associated coverb in the case of oblique NPs, with all other elements remaining in their usual positions:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khau|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thim|person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hu|break}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’andí|spear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mú|of}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na?|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Who broke my spear?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khén|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’an|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|înggókh|PL/hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cath|carry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’i|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pai|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sāng?|coniferous.forest}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|What kind of meat did the hunters bring home from the forest?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These determiners combine with nouns like &#039;&#039;&#039;hong&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;place, area, region&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;&#039;sad&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;time&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;&#039;cí&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;manner, method&amp;quot; or &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;reason, motive, explanation&amp;quot; to create various adverbial interrogatives:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khén|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hong|place}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rólí|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só?|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Where is the king?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khén|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cí|method}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|asakh?|wolf}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|How did you kill the wolf?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Open content questions are formed in a similar manner using the copula &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, with the interrogative determiner taking a generic &amp;quot;dummy&amp;quot; noun as its referent:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khau|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thim|person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só?|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Who are you?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khén|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thú|thing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sō?|there}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|What&#039;s that over there?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Reflexives and Reciprocals===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since Mhakh Thandim does not have dedicated reflexive pronouns, statements where the subject acts upon itself simply use a normal personal pronoun co-referential with the subject in the object position of a transitive clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|āg|hurt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I fall down and hurt myself.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When a paucal or plural pronoun is used in this way, the resulting clause is often interpreted as reciprocal:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gandath|parents}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tgi.|3Pa}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My parents love each other.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In situations where ambiguity with a non-reflexive reading might arise, reflexive or reciprocal semantics can optionally be made explicit by reduplicating the object pronoun:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cut}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior cuts him/her/it.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cut}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior cuts himself.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Complex Sentences==&lt;br /&gt;
===Clause Coordination===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Clause-level conjunctions such as &#039;&#039;&#039;o&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;and&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;&#039;e&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;or&amp;quot;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;k’e&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;but, however&amp;quot; are placed clause-initially. Note that these conjunctions cannot be used to connect noun phrases:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Reph|boy}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|myid|be.brave}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dag.|be.intelligent}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The boy is brave and the girl is intelligent.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hri|now}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|baulā|weather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ú,|be.calm}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’e|but}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|1s}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thí|black}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lîlā|PL/cloud}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nikh|at}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|twa.|west}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Now the weather is calm, but I see dark clouds in the west.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Coordination of Noun Phrases===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Non-subject noun phrases are coordinated using the conjunction &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;and, with&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khag|cat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sácau.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I see a cat and a dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|phem|bake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gsac|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mháth|egg}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nga.|milk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother makes bread with egg and milk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This conjunction cannot be used for sentence subjects though, so subject noun phrases are instead coordinated with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;fundau&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be with, bring&amp;quot;. The fundau-phrase can appear either directly after the subject or after the main verb phrase, but it refers to the subject in both situations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fundau|be.with}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bamba|father}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yen|have.sex}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tgi.|3pa}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother and father have sex [with each other].}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wiróph|be.hungry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mad|be.tired}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fundau|be.with}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1s}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother and I are hungry and tired.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Noun phrases can be presented as alternatives to each other with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;ro&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;choose, select&amp;quot;, which is repeated before each NP. This conjunction can be used with both subjects and non-subjects:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dá|be.able}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ro|choose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|múwong|apple}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ro|choose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nhāwong.|pear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You may have some apple or some pear.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Contrastive coordination of noun phrases (&amp;quot;but&amp;quot;) is achieved with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;re&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be without&amp;quot; if the noun phrases appear in subject position, or with the conjunction &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;and, with&amp;quot; and the quantifier &#039;&#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;no, none&amp;quot; otherwise. Note that in both cases the negated NP must follow the non-negated one.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khath|male.dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|re|be.without}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sácau|female.dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad.|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The male dog receives meat but the female dog doesn&#039;t.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndai|know}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ka|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ka|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hókh.|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I know this man but not this woman.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Relative Clauses===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Relative clauses, i.e. subordinated clauses acting as an attribute to a noun phrase, are introduced with the relativizer &#039;&#039;&#039;kambum&#039;&#039;&#039;. A pronoun referring to the relativized noun is retained within the relative clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wath|all}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|músandai|strawberries}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|to.|3PL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My sister eats all of the strawberries that I pick.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If a pronoun itself is being relativized, it appears only in the relative clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tna|1PA}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|myid|be.courageous}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nec.|win}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|We courageous few will be victorious.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If both subject and object of a transitive relative clause are represented by the same pronoun, the relativized noun will be assumed to be the subject of the subclause. In order to relativize the object in such a situation, the subject must be represented by one of the special logophoric pronouns &#039;&#039;&#039;ídon&#039;&#039;&#039; (for animate referents) or &#039;&#039;&#039;ekhdon&#039;&#039;&#039; (for inanimate referents) instead, which explicitly refer back to the subject of the matrix clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior killed the man who attached him.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior killed the man whom he attacked.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Compliment Clauses===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Complement clauses, i.e. subordinated clauses acting as a noun (most importantly as the subject or object of a sentence), are formed much like relative clauses, being introduced with a noun related to the type of action or event described in the clause followed by the complimentizer &#039;&#039;&#039;kbau&#039;&#039;&#039;. Common nouns used in this manner include &#039;&#039;&#039;theb&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;event,&amp;quot; used to complimentize wide range of real and hypothetical events, &#039;&#039;&#039;xúlin&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;task,&amp;quot; used to complimentize occupations and activities, &#039;&#039;&#039;tī&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;idea,&amp;quot; used to complimentize plans and abstract concepts, and &#039;&#039;&#039;sai&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;word,&amp;quot; used to complimentize reported speech:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|takh|steal}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nakh|horse}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dá.|be.possible}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The girl could have stolen the horse.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rócókh|queen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nghō|dislike}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tī|idea}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hai|1PL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|turim.|enemy.tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The queen dislikes the idea of us attacking the enemy tribe.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Complement clauses can also act as the objects of coverbs:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dá|be.able}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gak’ókh|hunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ālam|PL/salmon}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|re|be.without}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xúlin|task}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fád.|river}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You can&#039;t catch salmon without going to the river.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Serial Verb Constructions (SVC)=&lt;br /&gt;
==Sequential Events==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of the most obvious uses of serial verb constructions is for expressing sequences of closely connected actions that are understood to form a single event. Verbs in a series of this type have equal status within the construction (i.e. there is no clear ‘head’), are ordered according to the actual temporal sequence, and usually have a shared subject.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sometimes all components of a sequential SVC are intransitive:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ca|clap}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya.|hail}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother claps her hands and waves goodbye.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sometimes all of the verbs are transitive. In this case, the SVC as a whole is transitive too, and both subject and object are shared by all verbs:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|P’olóm|lion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ā|bite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yí|chew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|au|swallow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad.|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The lion bites, chews, and swallows the meat.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If a transitive and an intransitive verb are used together, the intransitive verb must come first because it may not intervene between the transitive verb and its object:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hau|shout}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ínggókh.|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The tiger roars and attacks the hunter.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;*Ndá raríth hau ínggókh.&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;(ungrammatical)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sequential SVC often contain one or more passivized verbs. If the first verb in the series is passivized, the passive-marking particle &#039;&#039;&#039;ta&#039;&#039;&#039; is moved to the end of the SCV:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ā|bite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ma|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndá.|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The hunter died after being bitten by the tiger.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since passives are normally interpreted as perfective, an additional serialized verb is generally used to make such a sentence imperfective, usually &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;stand,&amp;quot; which comes before the the main SCV:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ā|bite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ma|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndá.|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The hunter is being bitten to death by the tiger.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the semantics and transitivity values of the verbs do not permit iconic order (for example because the verb that happens last is intransitive), or if two or more transitive verbs have different objects, it is not possible to use a sequential SVC. Instead, the event can be described as a sequence of independent clauses, with the shared subject being referred to with the logophoric pronouns &#039;&#039;&#039;ídon&#039;&#039;&#039; (animate) or &#039;&#039;&#039;ekhdon&#039;&#039;&#039; (inanimate) in all but the first of these chained clauses:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hau.|shout}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The tiger attacks the hunter and roars.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Lexicalized Sequential Serials===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many combinations of sequential serial verbs are lexicalized, usually referring to common, culturally recognized activities. As a guideline, the longer a SVC, the more likely it is to have acquired a specialized and often idiomatic meaning:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndai|know}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa|brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Sister recognizes her brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ít’ukh|priest}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fi|wrap.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yo|wear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rwilí.|mask}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The priest puts on a mask.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Bí|PL/man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bāth|village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tai|say}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uph|hear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yeth|think}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pó|reply}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thú|thing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mō.|be.important}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The men in the village discuss important matters.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Grammatical Use of Serial Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
===Causation===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The simplest method of forming causative statements in Mhakh Thandim is through the use of the auxiliary verb &#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;cause&amp;quot;, before the verb being causativized. This effectively increases the valency of intransitive verbs, and the clause is structured as if they were transitive:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|cause}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother made me fall.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The verb &#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039; can only be used as an auxiliary verb (except in a few fossilized sequential serial verb constructions such as &#039;&#039;&#039;li rú ... soth nga&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;milk (an animal)&amp;quot; (lit. &amp;quot;pull cause … give milk&amp;quot;)), so it never appears as the first element in an ECM construction. In its place, the verb &#039;&#039;&#039;soth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;give&amp;quot; can function as a generic causative verb. Causatives which involve movement of some sort often use &#039;&#039;&#039;sóndo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;put, place&amp;quot; instead:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|soth|give}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bamba|father}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cath|carry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’i|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kdarokh|firewood}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pai|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sāng.|coniferous.forest}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother made father bring in firewood from the forest.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ûnggín|bow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōb|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xó.|table}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior laid his bow on the table.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, many semantically causative statements can be formed as ECM constructions without the use of an explicit causative marker:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|P’olóm|lion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ā|bite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ma.|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The lion bites the hunter to death.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Intransitive verbs may act as the first verb in a causative ECM construction if serialized with a generic causative verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pándad|children.COLL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lau|laugh}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|soth|give}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|núb.|wake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I&#039;m woken up by the laughter of my children.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, in many cases a sequential serial verb construction may be interpreted as a cause-and-effect statement in which the event described by the second verb is a direct consequence of the action described by the first verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ít’ukh|priest}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cut}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thac|remove}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nhig.|beard}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The priest shaves off his beard. (lit. the priest cuts his beard, removing it).}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Comparison===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comparative statements are made with serial verb constructions using the verb &#039;&#039;&#039;ná&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;exceed, surpass&amp;quot;, which is simply added after the verb(s) expressing the compared quality:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|myid|be.brave}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa.|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping is braver than her brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Superlatives are formed by using a totality of referents as the object of the clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|myid|be.brave}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|de|every}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thim.|person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng is the bravest (lit. Táng is braver than every person).}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the compared quality is expressed with an adjective, the serial verb construction is introduced by a copular phrase that predicates the adjective to the subject. Unlike other adjectival predicates, no dummy noun is used:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda.|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng loves his mother more than his brother does.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa.|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng loves his mother more than he loves his mother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In cases like the second example, it’s common to leave out the subject of the second clause and replace the second verb with the particle &#039;&#039;&#039;ta&#039;&#039;&#039;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|do.same}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa.|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng loves his mother more than he does his brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Motion Verbs===&lt;br /&gt;
====Direction and deixis====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has a set of seven deictic motion verbs marking not only origin/destination, but also  the grammatical person of the reference point:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;l&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;min-width:15em;&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;min-width:15em;&amp;quot;| Origin (go away from)&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;min-width:15em;&amp;quot;| Destination (come towards)&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;min-width:15em;&amp;quot;| No direction (move)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;keng&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go away from speaker&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’i&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;come towards speaker&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go away from listener&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;má&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;come towards listener&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go away from a third person point of origin&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;come towards a third person destination&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thekh&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘go nowhere in particular, &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;move around, roam, wander’&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All of these deictic motion verbs are technically intransitive:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai.|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I’m leaving [you].}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the origin and destination verbs may also take a nominal complement. This is especially common with the third person motion verbs. With first and second person motion verbs, an overt complement that is not a matching pronoun will be interpreted to be possessed or accompanied by the given person:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth.|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|He/she goes towards the house.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth.|SGV/village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|He/she goes towards your house.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While deictic motion verbs may be used on their own, they are much more frequently encountered in serial verb constructions, generally ordered according to the iconic sequence of events (i.e. &#039;&#039;cause → motion away from → motion towards → result&#039;&#039;):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|huc|kick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|loth.|ball}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I kick the ball to you.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cuk’a.|hills}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You go toward the hills.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although somewhat contrived, the following example is grammatical:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Bamba|father}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pei|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’i|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gê.|home}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Our father left his house and came to yours, left yours and came to mine, then went back to yours and left it to return to his house.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(Note that each destination is explicitly left by the father before moving on to the next one. Stringing together several origin verbs or several destination verbs immediately after one another would be ungrammatical.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Manner of Motion====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Verbs indicating the manner of motion in Mhakh Thandim usually do not specify a direction, and so are often combined with directional verbs. Manner-of-motion verbs are placed between origin and destination verb if both are present; otherwise they appear before the directional verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|P’amba|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thekh.|move.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather goes for a stroll.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hém|be.quick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kdónâi.|riverbank}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I run toward the riverbank.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(Compare to &#039;&#039;&#039;p&#039;amba cam&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;grandfather is on foot&amp;quot; and &#039;&#039;&#039;na hém&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I am fast.&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This strategy is also used to convert verbs of posture or stationary movement to verbs of motion:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’i.|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior crawls toward me.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hai|1PL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pí|jump}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|am.|lake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|We jump toward the lake.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are a number of non-deictic motion verbs which do specify a direction (e.g. &#039;&#039;&#039;dú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go downhill, go downstream&amp;quot; or &#039;&#039;&#039;siph&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go through&amp;quot;). These may be used as manner-of-motion verbs too:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dú|go.downhill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The tiger tumbles downhill.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Source and Target====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The origin and destination verbs can also be used as coverbs to add an argument in the role of source or target respectively, increasing the valency of the main VP:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|srundau|throw}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gín|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí.|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The hunter shoots an arrow at the deer.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Posture and orientation===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Posture can be expressed by means of serializing the copula &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039; with one of the positional verbs &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;stand,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;nghau&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;sit,&amp;quot; or &#039;&#039;&#039;lin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;lie.&amp;quot; This means that the reduplicated sequence &#039;&#039;&#039;só só&#039;&#039;&#039; has the meaning &amp;quot;stand upright,&amp;quot; and can be used to disambiguate locative/positional ‘stand’ from the grammaticalized use of ‘stand’ as a non-locative copula:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só.|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng stands upright.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this type of construction the positional verbs may take a complement NP describing the location of the subject. An overt preposition is only necessary in order to specify more detailed spatial relationships than a generic &amp;quot;at,&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;on&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Phéd|oak.tree}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mro|3S.IN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hé.|ground}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A fallen oak tree lies on the ground.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Frau|knife}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōb|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xó.|table}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The knife lies on top of the table.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Posture constructions can be extended with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;sú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;watch, look at, face,&amp;quot; which introduces an additional directional complement. Other verbs of orientation like &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ub&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be parallel to,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;hū&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be perpendicular to,&amp;quot; and &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be diagonal to&amp;quot; may also be used in this manner:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pom|above}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ac|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sú|look.at}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng is standing on top of the rock, facing me.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note how the coverb phrase in the example above semantically relates to the subject of the posture predicate (so it is &#039;&#039;&#039;Táng&#039;&#039;&#039; who is facing the speaker), in contrast to the following sentence, where the preposition &#039;&#039;&#039;nge&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;across from, facing&amp;quot; is used instead, and relates to the immediately preceding noun phrase (so it is the rock which is facing the speaker):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pom|above}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ac|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nge|facing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng stands on top of the rock, which is facing me.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In order to describe a change of posture and/or orientation, the copula &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039; is replaced by an appropriate movement verb such as &#039;&#039;&#039;fai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;fall,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;syan&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;rise,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;ho&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;touch, get in contact with,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;mikh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;turn around,&amp;quot; or similar:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Phéd|oak.tree}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hé|ground}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hū|be.perpendicular}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fáph.|path}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The oak tree has fallen so that it lies on the ground, blocking the path.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mikh|turn.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sú|look.at}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’ungk’a.|mountains}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng turns around to stand facing the mountains.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Descriptions of posture and/or orientation can also be used as part of a larger predicate. In this case, the positional verb (series) appears as the second part of an ECM construction, with any additional complements following it. If causation is involved, &#039;&#039;&#039;sóndo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;put, place&amp;quot; is added to the first part of the ECM construction:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gli|3P.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’únda|make}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nghau|sit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kath|near}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sug.|pond}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|They build a house next to the pond.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Aspect===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By default, active verbs in Mhakh Thandim are also imperfective, while passive verbs are perfective. Additional aspectual distinctions may be made using serial verb constructions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;progressive aspect&#039;&#039; is expressed by using &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;stand&amp;quot;, as an auxiliary verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong.|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The girl is singing a song.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive aspect&#039;&#039; is expressed with the verbs &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;come&amp;quot; (preferred for states) or &#039;&#039;&#039;tú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;start, begin&amp;quot; (preferred for events), used in auxiliary position. Similar semantics may also be achieved with causative or factitive formations resulting in a stative predicate:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tú|begin}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong.|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The girl is starting to sing a song.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’olóm|lion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wiróph.|be.hungry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The lion is becoming hungry.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;habitual&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;iterative aspect&#039;&#039; can be formed by repeating a verb (effectively: serializing it with itself):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong.|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The girl is always singing songs.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In certain contexts, a &#039;&#039;resumptive&#039;&#039; interpretation is more appropriate:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hai|then.PST}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawi.|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Then his mother resumed sewing the cloak. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[said after describing how she stopped sewing for a while, e.g. in order to talk to someone]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When applying the habitual/iterative aspect to serial verb constructions, normally only the first non-auxiliary verb is repeated:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1SG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|arrive}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bāth|village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mú|of}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gli.|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I walked on and on until I reached their village.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, relatively short verb series that describe a conventional sequence of events are often repeated as a whole:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mikh|turn.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mén|look}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mikh|turn_around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mén|look}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pai|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ai|reason}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|langgú.|be.afraid}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng keeps turning and looking around because he is afraid.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In ECM constructions, both parts of the construction may be repeated individually:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|twí|allow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|twí|allow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|músandai.|strawberries}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping keeps allowing her sister to pick strawberries.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|twí|allow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|músandai.|strawberries}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping allows her sister to keep picking strawberries.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An &#039;&#039;experiential aspect&#039;&#039;, which indicates that the subject has been involved in an event of this type before, can be formed by using &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ukh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;know how to do sth.&amp;quot; as an auxiliary verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ukh|know}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’olóm.|lion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng has killed a lion before. / Táng knows how to kill a lion.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A &#039;&#039;completive aspect&#039;&#039;, which indicates that an event has been successfully completed, is marked with the verb &#039;&#039;&#039;sec&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;finish, complete&amp;quot; in series-final position. With directional motion verbs and lexically atelic verbs, &#039;&#039;&#039;khá&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;reach, arrive at&amp;quot; is used instead, again in series-final position:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bundum|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sec|finish}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mane.|sleeve}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother has finished mending the sleeve.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1SG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|arrive}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bāth|village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fáth|happen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|previous}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sagxob.|night}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I arrived at the village last night.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A &#039;&#039;cessative aspect&#039;&#039;, which indicates that an event stopped before being completed (and thus carries an implication of failure when used with telic verbs), may be formed with &#039;&#039;&#039;bab&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;stop, cease&amp;quot; in series-final position:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bundum|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bab|stop}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mane.|sleeve}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother stopped mending the sleeve.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|P’amba|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thekh|move.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bab.|stop}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather has stopped walking around.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An &#039;&#039;interruptive aspect&#039;&#039;, which indicates that an event was interrupted through outside influence, may be formed with &#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;lose, misplace&amp;quot;, in series-final position. When used with telic verbs, the interruptive aspect implies failure but emphasizes that the fault lies with events outside of the subject&#039;s control:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|lose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong.|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping had to stop singing (because something else happened).}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Sample text=&lt;br /&gt;
==Why people speak different languages==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Mwi yeg, o wath uwōndum só ya xob. Se mhath nggim só wōb kā hai. Mhakh thandim hu cad ta lán, o ídon pekh t’ukh cí kbau xwi keth thi. Gli thá iríph ríwau.&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Mummug só fai kambum nuth Wekh. Ki swo sáng o ídon ngú nggim wí cu keth, o ídon pai hém tú xúlin kbau ki lalú nggim. Fáth theb kbau mummug akh khá, ki dāph cath lo kanggí tiyíyā, kambum ki sóndo mro só lin nikh salú ya báth kambum thandim kê mro. Au ganggen fâi dāph cath lo sóndo kí sandai na kdarokh, ngú ngú theb kbau nggim thundam báth o thīm trau bab. Mhakh Thandim tanggang lau fong sawong ídon tí sasí thekh rú keth.&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Hai Ndá lo khá ya báth, o ídon li rú lo xúsalú wōb ró mí kambum ídon rama ki. Ndá sóndo nglau mí lin ya ngêleth, k’e k’ad lo mho keth pekh dac ta hu. Báth lo só tau hong, o xob mho de ge. Thīm kambum gli nghau cu wí keth trau du, khá sayec kbau ídon thá t’íth nath sa o ídon pekh dá tai sai bum. Thīm langgú mi sac li rú lo thīm kath gli, khá sayec kbau thandim t’é ta o ídon lo só ni niyandi. De nandi tú tai ganggen sai o rob wí Mhakh Thandim t’é ta wo cí kbau fi theb o ídon lo só ni rōb kambum hai uph gli hri.&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Interlinear gloss===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mwi|Sun}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yeg,|sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wath|entire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uwōndum|world}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xob.|darkness}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Sun slept, and all the world was dark.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mhath|stars}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nggim|shine}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōb|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kā|sky}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hai.|then.PST}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|No stars shone in the sky at that time.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mhakh|first}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hu|only}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cad|give.birth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lán,|new}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|not}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ukh|know}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cí|manner}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xwi|ignite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thi.|already}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The &#039;&#039;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039; were newly born into the world, and they did not yet know how to make a fire.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gli|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thá|shiver}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|iríph|complain.of}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ríwau.|freezing.cold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|They shivered and complained that they were cold.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mummug|squirrel}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|spirit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nuth|serve}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wekh.|Wekh}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Squirrel was one of the spirits who served Wekh.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|swo|climb}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sáng,|coniferous.tree}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nggim|light}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cu|distant}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth,|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pai|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hém|be.quick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tú|start}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xúlin|task}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lalú|examine}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nggim.|light}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|He climbed a tree and saw the light of a distant fire, and so he hurried away to investigate the light.}} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fáth|happen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mummug|squirrel}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|akh|return}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá,|arrive}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cath|carry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kanggí|red}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tiyíyā,|PAU/coal}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mro|3S.IN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nikh|at}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|salú|middle}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kê|dwell}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mro.|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|When Squirrel returned, he brought a small quantity of glowing coals, which he set down in the center of the house where the tribe lived.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Au|also}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ganggen|other}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fâi|PL/spirit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cath|carry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kí|dry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sandai|grass}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kdarokh,|firewood}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nggim|light}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thundam|fill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thīm|PL/person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trau|feel.cold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bab.|stop}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Other spirits came and added dry grass and firewood, until the house was filled with light and the people were no longer cold.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mhakh|first}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tanggang|AP/talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lau|laugh}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tí|dance[v]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sasí|dance[n]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thekh|wander}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth.|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The &#039;&#039;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039; talked and laughed and sang and danced around the fire.}} &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hai|then.PST}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|Tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|arrive}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth,|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|li|pull}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|cause}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xúsalú|body}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōb|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ró|big}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Then Tiger came in, dragging the body of a huge deer he had killed.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|Tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nglau|cook}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngêleth,|hearth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’e|but}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mho|cover}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|not}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dac|extinguish}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hu.|barely}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|He put the deer in the hearth to cook it, but the meat ended up covering the fire and almost putting it out.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Báth|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hong,|place}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xob|darkness}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mho|cover}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|de|every}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ge.|eye}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The house became cold, and it was too dark to see.}}  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Thīm|PL/person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gli|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nghau|sit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cu|far}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trau|feel.cold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|du,|really}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|reach}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sayec|end}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thá|shiver}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’íth|shake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nath|teeth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sa|rattle}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|not}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dá|be.able}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tai|say}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sai|words}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bum.|good}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The people sitting far from the fire felt so cold that their teeth chattered and they could not speak well.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Thīm|PL/person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|langgú|be.afraid}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mi|grasp}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sac|hold.onto}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|li|pull}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|cause}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thīm|PL/person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kath|near}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gli,|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|reach}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sayec|end}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’é|split}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ni|many}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|niyandi.|PAU/group}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The people were frightened and took ahold of those nearby, pulling them close, and so they became divided into many small groups.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|De|every}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nandi|group}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tú|begin}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tai|say}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ganggen|different}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sai,|words}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rob|language}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mhakh|first}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’é|split}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cí|manner}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fi|this.IN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ni|many}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rōb|PL/language}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hai|1PL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uph|hear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gli|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hri.|now}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Each group began to speak differently from the others, and in this way the tongue of the &#039;&#039;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039; became divided into the many languages that we hear today.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Mhakh Thandim Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Mhakh_Thandim/Lexicon&amp;diff=12729</id>
		<title>Mhakh Thandim/Lexicon</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Mhakh_Thandim/Lexicon&amp;diff=12729"/>
		<updated>2016-02-24T21:56:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The following is a lexicon of [[Mhakh Thandim]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Part of Speech Abbreviations:&lt;br /&gt;
* adj. - adjective&lt;br /&gt;
* adv. - adverb&lt;br /&gt;
* conj. - conjunction&lt;br /&gt;
* dem. - demonstrative&lt;br /&gt;
* int. - interjection&lt;br /&gt;
* n. an. - animate noun&lt;br /&gt;
* n. ac. - animate collective noun&lt;br /&gt;
* n. ic. - inanimate count noun&lt;br /&gt;
* n. im. - inanimate mass noun&lt;br /&gt;
* num. - numeral&lt;br /&gt;
* pre. - preposition&lt;br /&gt;
* pron. - pronoun&lt;br /&gt;
* qtf. - indefinite quantifier&lt;br /&gt;
* vi. - intransitive verb&lt;br /&gt;
* vt. - monotransitive verb&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Vocabulary=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;bg4 l bold&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| MT || IPA || PoS || gloss || Irregular Forms&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ârsí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /a̤rsi/ || n. ic. || sharp point, tip ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;átaun&#039;&#039;&#039; || /atʰaʊ̯n/ || n. im. || a genre of historical stories ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /aɪ̯/ || vt. || want ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;âi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /a̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || blood || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;âingga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /a̤ɪ̯ŋɡə/ || n. im. || menstrual blood || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;au&#039;&#039;&#039; || /aʊ̯/ || adv. || too, also, as well ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;au&#039;&#039;&#039; || /aʊ̯/ || vt. || swallow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə/ || int. || oh! (vocative particle) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤/ || n. im. || root(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ak’íkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ək&#039;ix/ || n. im. || crystal(s) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;akhnath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əxnəθ/ || n. ic. || canine tooth, eye tooth, fang ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;alam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ələm/ || vt. || fresh-water salmon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;alim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əlɪm/ || vt. || reflect (light) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əm/ || n. an. || lake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əŋ/ || n. im. || rightness, righteousness || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əŋ/ || vi. || be right, be correct, guess correctly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;āg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤k/ || vt. || hurt, wound, injure, harm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ānggén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤ŋgen/ || n. ic. || arrowhead ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ānggí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤ŋgi/ || n. an. || vixen (female fox, less marked) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;anggó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əŋgo/ || n. ic. || vase, amphora, ceramicware for liquids ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ap&#039;ú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əp&#039;u/ || n. an. || knuckle, knuckle bone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ārí&#039;&#039;&#039;|| /ə̤ri/ || n. ic. || spearhead ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ārófu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤rofʊ/ || n. an. || sandstorm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ārung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤rʊŋ/ || n. an. || breast ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;asca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əsʔə/ || n. im. || gypsum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ascikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əsʔɪx/ || n. an. || ankle, talus bone, dice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;asakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əsəx/ || n. an. || wolf ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;asac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əsəʔ/ || n. an. || eagle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;at&#039;í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ət&#039;i/ || n. an. || knee, knee cap || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;akh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əx/ || vi. || return, come back ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /əʔ/ || n. im. || rock(s), stone(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;āth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ə̤θ/ || n. im. || color(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;báth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /paθ/ || n. ic. || house, building ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /paɪ̯/ || n. im. || seed(s) (of plants), semen (of animals) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /paʊ̯/ || n. an. || horn (of an animal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;baulā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /paʊ̯lə̤/ || n. an. || weather ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pə/ || vt. || be similar to, be like, resemble ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bab&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəp/ || vi. || stop, halt, cease, come to an end ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bambád&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəmbat/ || n. an. || stream, brook, creek ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bamba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəmbə/ || n. an. || father, paternal uncle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ban&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pən/ || adj. || small ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;banan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pənən/ || n. an. || new moon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;banggí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəŋgi/ || n. an. || bull (male bovine) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bap’ekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəp’ɛx/ || adv. || maybe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;basú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəsu/ || n. im. || daisies ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pəθ/ || vt. || switch with, be exchanged for ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pə̤θ/ || n. im. || village, collection of houses ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɛ̤/ || vi. || be intoxicated, be insane, behave erratically ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pi/ || vt. || hint, suggest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɪ/ || vi. || have reached mastery (of a craft or art), be a master ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bid&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɪt/ || vt. || sacrifice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bik&#039;én&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɪk&#039;en/ || n. ic. || fletching (of an arrow) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bombo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɔmbɔ/ || n. an. || infant, baby ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pɔŋ/ || n. im. || fruit(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bsaumwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /psaʊ̯mwɪ/ || n. im. || solar eclipse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bsauyān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /psaʊ̯jə̤n/ || n. im. || lunar eclipse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pu/ || n. an. || hand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;búyāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pujə̤θ/ || n. im. || yellow color, yellow pigment ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʊm/ || adj. || good, well ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bumac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʊməʔ/ || n. im. || flint, chert ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bundum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʊndʊm/ || vt. || fix, repair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bwác&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pwaʔ/ || vi. || suffer (from an illness) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bwau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pwaʊ̯/ || n. im. || roof(s), roofing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bwid&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pwɪt/ || n. an. || penis ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔaɪ̯/ || n. ic. || bowl ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔaɪ̯/ || vi. || depart, leave, go away (from listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔaʊ̯/ || vt. || trick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cauphgo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔaʊ̯ɸkɔ/ || n. im. || branch(es) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔə/ || n. ic. || basket ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔə/ || vi. || clap (hands) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔə/ || vt. || request ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔət/ || vi. || bear, give birth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;calí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔəli/ || n. an. || female bird ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔəm/ || vi. || walk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔəθ/ || vt. || carry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔe/ || n. an. || vulva ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔi/ || n. im. || manner, method, way ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔi/ || n. ic. || part, component ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔi/ || qtf. || some, few ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cíwû&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔiwṳ/ || n. ac. || twins ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cód&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔot/ || n. im. || grease, fat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;co&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔɔ/ || adj. || last ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;co&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔɔ/ || vt. || fail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔɔ̤/ || n. ic. || cave ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cúyāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔujə̤θ/ || n. im. || blue, green, blue/green, those colors/pigments ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊ/ || adj. || far, faraway, distant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cuk’a&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊk’ə/ || n. im. || hills ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;culing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊlɪŋ/ || n. im. || noise ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cundith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊndɪθ/ || n. ac. || skeleton, set of bones ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cundung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊndʊŋ/ || vt. || open ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cuph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊɸ/ || vi. || smell, emit odor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cusú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʔʊsu/ || n. an. || hip || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ta/ || vi. || be able ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /taʊ̯/ || vt. || celebrate, honor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tə̤/ || vi. || be cunning, sly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təʔ/ || vt. || extinguish, destroy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təd/ || n. im. || name(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tək/ || vi. || be intelligent, be wise ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təx/ || n. im. || candle(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dambú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təmbu/ || n. an. || rainbow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;danda&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təndə/ || n. an. || mother, maternal aunt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dandí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təndi/ || n. an. || summer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dandu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təndʊ/ || vt. || admit, confess ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tə̤ɸ/ || vt. || pick, select, take ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dat’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tət’əŋ/ || adv. || soon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tə̤θ/ || n. im. || anger ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tə̤θ/ || vi. || be angry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dawō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /təwɔ̤/ || n. im. || chimney, smokehole ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;de&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tɛ/ || qtf. || every ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ti/ || n. an. || season ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tí/ || vt. || rub ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;di&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tɪ/ || n. an. || womb, uterus ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;din&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tɪn/ || n. ac. || nation, tribal confederation ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;don&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tɔn/ || vt. || match, be the same as ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dsau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tsaʊ̯/ || n. im. || leaves ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dsec&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tsɛʔ/ || n. an. || planet, wandering star ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dsí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tsi/ || n. an. || mist, fog bank ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tu/ || vi. || go downstream, go downhill, take the easier course of action ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;du&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʊ/ || adj. || really, indeed ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʊm/ || n. an. || ocean ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;duya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʊjə/ || n. im. || midden, waste dump ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dyâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tja̤ʊ̯/ || vi. || kneel, squat, crouch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;e&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛ/ || conj. || or ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛ̤/ || n. im. || feeling, sense, intuition ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ekhcath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛxʔəθ/ || n. ic. || travois, sledge to carry goods ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ekhsa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛxsə/  || n. im. || lacquer, glue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ekht&#039;í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛxt&#039;i/ || n. ic. || rudder (device used to steer a boat) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ekhdá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛxta/ || n. ic. || tool ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;elú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛlu/ || n. im. || free standing wall(s), fortification(s), barrier(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;elû&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛlṳ/ || n. ic. || oar, paddle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;en&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛn/ || vt. || fight ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ērab&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɛ̤rəp/ || vi. || sense of touch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fád&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fat/ || n. in. || river ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fálad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /falət/ || n. an. || carp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fándeth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fandɛθ/ || n. ac. || gang, warband, unit (of an army) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fándîm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fandi̤m/ || n. an. || stepchild ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fáph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faɸ/ || n. im. || path, trail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fáth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faθ/ || vi. || happen, occur ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faɪ̯/ || n. an. || spirit, god ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faɪ̯/ || vi. || fall ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faɪ̯/ || vt. || slap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faʊ̯/ || vi. || pass, move on, go forward ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /faʊ̯/ || vt. || pour, strew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fafai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fəfaɪ̯/ || n. an. || avalanche, landslide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fafa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fəfə/ || n. an. || brother ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fandeth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fəndɛθ/ || n. ac || army, militia || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fəŋ/ || num. || five ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fanggau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fəŋgaʊ̯/ || vi. || be together, be in a group ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɛ/ || vt. || herd ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;feth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɛθ/ || n. an. || warrior, soldier ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fífí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fifi/ || n. an. || son ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fíth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fiθ/ || n. ic. || stalk, stem ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fíthyâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fiθja̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || right side, the right (direction) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɪ/ || dem. || this, that (inanimate) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɪ/ ||  vt. || wrap around ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fgau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fkaʊ̯/ ||  n. ic. || trap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;flaló&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fləlo/ || n. ic. || water pot (for scoring clay) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;flic&#039;&#039;&#039; || /flɪʔ/ || n. ic. || musical instrument (general category) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fólú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /folu/ || n. ic. || poplar tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fóm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fom/ || n. im. || snot, nasal mucous ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔ/ || n. ic. || pan ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fōb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔ̤p/ || n. an. || skin(s), bark (of a tree) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fokht’éph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔxt’eɸ/ || n. an. || beetle || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;folú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔlu/  || n. im. || grove of poplars ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔŋ/ || vt. || sing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fōsó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔ̤so/ || n. im. || counting beans ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;foth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fɔθ/ || n. im. || gills ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;frau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fraʊ̯/ || n. ic. || knife, blade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;frambau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /frəmbaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || ford, river crossing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;frén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fren/ || n. im. || cycle, recurring event or process || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fu/ || n. ic. || bag, waterskin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fu/ ||  vi. || be blind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fúm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fum/ || vi. || melt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fʊ/ || n. an. || wind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fundau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fʊndaʊ̯/ || vt. || join, be with, bring (a person) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fwēc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fwɛ̤ʔ/ || n. im. || beads, money ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fwíg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fwik/ || vt. || think about, consider ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fwín&#039;&#039;&#039; || /fwin/ || n. im. || luck, good fortune ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kə̤/ || vi. || be in pain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gak’ókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kək’ox/ || vt. || hunt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;galí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəli/ || n. an. || magpie ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəm/ || n. ic. || drum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gandath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəndəθ/ || n. ac. || parents, same-sex parental siblings ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ganga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəŋə/ || vt. || applaud ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ganggé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəŋge/ || n. ic. || rowan tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gangge&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəŋgɛ/ || n. im. || grove of rowans ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ganggen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəŋgɛn/ || adj. || different, unusual, another ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ganggith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəŋgɪθ/ || n. an. || snow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gayān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kəjə̤n/ || n. im. || menstrual period ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gê&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ke̤/ || n. im. || home, shelter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ge&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɛ/ || n. an. || eye || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɛn/ || vi. || be different, be unusual, be another ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gfa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kfə/ || n. ic. || shoe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gín&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kin/ || n. ic. || arrow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gíyāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kijə̤θ/ || n. im. || red color, red pigment ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;giblíc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɪpliʔ/ || adj. || salted, pickled ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gilí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɪli/ || n. an. || thrush ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;githpom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɪθpʰɔm/ || n. an. || skull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;giyî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kɪji̤/ || n. an. || fresh-water eel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gli&#039;&#039;&#039; || /klɪ/ || pron. || they ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kox/ || vi. || hunt, go hunting, be a hunter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;góyêkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /koje̤x/ || n. ic. || shrine, temple ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gsac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ksəʔ/ || n. im. || bread ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gso&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ksɔ/ || num. || second ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ku/ || n. ic. || door, entry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kwɪ/ || n. an. || brain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gyai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kjaɪ̯/ || vt. || imagine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gyo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kyɔ/ || vt. || count ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;há&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ha/ || vi. || go down, descend, climb down ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hákh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hax/ || n. an. || liver ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haɪ̯/ || adv. || then (past) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haɪ̯/ || pron. || we, us ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ha̤ɪ̯/ || adv. || recently ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Haifai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haɪ̯faɪ̯/ || n. an. || sky goddess ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haʊ̯/ || vi. || call, shout ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ha̤ʊ̯/ || vt. || shout, cry out (of a word or sound) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;haumam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haʊ̯məm/ || n. im. || dust ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hausikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /haʊ̯sɪx/ || n. an. || (entire) leg ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həx/ || n. ic. || mortar (tool for grinding) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həx/ || vt. || hew (with an ax) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Halsa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /Həlsə/ || n. im. || place of spiritual punishment, hell ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ham&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həm/ || vi. || seem ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;han&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hən/ || n. an. || moon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;handā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həndə̤/ || n. ac. || swarm of spiders, nest of spiders ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;handag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həndək/ || n. ac. || pride of cats ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;handú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həndu/ || n. ac. || siblings ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hanō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hənɔ̤/ || n. an. || snake || pl. xúyā&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hara&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hərə/ || n. an. || ear || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hasā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həsə̤/ || n. an. || goose ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /həθ/ || qtf. || each ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /he/ || n. im. || ground, floor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /he/ || vi. || suffer a seizure, stroke, or similar attack ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hém&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hem/ || vi. || be fast, be quick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hen/ || vi. || feel homesick, nostalgic ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɛ/ || n. an. || mouse, rat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɛ̤/ || vt. || feel, sense ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hi/ || num. || two ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hi/ || vi. || listen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;híc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hiʔ/ || vt. || rape ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hím&#039;&#039;&#039; || /him/ || vt. || marry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;híyakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hijəx/ || n. an. || spleen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hig&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɪk/ || n. an. || chin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɪx/ || n. im. || voice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɪŋ/ || n. im. || threat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɪŋ/ || vt. || threaten ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɪɸ/ || vt. || realize, become aware of, understand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hlau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hlaʊ̯/ || vt. || beg ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hla&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hlə/ || vt. || improve, make perfect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hlig&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hlɪk/ || n. an. || mind, thoughts ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hox/ || n. an. || woman || pl. cau&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hóth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hoθ/ || vi. || forage, be a forager ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ho&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔ/ || vt. || touch, come in contact with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔ̤/ || n. im. || hole(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;holán&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔlan/ || n. im. || moonflower(s) (night-blooming flower types) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;holég&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔlek/ || n. an. || sow (female pig; less marked) || pl. kā&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;holath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔləθ/ || n. im. || grove of ash trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hon&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔn/ || vt. || seize, take over, conquer, take by force ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔŋ/ || n. im. || place, area, region ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;horâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔra̤ʊ̯/ || n. ac. || buttocks ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hoth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hɔθ/ || n. ac. || married couple ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hri&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hrɪ/ || adv. || now ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hu/ || num. || eighteen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hu/ || vi. || pilot, navigate (a canoe or raft) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hu/ || vt. || meet ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hû&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hṳ/ || vi. || defecate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;húb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hup/ || n. ic. || festival, feast, holiday ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;húyakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hujəx/ || n. an. || mistress, lover ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;húyākh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hujə̤x/ || n. ic. || ax ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊ/ || adv. || only, merely, barely, just, simply ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊ/ || vt. || break ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊ̤/ || n. an. || lungs ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊ̤/ || vt. || be perpendicular to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊp/ || vt. || eat, consume ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊʔ/ || vt. || kick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊm/ || n. im. || thunder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;humrófu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊmrofʊ/ || n. an. || thunderstorm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hun&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊn/ || vt. || sew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huyîkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hʊji̤x/ || n. ic. || loom ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hwuth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hwʊθ/ || n. im. || sand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hwuthca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /hwʊθʔə/ || n. im. || earwax ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /i/ || vi. || breathe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /i/ || vt. || drip on ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;î&#039;&#039;&#039; || /i̤/ || n. an. || fish(es) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;î&#039;&#039;&#039; || /i̤/ || n. im. || beauty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;î&#039;&#039;&#039; || /i̤/ || vi. || be beautiful, be pretty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ínggókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /iŋgox/ || n. an. || hunter, predatory animal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ínggen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /iŋgɛn/ || n. an. || stranger, foreigner ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;írau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /iraʊ̯/ || n. an. || prisoner, captive, hostage, slave ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ísí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /isi/ || n. an. || leader, guide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ít’ukh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /it’ʊx/ || n. an. || sage, priest, shaman ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;im&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪm/ || vt. || shine on ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;īndaní&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪ̤ndəni/ || n. an. || mosquito(es) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;īnīn&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪ̤nɪ̤n/ || n. an. || daughter(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪŋ/ || adj. || short ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪɸ/ || vt. || praise ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iríph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪriɸ/ || vt. || complain about, protest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iráng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪraŋ/ || vi. || be wrong ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;īwū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪ̤wṳ/ || n. ic. || adze ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iyak’íkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɪjək’ix/ || n. ic. || jewel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’au&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’aʊ̯/ || vt. || give in trade, offer in trade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ə̤/ || n. im. || pain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ət/ || n. im. || flesh, meat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’alí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’əli/ || n. an. || hawk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’andath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’əndəθ/ || n. ac. || grandparents ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’əŋ/ || vi. || stay, remain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’é&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’e/ || n. ic. || mountain peak, crest of a hill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’e&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɛ/ || conj. || but ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’e&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɛ/ || vt. || hit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɛ̤/ || n. ic. || bucket ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’i/ || n. an. || beak ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’íkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ix/ || n. an. || hail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’i&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪ/ || vt. || warn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ib&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪm/ || adj. || white, light (in color) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ibac || /k’ɪbəʔ/ || n. im. || chalk, calcium ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’imāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪmə̤θ/ || n. im. || white color, white pigment ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’in&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪn/ || vi. || itch, be annoying ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’indó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪndo/ || n. im. || vetches, patch of vetches ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’ith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k’ɪθ/ || n. an. || bone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;uph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /k&#039;ʊɸ/ || vi. || stink ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰaʊ̯/ || n. an. || bear || pl. hâi&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ka&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰə/ || dem. || this, that (animate) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰə̤/ || n. an. || sky ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰək/ || vt. || waste, squander ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəx/ || vt. || lead, govern, rule, control ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kalalai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰələlaɪ̯/ || n. an. || catfish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kamban&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəmbən/ || adj. || common ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kambikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəmbɪx/ || adj. || private, personal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kambú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəmbu/ || adj. || yellow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kambum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəmbʊm/ || conj. || relativizer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kandafú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəndəfu/ || adj. || coarse, rough ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kandalo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəndəlɔ/ || adj. || fine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kandaná&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəndəna/ || adj. || smooth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kandí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəndi/ || adj. || fragrant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəŋ/ || vt. || hinder, block ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kanggí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰəŋgi/ || adj. || red ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kbán&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰpan/ || n. im. || homeland ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kbau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰpaʊ̯/ || conj. || complimentizer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰta/ || adj. || industrious, diligent, hardworking ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtəʔ/ || adj. || massive, heavy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtəm/ || adj. || full ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdarokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtərɔx/ || n. im. || firewood ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdasí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtəsi/ || adj. || sharp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdeth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtɛθ/ || n. im. || bronze, bronzeware ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdónâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtona̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || shore, riverbank ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kdū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰtʊ̤/ || adj. || blunt, dull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kê&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰe̤/ || vt. || dwell in, live in ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ked&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɛt/ || vt. || judge, conclude, decide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɛx/ || vi. || be pregnant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;keng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɛŋ/ || vi. || depart, leave, go away (from speaker) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;keth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɛθ/ || n. an. || fire ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰi/ || adj. || dry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰi/ || n. an. || bird ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰi̤/ || vt. || respect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kícókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰiʔox/ || n. an. || wife ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kîcoléng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰi̤ʔɔleŋ/ || n. an. || boar (male pig) || pl. k’ujā&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kícom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰiʔɔm/ || n. an. || belly, abdomen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kírû&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰirṳ/ || n. an. || husband ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kísani&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰisənɪ/ || n. im. || minority ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kíwom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰiwɔm/ || n. an. || face ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ki&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɪ/ || pron. || he, she, it ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kig&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɪk/ || n. im. || cry, cries ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kirú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɪru/ || vt. || disagree with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɪθ/ || vt. || drink ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kiyong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰɪjɔŋ/ || n. ic. || room, hall, compartment of a house ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kla&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰlə/ || adj. || crooked, bent, unusable (of a tool) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kli&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰlɪ/ || adj. || hollow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;klú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰlu/ || vt. || lie, tell a lie to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;klúph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰluɸ/ || adj. || straight ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;klu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰlʊ/ || vt. || destroy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kmalau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰm̥əlaʊ̯/ || adj. || bad ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kmā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰm̥ə̤/ || adj. || dear, expensive, precious ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kmirâ&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰm̥ɪra̤/ || adj. || cheap, inexpensive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;knai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰn̥aɪ̯/ || vt. || distribute, share ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kné&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰn̥e/ || n. im. || salvation, rescue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰŋ̊u/ || adj. || blue, green, blue/green ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kô&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰo̤/ || vt. || borrow (temporary transfer of possession in either direction) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kóláth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰolaθ/ || n. ic. || ash tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰu/ || adj. || middle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰu/ || vt. || agree with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kúc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰuʔ/ || adj. || empty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kúng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰuŋ/ || vt. || struggle, strive toward ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kwau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /kʰwaʊ̯/ || n. im. || disease, illness ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xa/ || vt. || reach, arrive at ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xaʊ̯/ || adj. || hot, warm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kha&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xə/ || adv. || completely, well ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xə̤/ || n. an. || spider ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xək/ || n. an. || cat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khalí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xəli/ || n. an. || crow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xəθ/ || n. an. || male dog ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xɛ/ || n. an. || anus ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khícau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xiʔaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || shovel, scoop ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khíth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xiθ/ || vi. || be fair, be honorable, be just ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khic&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xɪʔ/ || vt. || play (music) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xo/ || n. ic. || pot, ceramic vessel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xu/ || n. im. || blister(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xɪx/ || n. an. || ram (male sheep) || pl. hujā&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xɪn/ || n. im. || occupation, role ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;khirúb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /xɪrup/ || vi. || fast (abstain from eating) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lámman&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lammən/ || n. an. || morning ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lán&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lan/ || adj. || new, young ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;láth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /laθ/ || n. ic. || deciduous tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /laʊ̯/ || n. im. || drip, drop(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /laʊ̯/ || vi. || laugh ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;la&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lə/ || vi. || be female, be feminine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lak’im&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lək’ɪm/ || n. im. || limestone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lalau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləlaʊ̯/ || n. im. || size ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lalo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləlɔ/ || n. im. || grime, filth, muck ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lalú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləlu/ || vt. || examine, inspect, investigate, study ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləŋ/ || n. im. || problem ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;langga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləŋgə/ || n. im. || stickiness ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;langgú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləŋgu/ || n. im. || fear, fright ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;langgú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ləŋgu/ || vi. || be afraid ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /le/ || vt. || decorate, embellish, gild ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;léph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /leɸ/ || n. an. || river mouth, river delta ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;leg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɛk/ || n. im. || forest of deciduous trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;leg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɛk/ || vi. || smile ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lelí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɛli/ || n. an. || dove, pigeon || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;leth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɛθ/ || vt. || train, practice, learn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /li/ || vi. || be dangerous ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lílā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lilə̤/ || n. an. || cloud ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;li&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɪ/ || vt. || pull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɪn/ || vi. || lie, recline ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;likh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɪx/ || n. im. || cloth, fabric ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɔ/ || vi. || come, approach (towards somewhere other than speaker or listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;loth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lɔθ/ || n. ic. || ball, sphere ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lra&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lrə/ || n. an. || termite ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lu/ || vt. || fear, be afraid of ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lʊ/ || vi. || be silent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lʊ/ || vt. || bar, keep out ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lʊp/ || adj. || thick (in dimension) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;luc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lʊʔ/ || vi. || be rough (of weather or water) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;luph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /lʊɸ/ || n. an. || toe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;má&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ma/ || vt. || come, approach (towards listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mándú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mandu/ || n. ic. || apple tree || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;máse&#039;&#039;&#039; || /masɛ/ || n. an. || grasshopper ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /maɪ̯/ || n. im. || flour ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /maɪ̯/ || vt. || pray to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;maiwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /maɪ̯wɪ/ || n. im. || peas ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mauyí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /maʊ̯ji/ || n. ic. || beehive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ma&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mə/ || adj. || hard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ma&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mə/ || vi. || die ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mə̤/ || n. an. || elephant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məʔ/ || n. ic. || individual rock, piece of stone, stone block ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mət/ || vi. || be tired ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mək/ || n. im. || sense of taste ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mək/ || vt. || taste, try (of food or drink) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mak’íkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mək’ix/ || n. ic. || individual crystal, piece of crystal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;malā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mələ̤/ || n. an. || turtle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məm/ || n. im. || earth, dirt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mama&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məmə/ || vi. || be lonely ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mamā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məmə̤/ || n. im. || turtle shell, armor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mamikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məmɪx/ || vt. || turn, rotate, revert ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mamúth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məmuθ/ || n. an. || lip ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;man&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mən/ || n. an. || day ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mandag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məndək/ || n. an. || equinox ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mandú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məndu/ || n. im. || apple orchard, grove of apple trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mane&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mənɛ/ || n. ic. || sleeve, leg (of pants) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;manggai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məŋgaɪ̯/ || vi. || pray, meditate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;manggob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məŋgɔp/ || n. an. || winter solstice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;masca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /məsʔə/ || n. ic. || piece of gypsum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mbang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mbəŋ/ || n. ic. || nest (of birds) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mbí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mbi/ || n. im. || metal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mbi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mbɪ/ || vi. || grow up, become an adult ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mbō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mbɔ̤/ || n. im. || scales (of a reptile) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /me/ || n. im. || dew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /men/ || vi. || look, look around ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;méng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /meŋ/ || vt. || plot, conspire, scheme ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;me&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɛ/ || vt. || tell, say towards ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mekhsang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɛxsəŋ/ || n. im. || belief, faith, religion ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhásath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥asəθ/ || n. an. || duck ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mháth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥aθ/ || n. im. || egg(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mha&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ə/ || adj. || alone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥əʔ/ || vt. || slaughter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhalath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ələθ/ || n. im. || asters (type of star-shaped flower) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhawō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥əwɔ̤/ || n. im. || ditch(es) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥əx/ || num. || first ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥əθ/ || n. im. || stars ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhírí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥iri/ || n. im. || age, epoch, long time, long period ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhô&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥o̤/ || vt. || order, command, instruct ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mho&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ɔ/ || vt. || cover ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhōb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ɔ̤p/ || n. im. || rash(es), hives, breakout, acne ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ɔx/ || n. im. || valley ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mholókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ɔlox/ || n. im. || lilies (type of flower) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mhuwong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /m̥ʊwɔŋ/ || n. im. || nut(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mi/ || n. an. || deer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɪ/ || vt. || hold, grasp, catch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɪx/ || vi. || turn around ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mimbíc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɪmbiʔ/ || vi. || turn the tables, seize the advantage (in a negotiation or confrontation) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mirô&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɪro̤/ || vi. || be unimportant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mlau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mlaʊ̯/ || vi. || be bad, behave badly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mlan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mlən/ || n. im. || bay ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mɔ̤/ || vi. || be important ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mrai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mraɪ̯/ || n. im. || fingernail(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mro&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mrɔ/ || pron. || it ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mrú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mru/ || n. ic. || single hair, whisker, eyelash ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mu/ || vt. || knead ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;múmbú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mumbu/ || n. im. || dandelions ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;múmú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mumu/ || n. im. || flowers ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;músandai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /musəndaɪ̯/ || n. im. || bed of strawberries ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;múwe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /muwɛ/ || n. im. || cider (alcohol made from apples) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;múwong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /muwɔŋ/ || n. im. || apple(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;muc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mʊʔ/ || vt. || confuse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mummug&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mʊmmʊk/ || n. an. || squirrel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mun&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mʊn/ || n. ic. || spring, well ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mʊŋ/ || pron. || you ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;muyac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mʊjəʔ/ || n. im. || quartz ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mwímbōm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mwimbɔ̤m/ || n. im. || bark cloth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mwɪ/ || n. an. || sun ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;myid&#039;&#039;&#039; || /mjɪt/ || vi. || be brave, be courageous ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ná&#039;&#039;&#039; || /na/ || vt. || exceed, surpass, be greater than ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nám&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nam/ || n. im. || excitement ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nám&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nam/ || vi. || be excited ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /naɪ̯/ || n. ic. || bed, sleeping place ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /naʊ̯/ || vi. || cry, scream ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nə/ || conj. || and, with (of noun phrases) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nə/ || pron. || I, me ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nə̤/ || qtf. || all ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəx/ || n. an. || mare (female horse; less marked) || pl. kan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəx/ || n. im. || wish(es) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəx/ || vt. || wish, hope || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;namba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəmbə/ || n. im. || garden, yard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nandi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəndɪ/ || n. ac. || group ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nandin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəndɪn/ || n. ac. || herd of goats ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nanduth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəndʊθ/ || n. ic. || battle, skirmish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nanakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nənəx/ || n. an. || foal (horse offspring) || pl. fanan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;naneb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nənɛp/ || n. im. || wealth, prosperity ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;naneb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nənɛp/ || vi. || be rich, prosper ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nanú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nənu/ || n. an. || steam || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nangkda&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəŋkʰtə/ || n. an. || smoke ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;narékh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nərex/ || n. an. || magic ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nasîm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəsi̤m/ || n. an. || stepparent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəθ/ || n. im. || teeth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nəθ/ || qtf. || both ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nāwe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nə̤wɛ/ || n. im. || perry (alcohol made from pears) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nda/ || n. an. || tiger || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nda/ || vt. || succeed at ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndáph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ndaɸ/ || adj. || weak ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ndaɪ̯/ || vt. || know (a person), be acquainted with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nde/ || qtf. || a lot ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndiŋai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ndɪŋaɪ̯/ || vi. || be unknown ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ndó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ndo/ || vi. || stand up (from sitting or lying) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;né&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ne/ || vi. || be safe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;neb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɛp/ || vt. || own, possess ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nec&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɛʔ/ || vi. || win, be victorious ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;neth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɛθ/ || n. an. || kitten ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhándú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥andu/ || n. im. || wall(s) (of a house) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥aʊ̯/ || n. ic. || altar ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhāwong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ə̤wɔŋ/ || n. im. || pear(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ɛ/ || n. an. || tail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥i/ || vi. || sink ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhig&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ɪk/ || n. im. || beard, facial hair |&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ɪx/ || n. an. || foot |||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhothngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ɔθŋu/ || n. ic./n. im. || pants, trousers, lower body clothing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhúyac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ujəʔ/ || n. ic. || mudbrick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ʊ/ || dem. || the other ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhug&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ʊk/ || n. im. || marsh ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nhūsaye&#039;&#039;&#039; || /n̥ʊ̤səjɛ/ || n. ic. || corner ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nílob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nilɔp/ || n. an. || winter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nínggí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /niŋgi/ || n. an. || autumn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;níp’i&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nip’ɪ/ || n. an. || spring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ni&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɪ/ || qtf. || many ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɪn/ || n. an. || nannygoat (female goat; less marked) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ninanin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɪnənɪn/ || n. an. || kid (goat offspring) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nithdau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɪθtaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || incisor, front tooth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nithtam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɪθtʰəm/ || n. ic. || molar, back tooth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nle&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nlɛ/ || vi. || float ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nonnong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɔnnɔŋ/ || n. an. || girl || pl. cí&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nono&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɔnɔ/ || n. an. || seagull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nonggín&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nɔŋgin/ || n. ic. || notch, nock (of an arrow) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;núngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nuŋu/ || n. ic./n. im. || shirt, upper body clothing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;núsang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nusəŋ/ || n. im. || evidence, proof ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nʊ/ || vt. || push ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nūfai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nʊ̤faɪ̯/ || n. im. || cliff(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nūrau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nʊ̤raʊ̯/ || n. im. || bandage(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nuth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nʊθ/ || vi. || serve, be a servant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;núb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nup/ || vi. || wake up ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nwed&#039;&#039;&#039; || /nwɛt/ || n. im. || south ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nyô&#039;&#039;&#039; || /njo̤/ || n. ic. || pearl ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋaɪ̯/ || qtf. || a little ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋaɪ̯/ || vt. || seek, look for ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngaungau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋaʊ̯ŋaʊ̯/ || n. an || chick, bird offspring, baby bird ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋə/ || n. im. || milk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋən/ || n. an. || nose ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nganí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəni/ || vi. || drown ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nganga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəŋə/ || n. an. || frog ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngangalau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəŋəlaʊ̯/ || vt. || boil ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngangú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəŋu/ || vt. || notice, take note, note ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngaphkí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəɸkʰi/ || n. an. || owl species ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋəθ/ || n. an. || nipple ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋə̤θ/ || n. im. || stain, blot, blemish, colored spot ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngêleth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋe̤lɛθ/ || n. ic. || hearth, firepit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nggim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋgɪm/ || n. an. || light, shine, glow, rays ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nggim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋgɪm/ || vi. || shine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nghau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊aʊ̯/ || vi. || sit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngha&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊ə/ || adj. || soft ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nghelí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊ɛli/ || n. an. || heron ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nghō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊ɔ̤/ || vt. || dislike ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nghob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊ɔp/ || n. an. || evening ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngholób&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊ɔlop/ || n. an || firefly || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nghú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋ̊u/ || vi. || appear, become visible ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋi/ || vi. || be kind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nglau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋlaʊ̯/ || vt. || cook ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngláth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋlaθ/ || n. ic. || dot, mark, blemish || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngôth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋo̤θ/ || vt. || pick (of berries, fruits) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngofán&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋɔfan/ || n. im. || rapids (of a river) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋu/ || n. im. || sight, vision ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋu/ || vt. || see ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngúfamo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋufəmɔ/ || n. im. || clothes ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngúth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋuθ/ || n. im. || vengeance, intense rage, vendetta, feud, blood feud, revenge ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋʊ/ || n. im. || east ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋʊp/ || vi. || become old ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngyen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ŋjɛn/ || n. an. || vagina ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;o&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɔ/ || conj. || and ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɔ̤/ || vt. || forbid, ban ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’aisani&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’aɪ̯sənɪ/ || n. im. || majority ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’əʔ/ || n. im. || feathers, coat of feathers ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’amba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p&#039;əmbə/ || n. an. || grandfather ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’an&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ən/ || adj. || long ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’əŋ/ || vt. || be diagonal to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’andí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p&#039;əndi/ || n. ic. || spear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’əθ/ || vt. || kiss ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’e&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɛ/ || vi. || be male, be masculine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’eyac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɛjəʔ/ || n. im. || granite ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’i/ || vt. || wage, conduct, venture, attempt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’íth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’iθ/ || vt. || influence ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’i&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɪ/ || vi. || grow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’id&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɪd/ || n. im. || acorn(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ig&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p&#039;ɪk/ || vi. || be public ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɪx/ || num. || one ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’iph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɪɸ/ || n. an. || mite ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’iríg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p&#039;ɪrik/ || vi. || be secret ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’o&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɔ/ || n. an. || descendant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’olóm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɔlom/ || n. an. || lion ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’om&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɔm/ || n. ic. || hat, headgear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’om&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p&#039;ɔm/ || vi. || be noble ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’oth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ɔθ/ || vt. || donate, give freely, give as a gift ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ʊp/ || vt. || be parallel to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’un&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ʊn/ || adj. || high, tall ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ungk’a&#039;&#039;&#039; || /p’ʊŋk’ə/ || n. im. || mountain range, mountain(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pád&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰat/ || n. an. || child ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pándad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰandət/ || n. ac. || group of children, all the children, ones children ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰaɪ̯/ || vi. || depart, leave, go away (from somewhere other than speaker or listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰaʊ̯/ || vt. || find, discover, invent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰə/ || vt. || change ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰəx/ || adj. || sick (of living things), rotten (of food and other goods) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pamban&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰəmbən/ || vt. || clean up ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰən/ || vt. || wash, clean ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pdékh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰtex/ || n. an. || soul, spirit || pl. sa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɛ/ || n. im. || beer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pēc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɛ̤ʔ/ || vt. || receive in trade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;peg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɛk/ || vt. || thank ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɛx/ || vi. || not, be not ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pgo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰkɔ/ || n. ic. || stick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰi/ || vi. || jump, leap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pílath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰiləθ/ || n. im. || grove of beech trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;píyi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰijɪ/ || n. ic. || beech tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɪm/ || vi. || be talented, have talent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ping&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰɪŋ/ || vt. || like ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;plíc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰliʔ/ || vi. || taste salty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰo/ || vt. || reply, respond ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰu/ || n. an. || friend, companion ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;púyad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰujət/ || n. an. || orphan ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;púyú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰuju/ || n. an. || enemy (a person) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰʊŋ/ || n. im. || fate, destiny ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pwa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰwə/ || n. an. || maternal uncle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pwekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰwɛx/ || vt. || refuse, deny ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pwing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /pʰwɪŋ/ || vt. || love ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || hammer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸaʊ̯/ || num. || four ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pha&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸə/ || vt. || row ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸə̤/ || n. im. || dough ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸen/ || n. ic. || oak tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phem&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸɛm/ || vt. || bake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸɪ/ || vt. || go between, pass between, be between ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phid&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸɪt/ || n. im. || oak woodland ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸɪŋ/ || vi. || be peaceful ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸo/ || vt. || overlook, offer a view of ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸɔm/ || n. an. || head ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸu/ || n. im. || north ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phúngan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸuŋən/ || n. an. || trunk (of an elephant or anteater) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phúyâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸuja̤ɪ̯/ || n. an. || midday, noon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;phundú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ɸʊndu/ || vt. || close ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rán&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ran/ || vi. || undress, go naked, denude ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /raɪ̯/ || vi. || yawn, gape ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;railau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /raɪ̯laʊ̯/ || n. an. || rain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;raisau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /raɪ̯saʊ̯/ || n. ic. || circle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;raiyâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /raɪ̯ja̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || sap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ra&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rə/ || n. im. || power, influence, ability, strength ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ra&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rə/ || vt. || exert influence on, have an impact on ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rək/ || n. an. || cow (female bovine) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəx/ || n. an. || wing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ralai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəlaɪ̯/ || n. im. || fungus, mushroom(s), fairy ring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rama&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəmə/ || vt. || kill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ramamwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəməmwɪ/ || n. an. || sunset, sundown, late afternoon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ramba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəmbə/ || n. an. || paternal aunt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;randag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəndək/ || n. ac. || herd of cows, herd of cattle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;randau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəndaʊ̯/ || n. im. || plain (geographical) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rangammwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəŋəmmwɪ/ || n. an. || daybreak, sunrise, dawn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ranggé&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəŋge/ || vi. || be poor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ranggeth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəŋgɛθ/ || n. an. || ember ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ranggí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəŋgi/ || n. an. || summer solstice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;raríth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəriθ/ || vt. || attack, assault ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rayacau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəjəʔaʊ̯/ || n. an. || puppy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rayag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəjək/ || n. an. || calf (bovine offspring) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rayirú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəjɪru/ || vt. || curse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rayu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rəjʊ/ || vt. || bless ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;re&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɛ/ || vt. || lack, miss, be without ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rendá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɛnda/ || n. an. || newt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;reph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɛɸ/ || n. an. || boy || pl. mhe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ríkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rix/ || vi. || flow, blow (of gasses or liquids) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ríwau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /riwaʊ̯/ || n. an. || freezing cold, freezing weather ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ríyān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rijə̤n/ || n. an. || male fox ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɪ/ || n. an. || jaw ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɪɸ/ || n. im. || salt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rlú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rlu/ || vt. || convince, persuade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ró&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ro/ || adj. || big ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rócau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /roʔaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || shield ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rócókh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /roʔox/ || n. an. || queen, matriarch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rócoth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /roʔɔθ/ || n. an. || royal couple ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rófu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rofʊ/ || n. an. || storm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rók’ē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rok’ɛ̤/ || n. ic. || barrel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;róla&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rolə/ || n. an. || raven ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rólí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /roli/ || n. an. || king, ruler, chieftain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rómac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /roməʔ/ || n. ic. || megalith ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rómbáth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rombaθ/ || n. ic. || palace, majesting house, dwelling of king/chieftain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rómbāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rombə̤θ/ || n. im. || town; large, permanent village ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rómbí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rombi/ || n. im. || silver ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;róndí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rondi/ || n. an. || year ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rórang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rorəŋ/ || n. im. || promise(s), oath(s), pledge(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;róyān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rojə̤n/ || n. im. || full moon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rôyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ro̤jəŋ/ || n. im. || elation, joy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rôyuyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ro̤jʊjəŋ/ || n. im. || depression, despair, tragedy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ro&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɔ/ || vi. || be special, unique, one-of-a-kind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ro&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɔ/ || vt. || choose, select, settle on, adopt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɔp/ || n. an. || language ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ron&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rɔn/ || vt. || recite, tell (a story) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ru/ || aux. v. || cause ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ru/ || vi. || be deaf ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rúmbú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rumbu/ || n. an. || wrist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ru&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊ/ || adj. || holy, sacred ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊ̤/ || vi. || be content, be fullfilled ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊp/ || vt. || roast ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rūm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊ̤m/ || vt. || feed ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rumban&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊmbən/ || n. im. || soap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rusú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊsu/ || n. an. || ancestor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rʊθ/ || n. an. || mouth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rwau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rwaʊ̯/ || vt. || amuse, joke with, make laugh ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rwilí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rwɪli/ || n. ic. || mask ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ryang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /rjəŋ/ || vt. || please, make happy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sa/ || vt. || hide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sáb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sap/ || n. an. || flood ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sácau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saʔaʊ̯/ || n. an. || bitch, female dog (less marked) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sáng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saŋ/ || n. ic. || coniferous tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sáph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saɸ/ || vi. || rest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sásá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sasa/ || n. an. || lizard || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saɪ̯/ || n. im. || word(s), utterance(s), question(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saɪ̯/ || vt. || ask, question, interrogate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saʊ̯/ || n. im. || shape(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saʊ̯/ || n. im. || sense of smell ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saʊ̯/ || vt. || smell, perceive a scent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sa̤ʊ̯/ || vt. || add, mix in ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saurai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /saʊ̯raɪ̯/ || n. an. || wet snow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə/ || num. || six ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə/ || vi. || rattle, clatter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə/ || vt. || sculpt, put together, mold ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sət/ || n. im. || time, duration ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səʔ/ || vt. || keep, retain, hold onto ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sacub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səʔʊp/ || n. im. || meal(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sacud&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səʔʊt/ || n. im. || spoils, booty, loot, plunder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;safai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səfaɪ̯/ || n. im. || source, origin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;safeg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səfɛk/ || n. im. || thanks ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;safwing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səfwɪŋ/ || n. im. || love ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sag&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sək/ || n. an. || night ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səx/ || n. an. || animal, creature ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sālath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə̤ləθ/ || n. im. || pear orchard, grove of pear trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;salcu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səlʔʊ/ || n. im. || destruction, ruin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saleng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səlɛŋ/ || n. im. || leftovers, remains ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;salî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səli̤/ || n. im. || wonder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;salíth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səliθ/ || n. im. || justice, law enforcement ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;salú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səlu/ || n. im. || center, middle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sambá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmba/ || n. ic. || individual plant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;samba&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmbə/ || n. im. || vegetation, plant(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sambi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmbɪ/ || n. im. || crop(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sama&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmə/ || n. im. || death ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;samam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səməm/ || n. im. || clay ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;same&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmɛ/ || n. im. || news, message(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;samid&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmɪt/ || n. im. || offering, sacrifice (not a person or animal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;samô&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səmo̤/ || n. im. || order(s), command(s), instruction(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə̤n/ || vi. || teach, be a teacher ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sanān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sənə̤n/ || vt. || teach (something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sandai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səndaɪ̯/ || n. im. || grass ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sandí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səndi/ || n. ac. || line of succession, heirs || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sandí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səndi/ || n. im. || painting(s), mural(s), man made art ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sani&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sənɪ/ || n. im. || quantity ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səŋ/ || n. im. || truth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sāng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sə̤ŋ/ || n. im. || coniferous tree forest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sangga&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səŋgə/ || vi. || be sticky ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sanggi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səŋgɪ/ || n. im. || warning(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sarāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sərə̤θ/ || n. im. || storage, inventory ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saríph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səɾiɸ/ || n. im. || hate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saríph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səɾiɸ/ || n. im. || offense(s), insult(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saríth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səriθ/ || n. im. || arguement ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sascakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səsʔəx/ || n. an. || sacrificial animal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sasau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səsaʊ̯/ || n. im. || swamp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sasa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səsə/ || n. an. || sister ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sasí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səsi/ || n. im. || dance(s), game(s) (for playing) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sasi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səsɪ/ || n. im. || urine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səθ/ || num. || twelve ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saswo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səswɔ/ || n. ic. || ladder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwaʊ̯/ || n. im. || smell ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwə/ || n. im. || similarity ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawem&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwɛm/ || n. im. || baked goods ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwɪ/ || n. ic. || cloak ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwɪŋ/ || n. im. || peace ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwo/ || n. ic. || window ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwɔŋ/ || n. im. || song ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwu/ || n. an. || fist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwu/ || n. im. || vigil, patrol, watch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sawum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səwʊm/ || n. an. || late winter/early spring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səjə̤/ || n. im. || turnip(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayāng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səjə̤ŋ/ || n. im. || wound(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;saye&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səjɛ/ || n. im. || angle, curve, bend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayec&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səjɛʔ/ || n. im. || end, ending, culmination ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səjɛn/ || n. im. || music ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səji̤/ || n. im. || harvest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səji̤/ || n. im. || respect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayîc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səji̤ʔ/ || n. im. || rape ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sayîm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /səji̤m/ || n. an. || marriage ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sékh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sex/ || n. an. || flea ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sêyâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /se̤ja̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || coast ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɛ/ || qtf. || no, none ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sec&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɛʔ/ || vt. || finish, complete ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɛn/ || n. im. || fight, conflict ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;seph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɛɸ/ || vt. || spill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;seth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɛθ/ || n. an. || shooting star ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /si/ || vi. || lead, guide, be a leader ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /si/ || vt. || pierce ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /si̤/ || vt. || harvest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;síng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /siŋ/ || n. an. || worm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;síph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /siɸ/ || n. in. || dung ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sísaye&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sisəjɛ/ || n. an. || elbow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;síyala&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sijələ/ || n. ic./n. im. || willow tree, grove of willows ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;si&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪ/ || vi. || urinate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sib&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪp/ || n. im. || war(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪx/ || n. im. || type, kind || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sīláth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪ̤laθ/ || n. ic. || pear tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sīlúph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪ̤luɸ/ || n. ic. || straight line ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪɸ/ || adj. || thin (in dimension), narrow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪɸ/ || vt. || go though, pass through ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siphsikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪɸsɪx/ || n. an. || calf, lower leg ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siphxú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪɸχu/ || n. im. || sinew(s), (length of) string ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sirú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪru/ || vt. || loosen, untie ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪθ/ || n. im. || soup, stew, porridge, mush ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɪjə/ || n. an. || louse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;slúsau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /slusaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || rectangle, square ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039; || /so/ || vi. || stand (used as a general copula) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sóndo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sondɔ/ || vt. || put, place, position ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sóri&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sorɪ/ || n. ac. || male genitalia (collectively), testicles and scrotum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sówai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sowaɪ̯/ || n. im. || beans ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;so&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔ/ || vt. || get, receive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sō&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔ̤/ || adv. || there ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔp/ || n. an. || tongue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sokhwuth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔxwʊθ/ || n. im. || shoal, shallow (in a body of water) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;soléndai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔlendaɪ̯/ || n. an. || grass snake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;soth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sɔθ/ || vt. || give ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;srau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sraʊ̯/ || vi. || fly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sréth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sreθ/ || n. ic. || barn, corral, housing for animals ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;srundau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /srʊndaʊ̯/ || vt. || throw, shoot (of an arrow or similar projectile) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;stoth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /stɔθ/ || qtf. || neither ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /su/ || vi. || go upstream, go uphill, take the more difficult course of action ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /su/ || vt. || watch, look at ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súfōm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sufɔ̤m/ || n. an. || waist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súk’ā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /suk’ə̤/ || n. im. || worry, anxiety ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sux/ || vi. || be slow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súmam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /suməm/ || n. im. || mud ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súrí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /suri/ || n. an. || shoulder || pl. tóth&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súrī&#039;&#039;&#039; || /surɪ̤/ || n. im. || intention(s), plan(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súsú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /susu/ || n. an. || bat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;súyan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sujən/ || n. im. || glacier ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;su&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊ/ || adj. || near, nearby, close, neighboring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;su&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊ/ || vt. || bind, tie ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊp/ || n. an. || cheek ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sug&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊk/ || n. im. || pool, pond ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;suph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊɸ/ || vt. || punch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;suphsíng&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊɸsiŋ/ || n. an. || snail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;suyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sʊjəŋ/ || n. im. || lie(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;swam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /swəm/ || n. im. || liquid, fluid ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;swo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /swɔ/ || vi. || climb, ascend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sjaɪ̯/ || vt. || demand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sjən/ || vi. || get up (from sitting or lying), rise ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sjo/ || vt. || wait for, await ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /sjɔ/ || vt. || chase, pursue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’á&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’a/ || vi. || exist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’án&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’an/ || vi. || become wet, be wet ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ándeph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’andɛɸ/ || n. ac. || swarm of insects, colony of insects ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’aɪ̯/ || n. im. || reason(s), motive(s), explanation ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’auwe&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’aʊ̯wɛ/ || n. im. || wine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’auwong&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’aʊ̯wɔŋ/ || n. im. || grapes ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’a&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ə/ || vi. || be easy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ə̤/ || vt. || bite ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’anda&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’əndə/ || n. an. || grandmother ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’əŋ/ || adv. || then (in the future) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’é&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’e/ || vt. || split, cleave, divide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’éph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’eɸ/ || n. an. || bug, insect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’e&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɛ/ || qtf. || any ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’i/ || n. an. || thumb ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’i/ || vt. || paint, color, dye ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ím&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’im/ || n. im. || powder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’íth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’iθ/ || vt. || shake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’i&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪ/ || vi. || come, approach (towards speaker) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ikhsau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪxsaʊ̯/ || n. ic. || triangle (shape) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’in&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪn/ || n. im. || wool ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ing&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪŋ/ || n. an. || claw ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’irá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪra/ || vi. || be difficult ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɪθ/ || n. im. || petals, blossoms ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’o&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɔ/ || vi. || be quiet ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’oth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ɔθ/ || qtf. || either ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’únda&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’undə/ || vt. || make, create ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ʊp/ || n. an. || monkey ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’uc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ʊʔ/ || num. || three ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ukh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /t’ʊx/ || vt. || know (facts, how to do something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰa/ || vi. || work ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tâ&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰa̤/ || n. an. || lightning, lightning bolt(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tácā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaʔə̤/ || n. an. || earthworm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;támbú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰambu/ || n. an. || palm of the hand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tánikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰanɪx/ || n. an. || sole of the foot ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tásokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰasɔx/ || n. ic. || pine tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;táth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaθ/ || vt. || look forward to, be excited for ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaɪ̯/ || vt. || say, speak (something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaʊ̯/ || adj. || cold ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaʊ̯/ || vt. || cut ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰa̤ʊ̯/ || vt. || stack, pile up ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tauk’ith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰauk’ɪθ/ || n. im. || frost ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tauyâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaʊ̯ja̤ʊ̯/ || n. im. || shadow, shade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tauyê&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰaʊ̯je̤/ || n. im. || land ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ta&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰə/ || vt. || dig || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəʔ/ || vt. || separate, disconnect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taca&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəʔə/ || n. an. || earlobe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;takh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəx/ || vt. || rob, steal; pillage, sack ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tambau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəmbaʊ̯/ || vt. || cross ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tambú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəmbu/ || n. an. || collaborator, colleague ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tambu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəmbʊ/ || vi. || swim, keep afloat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tān&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰə̤n/ || vt. || prove ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəŋ/ || vt. || talk to, chat with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tasokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəsɔx/ || n. im. || pine forest, pine trees ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tat’am&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰət’əm/ || vt. || be full of ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tat’íth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰət’iθ/ || n. an. || earthquake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tat’in&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰət’ɪn/ || n. an. || lamb (sheep offspring) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tat’oth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰət’ɔθ/ || qtf. || any of the three ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰəθ/ || n. an. || rabbit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;té&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰe/ || n. ic. || bridge ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ténggiph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰeŋgɪɸ/ || vt. || commit incest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tēm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɛ̤m/ || n. im. || courage, bravery ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;terēkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɛrɛ̤x/ || n. im. || gold ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tgi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰkɪ/ || pron. || them (paucal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰi/ || n. an. || arm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰi/ || vt. || play with; dance ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tíd&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰit/ || adv. || here ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tíyā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰijə̤/ || n. im. || charcoal, coal(s) (of a fire) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ti&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪ/ || n. im. || food ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tī&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪ̤/ || n. im. || idea(s), notion(s), purpose(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tīk’ith&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪ̤k’ɪθ/ || n. an. || spine, backbone, vertebrae ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪn/ || vt. || believe, accept as truth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tiph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪɸ/ || n. im. || temporary shelter, tent(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tiwom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪwɔm/ || n. an. || neck ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tiyau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɪjaʊ̯/ || n. im. || island(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tmung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰm̥ʊŋ/ || pron. || you (paucal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tna&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰn̥ə/ || pron. || us (paucal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tna&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰn̥ə/ || qtf. || all three ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tní&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰn̥i/ || n. an. || fly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tngí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰŋ̊i/ || n. im. || rule(s), law(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰo/ || n. im. || poison ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;to&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɔ/ || pron. || it, they, all of it, all of them (inanimate) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tōc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɔ̤ʔ/ || n. an. || stallion (male horse) || pl. kin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tog&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɔk/ || n. an. || ant || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰɔx/ || n. im. || wood (material) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰraɪ̯/ || vt. || declare, announce, proclaim ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰrə/ || vt. || plow, till ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tre&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰrɛ/ || qtf. || none of the three ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰu/ || vt. || start, begin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tû&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰṳ/ || n. an. || man, adult male human || pl. bí&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;túfōm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰufɔ̤m/ || n. im. || human body hair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tûn&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰṳn/ || vi. || be tasty, nourishing (of food) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;túsakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰusəx/ || n. im. || fur(s), pelt(s), animal hair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;túwom&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰuwɔm/ || n. im. || human head hair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊ/ || n. an. || fin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tulú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊlu/ || n. im. || slime, any unpleasant, viscous substance ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tun&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊn/ || n. an. || billygoat (male goat) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊŋ/ || n. an. || chest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊŋ/ || vi. || vomit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;turim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊrɪm/ || n. ac. || hostile tribe or village, enemy nation ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tusakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊsəx/ || n. ac. || horde, throng, any large, disorganized group ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tuwú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊwu/ || n. ac. || enemy (as a collective group), &amp;quot;the enemy&amp;quot; ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tuya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊjə/ || n. im. || human feces ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tuyan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰʊjən/ || n. an. || worthless or uncooperative person, traitor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;twa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰwə/ || n. im. || west ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;twí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /tʰwi/ || vt. || allow, let, permit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thá&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θa/ || vi. || shiver ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thám&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θam/ || num. || twenty-four ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θaɪ̯/ || n. im. || butter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θaʊ̯/ || n. im. || grape vine(s), vineyard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tha&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θə/ || conj. || although ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thab&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəp/ || n. an. || finger ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəʔ/ || vt. || take, remove ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəx/ || n. an. || waterfall ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tham&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəm/ || vt. || crush, grind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thandim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəndɪm/ || n. ac. || family, clan, tribe, ethnic group ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thandin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəndɪn/ || n. ac. || flock of sheep and/or goats ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəŋ/ || n. im. || secret(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəŋ/ || vt. || doubt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thaphyâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θəɸja̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || left side, the left (direction) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θə̤θ/ || vt. || store, keep, retain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;the&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɛ/ || vi. || kneel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;theb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɛp/ || n. im. || event(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɛx/ || vi. || move around, wander ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;theth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɛθ/ || n. im. || copper ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θi/ || adj. || black, dark (in color) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thílā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θilə̤/ || n. an. || scorpion ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thíph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θiɸ/ || vt. || offend, insult ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thíth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θiθ/ || vt. || argue with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thíyac&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θijəʔ/ || n. ic. || pestle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thíyāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θijə̤θ/ || n. im. || black pigment, the color black ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɪ/ || adv. || already ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thim&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɪm/ || n. an. || person, individual || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θɪn/ || n. an. || ewe (female sheep; less marked) || pl. tná&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θo/ || adj. || strong ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thónda&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θondə/ || vt. || explain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thóyâu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θoja̤ʊ̯/ || n. an. || thigh ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thóya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θojə/ || n. ic. || knot ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θu/ || n. im./ic. || thing(s), stuff ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thulí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θʊli/ || n. an. || owl species ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thundam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θʊndəm/ || vt. || fill, load ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thuph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θʊɸ/ || n. an. || heart ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thuyam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /θʊjəm/ || adv. || too much, excessively ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /u/ || n. im. || water ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /u/ || vi. || be calm (of weather or water) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /u/ || vt. || intend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;úlí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /uli/ || n. an. || male bird || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;úlí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /uli/ || n. im. || bile ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ûnggín&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ṳŋgin/ || n. ic. || bow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;úyuth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ujʊθ/ || n. im. || saliva, spit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊp/ || adj. || old ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ūn&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊ̤n/ || n. im. || life ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ūn&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊ̤n/ || vi. || live ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;undí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊndi/ || n. an. || legend, story ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊŋ/ || n. im. || help, assistance ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ung&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊŋ/ || vt. || help, assist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊɸ/ || vt. || hear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ūph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊ̤ɸ/ || n. im. || sense of hearing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uwa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊwə/ || n. an. || breeze, gust of wind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uwōndum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊwɔ̤ndʊm/ || n. im. || the world, Akana ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uwōngk’uth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊwɔ̤ŋk’ʊθ/ || n. an. || crotch, groin area ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uwūb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ʊwʊ̤p/ || n. ac. || council, advisers to a ruler ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /waɪ̯/ || n. im. || wheat, grain in general ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /waɪ̯/ || vi. || be ready, get ready, prepare ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;waifu&#039;&#039;&#039; || /waɪ̯fʊ/ || n. an. || breath ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wait’ā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /waɪ̯t’ə̤/ || n. an. || wasp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /waʊ̯/ || n. an. || fingertip ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wə/ || vt. || deserve ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wə̤/ || vt. || guard, protect, nurture, raise (dependent) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wam&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wəm/ || n. im. || fertile soil ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wən/ || n. im. || force, pressure ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;warū&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wərʊ̤/ || vt. || defeat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wath&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wəθ/ || qtf. || the entire ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wathsiya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wəθsɪjə/ || n. im. || nit(s) (louse eggs) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Wekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɛx/ || n. an. || chthonic god of wisdom and magic ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;welā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɛlə̤/ || n. ic. || spider web ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wi/ || pron. || you (plural) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wi/ || vt. || lose, misplace ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wikh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɪx/ || n. im. || rope(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wikhfi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɪxfɪ/ || n. im. || blanket(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wiróph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɪroɸ/ || vi. || be hungry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;withgén&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɪθken/ || n. ic. || shaft (of an arrow) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;withtí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɪθtʰi/ || n. ic. || shaft (of a spear), handle (of a long-hafted tool) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wlanú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wlənu/ || n. im. || mortar (construction material) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔ/ || vt. || use ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔp/ || vi. || be lazy, unhelpful, useless ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wōc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔ̤ʔ/ || n. im. || value, price ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;won&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔn/ || adv. || rather, somewhat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;woph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔɸ/ || vi. || be full (of food) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wōscayîm&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔ̤sʔəji̤m/ || n. im. || brideprice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;woth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔθ/ || n. an. || kidney ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wōyî&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wɔ̤ji̤/ || n. im. || fish skin, fish scales ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wra&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wrə/ || vt. || commit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wu/ || n. an. || bladder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /wu/ || vi. || slip, slide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xám&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χam/ || n. an. || centipede, millipede ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χaɪ̯/ || n. an. || wave (of water), splash ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xaundum&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χaʊ̯ndʊm/ || n. im. || seashell(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χə/ || n. im. || guts, innards ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xa&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χə/ || vt. || step on, step toward ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xad&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χət/ || n. im. || ashes ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xāmbú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χə̤mbu/ || n. an. || twilight ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xamen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χəmɛn/ || n. ic. || weapon, sword ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xaníb&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χənip/ || n. an. || scabies || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xcúph&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χʔuɸ/ || n. an. || cockroach ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χi/ || vi. || burn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xíwūn&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χiwʊ̤n/ || n. an. || widow, widower ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xó&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χo/ || n. ic. || table ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χɔ/ || n. im. || omen(s), portent(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xob&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χɔp/ || n. an. || darkness ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xon&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χɔn/ || n. an. || game (hunted animal) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xoxolég&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χɔχɔlek/ || n. an. || piglet || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xri&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χrɪ/ || n. an. || stomach ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xúlin&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χulɪn/ || n. im. || quest, mission, task ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xúsalú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χusəlu/ || n. an. || torso, trunk of the body ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xusang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χʊsəŋ/ || n. im. || fact(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;xwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /χwɪ/ || vt. || kindle, ignite, burn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaɪ̯/ || n. ic. || boat, raft ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yâi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ja̤ɪ̯/ || n. im. || edge, margin, border ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yaica&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaɪ̯ʔə/ || n. ic. || earring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yairí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaɪ̯ri/ || n. ic. || armband ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yairi&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaɪ̯rɪ/ || n. ic. || necklace ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yairub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaɪ̯rʊp/ || n. ic. || finger ring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yau&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaʊ̯/ || adj. || deep ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yaulalai&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jaʊ̯ləlaɪ̯/ || n. im. || bottom (of a body of water) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jə/ || adj. || previous, one before ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jə/ || int. || hail! goodbye! ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jə/ || vi. || hail, greet, say goodbye ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yā&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jə̤/ || n. im. || cream ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yakh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəx/ || n. an. || throat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yale&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəlɛ/ || n. im. || intestine, rectum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yammokh&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəmmɔx/ || n. im. || flat grassland, meadow, pasture ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jən/ || adj. || next ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yan&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jən/ || n. an. || ice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yaŋ&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəŋ/ || n. im. || happiness ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yaŋ&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəŋ/ || vi. || be happy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yayílí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jəjili/ || n. im. || vomit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ye&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛ/ || vt. || bend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yēcú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛ̤ʔu/ || n. im. || glass (vitreous substances produced as byproducts of bronze smelting) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yeg&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛk/ || vi. || sleep ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yēk’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛ̤k’i/ || n. im. || red obsidian ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yen&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛn/ || vt. || have sex with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yēt’í&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛ̤t’i/ || n. im. || black obsidian ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yeth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɛθ/ || vt. || think, reflect, consider, assume ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ji/ || vi. || be thirsty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yí&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ji/ || vt. || chew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yímú&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jimu/ || n. an. || bee ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yîyē&#039;&#039;&#039; || /ji̤jɛ̤/ || n. im. || texture ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yo&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɔ/ || vt. || wear (of clothing, armor) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yoth&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jɔθ/ || n. ic. || oven ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yub&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jʊp/ || vi. || be awake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jʊʔ/ || n. im. || emptiness, air ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yunduc&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jʊndʊʔ/ || vt. || empty, unload ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jʊjəŋ/ || n. im. || sadness ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || /jʊjəŋ/ || vi. || be sad ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Serial Verb Constructions=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;bg4 l bold&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| MT || Transitivity || gloss || notes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ba tí&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || imitate || &amp;quot;be similar to play with&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;bwác xí&#039;&#039;&#039; || intr. || have a fever || &amp;quot;suffer burn&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cam t’irá&#039;&#039;&#039; || intr. || limp || &amp;quot;walk be difficult&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cau su&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || trap || &amp;quot;trick bind&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāph fi yo&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || put on (of clothes, armor) || &amp;quot;take wrap around wear&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fi mho sá&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || cover or wrap something completely || &amp;quot;wrap cover hide&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;fundau thekh&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || follow || &amp;quot;join move around&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāph wā&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || adopt (a child) || &amp;quot;take protect&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;dāph cath t’i&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || bring (not a person) || &amp;quot;take carry come&amp;quot; (also used with 2nd and 3rd person motion verbs)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hau lo hú&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || invite || &amp;quot;call come meet&amp;quot; (also used with 1st and 2nd person motion verbs)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hau dāph&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || gather, summon (of people) || &amp;quot;call take&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hau nu&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || challenge, provoke || &amp;quot;call push&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ho hē&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || check, test || &amp;quot;touch feel&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hun bundum&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || mend (of cloth) || &amp;quot;sew fix&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;k’au pēc&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || barter, trade || &amp;quot;offer and receive (in trade)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kô so&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || borrow || &amp;quot;borrow get&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kô soth&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || lend || &amp;quot;borrow give&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ked k’e āg&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || punish || &amp;quot;judge hit hurt&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ked fai me&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || scold, admonish, reprimand || &amp;quot;judge slap tell&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lau nu&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || make fun of, mock, tease || &amp;quot;laugh push&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;li rú ... soth nga&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || milk || &amp;quot;pull cause ... give milk&amp;quot; (ECM construction)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lin cam&#039;&#039;&#039; || intr. || crawl || &amp;quot;lie walk&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lo hú&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || visit || &amp;quot;come meet&amp;quot; (also used with 1st and 2nd person motion verbs)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mén mikh ngai&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || search, search for || &amp;quot;look turn around seek&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ngú ndai&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || recognize || &amp;quot;see know&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;p’í tai&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || guess, suppose || &amp;quot;venture say&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pai yuyang&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || regret || &amp;quot;go away be sad&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pí pai&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || escape, flee from || &amp;quot;jump depart&amp;quot; (also used with 1st and 2nd person motion verbs)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syan keng hub yeg lo&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || travel to (a distant location) || &amp;quot;rise go from here eat sleep come to there&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;syó ndai&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || expect, anticipate, predict || &amp;quot;await know&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’o cam&#039;&#039;&#039; || intr. || sneak || &amp;quot;be quiet walk&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ta thāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || bury || &amp;quot;dig keep&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tai k’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || promise, swear || &amp;quot;say stay&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tai kang&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || interrupt (through speaking) || &amp;quot;say hinder&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tai ríkh&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || whisper || &amp;quot;say blow&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tai uph yeth pó&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || discuss, debate, negotiate || &amp;quot;say hear think respond&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tau pan&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || peel || &amp;quot;cut clean&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tau thac&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || cut off, shave off || &amp;quot;cut remove&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wa so&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || earn || &amp;quot;deserve get&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wa soth&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || owe || &amp;quot;deserve give&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;warū su thāth&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || capture, keep as a hostage || &amp;quot;defeat bind keep&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yeg gyai ngú&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || dream (about) || &amp;quot;sleep imagine see&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yeth pau&#039;&#039;&#039; || tr. || remember || &amp;quot;think find&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Lexicography]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Mhakh_Thandim&amp;diff=12728</id>
		<title>Mhakh Thandim</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Mhakh_Thandim&amp;diff=12728"/>
		<updated>2016-02-24T20:39:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{TBC|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Rob wí Mhakh Thandim&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[rɔp wi m̥əx θənˈdɪm]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = central Kè mountains&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = [[Ronquian languages|Ronquian]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = SVO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mostly isolating&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = NOM-ACC&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Article}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Rob wí Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;Language of the First Tribe&amp;quot;), hereafter &#039;&#039;&#039;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039;&#039;, is a [[Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] dialect cluster spoken amidst the foothills and alpine valleys of the central Kè mountains (MT. &#039;&#039;P’ungk&#039;a nikh Kbán&#039;&#039;) in northwest Tuysáfa around 1 YP. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although the nature of Mhakh Thandim consonant clusters (see below) makes it somewhat difficult to analyze the underlying phonemes found in syllable onsets, the more conservative dialects are generally described as having the following inventory of 27 consonants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;coronal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dorsal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p&#039; · pʰ · p&lt;br /&gt;
| t&#039; · tʰ · t&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| k&#039; · kʰ · k&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| ɸ · f&lt;br /&gt;
| θ · s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| x · χ&lt;br /&gt;
| h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m̥ · m&lt;br /&gt;
| n̥ · n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋ̊ · ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w&lt;br /&gt;
| l · r&lt;br /&gt;
| j&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is possible to analyze Mhakh Thandim&#039;s aspirated and ejective stops and voiceless nasals as underlying consonant clusters, but due to the frequency with which they are attested relative to ejective fricatives and voicless or glottalized approximants they will be treated as unitary phonemes for the purposes of this document.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has an unusual inventory of fricatives, which may be divided into two groups: /f/, /s/ and /χ/ are termed &amp;quot;strident&amp;quot;, while /ɸ/, /θ/, /x/, and /h/ are termed &amp;quot;spirant&amp;quot;. The spirant fricatives have a more limited distribution than their strident counterparts, and the two series contrast only in single-consonant syllable onsets. In this position, the place contrast between the two series is enhanced by an additional tense/lax distinction, with the strident fricatives being pronounced longer and more forcefully than their spirant counterparts. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The consonants are romanized as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
* /p&#039; pʰ p t&#039; tʰ t k&#039; kʰ k ʔ/ &#039;&#039;&#039;p&#039; p b t&#039; t d k&#039; k g c&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /f ɸ s θ χ x h/ &#039;&#039;&#039;f ph s th x kh h&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̊/ &#039;&#039;&#039;m mh n nh ng ngh&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /w l r j/ &#039;&#039;&#039;w l r y&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has a large inventory of 10 contrasting vowel qualities, which may be grouped into five tense/lax pairs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;central&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! high&lt;br /&gt;
| i · ɪ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| u · ʊ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| e · ɛ&lt;br /&gt;
| ə&lt;br /&gt;
| o · ɔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! low&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| a&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The mid-central vowel /ə/ is generally regarded as the lax counterpart of the low-central vowel /a/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, most dialects of Mhakh Thandim have two diphthongs, both of them closing and falling:  /aɪ̯ aʊ̯/. These are treated as tense vowels for the purpose of determining stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The vowel qualities are written as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɪ ɛ ə ɔ ʊ/ &#039;&#039;&#039;i e a o u&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /i e a o u/ &#039;&#039;&#039;í é á ó ú&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /aɪ̯ aʊ̯/ &#039;&#039;&#039;ai au&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Register===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All vowels in Mhakh Thandim may be contrastively realized with modal or breathy voice, and breathy-voiced vowels are additionally pronounced longer than the corresponding modally-voiced vowels, and at a notably lower pitch. Breathy-voiced vowels make up a relatively small percentage of lexical vowels, but a shift from modal to breathy voice also serves as the primary method of marking the plural number in nouns. Orthographically, breathy-voiced lax are marked with a macron, and breathy-voiced tense vowels with a circumflex; for instance, /ə̤/ would be represented as &amp;lt;ā&amp;gt;, and /a̤/ as &amp;lt;â&amp;gt;. Only the first component of a diphthong is marked in this manner, as in &amp;lt;âi&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Syllables in Mhakh Thandim have the basic structure &#039;&#039;&#039;(C)(C)V(X)&#039;&#039;&#039;, where X may be any nasal, plain stop (including /ʔ/), or spirant fricative. Additionally, the approximants /w/, /l/, and /r/ may appear as coda consonants in intervocalic consonant clusters, but never word-finally. A syllable onset may consist of any of the following:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*No consonant&lt;br /&gt;
*Any single consonant&lt;br /&gt;
*A plain stop, strident fricative, voiced nasal, or /h/ followed by an approximant&lt;br /&gt;
*A plain stop followed by a strident fricative&lt;br /&gt;
*An aspirated stop followed by a non-homorganic plain stop, voiceless nasal, or approximant (which becomes voiceless)&lt;br /&gt;
*A strident fricative, nasal, or approximant and /ʔ/ (realized as an ejective fricative or glottalized sonorant)&lt;br /&gt;
*A strident fricative followed by a plain stop or non-identical strident fricative&lt;br /&gt;
*A nasal followed by a homorganic plain stop (which becomes voiced)&lt;br /&gt;
*Any two non-identical approximants in any order&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Intervocalic consonant clusters may consist of up to three segments, in cases where a syllable with a coda consonant is followed by one with an onset cluster.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Allophony and Phonetic Detail==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*With the exception of the interdental /θ/, “coronal” consonants may be freely realized as dental or alveolar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Ejectives in Mhakh Thandim are relatively &amp;quot;weak&amp;quot;, being distinguished from plain stops and fricatives primarily by a longer voice-onset time followed by a short interval of creaky phonation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Vowels are likewise partly glottalized adjacent to glottal stops, and complete glottal closure may not be achieved at all during rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Glottalized sonorants may be preglottalized or pronounced with creaky voice throughout their duration, and in either case the glottal constriction extends onto any preceding vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;Voiceless&amp;quot; nasals in Mhakh Thandim are only partially devoiced, with a voice onset time longer than that of a plain nasal but shorter than that of a plain stop.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Not all dialects preserve the distinction between /f/ and /ɸ/ and between /x/ and /χ/. In some one or both of these pairs have merged, while in others one or more of the spirant fricatives have been debuccalized to /h/. /θ/, which is an unusually common phoneme in Mhakh Thandim, is usually exempt from these mergers, though in a few villages it has merged with the plain stop /t/ word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*/r/ is more or less consistently realized as a trilled [r] initially and in clusters (though it is devoiced to [r̥] following aspirated stops) and as a flapped [ɾ] intervocalically.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*/l/ is generally in free variation with velarized /ɫ/, though the distribution of the latter varies significantly by dialect. In some varieties /l/ is never velarized, while in others it is entirely replaced by /ɫ/, and in some there is a regular alternation between /l/ and /ɫ/ before front and back vowels, respectively. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*In most dialects the lax vowel /ə/ is in roughly free variation with /ɐ/, with the latter realization being particularly common in stressed syllables and adjacent to dorsal consonants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Mhakh Thandim&#039;s breathy register is realized differently depending on the phonetic environment:&lt;br /&gt;
**In syllables beginning with a vowel, approximant, plain nasal, spirant fricative, or plain stop, the onset of breathy phonation usually corresponds closely with the beginning of the syllable, coloring the pronunciation of the onset consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
**Strident fricatives and aspirated stops are always voiceless, and the onset of breathy phonation following one of these sounds is the same as the regular voice onset time of a modal register syllable. Likewise, in a syllable beginning with a &amp;quot;voiceless&amp;quot; nasal, the initial voicelessness of the onset transitions directly into breathy voice.&lt;br /&gt;
**Because the glottal constriction in ejectives, glottal stops, and glottalized sonorants influences the phonation of surrounding vowels, these consonants can delay the onset of breathy voice or cause it to end prematurely. In rapid speach, no perceptible breathiness may be achieved at all, and breathy-register syllables in the vicinity of glottalized consonants may be distinguished solely by length and/or tone.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Stress==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has a non-phonemic dynamic accent which always falls on the first syllable in a word that has a tense vowel, or on the final syllable of a word with only lax vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of Words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim grammar relies heavily on word order and anylytic serial verb constructions, and has no regular inflectional verbal morphology. Verbs are distinguished as inherently transitive or intransitive, and an intransitive verb cannot behave as a trasitive verb (or vice-versa) without the aid of an auxiliary verb or explicit derivational marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nouns in Mhakh Thandim are marked only for number.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A fundamental distinction is also made between animate and inanimate nouns, though animacy is not explicitly marked on the noun. Inanimate nouns may additionally be distinguished as count nouns or mass nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Animate nouns are always considered singular in their least-marked form, and are regularly marked for the plural number by shifting the first syllable from the modal register to the breathy register.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;thim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;person, individual&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;thīm&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;people, individuals&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;p’olóm&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;lion&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ōlóm&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;lions&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A number of animate nouns have irregular or suppletive plural forms:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;thin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;ewe, sheep (less marked) → &#039;&#039;&#039;tná&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;ewes, sheep (less marked)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;nakh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;mare, horse (less marked) → &#039;&#039;&#039;kad&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;mares, horses (less marked)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A few animate nouns begin in a breathy syllable in their singular form and remain unchanged in the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;î&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;fish, fishes&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;īnīn&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;daughter, daughters&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to the simple plural, animate nouns have a collective plural, marked with the infix ⟨&#039;&#039;&#039;and&#039;&#039;&#039;⟩, which follows the onset consonant(s) of the first syllable. In nouns beginning with a vowel, this becomes the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;d&#039;&#039;&#039;-.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;nin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;nannygoat, goat (less marked)&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;nandin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;herd of goats&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;thim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;person&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;thandim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;tribe, people, ethnic group&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some collective animate nouns, mostly generic kinship terms, are not derived from any productive root, however.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;andath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;grandparents&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;handú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;siblings&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Inanimate count nouns are not morphologically marked for number, but may be modified by numerals and quantifiers. Inanimate mass nouns, however, may take the paucal infix ⟨&#039;&#039;&#039;iy&#039;&#039;&#039;⟩, which expresses that the noun is present in a small or insufficient quantity. With nouns beginning in a vowel, this becomes the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039;-.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ti&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;food&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;tiyi&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;a little food, not enough food&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;phid&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;oak woodland&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;phiyid&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;oak grove, a few oaks&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The paucal infix is also sometimes used with collective animate nouns, but this is less common.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;niyandin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;a small herd of goats&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Pronouns and Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
===Personal Pronouns===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pronouns in Mhakh Thandim mark three  grammatical numbers: the singular, used to refer to exactly one referent, the paucal, used to refer to a relatively small number of referents, and the plural, used to refer to a relatively large number of referents. There are no strict rules governing when the paucal number should be used as opposed to the plural, and the frequency with which each is used varies considerably depending on the dialect and the individual speaker. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The third person pronouns also distinguish between animate and inanimate referents, and number is handled somewhat differently for the latter. The inanimate plural is used to refer to uncountable masses and collective groups, in addition to groups of multiple countable objects. Likewise, the paucal may be interpreted as referring to a small quantity of a substance or a small group of creatures, depending on the referent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;l&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;5&amp;quot;| &#039;&#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;6&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;l&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;| &#039;&#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tna&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hai&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 2&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mung&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tmung&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 2&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 3&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ki&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tgi&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gli&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 3&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mro&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tro&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;to&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Indefinite Determiners===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim lacks simple indefinite pronouns (such as the English &amp;quot;someone&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;something&amp;quot;), instead making use of two indefinite determiners: &#039;&#039;&#039;ísó&#039;&#039;&#039; (used with animate referents) and &#039;&#039;&#039;esó&#039;&#039;&#039; (used with inanimate referents). These are used in conjunction with nouns, most commonly generic “dummy nouns&amp;quot; like &#039;&#039;&#039;thim&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;person&amp;quot; and &#039;&#039;&#039;thú&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;thing,&amp;quot; but more specific nouns may be used as well.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ísó thim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;somebody&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ísó sakh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some creature&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ísó hókh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some woman&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;esó thú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;something&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;esó hong&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some place&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;esó sambá&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some plant&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Makh Thandim makes use of three demonstratives, which distinguish only a single degree of spatial deixis. The demonstratives &#039;&#039;&#039;ka&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;fi&#039;&#039;&#039; can both be translated as &amp;quot;this&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;that,&amp;quot; referring to animate and inanimate referents respectively, while &#039;&#039;&#039;nhu&#039;&#039;&#039; is best translated as &amp;quot;the other&amp;quot;. These may only be used adnominally, but demonstrative pronouns can be created by pairing them with generic nouns, as with the indefinite determiners. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Interrogative Determiners===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rather than interrogative pronouns, Makh Thandim makes use of the interrogative determiners &#039;&#039;&#039;khau&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;khén&#039;&#039;&#039;, both best translated as &amp;quot;what?&amp;quot;, which, like other determiners, may be used pronominally by combining them with a noun. &#039;&#039;&#039;Khau&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with animate referents, while &#039;&#039;&#039;khén&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimates:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;khau thim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;what person? who?&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;khau sakh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;what creature?&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;khén thú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;what thing? what?&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Indefinite Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;no, none&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;sdoth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;neither (of two)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;tre&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;none of the three&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;t’e&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;any (of many)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;t’oth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;either (of two)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;tat’oth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;any of the three&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;cí&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some, few, a few&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;ngai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;a little, a small amount (of an uncountable mass)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ni&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;many&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;ndé&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;a lot, much, a large amount (of an uncountable mass)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;de&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;every (of a countable number)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;nath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;both&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;tna&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;all three&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;nā&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;all (of a countable number)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;each (of a collective group)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;wath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;all (of an uncountable mass), the entire, every (of a collective group)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system similar to that found in the nearby [[Ronc Tyu]] language. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! width=&amp;quot;28%&amp;quot;| cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! width=&amp;quot;28%&amp;quot;| multiplier&lt;br /&gt;
! width=&amp;quot;28%&amp;quot;| ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| p’ikh || bikh || mhakh&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| hí || cí || gso&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| t’uc || duc || ndoc&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| phau || pau ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| fang || wang ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || la ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| sath || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| hú || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| thám || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prepositions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many  grammatical relationships marked with preposition in English are handled in Mhakh Thandim using serial verb constructions (see below). However, there are a small number of prepositions used for marking spatial and genitive relationships between noun phrases.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Locative Prepositions===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most common locative prepositions are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;kath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;near, next to&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;nge&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;across from, facing&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;ngu&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;east of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;nikh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;at&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;nwed&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;south of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;pom&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;above, at the top of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;pú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;north of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;around, surrounding&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;tá&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;below, under, on the bottom of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;taph&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;left of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;ti&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;behind, at the back of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;twa&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;west of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;outside of, at a distance from&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;wōb&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;on, on top of, on the surface of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;in, inside&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;yith&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;right of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;yuth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;through, between&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Genitive Prepositions===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The preposition &#039;&#039;&#039;mú&#039;&#039;&#039; is used to mark the possessor of an inanimate object. Other kinds of genitive relationships use formed using locative prepositions. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ūnggín|bow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mú|of}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Brother&#039;s bow}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;wōb&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;on,&amp;quot; indicates the possessor of body parts and other things which are physically attached, as well as items currently being worn.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bú|hand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōm|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|my hand}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ârsí|tip}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōm|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ing|claw}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|tip of a/the claw}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|núngú|shirt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōm|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|your shirt (specifically the one you&#039;re wearing)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;in,&amp;quot; is used to indicate the possessor of an emotion, idea, or state, as well as for internal organs and other things normally thought of as being ‘inside’ their possessor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāth|anger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|mother&#039;s anger}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kwau|illness}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng&#039;s illness}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pdékh|soul}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping&#039;s soul}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039;, here best interpreted as meaning &amp;quot;out of,&amp;quot; may be used to indicate the origin or composition of a noun referent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngu|east}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|a/the man from the east}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kiyong|hall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ac|stone}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|a/the stone hall}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Possession&amp;quot; of kin and other living beings is handled without the use of a preposition, with the possessed term simply preceding the possessor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping&#039;s mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khath|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng&#039;s dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is worth noting that possessives are used less frequently in Mhakh Thandim than in English. For instance, one wouldn&#039;t typically say &#039;&#039;&#039;Táng hub ti mú ki&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;Táng eats his food.&amp;quot; In a statement like &#039;&#039;&#039;Táng hub ti&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;Táng eats food,&amp;quot; it is assumed that the food eaten belonged to Táng at the time, although context may indicate otherwise. Likewise, one would usually say &#039;&#039;&#039;danda ngi&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;mother is kind&amp;quot; rather than &#039;&#039;&#039;danda na ngi&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;my mother is kind,&amp;quot; as unmarked kinship terms are typically assumed to refer to referents related to the speaker (though, again, this depends on context).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Adjectives and Adverbs===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Adjectives and adverbs constitute relatively small, closed classes in Mhakh Thandim. Adverbs serve mostly to mark spacial and temporal deixis and certain types of modality. Examples include &#039;&#039;&#039;tíd&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;here,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;sō&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;there,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;hri&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;now,&amp;quot; and the emphatic &#039;&#039;&#039;du&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;really, indeed.&amp;quot; Other meanings expressed using adverbs in English, such as the manner in which an action is carried out, are instead expressed using serial verb constructions in Mhakh Thandim. Adjectives are mostly limited to basic vocabulary terms such a &#039;&#039;&#039;ró&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;big,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;ban&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;small,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;lán&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;new, young,&amp;quot; and &#039;&#039;&#039;bum&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;good,&amp;quot; while stative verbs are  used to express a much broader range of meanings. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Basic Syntax=&lt;br /&gt;
==Simple Sentences==&lt;br /&gt;
===Intransitive Clauses===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Intransitive clauses in Mhakh Thandim minimally consist of a subject noun followed by an intransitive verb, giving SV word order:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Bombo|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yeg.|sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The baby sleeps.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fu|wind}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ríkh.|blow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The wind blows.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Transitive Clauses===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Clauses with transitive verbs follow a SVO pattern.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Bamba|father}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bundum|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bwau.|roof}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Father fixes the roof.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngangú|notice}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tath.|rabbit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The hunter spots a rabbit.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Inanimate subjects of transitive verbs must be marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;use&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’andí|spear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sí|pierce}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rócau.|shield}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The spear pierces the shield.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sentences with directional verbs look a lot like ordinary transitives if there is an overt source or destination, but they are in fact intransitive: directional verbs cannot be passivized, and inanimate subjects in such constructions do not take &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gín|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí.|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The arrow approaches the deer.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While the above sentence is perfectly grammatical, directional motion verbs are more much more commonly used as part of a serial verb construction:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gín|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|srau|fly}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí.|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The arrow flies toward the deer.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Predication===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The verb &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;stand,&amp;quot; is used as a general copula in Mhakh Thandim, behaving as a transitive verb in that context:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hókh|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’un|tall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thim.|person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The woman is tall.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sakh|creature}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|asakh.|wolf}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The creature is a wolf.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When used to express a locative meaning, the exact type of spatial relation is indicated with a preposition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth.|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother is in the house.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pom|above}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sáng.|coniferous.tree}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother is at the top of the tree.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In most cases, an individual&#039;s profession is described using the verb describing the activity associated with that profession, rather than a copular clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gókh.|hunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother hunts/my brother is a hunter.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Pwa|maternal.uncle}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’únda|make}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yai.|boat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My maternal uncle makes a boat/my maternal uncle is a boat-builder.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive Voice===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Transitive verbs may be made passive using the particle &#039;&#039;&#039;ta&#039;&#039;&#039;, which immediately follows the verb. In a passive clause, the object of the transitive verb precedes the verb itself, occupying the position normally filled by the subject:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sawong|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta.|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The song is sung.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A subject may optionally be included after the verb and the passive voice particle, in the position normally occupied by the object of the verb. As normal, the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039; must be used before an inanimate subject. When a subject is included in this manner, passive constructions usually serve to mark the perfective aspect in addition to emphasizing the role of the object in the clause. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sawong|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda.|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The song has been sung by mother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Anggó|vase}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hu|break}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ac.|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The vase has been broken with a rock.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Oblique Participants===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has only one object slot in the verb phrase. As a result, the recipient of a ditransitive clause needs to be introduced with the help of a coverb. The same strategy is also used to introduce other participants in oblique roles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Dative and Benefactive====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dative participants are marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;so&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|soth|give}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndá.|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man gives meat to the tiger.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Benefactive participants are marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;ung&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;help&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|músandai|strawberries}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ung|help}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pakh|sick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|īnīn.|daughter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother picks strawberries for her sick daughter.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Antibenefactive participants are marked using the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;āg&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;hurt&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwekh|deny}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ti|food}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|āg|hurt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fífí.|son}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother denies food to her son.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Benefactive and antibenefactive constructions are often used in cases where English would instead indicate possession:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bundum|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|núngú|shirt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ung|help}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My sister mends my shirt.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Turim|hostile.tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|klu|destory}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bāth|village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|āg|hurt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kírû.|husband}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A hostile tribe destroys my husband&#039;s village.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Instrumental====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Instrumental participants are marked using the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;use&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|phem|bake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gsac|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yoth.|oven}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother bakes bread in the oven.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In passive clauses, a demoted subject must immediately follow the passivized verb, with the instrumental falling at the end of the sentence:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|K’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cut}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|frau.|knife}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The meat has been cut by you, using a knife.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Comitative====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comitative participants are marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;fundau&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be with, bring&amp;quot;, while anticomitative participants are marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;re&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;lack, be without&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gak’ókh|hunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fundau|be.with}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa.|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I hunt deer with my brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gê|home}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|re|lack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My sister goes home without me.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Locative====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Locative participants are usually marked using the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;stand,&amp;quot; though other verbs such as &#039;&#039;&#039;nghau&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;sit&amp;quot; or &#039;&#039;&#039;lin&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;lie, recline&amp;quot; may be used to give additional information about the posture or position of the subject. In any case, the position of the subject relative to the locative participant is indicated using a preposition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hókh|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kath|near}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngêleth.|hearth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The woman sings a song near the hearth.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kau|bear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yeg|sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cō.|cave}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bear sleeps lying in a cave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the subject is in motion but the action still takes place at a single location, the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;thekh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;move around, wander&amp;quot; is used instead of a positional verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hai|1P}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tí|dance (v.)}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sasí|dance (n.)}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thekh|wander}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngêleth.|hearth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|We dance (a dance) around the hearth.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Negation===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sentences are negated with the auxiliary verb &#039;&#039;&#039;pekh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;not, be not&amp;quot;, which is placed before the rest of the verb phrase:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|takh|steal}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thú!|thing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother doesn&#039;t steal things/my brother isn&#039;t a thief!}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In general, contiguous serial verb constructions can only be negated as a whole. Negating one or more of the verbs in the construction separately is ungrammatical.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|akh|return}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hum.|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I&#039;m not coming home for dinner}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;*Na akh má pekh hum.&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;(ungrammatical; intended meaning: &amp;quot;I’m coming home but I won’t eat&amp;quot;)&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, if there is a modal auxiliary, negation may either take scope over the modal (and thus over the whole clause), or alternatively only over the non-modal part of the SVC:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng.|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You don’t have to leave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2SG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng.|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You’re not allowed to leave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In ECM constructions (see below), each verb phrase can be negated separately:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ca|request}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng.|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I&#039;m not asking you to leave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ca|request}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng.|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I&#039;m asking you not to leave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Individual noun phrases can be negated with the quantifier &#039;&#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;no, none&amp;quot;. Negating the object of a transitive clause in this way is often logically equivalent to negating the verb, but it has slightly different semantic connotations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sácau.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The dog hasn&#039;t gotten any meat. (Lit. &amp;quot;No meat has been gotten by the dog.&amp;quot;)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If only the subject is negated, the resulting meaning is often partitive, especially if the subject appears in a non-singular number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|K’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sâcau.|PL/dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|None of the dogs have gotten any meat.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A typical case in which both the subject and the object may be simultaneously negated is when two different subjects are contrasted with one another:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khath,|male.dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|to|3P.IN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sácau.|female.dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|It&#039;s not the male dog who hasn&#039;t gotten any meat, it&#039;s the female one.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Interrogatives===&lt;br /&gt;
====Polar Questions====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Polar questions in Mhakh Thandim are regularly formed by shifting the verb to the beginning of the clause, giving the word order VS(O), or VO(S) in passive constructions:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|T’i|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung?|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Are you coming?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Pau|find}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mandú|grove.of.apple.trees}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung?|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Have you found the grove of apple trees. (lit. Has the grove of apple trees been found by you?)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Copular predicates are questioned with a special interrogative copula &#039;&#039;&#039;sô&#039;&#039;&#039;, in addition to the regular shift in word order:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sô|Q.COP}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bum|good}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû?|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Is he a good man?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Content Questions====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Questions that give a list of possible answers are formed like polar questions, with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;ro&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;choose, select&amp;quot; introducing each alternative (which must appear in the form of a noun phrase):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ai|want}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kith|drink}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ro|choose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pe|beer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ro|choose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ú?|water}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Do you want to drink beer or water?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In order to ask about a particular noun phrase in a sentence, this noun phrase is marked with the interrogative determiners &#039;&#039;&#039;khau&#039;&#039;&#039; (referring to animate nouns) and &#039;&#039;&#039;khén&#039;&#039;&#039; (referring to inanimate nouns). Non-subject NPs are moved to the beginning of the sentence, along with the associated coverb in the case of oblique NPs, with all other elements remaining in their usual positions:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khau|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thim|person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hu|break}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’andí|spear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mú|of}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na?|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Who broke my spear?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khén|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’an|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|înggókh|PL/hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cath|carry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’i|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pai|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sāng?|coniferous.forest}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|What kind of meat did the hunters bring home from the forest?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These determiners combine with nouns like &#039;&#039;&#039;hong&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;place, area, region&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;&#039;sad&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;time&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;&#039;cí&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;manner, method&amp;quot; or &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;reason, motive, explanation&amp;quot; to create various adverbial interrogatives:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khén|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hong|place}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rólí|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só?|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Where is the king?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khén|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cí|method}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|asakh?|wolf}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|How did you kill the wolf?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Open content questions are formed in a similar manner using the copula &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, with the interrogative determiner taking a generic &amp;quot;dummy&amp;quot; noun as its referent:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khau|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thim|person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só?|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Who are you?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khén|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thú|thing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sō?|there}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|What&#039;s that over there?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Reflexives and Reciprocals===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since Mhakh Thandim does not have dedicated reflexive pronouns, statements where the subject acts upon itself simply use a normal personal pronoun co-referential with the subject in the object position of a transitive clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|āg|hurt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I fall down and hurt myself.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When a paucal or plural pronoun is used in this way, the resulting clause is often interpreted as reciprocal:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gandath|parents}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tgi.|3Pa}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My parents love each other.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In situations where ambiguity with a non-reflexive reading might arise, reflexive or reciprocal semantics can optionally be made explicit by reduplicating the object pronoun:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cut}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior cuts him/her/it.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cut}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior cuts himself.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Complex Sentences==&lt;br /&gt;
===Clause Coordination===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Clause-level conjunctions such as &#039;&#039;&#039;o&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;and&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;&#039;e&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;or&amp;quot;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;k’e&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;but, however&amp;quot; are placed clause-initially. Note that these conjunctions cannot be used to connect noun phrases:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Reph|boy}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|myid|be.brave}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dag.|be.intelligent}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The boy is brave and the girl is intelligent.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hri|now}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|baulā|weather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ú,|be.calm}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’e|but}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|1s}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thí|black}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lîlā|PL/cloud}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nikh|at}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|twa.|west}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Now the weather is calm, but I see dark clouds in the west.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Coordination of Noun Phrases===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Non-subject noun phrases are coordinated using the conjunction &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;and, with&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khag|cat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sácau.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I see a cat and a dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|phem|bake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gsac|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mháth|egg}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nga.|milk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother makes bread with egg and milk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This conjunction cannot be used for sentence subjects though, so subject noun phrases are instead coordinated with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;fundau&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be with, bring&amp;quot;. The fundau-phrase can appear either directly after the subject or after the main verb phrase, but it refers to the subject in both situations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fundau|be.with}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bamba|father}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yen|have.sex}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tgi.|3pa}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother and father have sex [with each other].}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wiróph|be.hungry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mad|be.tired}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fundau|be.with}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1s}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother and I are hungry and tired.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Noun phrases can be presented as alternatives to each other with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;ro&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;choose, select&amp;quot;, which is repeated before each NP. This conjunction can be used with both subjects and non-subjects:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dá|be.able}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ro|choose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|múwong|apple}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ro|choose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nhāwong.|pear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You may have some apple or some pear.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Contrastive coordination of noun phrases (&amp;quot;but&amp;quot;) is achieved with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;re&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be without&amp;quot; if the noun phrases appear in subject position, or with the conjunction &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;and, with&amp;quot; and the quantifier &#039;&#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;no, none&amp;quot; otherwise. Note that in both cases the negated NP must follow the non-negated one.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khath|male.dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|re|be.without}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sácau|female.dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad.|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The male dog receives meat but the female dog doesn&#039;t.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndai|know}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ka|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ka|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hókh.|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I know this man but not this woman.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Relative Clauses===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Relative clauses, i.e. subordinated clauses acting as an attribute to a noun phrase, are introduced with the relativizer &#039;&#039;&#039;kambum&#039;&#039;&#039;. A pronoun referring to the relativized noun is retained within the relative clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wath|all}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|músandai|strawberries}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|to.|3PL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My sister eats all of the strawberries that I pick.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If a pronoun itself is being relativized, it appears only in the relative clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tna|1PA}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|myid|be.courageous}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nec.|win}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|We courageous few will be victorious.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If both subject and object of a transitive relative clause are represented by the same pronoun, the relativized noun will be assumed to be the subject of the subclause. In order to relativize the object in such a situation, the subject must be represented by one of the special logophoric pronouns &#039;&#039;&#039;ídon&#039;&#039;&#039; (for animate referents) or &#039;&#039;&#039;ekhdon&#039;&#039;&#039; (for inanimate referents) instead, which explicitly refer back to the subject of the matrix clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior killed the man who attached him.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior killed the man whom he attacked.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Compliment Clauses===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Complement clauses, i.e. subordinated clauses acting as a noun (most importantly as the subject or object of a sentence), are formed much like relative clauses, being introduced with a noun related to the type of action or event described in the clause followed by the complimentizer &#039;&#039;&#039;kbau&#039;&#039;&#039;. Common nouns used in this manner include &#039;&#039;&#039;theb&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;event,&amp;quot; used to complimentize wide range of real and hypothetical events, &#039;&#039;&#039;xúlin&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;task,&amp;quot; used to complimentize occupations and activities, &#039;&#039;&#039;tī&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;idea,&amp;quot; used to complimentize plans and abstract concepts, and &#039;&#039;&#039;sai&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;word,&amp;quot; used to complimentize reported speech:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|takh|steal}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nakh|horse}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dá.|be.possible}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The girl could have stolen the horse.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rócókh|queen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nghō|dislike}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tī|idea}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hai|1PL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|turim.|enemy.tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The queen dislikes the idea of us attacking the enemy tribe.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Complement clauses can also act as the objects of coverbs:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dá|be.able}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gak’ókh|hunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ālam|PL/salmon}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|re|be.without}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xúlin|task}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fád.|river}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You can&#039;t catch salmon without going to the river.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Serial Verb Constructions (SVC)=&lt;br /&gt;
==Sequential Events==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of the most obvious uses of serial verb constructions is for expressing sequences of closely connected actions that are understood to form a single event. Verbs in a series of this type have equal status within the construction (i.e. there is no clear ‘head’), are ordered according to the actual temporal sequence, and usually have a shared subject.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sometimes all components of a sequential SVC are intransitive:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ca|clap}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya.|hail}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother claps her hands and waves goodbye.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sometimes all of the verbs are transitive. In this case, the SVC as a whole is transitive too, and both subject and object are shared by all verbs:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|P’olóm|lion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ā|bite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yí|chew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|au|swallow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad.|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The lion bites, chews, and swallows the meat.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If a transitive and an intransitive verb are used together, the intransitive verb must come first because it may not intervene between the transitive verb and its object:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hau|shout}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ínggókh.|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The tiger roars and attacks the hunter.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;*Ndá raríth hau ínggókh.&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;(ungrammatical)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sequential SVC often contain one or more passivized verbs. If the first verb in the series is passivized, the passive-marking particle &#039;&#039;&#039;ta&#039;&#039;&#039; is moved to the end of the SCV:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ā|bite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ma|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndá.|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The hunter died after being bitten by the tiger.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since passives are normally interpreted as perfective, an additional serialized verb is generally used to make such a sentence imperfective, usually &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;stand,&amp;quot; which comes before the the main SCV:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ā|bite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ma|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndá.|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The hunter is being bitten to death by the tiger.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the semantics and transitivity values of the verbs do not permit iconic order (for example because the verb that happens last is intransitive), or if two or more transitive verbs have different objects, it is not possible to use a sequential SVC. Instead, the event can be described as a sequence of independent clauses, with the shared subject being referred to with the logophoric pronouns &#039;&#039;&#039;ídon&#039;&#039;&#039; (animate) or &#039;&#039;&#039;ekhdon&#039;&#039;&#039; (inanimate) in all but the first of these chained clauses:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hau.|shout}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The tiger attacks the hunter and roars.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Lexicalized Sequential Serials===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many combinations of sequential serial verbs are lexicalized, usually referring to common, culturally recognized activities. As a guideline, the longer a SVC, the more likely it is to have acquired a specialized and often idiomatic meaning:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndai|know}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa|brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Sister recognizes her brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ít’ukh|priest}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fi|wrap.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yo|wear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rwilí.|mask}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The priest puts on a mask.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Bí|PL/man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bāth|village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tai|say}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uph|hear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yeth|think}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pó|reply}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thú|thing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mō.|be.important}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The men in the village discuss important matters.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Grammatical Use of Serial Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
===Causation===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The simplest method of forming causative statements in Mhakh Thandim is through the use of the auxiliary verb &#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;cause&amp;quot;, before the verb being causativized. This effectively increases the valency of intransitive verbs, and the clause is structured as if they were transitive:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|cause}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother made me fall.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The verb &#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039; can only be used as an auxiliary verb (except in a few fossilized sequential serial verb constructions such as &#039;&#039;&#039;li rú ... soth nga&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;milk (an animal)&amp;quot; (lit. &amp;quot;pull cause … give milk&amp;quot;)), so it never appears as the first element in an ECM construction. In its place, the verb &#039;&#039;&#039;soth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;give&amp;quot; can function as a generic causative verb. Causatives which involve movement of some sort often use &#039;&#039;&#039;sóndo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;put, place&amp;quot; instead:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|soth|give}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bamba|father}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cath|carry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’i|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kdarokh|firewood}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pai|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sāng.|coniferous.forest}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother made father bring in firewood from the forest.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ûnggín|bow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōb|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xó.|table}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior laid his bow on the table.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, many semantically causative statements can be formed as ECM constructions without the use of an explicit causative marker:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|P’olóm|lion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ā|bite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ma.|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The lion bites the hunter to death.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Intransitive verbs may act as the first verb in a causative ECM construction if serialized with a generic causative verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pándad|children.COLL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lau|laugh}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|soth|give}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|núb.|wake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I&#039;m woken up by the laughter of my children.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, in many cases a sequential serial verb construction may be interpreted as a cause-and-effect statement in which the event described by the second verb is a direct consequence of the action described by the first verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ít’ukh|priest}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cut}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thac|remove}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nhig.|beard}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The priest shaves off his beard. (lit. the priest cuts his beard, removing it).}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Comparison===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comparative statements are made with serial verb constructions using the verb &#039;&#039;&#039;ná&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;exceed, surpass&amp;quot;, which is simply added after the verb(s) expressing the compared quality:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|myid|be.brave}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa.|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping is braver than her brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Superlatives are formed by using a totality of referents as the object of the clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|myid|be.brave}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|de|every}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thim.|person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng is the bravest (lit. Táng is braver than every person).}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the compared quality is expressed with an adjective, the serial verb construction is introduced by a copular phrase that predicates the adjective to the subject. Unlike other adjectival predicates, no dummy noun is used:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda.|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng loves his mother more than his brother does.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa.|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng loves his mother more than he loves his mother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In cases like the second example, it’s common to leave out the subject of the second clause and replace the second verb with the particle &#039;&#039;&#039;ta&#039;&#039;&#039;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|do.same}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa.|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng loves his mother more than he does his brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Motion Verbs===&lt;br /&gt;
====Direction and deixis====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has a set of seven deictic motion verbs marking not only origin/destination, but also  the grammatical person of the reference point:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;l&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;min-width:15em;&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;min-width:15em;&amp;quot;| Origin (go away from)&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;min-width:15em;&amp;quot;| Destination (come towards)&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;min-width:15em;&amp;quot;| No direction (move)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;keng&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go away from speaker&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’i&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;come towards speaker&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go away from listener&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;má&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;come towards listener&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go away from a third person point of origin&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;come towards a third person destination&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thekh&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘go nowhere in particular, &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;move around, roam, wander’&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All of these deictic motion verbs are technically intransitive:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai.|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I’m leaving [you].}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the origin and destination verbs may also take a nominal complement. This is especially common with the third person motion verbs. With first and second person motion verbs, an overt complement that is not a matching pronoun will be interpreted to be possessed or accompanied by the given person:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth.|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|He/she goes towards the house.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth.|SGV/village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|He/she goes towards your house.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While deictic motion verbs may be used on their own, they are much more frequently encountered in serial verb constructions, generally ordered according to the iconic sequence of events (i.e. &#039;&#039;cause → motion away from → motion towards → result&#039;&#039;):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|huc|kick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|loth.|ball}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I kick the ball to you.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cuk’a.|hills}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You go toward the hills.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although somewhat contrived, the following example is grammatical:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Bamba|father}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pei|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’i|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gê.|home}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Our father left his house and came to yours, left yours and came to mine, then went back to yours and left it to return to his house.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(Note that each destination is explicitly left by the father before moving on to the next one. Stringing together several origin verbs or several destination verbs immediately after one another would be ungrammatical.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Manner of Motion====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Verbs indicating the manner of motion in Mhakh Thandim usually do not specify a direction, and so are often combined with directional verbs. Manner-of-motion verbs are placed between origin and destination verb if both are present; otherwise they appear before the directional verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|P’amba|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thekh.|move.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather goes for a stroll.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hém|be.quick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kdónâi.|riverbank}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I run toward the riverbank.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(Compare to &#039;&#039;&#039;p&#039;amba cam&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;grandfather is on foot&amp;quot; and &#039;&#039;&#039;na hém&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I am fast.&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This strategy is also used to convert verbs of posture or stationary movement to verbs of motion:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’i.|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior crawls toward me.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hai|1PL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pí|jump}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|am.|lake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|We jump toward the lake.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are a number of non-deictic motion verbs which do specify a direction (e.g. &#039;&#039;&#039;dú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go downhill, go downstream&amp;quot; or &#039;&#039;&#039;siph&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go through&amp;quot;). These may be used as manner-of-motion verbs too:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dú|go.downhill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The tiger tumbles downhill.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Source and Target====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The origin and destination verbs can also be used as coverbs to add an argument in the role of source or target respectively, increasing the valency of the main VP:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|srundau|throw}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gín|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí.|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The hunter shoots an arrow at the deer.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Posture and orientation===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Posture can be expressed by means of serializing the copula &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039; with one of the positional verbs &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;stand,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;nghau&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;sit,&amp;quot; or &#039;&#039;&#039;lin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;lie.&amp;quot; This means that the reduplicated sequence &#039;&#039;&#039;só só&#039;&#039;&#039; has the meaning &amp;quot;stand upright,&amp;quot; and can be used to disambiguate locative/positional ‘stand’ from the grammaticalized use of ‘stand’ as a non-locative copula:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só.|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng stands upright.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this type of construction the positional verbs may take a complement NP describing the location of the subject. An overt preposition is only necessary in order to specify more detailed spatial relationships than a generic &amp;quot;at,&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;on&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Phéd|oak.tree}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mro|3S.IN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hé.|ground}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A fallen oak tree lies on the ground.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Frau|knife}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōb|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xó.|table}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The knife lies on top of the table.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Posture constructions can be extended with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;sú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;watch, look at, face,&amp;quot; which introduces an additional directional complement. Other verbs of orientation like &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ub&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be parallel to,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;hū&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be perpendicular to,&amp;quot; and &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be diagonal to&amp;quot; may also be used in this manner:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pom|above}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ac|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sú|look.at}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng is standing on top of the rock, facing me.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note how the coverb phrase in the example above semantically relates to the subject of the posture predicate (so it is &#039;&#039;&#039;Táng&#039;&#039;&#039; who is facing the speaker), in contrast to the following sentence, where the preposition &#039;&#039;&#039;nge&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;across from, facing&amp;quot; is used instead, and relates to the immediately preceding noun phrase (so it is the rock which is facing the speaker):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pom|above}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ac|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nge|facing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng stands on top of the rock, which is facing me.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In order to describe a change of posture and/or orientation, the copula &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039; is replaced by an appropriate movement verb such as &#039;&#039;&#039;fai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;fall,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;syan&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;rise,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;ho&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;touch, get in contact with,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;mikh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;turn around,&amp;quot; or similar:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Phéd|oak.tree}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hé|ground}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hū|be.perpendicular}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fáph.|path}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The oak tree has fallen so that it lies on the ground, blocking the path.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mikh|turn.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sú|look.at}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’ungk’a.|mountains}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng turns around to stand facing the mountains.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Descriptions of posture and/or orientation can also be used as part of a larger predicate. In this case, the positional verb (series) appears as the second part of an ECM construction, with any additional complements following it. If causation is involved, &#039;&#039;&#039;sóndo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;put, place&amp;quot; is added to the first part of the ECM construction:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gli|3P.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’únda|make}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nghau|sit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kath|near}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sug.|pond}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|They build a house next to the pond.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Aspect===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By default, active verbs in Mhakh Thandim are also imperfective, while passive verbs are perfective. Additional aspectual distinctions may be made using serial verb constructions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;progressive aspect&#039;&#039; is expressed by using &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;stand&amp;quot;, as an auxiliary verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong.|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The girl is singing a song.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive aspect&#039;&#039; is expressed with the verbs &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;come&amp;quot; (preferred for states) or &#039;&#039;&#039;tú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;start, begin&amp;quot; (preferred for events), used in auxiliary position. Similar semantics may also be achieved with causative or factitive formations resulting in a stative predicate:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tú|begin}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong.|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The girl is starting to sing a song.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’olóm|lion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wiróph.|be.hungry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The lion is becoming hungry.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;habitual&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;iterative aspect&#039;&#039; can be formed by repeating a verb (effectively: serializing it with itself):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong.|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The girl is always singing songs.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In certain contexts, a &#039;&#039;resumptive&#039;&#039; interpretation is more appropriate:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hai|then.PST}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawi.|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Then his mother resumed sewing the cloak. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[said after describing how she stopped sewing for a while, e.g. in order to talk to someone]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When applying the habitual/iterative aspect to serial verb constructions, normally only the first non-auxiliary verb is repeated:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1SG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|arrive}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bāth|village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mú|of}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gli.|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I walked on and on until I reached their village.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, relatively short verb series that describe a conventional sequence of events are often repeated as a whole:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mikh|turn.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mén|look}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mikh|turn_around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mén|look}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pai|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ai|reason}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|langgú.|be.afraid}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng keeps turning and looking around because he is afraid.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In ECM constructions, both parts of the construction may be repeated individually:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|twí|allow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|twí|allow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|músandai.|strawberries}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping keeps allowing her sister to pick strawberries.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|twí|allow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|músandai.|strawberries}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping allows her sister to keep picking strawberries.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An &#039;&#039;experiential aspect&#039;&#039;, which indicates that the subject has been involved in an event of this type before, can be formed by using &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ukh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;know how to do sth.&amp;quot; as an auxiliary verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ukh|know}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’olóm.|lion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng has killed a lion before. / Táng knows how to kill a lion.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A &#039;&#039;completive aspect&#039;&#039;, which indicates that an event has been successfully completed, is marked with the verb &#039;&#039;&#039;sec&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;finish, complete&amp;quot; in series-final position. With directional motion verbs and lexically atelic verbs, &#039;&#039;&#039;khá&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;reach, arrive at&amp;quot; is used instead, again in series-final position:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bundum|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sec|finish}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mane.|sleeve}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother has finished mending the sleeve.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1SG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|arrive}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bāth|village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fáth|happen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|previous}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sagxob.|night}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I arrived at the village last night.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A &#039;&#039;cessative aspect&#039;&#039;, which indicates that an event stopped before being completed (and thus carries an implication of failure when used with telic verbs), may be formed with &#039;&#039;&#039;bab&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;stop, cease&amp;quot; in series-final position:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bundum|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bab|stop}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mane.|sleeve}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother stopped mending the sleeve.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|P’amba|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thekh|move.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bab.|stop}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather has stopped walking around.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An &#039;&#039;interruptive aspect&#039;&#039;, which indicates that an event was interrupted through outside influence, may be formed with &#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;lose, misplace&amp;quot;, in series-final position. When used with telic verbs, the interruptive aspect implies failure but emphasizes that the fault lies with events outside of the subject&#039;s control:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|lose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong.|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping had to stop singing (because something else happened).}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Sample text=&lt;br /&gt;
==Why people speak different languages==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Mwi yeg, o wath uwōndum só ya xob. Se mhath nggim só wōb kā hai. Mhakh thandim hu cad ta lán, o ídon pekh t’ukh cí kbau xwi keth thi. Gli thá iríph ríwau.&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Mummug só fai kambum nuth Wekh. Ki swo sáng o ídon ngú nggim wí cu keth, o ídon pai hém tú xúlin kbau ki lalú nggim. Fáth theb kbau mummug akh khá, ki dāph cath lo kanggí tiyíyā, kambum ki sóndo mro só lin nikh salú ya báth kambum thandim kê mro. Au ganggen fâi dāph cath lo sóndo kí sandai na kdarokh, ngú ngú theb kbau nggim thundam báth o thīm trau bab. Mhakh Thandim tanggang lau fong sawong ídon tí sasí thekh rú keth.&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Hai Ndá lo khá ya báth, o ídon li rú lo xúsalú wōb ró mí kambum ídon rama ki. Ndá sóndo nglau mí lin ya ngêleth, k’e k’ad lo mho keth pekh dac ta hu. Báth lo só tau hong, o xob mho de ge. Thīm kambum gli nghau cu wí keth trau du, khá sayec kbau ídon thá t’íth nath sa o ídon pekh dá tai sai bum. Thīm langgú mi sac li rú lo thīm kath gli, khá sayec kbau thandim t’é ta o ídon lo só ni niyandi. De nandi tú tai ganggen sai o rob wí Mhakh Thandim t’é ta wo cí kbau fi theb o ídon lo só ni rōb kambum hai uph gli hri.&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Interlinear gloss===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mwi|Sun}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yeng,|sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wath|entire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uwōndum|world}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xom.|darkness}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Sun slept, and all the world was dark.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mhath|stars}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nggim|shine}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōm|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kā|sky}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hai.|then.PST}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|No stars shone in the sky at that time.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mhakh|first}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hu|only}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cad|give.birth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lán,|new}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|not}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ukh|know}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cí|manner}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xwi|ignite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thi.|already}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The &#039;&#039;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039; were newly born into the world, and they did not yet know how to make a fire.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gli|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thá|shiver}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|iríph|complain.of}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ríwau.|freezing.cold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|They shivered and complained that they were cold.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mummung|squirrel}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|spirit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nuth|serve}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wekh.|Wekh}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Squirrel was one of the spirits who served Wekh.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|swo|climb}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sáng,|coniferous.tree}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nggim|light}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cu|distant}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth,|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pai|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hém|be.quick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tú|start}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xúlin|task}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lalú|examine}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nggim.|light}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|He climbed a tree and saw the light of a distant fire, and so he hurried away to investigate the light.}} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fáth|happen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mummug|squirrel}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|akh|return}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá,|arrive}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cath|carry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kanggí|red}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tiyíyā,|PAU/coal}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mro|3S.IN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nikh|at}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|salú|middle}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kê|dwell}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mro.|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|When Squirrel returned, he brought a small quantity of glowing coals, which he set down in the center of the house where the tribe lived.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Au|also}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ganggen|other}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fâi|PL/spirit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cath|carry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kí|dry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sandai|grass}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kdarokh,|firewood}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nggim|light}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thundam|fill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thīm|PL/person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trau|feel.cold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bab.|stop}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Other spirits came and added dry grass and firewood, until the house was filled with light and the people were no longer cold.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mhakh|first}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tanggang|AP/talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lau|laugh}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tí|dance[v]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sasí|dance[n]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thekh|wander}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth.|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The &#039;&#039;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039; talked and laughed and sang and danced around the fire.}} &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hai|then.PST}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|Tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|arrive}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth,|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|li|pull}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|cause}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xúsalú|body}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōb|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ró|big}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Then Tiger came in, dragging the body of a huge deer he had killed.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|Tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nglau|cook}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngêleth,|hearth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’e|but}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mho|cover}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|not}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dac|extinguish}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hu.|barely}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|He put the deer in the hearth to cook it, but the meat ended up covering the fire and almost putting it out.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Báth|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hong,|place}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xob|darkness}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mho|cover}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|de|every}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ge.|eye}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The house became cold, and it was too dark to see.}}  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Thīm|PL/person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gli|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nghau|sit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cu|far}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trau|feel.cold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|du,|really}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|reach}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sayec|end}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thá|shiver}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’íth|shake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nath|teeth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sa|rattle}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|not}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dá|be.able}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tai|say}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sai|words}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bum.|good}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The people sitting far from the fire felt so cold that their teeth chattered and they could not speak well.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Thīm|PL/person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|langgú|be.afraid}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mi|grasp}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sac|hold.onto}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|li|pull}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|cause}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thīm|PL/person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kath|near}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gli,|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|reach}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sayec|end}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’é|split}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ni|many}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|niyandi.|PAU/group}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The people were frightened and took ahold of those nearby, pulling them close, and so they became divided into many small groups.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|De|every}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nandi|group}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tú|begin}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tai|say}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ganggen|different}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sai,|words}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rob|language}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mhakh|first}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’é|split}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cí|manner}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fi|this.IN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ni|many}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rōb|PL/language}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hai|1PL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uph|hear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gli|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hri.|now}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Each group began to speak differently from the others, and in this way the tongue of the &#039;&#039;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039; became divided into the many languages that we hear today.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Mhakh Thandim Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Mhakh_Thandim&amp;diff=12727</id>
		<title>Mhakh Thandim</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Mhakh_Thandim&amp;diff=12727"/>
		<updated>2016-02-24T20:38:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{TBC|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Rom wí Mhakh Thandim&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[rɔm wi m̥əx θənˈdɪm]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = central Kè mountains&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = [[Ronquian languages|Ronquian]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = SVO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mostly isolating&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = NOM-ACC&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Article}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Rob wí Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;Language of the First Tribe&amp;quot;), hereafter &#039;&#039;&#039;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039;&#039;, is a [[Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] dialect cluster spoken amidst the foothills and alpine valleys of the central Kè mountains (MT. &#039;&#039;P’ungk&#039;a nikh Kbán&#039;&#039;) in northwest Tuysáfa around 1 YP. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although the nature of Mhakh Thandim consonant clusters (see below) makes it somewhat difficult to analyze the underlying phonemes found in syllable onsets, the more conservative dialects are generally described as having the following inventory of 27 consonants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;coronal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dorsal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p&#039; · pʰ · p&lt;br /&gt;
| t&#039; · tʰ · t&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| k&#039; · kʰ · k&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| ɸ · f&lt;br /&gt;
| θ · s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| x · χ&lt;br /&gt;
| h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m̥ · m&lt;br /&gt;
| n̥ · n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋ̊ · ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w&lt;br /&gt;
| l · r&lt;br /&gt;
| j&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is possible to analyze Mhakh Thandim&#039;s aspirated and ejective stops and voiceless nasals as underlying consonant clusters, but due to the frequency with which they are attested relative to ejective fricatives and voicless or glottalized approximants they will be treated as unitary phonemes for the purposes of this document.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has an unusual inventory of fricatives, which may be divided into two groups: /f/, /s/ and /χ/ are termed &amp;quot;strident&amp;quot;, while /ɸ/, /θ/, /x/, and /h/ are termed &amp;quot;spirant&amp;quot;. The spirant fricatives have a more limited distribution than their strident counterparts, and the two series contrast only in single-consonant syllable onsets. In this position, the place contrast between the two series is enhanced by an additional tense/lax distinction, with the strident fricatives being pronounced longer and more forcefully than their spirant counterparts. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The consonants are romanized as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
* /p&#039; pʰ p t&#039; tʰ t k&#039; kʰ k ʔ/ &#039;&#039;&#039;p&#039; p b t&#039; t d k&#039; k g c&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /f ɸ s θ χ x h/ &#039;&#039;&#039;f ph s th x kh h&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̊/ &#039;&#039;&#039;m mh n nh ng ngh&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /w l r j/ &#039;&#039;&#039;w l r y&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has a large inventory of 10 contrasting vowel qualities, which may be grouped into five tense/lax pairs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;central&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! high&lt;br /&gt;
| i · ɪ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| u · ʊ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| e · ɛ&lt;br /&gt;
| ə&lt;br /&gt;
| o · ɔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! low&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| a&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The mid-central vowel /ə/ is generally regarded as the lax counterpart of the low-central vowel /a/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, most dialects of Mhakh Thandim have two diphthongs, both of them closing and falling:  /aɪ̯ aʊ̯/. These are treated as tense vowels for the purpose of determining stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The vowel qualities are written as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɪ ɛ ə ɔ ʊ/ &#039;&#039;&#039;i e a o u&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /i e a o u/ &#039;&#039;&#039;í é á ó ú&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /aɪ̯ aʊ̯/ &#039;&#039;&#039;ai au&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Register===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All vowels in Mhakh Thandim may be contrastively realized with modal or breathy voice, and breathy-voiced vowels are additionally pronounced longer than the corresponding modally-voiced vowels, and at a notably lower pitch. Breathy-voiced vowels make up a relatively small percentage of lexical vowels, but a shift from modal to breathy voice also serves as the primary method of marking the plural number in nouns. Orthographically, breathy-voiced lax are marked with a macron, and breathy-voiced tense vowels with a circumflex; for instance, /ə̤/ would be represented as &amp;lt;ā&amp;gt;, and /a̤/ as &amp;lt;â&amp;gt;. Only the first component of a diphthong is marked in this manner, as in &amp;lt;âi&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Syllables in Mhakh Thandim have the basic structure &#039;&#039;&#039;(C)(C)V(X)&#039;&#039;&#039;, where X may be any nasal, plain stop (including /ʔ/), or spirant fricative. Additionally, the approximants /w/, /l/, and /r/ may appear as coda consonants in intervocalic consonant clusters, but never word-finally. A syllable onset may consist of any of the following:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*No consonant&lt;br /&gt;
*Any single consonant&lt;br /&gt;
*A plain stop, strident fricative, voiced nasal, or /h/ followed by an approximant&lt;br /&gt;
*A plain stop followed by a strident fricative&lt;br /&gt;
*An aspirated stop followed by a non-homorganic plain stop, voiceless nasal, or approximant (which becomes voiceless)&lt;br /&gt;
*A strident fricative, nasal, or approximant and /ʔ/ (realized as an ejective fricative or glottalized sonorant)&lt;br /&gt;
*A strident fricative followed by a plain stop or non-identical strident fricative&lt;br /&gt;
*A nasal followed by a homorganic plain stop (which becomes voiced)&lt;br /&gt;
*Any two non-identical approximants in any order&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Intervocalic consonant clusters may consist of up to three segments, in cases where a syllable with a coda consonant is followed by one with an onset cluster.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Allophony and Phonetic Detail==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*With the exception of the interdental /θ/, “coronal” consonants may be freely realized as dental or alveolar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Ejectives in Mhakh Thandim are relatively &amp;quot;weak&amp;quot;, being distinguished from plain stops and fricatives primarily by a longer voice-onset time followed by a short interval of creaky phonation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Vowels are likewise partly glottalized adjacent to glottal stops, and complete glottal closure may not be achieved at all during rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Glottalized sonorants may be preglottalized or pronounced with creaky voice throughout their duration, and in either case the glottal constriction extends onto any preceding vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;Voiceless&amp;quot; nasals in Mhakh Thandim are only partially devoiced, with a voice onset time longer than that of a plain nasal but shorter than that of a plain stop.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Not all dialects preserve the distinction between /f/ and /ɸ/ and between /x/ and /χ/. In some one or both of these pairs have merged, while in others one or more of the spirant fricatives have been debuccalized to /h/. /θ/, which is an unusually common phoneme in Mhakh Thandim, is usually exempt from these mergers, though in a few villages it has merged with the plain stop /t/ word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*/r/ is more or less consistently realized as a trilled [r] initially and in clusters (though it is devoiced to [r̥] following aspirated stops) and as a flapped [ɾ] intervocalically.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*/l/ is generally in free variation with velarized /ɫ/, though the distribution of the latter varies significantly by dialect. In some varieties /l/ is never velarized, while in others it is entirely replaced by /ɫ/, and in some there is a regular alternation between /l/ and /ɫ/ before front and back vowels, respectively. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*In most dialects the lax vowel /ə/ is in roughly free variation with /ɐ/, with the latter realization being particularly common in stressed syllables and adjacent to dorsal consonants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Mhakh Thandim&#039;s breathy register is realized differently depending on the phonetic environment:&lt;br /&gt;
**In syllables beginning with a vowel, approximant, plain nasal, spirant fricative, or plain stop, the onset of breathy phonation usually corresponds closely with the beginning of the syllable, coloring the pronunciation of the onset consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
**Strident fricatives and aspirated stops are always voiceless, and the onset of breathy phonation following one of these sounds is the same as the regular voice onset time of a modal register syllable. Likewise, in a syllable beginning with a &amp;quot;voiceless&amp;quot; nasal, the initial voicelessness of the onset transitions directly into breathy voice.&lt;br /&gt;
**Because the glottal constriction in ejectives, glottal stops, and glottalized sonorants influences the phonation of surrounding vowels, these consonants can delay the onset of breathy voice or cause it to end prematurely. In rapid speach, no perceptible breathiness may be achieved at all, and breathy-register syllables in the vicinity of glottalized consonants may be distinguished solely by length and/or tone.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Stress==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has a non-phonemic dynamic accent which always falls on the first syllable in a word that has a tense vowel, or on the final syllable of a word with only lax vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of Words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim grammar relies heavily on word order and anylytic serial verb constructions, and has no regular inflectional verbal morphology. Verbs are distinguished as inherently transitive or intransitive, and an intransitive verb cannot behave as a trasitive verb (or vice-versa) without the aid of an auxiliary verb or explicit derivational marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nouns in Mhakh Thandim are marked only for number.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A fundamental distinction is also made between animate and inanimate nouns, though animacy is not explicitly marked on the noun. Inanimate nouns may additionally be distinguished as count nouns or mass nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Animate nouns are always considered singular in their least-marked form, and are regularly marked for the plural number by shifting the first syllable from the modal register to the breathy register.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;thim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;person, individual&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;thīm&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;people, individuals&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;p’olóm&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;lion&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ōlóm&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;lions&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A number of animate nouns have irregular or suppletive plural forms:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;thin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;ewe, sheep (less marked) → &#039;&#039;&#039;tná&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;ewes, sheep (less marked)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;nakh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;mare, horse (less marked) → &#039;&#039;&#039;kad&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;mares, horses (less marked)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A few animate nouns begin in a breathy syllable in their singular form and remain unchanged in the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;î&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;fish, fishes&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;īnīn&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;daughter, daughters&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to the simple plural, animate nouns have a collective plural, marked with the infix ⟨&#039;&#039;&#039;and&#039;&#039;&#039;⟩, which follows the onset consonant(s) of the first syllable. In nouns beginning with a vowel, this becomes the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;d&#039;&#039;&#039;-.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;nin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;nannygoat, goat (less marked)&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;nandin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;herd of goats&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;thim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;person&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;thandim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;tribe, people, ethnic group&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some collective animate nouns, mostly generic kinship terms, are not derived from any productive root, however.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;andath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;grandparents&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;handú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;siblings&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Inanimate count nouns are not morphologically marked for number, but may be modified by numerals and quantifiers. Inanimate mass nouns, however, may take the paucal infix ⟨&#039;&#039;&#039;iy&#039;&#039;&#039;⟩, which expresses that the noun is present in a small or insufficient quantity. With nouns beginning in a vowel, this becomes the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039;-.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ti&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;food&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;tiyi&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;a little food, not enough food&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;phid&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;oak woodland&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;phiyid&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;oak grove, a few oaks&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The paucal infix is also sometimes used with collective animate nouns, but this is less common.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;niyandin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;a small herd of goats&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Pronouns and Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
===Personal Pronouns===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pronouns in Mhakh Thandim mark three  grammatical numbers: the singular, used to refer to exactly one referent, the paucal, used to refer to a relatively small number of referents, and the plural, used to refer to a relatively large number of referents. There are no strict rules governing when the paucal number should be used as opposed to the plural, and the frequency with which each is used varies considerably depending on the dialect and the individual speaker. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The third person pronouns also distinguish between animate and inanimate referents, and number is handled somewhat differently for the latter. The inanimate plural is used to refer to uncountable masses and collective groups, in addition to groups of multiple countable objects. Likewise, the paucal may be interpreted as referring to a small quantity of a substance or a small group of creatures, depending on the referent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;l&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;5&amp;quot;| &#039;&#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;6&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;l&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;| &#039;&#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tna&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hai&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 2&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mung&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tmung&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 2&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 3&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ki&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tgi&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gli&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 3&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mro&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tro&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;to&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Indefinite Determiners===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim lacks simple indefinite pronouns (such as the English &amp;quot;someone&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;something&amp;quot;), instead making use of two indefinite determiners: &#039;&#039;&#039;ísó&#039;&#039;&#039; (used with animate referents) and &#039;&#039;&#039;esó&#039;&#039;&#039; (used with inanimate referents). These are used in conjunction with nouns, most commonly generic “dummy nouns&amp;quot; like &#039;&#039;&#039;thim&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;person&amp;quot; and &#039;&#039;&#039;thú&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;thing,&amp;quot; but more specific nouns may be used as well.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ísó thim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;somebody&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ísó sakh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some creature&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ísó hókh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some woman&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;esó thú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;something&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;esó hong&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some place&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;esó sambá&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some plant&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Makh Thandim makes use of three demonstratives, which distinguish only a single degree of spatial deixis. The demonstratives &#039;&#039;&#039;ka&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;fi&#039;&#039;&#039; can both be translated as &amp;quot;this&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;that,&amp;quot; referring to animate and inanimate referents respectively, while &#039;&#039;&#039;nhu&#039;&#039;&#039; is best translated as &amp;quot;the other&amp;quot;. These may only be used adnominally, but demonstrative pronouns can be created by pairing them with generic nouns, as with the indefinite determiners. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Interrogative Determiners===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rather than interrogative pronouns, Makh Thandim makes use of the interrogative determiners &#039;&#039;&#039;khau&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;khén&#039;&#039;&#039;, both best translated as &amp;quot;what?&amp;quot;, which, like other determiners, may be used pronominally by combining them with a noun. &#039;&#039;&#039;Khau&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with animate referents, while &#039;&#039;&#039;khén&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimates:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;khau thim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;what person? who?&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;khau sakh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;what creature?&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;khén thú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;what thing? what?&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Indefinite Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;no, none&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;sdoth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;neither (of two)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;tre&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;none of the three&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;t’e&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;any (of many)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;t’oth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;either (of two)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;tat’oth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;any of the three&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;cí&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some, few, a few&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;ngai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;a little, a small amount (of an uncountable mass)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ni&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;many&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;ndé&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;a lot, much, a large amount (of an uncountable mass)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;de&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;every (of a countable number)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;nath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;both&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;tna&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;all three&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;nā&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;all (of a countable number)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;each (of a collective group)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;wath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;all (of an uncountable mass), the entire, every (of a collective group)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system similar to that found in the nearby [[Ronc Tyu]] language. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! width=&amp;quot;28%&amp;quot;| cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! width=&amp;quot;28%&amp;quot;| multiplier&lt;br /&gt;
! width=&amp;quot;28%&amp;quot;| ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| p’ikh || bikh || mhakh&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| hí || cí || gso&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| t’uc || duc || ndoc&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| phau || pau ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| fang || wang ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || la ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| sath || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| hú || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| thám || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prepositions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many  grammatical relationships marked with preposition in English are handled in Mhakh Thandim using serial verb constructions (see below). However, there are a small number of prepositions used for marking spatial and genitive relationships between noun phrases.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Locative Prepositions===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most common locative prepositions are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;kath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;near, next to&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;nge&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;across from, facing&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;ngu&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;east of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;nikh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;at&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;nwed&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;south of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;pom&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;above, at the top of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;pú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;north of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;around, surrounding&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;tá&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;below, under, on the bottom of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;taph&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;left of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;ti&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;behind, at the back of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;twa&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;west of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;outside of, at a distance from&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;wōb&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;on, on top of, on the surface of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;in, inside&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;yith&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;right of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;yuth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;through, between&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Genitive Prepositions===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The preposition &#039;&#039;&#039;mú&#039;&#039;&#039; is used to mark the possessor of an inanimate object. Other kinds of genitive relationships use formed using locative prepositions. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ūnggín|bow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mú|of}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Brother&#039;s bow}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;wōb&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;on,&amp;quot; indicates the possessor of body parts and other things which are physically attached, as well as items currently being worn.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bú|hand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōm|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|my hand}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ârsí|tip}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōm|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ing|claw}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|tip of a/the claw}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|núngú|shirt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōm|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|your shirt (specifically the one you&#039;re wearing)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;in,&amp;quot; is used to indicate the possessor of an emotion, idea, or state, as well as for internal organs and other things normally thought of as being ‘inside’ their possessor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāth|anger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|mother&#039;s anger}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kwau|illness}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng&#039;s illness}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pdékh|soul}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping&#039;s soul}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039;, here best interpreted as meaning &amp;quot;out of,&amp;quot; may be used to indicate the origin or composition of a noun referent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngu|east}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|a/the man from the east}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kiyong|hall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ac|stone}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|a/the stone hall}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Possession&amp;quot; of kin and other living beings is handled without the use of a preposition, with the possessed term simply preceding the possessor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping&#039;s mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khath|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng&#039;s dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is worth noting that possessives are used less frequently in Mhakh Thandim than in English. For instance, one wouldn&#039;t typically say &#039;&#039;&#039;Táng hub ti mú ki&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;Táng eats his food.&amp;quot; In a statement like &#039;&#039;&#039;Táng hub ti&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;Táng eats food,&amp;quot; it is assumed that the food eaten belonged to Táng at the time, although context may indicate otherwise. Likewise, one would usually say &#039;&#039;&#039;danda ngi&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;mother is kind&amp;quot; rather than &#039;&#039;&#039;danda na ngi&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;my mother is kind,&amp;quot; as unmarked kinship terms are typically assumed to refer to referents related to the speaker (though, again, this depends on context).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Adjectives and Adverbs===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Adjectives and adverbs constitute relatively small, closed classes in Mhakh Thandim. Adverbs serve mostly to mark spacial and temporal deixis and certain types of modality. Examples include &#039;&#039;&#039;tíd&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;here,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;sō&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;there,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;hri&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;now,&amp;quot; and the emphatic &#039;&#039;&#039;du&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;really, indeed.&amp;quot; Other meanings expressed using adverbs in English, such as the manner in which an action is carried out, are instead expressed using serial verb constructions in Mhakh Thandim. Adjectives are mostly limited to basic vocabulary terms such a &#039;&#039;&#039;ró&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;big,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;ban&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;small,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;lán&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;new, young,&amp;quot; and &#039;&#039;&#039;bum&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;good,&amp;quot; while stative verbs are  used to express a much broader range of meanings. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Basic Syntax=&lt;br /&gt;
==Simple Sentences==&lt;br /&gt;
===Intransitive Clauses===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Intransitive clauses in Mhakh Thandim minimally consist of a subject noun followed by an intransitive verb, giving SV word order:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Bombo|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yeg.|sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The baby sleeps.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fu|wind}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ríkh.|blow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The wind blows.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Transitive Clauses===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Clauses with transitive verbs follow a SVO pattern.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Bamba|father}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bundum|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bwau.|roof}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Father fixes the roof.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngangú|notice}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tath.|rabbit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The hunter spots a rabbit.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Inanimate subjects of transitive verbs must be marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;use&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’andí|spear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sí|pierce}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rócau.|shield}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The spear pierces the shield.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sentences with directional verbs look a lot like ordinary transitives if there is an overt source or destination, but they are in fact intransitive: directional verbs cannot be passivized, and inanimate subjects in such constructions do not take &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gín|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí.|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The arrow approaches the deer.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While the above sentence is perfectly grammatical, directional motion verbs are more much more commonly used as part of a serial verb construction:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gín|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|srau|fly}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí.|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The arrow flies toward the deer.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Predication===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The verb &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;stand,&amp;quot; is used as a general copula in Mhakh Thandim, behaving as a transitive verb in that context:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hókh|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’un|tall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thim.|person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The woman is tall.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sakh|creature}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|asakh.|wolf}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The creature is a wolf.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When used to express a locative meaning, the exact type of spatial relation is indicated with a preposition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth.|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother is in the house.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pom|above}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sáng.|coniferous.tree}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother is at the top of the tree.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In most cases, an individual&#039;s profession is described using the verb describing the activity associated with that profession, rather than a copular clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gókh.|hunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother hunts/my brother is a hunter.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Pwa|maternal.uncle}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’únda|make}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yai.|boat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My maternal uncle makes a boat/my maternal uncle is a boat-builder.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive Voice===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Transitive verbs may be made passive using the particle &#039;&#039;&#039;ta&#039;&#039;&#039;, which immediately follows the verb. In a passive clause, the object of the transitive verb precedes the verb itself, occupying the position normally filled by the subject:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sawong|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta.|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The song is sung.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A subject may optionally be included after the verb and the passive voice particle, in the position normally occupied by the object of the verb. As normal, the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039; must be used before an inanimate subject. When a subject is included in this manner, passive constructions usually serve to mark the perfective aspect in addition to emphasizing the role of the object in the clause. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sawong|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda.|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The song has been sung by mother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Anggó|vase}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hu|break}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ac.|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The vase has been broken with a rock.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Oblique Participants===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has only one object slot in the verb phrase. As a result, the recipient of a ditransitive clause needs to be introduced with the help of a coverb. The same strategy is also used to introduce other participants in oblique roles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Dative and Benefactive====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dative participants are marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;so&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|soth|give}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndá.|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man gives meat to the tiger.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Benefactive participants are marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;ung&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;help&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|músandai|strawberries}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ung|help}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pakh|sick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|īnīn.|daughter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother picks strawberries for her sick daughter.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Antibenefactive participants are marked using the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;āg&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;hurt&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwekh|deny}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ti|food}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|āg|hurt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fífí.|son}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother denies food to her son.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Benefactive and antibenefactive constructions are often used in cases where English would instead indicate possession:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bundum|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|núngú|shirt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ung|help}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My sister mends my shirt.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Turim|hostile.tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|klu|destory}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bāth|village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|āg|hurt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kírû.|husband}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A hostile tribe destroys my husband&#039;s village.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Instrumental====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Instrumental participants are marked using the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;use&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|phem|bake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gsac|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yoth.|oven}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother bakes bread in the oven.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In passive clauses, a demoted subject must immediately follow the passivized verb, with the instrumental falling at the end of the sentence:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|K’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cut}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|frau.|knife}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The meat has been cut by you, using a knife.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Comitative====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comitative participants are marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;fundau&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be with, bring&amp;quot;, while anticomitative participants are marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;re&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;lack, be without&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gak’ókh|hunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fundau|be.with}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa.|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I hunt deer with my brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gê|home}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|re|lack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My sister goes home without me.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Locative====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Locative participants are usually marked using the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;stand,&amp;quot; though other verbs such as &#039;&#039;&#039;nghau&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;sit&amp;quot; or &#039;&#039;&#039;lin&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;lie, recline&amp;quot; may be used to give additional information about the posture or position of the subject. In any case, the position of the subject relative to the locative participant is indicated using a preposition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hókh|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kath|near}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngêleth.|hearth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The woman sings a song near the hearth.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kau|bear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yeg|sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cō.|cave}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bear sleeps lying in a cave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the subject is in motion but the action still takes place at a single location, the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;thekh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;move around, wander&amp;quot; is used instead of a positional verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hai|1P}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tí|dance (v.)}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sasí|dance (n.)}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thekh|wander}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngêleth.|hearth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|We dance (a dance) around the hearth.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Negation===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sentences are negated with the auxiliary verb &#039;&#039;&#039;pekh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;not, be not&amp;quot;, which is placed before the rest of the verb phrase:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|takh|steal}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thú!|thing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother doesn&#039;t steal things/my brother isn&#039;t a thief!}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In general, contiguous serial verb constructions can only be negated as a whole. Negating one or more of the verbs in the construction separately is ungrammatical.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|akh|return}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hum.|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I&#039;m not coming home for dinner}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;*Na akh má pekh hum.&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;(ungrammatical; intended meaning: &amp;quot;I’m coming home but I won’t eat&amp;quot;)&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, if there is a modal auxiliary, negation may either take scope over the modal (and thus over the whole clause), or alternatively only over the non-modal part of the SVC:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng.|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You don’t have to leave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2SG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng.|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You’re not allowed to leave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In ECM constructions (see below), each verb phrase can be negated separately:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ca|request}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng.|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I&#039;m not asking you to leave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ca|request}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng.|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I&#039;m asking you not to leave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Individual noun phrases can be negated with the quantifier &#039;&#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;no, none&amp;quot;. Negating the object of a transitive clause in this way is often logically equivalent to negating the verb, but it has slightly different semantic connotations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sácau.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The dog hasn&#039;t gotten any meat. (Lit. &amp;quot;No meat has been gotten by the dog.&amp;quot;)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If only the subject is negated, the resulting meaning is often partitive, especially if the subject appears in a non-singular number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|K’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sâcau.|PL/dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|None of the dogs have gotten any meat.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A typical case in which both the subject and the object may be simultaneously negated is when two different subjects are contrasted with one another:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khath,|male.dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|to|3P.IN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sácau.|female.dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|It&#039;s not the male dog who hasn&#039;t gotten any meat, it&#039;s the female one.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Interrogatives===&lt;br /&gt;
====Polar Questions====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Polar questions in Mhakh Thandim are regularly formed by shifting the verb to the beginning of the clause, giving the word order VS(O), or VO(S) in passive constructions:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|T’i|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung?|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Are you coming?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Pau|find}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mandú|grove.of.apple.trees}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung?|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Have you found the grove of apple trees. (lit. Has the grove of apple trees been found by you?)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Copular predicates are questioned with a special interrogative copula &#039;&#039;&#039;sô&#039;&#039;&#039;, in addition to the regular shift in word order:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sô|Q.COP}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bum|good}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû?|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Is he a good man?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Content Questions====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Questions that give a list of possible answers are formed like polar questions, with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;ro&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;choose, select&amp;quot; introducing each alternative (which must appear in the form of a noun phrase):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ai|want}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kith|drink}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ro|choose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pe|beer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ro|choose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ú?|water}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Do you want to drink beer or water?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In order to ask about a particular noun phrase in a sentence, this noun phrase is marked with the interrogative determiners &#039;&#039;&#039;khau&#039;&#039;&#039; (referring to animate nouns) and &#039;&#039;&#039;khén&#039;&#039;&#039; (referring to inanimate nouns). Non-subject NPs are moved to the beginning of the sentence, along with the associated coverb in the case of oblique NPs, with all other elements remaining in their usual positions:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khau|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thim|person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hu|break}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’andí|spear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mú|of}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na?|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Who broke my spear?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khén|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’an|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|înggókh|PL/hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cath|carry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’i|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pai|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sāng?|coniferous.forest}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|What kind of meat did the hunters bring home from the forest?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These determiners combine with nouns like &#039;&#039;&#039;hong&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;place, area, region&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;&#039;sad&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;time&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;&#039;cí&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;manner, method&amp;quot; or &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;reason, motive, explanation&amp;quot; to create various adverbial interrogatives:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khén|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hong|place}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rólí|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só?|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Where is the king?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khén|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cí|method}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|asakh?|wolf}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|How did you kill the wolf?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Open content questions are formed in a similar manner using the copula &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, with the interrogative determiner taking a generic &amp;quot;dummy&amp;quot; noun as its referent:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khau|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thim|person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só?|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Who are you?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khén|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thú|thing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sō?|there}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|What&#039;s that over there?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Reflexives and Reciprocals===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since Mhakh Thandim does not have dedicated reflexive pronouns, statements where the subject acts upon itself simply use a normal personal pronoun co-referential with the subject in the object position of a transitive clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|āg|hurt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I fall down and hurt myself.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When a paucal or plural pronoun is used in this way, the resulting clause is often interpreted as reciprocal:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gandath|parents}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tgi.|3Pa}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My parents love each other.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In situations where ambiguity with a non-reflexive reading might arise, reflexive or reciprocal semantics can optionally be made explicit by reduplicating the object pronoun:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cut}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior cuts him/her/it.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cut}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior cuts himself.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Complex Sentences==&lt;br /&gt;
===Clause Coordination===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Clause-level conjunctions such as &#039;&#039;&#039;o&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;and&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;&#039;e&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;or&amp;quot;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;k’e&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;but, however&amp;quot; are placed clause-initially. Note that these conjunctions cannot be used to connect noun phrases:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Reph|boy}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|myid|be.brave}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dag.|be.intelligent}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The boy is brave and the girl is intelligent.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hri|now}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|baulā|weather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ú,|be.calm}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’e|but}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|1s}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thí|black}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lîlā|PL/cloud}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nikh|at}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|twa.|west}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Now the weather is calm, but I see dark clouds in the west.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Coordination of Noun Phrases===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Non-subject noun phrases are coordinated using the conjunction &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;and, with&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khag|cat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sácau.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I see a cat and a dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|phem|bake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gsac|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mháth|egg}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nga.|milk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother makes bread with egg and milk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This conjunction cannot be used for sentence subjects though, so subject noun phrases are instead coordinated with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;fundau&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be with, bring&amp;quot;. The fundau-phrase can appear either directly after the subject or after the main verb phrase, but it refers to the subject in both situations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fundau|be.with}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bamba|father}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yen|have.sex}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tgi.|3pa}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother and father have sex [with each other].}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wiróph|be.hungry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mad|be.tired}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fundau|be.with}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1s}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother and I are hungry and tired.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Noun phrases can be presented as alternatives to each other with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;ro&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;choose, select&amp;quot;, which is repeated before each NP. This conjunction can be used with both subjects and non-subjects:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dá|be.able}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ro|choose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|múwong|apple}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ro|choose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nhāwong.|pear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You may have some apple or some pear.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Contrastive coordination of noun phrases (&amp;quot;but&amp;quot;) is achieved with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;re&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be without&amp;quot; if the noun phrases appear in subject position, or with the conjunction &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;and, with&amp;quot; and the quantifier &#039;&#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;no, none&amp;quot; otherwise. Note that in both cases the negated NP must follow the non-negated one.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khath|male.dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|re|be.without}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sácau|female.dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad.|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The male dog receives meat but the female dog doesn&#039;t.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndai|know}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ka|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ka|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hókh.|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I know this man but not this woman.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Relative Clauses===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Relative clauses, i.e. subordinated clauses acting as an attribute to a noun phrase, are introduced with the relativizer &#039;&#039;&#039;kambum&#039;&#039;&#039;. A pronoun referring to the relativized noun is retained within the relative clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wath|all}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|músandai|strawberries}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|to.|3PL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My sister eats all of the strawberries that I pick.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If a pronoun itself is being relativized, it appears only in the relative clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tna|1PA}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|myid|be.courageous}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nec.|win}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|We courageous few will be victorious.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If both subject and object of a transitive relative clause are represented by the same pronoun, the relativized noun will be assumed to be the subject of the subclause. In order to relativize the object in such a situation, the subject must be represented by one of the special logophoric pronouns &#039;&#039;&#039;ídon&#039;&#039;&#039; (for animate referents) or &#039;&#039;&#039;ekhdon&#039;&#039;&#039; (for inanimate referents) instead, which explicitly refer back to the subject of the matrix clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior killed the man who attached him.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior killed the man whom he attacked.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Compliment Clauses===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Complement clauses, i.e. subordinated clauses acting as a noun (most importantly as the subject or object of a sentence), are formed much like relative clauses, being introduced with a noun related to the type of action or event described in the clause followed by the complimentizer &#039;&#039;&#039;kbau&#039;&#039;&#039;. Common nouns used in this manner include &#039;&#039;&#039;theb&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;event,&amp;quot; used to complimentize wide range of real and hypothetical events, &#039;&#039;&#039;xúlin&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;task,&amp;quot; used to complimentize occupations and activities, &#039;&#039;&#039;tī&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;idea,&amp;quot; used to complimentize plans and abstract concepts, and &#039;&#039;&#039;sai&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;word,&amp;quot; used to complimentize reported speech:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|takh|steal}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nakh|horse}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dá.|be.possible}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The girl could have stolen the horse.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rócókh|queen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nghō|dislike}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tī|idea}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hai|1PL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|turim.|enemy.tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The queen dislikes the idea of us attacking the enemy tribe.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Complement clauses can also act as the objects of coverbs:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dá|be.able}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gak’ókh|hunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ālam|PL/salmon}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|re|be.without}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xúlin|task}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fád.|river}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You can&#039;t catch salmon without going to the river.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Serial Verb Constructions (SVC)=&lt;br /&gt;
==Sequential Events==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of the most obvious uses of serial verb constructions is for expressing sequences of closely connected actions that are understood to form a single event. Verbs in a series of this type have equal status within the construction (i.e. there is no clear ‘head’), are ordered according to the actual temporal sequence, and usually have a shared subject.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sometimes all components of a sequential SVC are intransitive:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ca|clap}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya.|hail}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother claps her hands and waves goodbye.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sometimes all of the verbs are transitive. In this case, the SVC as a whole is transitive too, and both subject and object are shared by all verbs:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|P’olóm|lion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ā|bite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yí|chew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|au|swallow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad.|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The lion bites, chews, and swallows the meat.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If a transitive and an intransitive verb are used together, the intransitive verb must come first because it may not intervene between the transitive verb and its object:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hau|shout}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ínggókh.|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The tiger roars and attacks the hunter.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;*Ndá raríth hau ínggókh.&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;(ungrammatical)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sequential SVC often contain one or more passivized verbs. If the first verb in the series is passivized, the passive-marking particle &#039;&#039;&#039;ta&#039;&#039;&#039; is moved to the end of the SCV:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ā|bite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ma|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndá.|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The hunter died after being bitten by the tiger.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since passives are normally interpreted as perfective, an additional serialized verb is generally used to make such a sentence imperfective, usually &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;stand,&amp;quot; which comes before the the main SCV:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ā|bite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ma|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndá.|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The hunter is being bitten to death by the tiger.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the semantics and transitivity values of the verbs do not permit iconic order (for example because the verb that happens last is intransitive), or if two or more transitive verbs have different objects, it is not possible to use a sequential SVC. Instead, the event can be described as a sequence of independent clauses, with the shared subject being referred to with the logophoric pronouns &#039;&#039;&#039;ídon&#039;&#039;&#039; (animate) or &#039;&#039;&#039;ekhdon&#039;&#039;&#039; (inanimate) in all but the first of these chained clauses:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hau.|shout}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The tiger attacks the hunter and roars.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Lexicalized Sequential Serials===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many combinations of sequential serial verbs are lexicalized, usually referring to common, culturally recognized activities. As a guideline, the longer a SVC, the more likely it is to have acquired a specialized and often idiomatic meaning:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndai|know}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa|brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Sister recognizes her brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ít’ukh|priest}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fi|wrap.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yo|wear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rwilí.|mask}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The priest puts on a mask.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Bí|PL/man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bāth|village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tai|say}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uph|hear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yeth|think}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pó|reply}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thú|thing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mō.|be.important}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The men in the village discuss important matters.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Grammatical Use of Serial Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
===Causation===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The simplest method of forming causative statements in Mhakh Thandim is through the use of the auxiliary verb &#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;cause&amp;quot;, before the verb being causativized. This effectively increases the valency of intransitive verbs, and the clause is structured as if they were transitive:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|cause}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother made me fall.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The verb &#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039; can only be used as an auxiliary verb (except in a few fossilized sequential serial verb constructions such as &#039;&#039;&#039;li rú ... soth nga&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;milk (an animal)&amp;quot; (lit. &amp;quot;pull cause … give milk&amp;quot;)), so it never appears as the first element in an ECM construction. In its place, the verb &#039;&#039;&#039;soth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;give&amp;quot; can function as a generic causative verb. Causatives which involve movement of some sort often use &#039;&#039;&#039;sóndo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;put, place&amp;quot; instead:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|soth|give}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bamba|father}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cath|carry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’i|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kdarokh|firewood}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pai|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sāng.|coniferous.forest}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother made father bring in firewood from the forest.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ûnggín|bow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōb|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xó.|table}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior laid his bow on the table.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, many semantically causative statements can be formed as ECM constructions without the use of an explicit causative marker:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|P’olóm|lion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ā|bite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ma.|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The lion bites the hunter to death.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Intransitive verbs may act as the first verb in a causative ECM construction if serialized with a generic causative verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pándad|children.COLL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lau|laugh}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|soth|give}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|núb.|wake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I&#039;m woken up by the laughter of my children.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, in many cases a sequential serial verb construction may be interpreted as a cause-and-effect statement in which the event described by the second verb is a direct consequence of the action described by the first verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ít’ukh|priest}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cut}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thac|remove}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nhig.|beard}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The priest shaves off his beard. (lit. the priest cuts his beard, removing it).}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Comparison===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comparative statements are made with serial verb constructions using the verb &#039;&#039;&#039;ná&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;exceed, surpass&amp;quot;, which is simply added after the verb(s) expressing the compared quality:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|myid|be.brave}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa.|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping is braver than her brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Superlatives are formed by using a totality of referents as the object of the clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|myid|be.brave}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|de|every}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thim.|person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng is the bravest (lit. Táng is braver than every person).}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the compared quality is expressed with an adjective, the serial verb construction is introduced by a copular phrase that predicates the adjective to the subject. Unlike other adjectival predicates, no dummy noun is used:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda.|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng loves his mother more than his brother does.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa.|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng loves his mother more than he loves his mother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In cases like the second example, it’s common to leave out the subject of the second clause and replace the second verb with the particle &#039;&#039;&#039;ta&#039;&#039;&#039;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|do.same}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa.|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng loves his mother more than he does his brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Motion Verbs===&lt;br /&gt;
====Direction and deixis====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has a set of seven deictic motion verbs marking not only origin/destination, but also  the grammatical person of the reference point:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;l&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;min-width:15em;&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;min-width:15em;&amp;quot;| Origin (go away from)&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;min-width:15em;&amp;quot;| Destination (come towards)&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;min-width:15em;&amp;quot;| No direction (move)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;keng&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go away from speaker&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’i&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;come towards speaker&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go away from listener&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;má&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;come towards listener&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go away from a third person point of origin&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;come towards a third person destination&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thekh&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘go nowhere in particular, &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;move around, roam, wander’&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All of these deictic motion verbs are technically intransitive:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai.|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I’m leaving [you].}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the origin and destination verbs may also take a nominal complement. This is especially common with the third person motion verbs. With first and second person motion verbs, an overt complement that is not a matching pronoun will be interpreted to be possessed or accompanied by the given person:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth.|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|He/she goes towards the house.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth.|SGV/village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|He/she goes towards your house.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While deictic motion verbs may be used on their own, they are much more frequently encountered in serial verb constructions, generally ordered according to the iconic sequence of events (i.e. &#039;&#039;cause → motion away from → motion towards → result&#039;&#039;):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|huc|kick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|loth.|ball}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I kick the ball to you.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cuk’a.|hills}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You go toward the hills.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although somewhat contrived, the following example is grammatical:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Bamba|father}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pei|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’i|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gê.|home}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Our father left his house and came to yours, left yours and came to mine, then went back to yours and left it to return to his house.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(Note that each destination is explicitly left by the father before moving on to the next one. Stringing together several origin verbs or several destination verbs immediately after one another would be ungrammatical.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Manner of Motion====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Verbs indicating the manner of motion in Mhakh Thandim usually do not specify a direction, and so are often combined with directional verbs. Manner-of-motion verbs are placed between origin and destination verb if both are present; otherwise they appear before the directional verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|P’amba|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thekh.|move.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather goes for a stroll.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hém|be.quick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kdónâi.|riverbank}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I run toward the riverbank.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(Compare to &#039;&#039;&#039;p&#039;amba cam&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;grandfather is on foot&amp;quot; and &#039;&#039;&#039;na hém&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I am fast.&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This strategy is also used to convert verbs of posture or stationary movement to verbs of motion:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’i.|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior crawls toward me.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hai|1PL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pí|jump}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|am.|lake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|We jump toward the lake.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are a number of non-deictic motion verbs which do specify a direction (e.g. &#039;&#039;&#039;dú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go downhill, go downstream&amp;quot; or &#039;&#039;&#039;siph&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go through&amp;quot;). These may be used as manner-of-motion verbs too:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dú|go.downhill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The tiger tumbles downhill.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Source and Target====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The origin and destination verbs can also be used as coverbs to add an argument in the role of source or target respectively, increasing the valency of the main VP:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|srundau|throw}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gín|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí.|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The hunter shoots an arrow at the deer.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Posture and orientation===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Posture can be expressed by means of serializing the copula &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039; with one of the positional verbs &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;stand,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;nghau&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;sit,&amp;quot; or &#039;&#039;&#039;lin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;lie.&amp;quot; This means that the reduplicated sequence &#039;&#039;&#039;só só&#039;&#039;&#039; has the meaning &amp;quot;stand upright,&amp;quot; and can be used to disambiguate locative/positional ‘stand’ from the grammaticalized use of ‘stand’ as a non-locative copula:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só.|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng stands upright.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this type of construction the positional verbs may take a complement NP describing the location of the subject. An overt preposition is only necessary in order to specify more detailed spatial relationships than a generic &amp;quot;at,&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;on&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Phéd|oak.tree}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mro|3S.IN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hé.|ground}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A fallen oak tree lies on the ground.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Frau|knife}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōb|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xó.|table}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The knife lies on top of the table.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Posture constructions can be extended with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;sú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;watch, look at, face,&amp;quot; which introduces an additional directional complement. Other verbs of orientation like &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ub&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be parallel to,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;hū&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be perpendicular to,&amp;quot; and &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be diagonal to&amp;quot; may also be used in this manner:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pom|above}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ac|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sú|look.at}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng is standing on top of the rock, facing me.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note how the coverb phrase in the example above semantically relates to the subject of the posture predicate (so it is &#039;&#039;&#039;Táng&#039;&#039;&#039; who is facing the speaker), in contrast to the following sentence, where the preposition &#039;&#039;&#039;nge&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;across from, facing&amp;quot; is used instead, and relates to the immediately preceding noun phrase (so it is the rock which is facing the speaker):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pom|above}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ac|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nge|facing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng stands on top of the rock, which is facing me.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In order to describe a change of posture and/or orientation, the copula &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039; is replaced by an appropriate movement verb such as &#039;&#039;&#039;fai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;fall,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;syan&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;rise,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;ho&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;touch, get in contact with,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;mikh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;turn around,&amp;quot; or similar:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Phéd|oak.tree}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hé|ground}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hū|be.perpendicular}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fáph.|path}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The oak tree has fallen so that it lies on the ground, blocking the path.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mikh|turn.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sú|look.at}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’ungk’a.|mountains}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng turns around to stand facing the mountains.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Descriptions of posture and/or orientation can also be used as part of a larger predicate. In this case, the positional verb (series) appears as the second part of an ECM construction, with any additional complements following it. If causation is involved, &#039;&#039;&#039;sóndo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;put, place&amp;quot; is added to the first part of the ECM construction:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gli|3P.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’únda|make}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nghau|sit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kath|near}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sug.|pond}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|They build a house next to the pond.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Aspect===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By default, active verbs in Mhakh Thandim are also imperfective, while passive verbs are perfective. Additional aspectual distinctions may be made using serial verb constructions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;progressive aspect&#039;&#039; is expressed by using &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;stand&amp;quot;, as an auxiliary verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong.|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The girl is singing a song.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive aspect&#039;&#039; is expressed with the verbs &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;come&amp;quot; (preferred for states) or &#039;&#039;&#039;tú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;start, begin&amp;quot; (preferred for events), used in auxiliary position. Similar semantics may also be achieved with causative or factitive formations resulting in a stative predicate:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tú|begin}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong.|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The girl is starting to sing a song.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’olóm|lion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wiróph.|be.hungry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The lion is becoming hungry.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;habitual&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;iterative aspect&#039;&#039; can be formed by repeating a verb (effectively: serializing it with itself):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong.|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The girl is always singing songs.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In certain contexts, a &#039;&#039;resumptive&#039;&#039; interpretation is more appropriate:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hai|then.PST}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawi.|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Then his mother resumed sewing the cloak. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[said after describing how she stopped sewing for a while, e.g. in order to talk to someone]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When applying the habitual/iterative aspect to serial verb constructions, normally only the first non-auxiliary verb is repeated:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1SG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|arrive}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bāth|village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mú|of}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gli.|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I walked on and on until I reached their village.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, relatively short verb series that describe a conventional sequence of events are often repeated as a whole:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mikh|turn.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mén|look}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mikh|turn_around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mén|look}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pai|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ai|reason}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|langgú.|be.afraid}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng keeps turning and looking around because he is afraid.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In ECM constructions, both parts of the construction may be repeated individually:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|twí|allow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|twí|allow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|músandai.|strawberries}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping keeps allowing her sister to pick strawberries.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|twí|allow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|músandai.|strawberries}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping allows her sister to keep picking strawberries.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An &#039;&#039;experiential aspect&#039;&#039;, which indicates that the subject has been involved in an event of this type before, can be formed by using &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ukh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;know how to do sth.&amp;quot; as an auxiliary verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ukh|know}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’olóm.|lion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng has killed a lion before. / Táng knows how to kill a lion.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A &#039;&#039;completive aspect&#039;&#039;, which indicates that an event has been successfully completed, is marked with the verb &#039;&#039;&#039;sec&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;finish, complete&amp;quot; in series-final position. With directional motion verbs and lexically atelic verbs, &#039;&#039;&#039;khá&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;reach, arrive at&amp;quot; is used instead, again in series-final position:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bundum|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sec|finish}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mane.|sleeve}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother has finished mending the sleeve.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1SG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|arrive}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bāth|village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fáth|happen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|previous}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sagxob.|night}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I arrived at the village last night.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A &#039;&#039;cessative aspect&#039;&#039;, which indicates that an event stopped before being completed (and thus carries an implication of failure when used with telic verbs), may be formed with &#039;&#039;&#039;bab&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;stop, cease&amp;quot; in series-final position:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bundum|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bab|stop}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mane.|sleeve}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother stopped mending the sleeve.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|P’amba|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thekh|move.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bab.|stop}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather has stopped walking around.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An &#039;&#039;interruptive aspect&#039;&#039;, which indicates that an event was interrupted through outside influence, may be formed with &#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;lose, misplace&amp;quot;, in series-final position. When used with telic verbs, the interruptive aspect implies failure but emphasizes that the fault lies with events outside of the subject&#039;s control:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|lose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong.|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping had to stop singing (because something else happened).}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Sample text=&lt;br /&gt;
==Why people speak different languages==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Mwi yeg, o wath uwōndum só ya xob. Se mhath nggim só wōb kā hai. Mhakh thandim hu cad ta lán, o ídon pekh t’ukh cí kbau xwi keth thi. Gli thá iríph ríwau.&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Mummug só fai kambum nuth Wekh. Ki swo sáng o ídon ngú nggim wí cu keth, o ídon pai hém tú xúlin kbau ki lalú nggim. Fáth theb kbau mummug akh khá, ki dāph cath lo kanggí tiyíyā, kambum ki sóndo mro só lin nikh salú ya báth kambum thandim kê mro. Au ganggen fâi dāph cath lo sóndo kí sandai na kdarokh, ngú ngú theb kbau nggim thundam báth o thīm trau bab. Mhakh Thandim tanggang lau fong sawong ídon tí sasí thekh rú keth.&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Hai Ndá lo khá ya báth, o ídon li rú lo xúsalú wōb ró mí kambum ídon rama ki. Ndá sóndo nglau mí lin ya ngêleth, k’e k’ad lo mho keth pekh dac ta hu. Báth lo só tau hong, o xob mho de ge. Thīm kambum gli nghau cu wí keth trau du, khá sayec kbau ídon thá t’íth nath sa o ídon pekh dá tai sai bum. Thīm langgú mi sac li rú lo thīm kath gli, khá sayec kbau thandim t’é ta o ídon lo só ni niyandi. De nandi tú tai ganggen sai o rob wí Mhakh Thandim t’é ta wo cí kbau fi theb o ídon lo só ni rōb kambum hai uph gli hri.&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Interlinear gloss===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mwi|Sun}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yeng,|sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wath|entire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uwōndum|world}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xom.|darkness}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Sun slept, and all the world was dark.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mhath|stars}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nggim|shine}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōm|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kā|sky}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hai.|then.PST}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|No stars shone in the sky at that time.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mhakh|first}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hu|only}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cad|give.birth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lán,|new}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|not}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ukh|know}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cí|manner}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xwi|ignite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thi.|already}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The &#039;&#039;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039; were newly born into the world, and they did not yet know how to make a fire.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gli|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thá|shiver}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|iríph|complain.of}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ríwau.|freezing.cold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|They shivered and complained that they were cold.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mummung|squirrel}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|spirit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nuth|serve}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wekh.|Wekh}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Squirrel was one of the spirits who served Wekh.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|swo|climb}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sáng,|coniferous.tree}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nggim|light}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cu|distant}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth,|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pai|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hém|be.quick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tú|start}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xúlin|task}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lalú|examine}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nggim.|light}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|He climbed a tree and saw the light of a distant fire, and so he hurried away to investigate the light.}} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fáth|happen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mummug|squirrel}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|akh|return}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá,|arrive}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cath|carry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kanggí|red}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tiyíyā,|PAU/coal}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mro|3S.IN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nikh|at}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|salú|middle}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kê|dwell}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mro.|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|When Squirrel returned, he brought a small quantity of glowing coals, which he set down in the center of the house where the tribe lived.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Au|also}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ganggen|other}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fâi|PL/spirit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cath|carry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kí|dry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sandai|grass}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kdarokh,|firewood}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nggim|light}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thundam|fill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thīm|PL/person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trau|feel.cold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bab.|stop}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Other spirits came and added dry grass and firewood, until the house was filled with light and the people were no longer cold.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mhakh|first}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tanggang|AP/talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lau|laugh}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tí|dance[v]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sasí|dance[n]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thekh|wander}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth.|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The &#039;&#039;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039; talked and laughed and sang and danced around the fire.}} &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hai|then.PST}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|Tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|arrive}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth,|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|li|pull}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|cause}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xúsalú|body}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōb|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ró|big}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Then Tiger came in, dragging the body of a huge deer he had killed.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|Tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nglau|cook}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngêleth,|hearth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’e|but}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mho|cover}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|not}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dac|extinguish}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hu.|barely}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|He put the deer in the hearth to cook it, but the meat ended up covering the fire and almost putting it out.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Báth|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hong,|place}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xob|darkness}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mho|cover}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|de|every}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ge.|eye}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The house became cold, and it was too dark to see.}}  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Thīm|PL/person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gli|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nghau|sit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cu|far}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trau|feel.cold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|du,|really}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|reach}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sayec|end}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thá|shiver}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’íth|shake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nath|teeth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sa|rattle}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|not}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dá|be.able}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tai|say}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sai|words}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bum.|good}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The people sitting far from the fire felt so cold that their teeth chattered and they could not speak well.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Thīm|PL/person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|langgú|be.afraid}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mi|grasp}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sac|hold.onto}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|li|pull}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|cause}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thīm|PL/person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kath|near}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gli,|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|reach}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sayec|end}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’é|split}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ni|many}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|niyandi.|PAU/group}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The people were frightened and took ahold of those nearby, pulling them close, and so they became divided into many small groups.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|De|every}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nandi|group}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tú|begin}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tai|say}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ganggen|different}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sai,|words}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rob|language}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mhakh|first}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’é|split}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cí|manner}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fi|this.IN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ni|many}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rōb|PL/language}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hai|1PL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uph|hear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gli|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hri.|now}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Each group began to speak differently from the others, and in this way the tongue of the &#039;&#039;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039; became divided into the many languages that we hear today.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Mhakh Thandim Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Mhakh_Thandim&amp;diff=12726</id>
		<title>Mhakh Thandim</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Mhakh_Thandim&amp;diff=12726"/>
		<updated>2016-02-24T20:38:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{TBC|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Rom wí Mhakh Thandim&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[rɔm wi m̥əx θənˈdɪm]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = central Kè mountains&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = [[Ronquian languages|Ronquian]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = SVO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mostly isolating&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = NOM-ACC&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Article}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Rop wí Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;Language of the First Tribe&amp;quot;), hereafter &#039;&#039;&#039;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039;&#039;, is a [[Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] dialect cluster spoken amidst the foothills and alpine valleys of the central Kè mountains (MT. &#039;&#039;P’ungk&#039;a nikh Kbán&#039;&#039;) in northwest Tuysáfa around 1 YP. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although the nature of Mhakh Thandim consonant clusters (see below) makes it somewhat difficult to analyze the underlying phonemes found in syllable onsets, the more conservative dialects are generally described as having the following inventory of 27 consonants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;coronal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dorsal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p&#039; · pʰ · p&lt;br /&gt;
| t&#039; · tʰ · t&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| k&#039; · kʰ · k&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| ɸ · f&lt;br /&gt;
| θ · s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| x · χ&lt;br /&gt;
| h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m̥ · m&lt;br /&gt;
| n̥ · n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ŋ̊ · ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w&lt;br /&gt;
| l · r&lt;br /&gt;
| j&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is possible to analyze Mhakh Thandim&#039;s aspirated and ejective stops and voiceless nasals as underlying consonant clusters, but due to the frequency with which they are attested relative to ejective fricatives and voicless or glottalized approximants they will be treated as unitary phonemes for the purposes of this document.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has an unusual inventory of fricatives, which may be divided into two groups: /f/, /s/ and /χ/ are termed &amp;quot;strident&amp;quot;, while /ɸ/, /θ/, /x/, and /h/ are termed &amp;quot;spirant&amp;quot;. The spirant fricatives have a more limited distribution than their strident counterparts, and the two series contrast only in single-consonant syllable onsets. In this position, the place contrast between the two series is enhanced by an additional tense/lax distinction, with the strident fricatives being pronounced longer and more forcefully than their spirant counterparts. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The consonants are romanized as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
* /p&#039; pʰ p t&#039; tʰ t k&#039; kʰ k ʔ/ &#039;&#039;&#039;p&#039; p b t&#039; t d k&#039; k g c&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /f ɸ s θ χ x h/ &#039;&#039;&#039;f ph s th x kh h&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̊/ &#039;&#039;&#039;m mh n nh ng ngh&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /w l r j/ &#039;&#039;&#039;w l r y&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has a large inventory of 10 contrasting vowel qualities, which may be grouped into five tense/lax pairs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;central&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! high&lt;br /&gt;
| i · ɪ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| u · ʊ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| e · ɛ&lt;br /&gt;
| ə&lt;br /&gt;
| o · ɔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! low&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| a&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The mid-central vowel /ə/ is generally regarded as the lax counterpart of the low-central vowel /a/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, most dialects of Mhakh Thandim have two diphthongs, both of them closing and falling:  /aɪ̯ aʊ̯/. These are treated as tense vowels for the purpose of determining stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The vowel qualities are written as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɪ ɛ ə ɔ ʊ/ &#039;&#039;&#039;i e a o u&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /i e a o u/ &#039;&#039;&#039;í é á ó ú&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* /aɪ̯ aʊ̯/ &#039;&#039;&#039;ai au&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Register===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All vowels in Mhakh Thandim may be contrastively realized with modal or breathy voice, and breathy-voiced vowels are additionally pronounced longer than the corresponding modally-voiced vowels, and at a notably lower pitch. Breathy-voiced vowels make up a relatively small percentage of lexical vowels, but a shift from modal to breathy voice also serves as the primary method of marking the plural number in nouns. Orthographically, breathy-voiced lax are marked with a macron, and breathy-voiced tense vowels with a circumflex; for instance, /ə̤/ would be represented as &amp;lt;ā&amp;gt;, and /a̤/ as &amp;lt;â&amp;gt;. Only the first component of a diphthong is marked in this manner, as in &amp;lt;âi&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Syllables in Mhakh Thandim have the basic structure &#039;&#039;&#039;(C)(C)V(X)&#039;&#039;&#039;, where X may be any nasal, plain stop (including /ʔ/), or spirant fricative. Additionally, the approximants /w/, /l/, and /r/ may appear as coda consonants in intervocalic consonant clusters, but never word-finally. A syllable onset may consist of any of the following:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*No consonant&lt;br /&gt;
*Any single consonant&lt;br /&gt;
*A plain stop, strident fricative, voiced nasal, or /h/ followed by an approximant&lt;br /&gt;
*A plain stop followed by a strident fricative&lt;br /&gt;
*An aspirated stop followed by a non-homorganic plain stop, voiceless nasal, or approximant (which becomes voiceless)&lt;br /&gt;
*A strident fricative, nasal, or approximant and /ʔ/ (realized as an ejective fricative or glottalized sonorant)&lt;br /&gt;
*A strident fricative followed by a plain stop or non-identical strident fricative&lt;br /&gt;
*A nasal followed by a homorganic plain stop (which becomes voiced)&lt;br /&gt;
*Any two non-identical approximants in any order&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Intervocalic consonant clusters may consist of up to three segments, in cases where a syllable with a coda consonant is followed by one with an onset cluster.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Allophony and Phonetic Detail==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*With the exception of the interdental /θ/, “coronal” consonants may be freely realized as dental or alveolar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Ejectives in Mhakh Thandim are relatively &amp;quot;weak&amp;quot;, being distinguished from plain stops and fricatives primarily by a longer voice-onset time followed by a short interval of creaky phonation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Vowels are likewise partly glottalized adjacent to glottal stops, and complete glottal closure may not be achieved at all during rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Glottalized sonorants may be preglottalized or pronounced with creaky voice throughout their duration, and in either case the glottal constriction extends onto any preceding vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;Voiceless&amp;quot; nasals in Mhakh Thandim are only partially devoiced, with a voice onset time longer than that of a plain nasal but shorter than that of a plain stop.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Not all dialects preserve the distinction between /f/ and /ɸ/ and between /x/ and /χ/. In some one or both of these pairs have merged, while in others one or more of the spirant fricatives have been debuccalized to /h/. /θ/, which is an unusually common phoneme in Mhakh Thandim, is usually exempt from these mergers, though in a few villages it has merged with the plain stop /t/ word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*/r/ is more or less consistently realized as a trilled [r] initially and in clusters (though it is devoiced to [r̥] following aspirated stops) and as a flapped [ɾ] intervocalically.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*/l/ is generally in free variation with velarized /ɫ/, though the distribution of the latter varies significantly by dialect. In some varieties /l/ is never velarized, while in others it is entirely replaced by /ɫ/, and in some there is a regular alternation between /l/ and /ɫ/ before front and back vowels, respectively. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*In most dialects the lax vowel /ə/ is in roughly free variation with /ɐ/, with the latter realization being particularly common in stressed syllables and adjacent to dorsal consonants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Mhakh Thandim&#039;s breathy register is realized differently depending on the phonetic environment:&lt;br /&gt;
**In syllables beginning with a vowel, approximant, plain nasal, spirant fricative, or plain stop, the onset of breathy phonation usually corresponds closely with the beginning of the syllable, coloring the pronunciation of the onset consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
**Strident fricatives and aspirated stops are always voiceless, and the onset of breathy phonation following one of these sounds is the same as the regular voice onset time of a modal register syllable. Likewise, in a syllable beginning with a &amp;quot;voiceless&amp;quot; nasal, the initial voicelessness of the onset transitions directly into breathy voice.&lt;br /&gt;
**Because the glottal constriction in ejectives, glottal stops, and glottalized sonorants influences the phonation of surrounding vowels, these consonants can delay the onset of breathy voice or cause it to end prematurely. In rapid speach, no perceptible breathiness may be achieved at all, and breathy-register syllables in the vicinity of glottalized consonants may be distinguished solely by length and/or tone.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Stress==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has a non-phonemic dynamic accent which always falls on the first syllable in a word that has a tense vowel, or on the final syllable of a word with only lax vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of Words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim grammar relies heavily on word order and anylytic serial verb constructions, and has no regular inflectional verbal morphology. Verbs are distinguished as inherently transitive or intransitive, and an intransitive verb cannot behave as a trasitive verb (or vice-versa) without the aid of an auxiliary verb or explicit derivational marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nouns in Mhakh Thandim are marked only for number.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A fundamental distinction is also made between animate and inanimate nouns, though animacy is not explicitly marked on the noun. Inanimate nouns may additionally be distinguished as count nouns or mass nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Animate nouns are always considered singular in their least-marked form, and are regularly marked for the plural number by shifting the first syllable from the modal register to the breathy register.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;thim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;person, individual&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;thīm&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;people, individuals&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;p’olóm&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;lion&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ōlóm&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;lions&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A number of animate nouns have irregular or suppletive plural forms:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;thin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;ewe, sheep (less marked) → &#039;&#039;&#039;tná&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;ewes, sheep (less marked)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;nakh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;mare, horse (less marked) → &#039;&#039;&#039;kad&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;mares, horses (less marked)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A few animate nouns begin in a breathy syllable in their singular form and remain unchanged in the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;î&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;fish, fishes&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;īnīn&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;daughter, daughters&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to the simple plural, animate nouns have a collective plural, marked with the infix ⟨&#039;&#039;&#039;and&#039;&#039;&#039;⟩, which follows the onset consonant(s) of the first syllable. In nouns beginning with a vowel, this becomes the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;d&#039;&#039;&#039;-.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;nin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;nannygoat, goat (less marked)&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;nandin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;herd of goats&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;thim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;person&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;thandim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;tribe, people, ethnic group&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some collective animate nouns, mostly generic kinship terms, are not derived from any productive root, however.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;andath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;grandparents&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;handú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;siblings&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Inanimate count nouns are not morphologically marked for number, but may be modified by numerals and quantifiers. Inanimate mass nouns, however, may take the paucal infix ⟨&#039;&#039;&#039;iy&#039;&#039;&#039;⟩, which expresses that the noun is present in a small or insufficient quantity. With nouns beginning in a vowel, this becomes the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039;-.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ti&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;food&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;tiyi&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;a little food, not enough food&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;phid&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;oak woodland&amp;quot; → &#039;&#039;&#039;phiyid&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;oak grove, a few oaks&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The paucal infix is also sometimes used with collective animate nouns, but this is less common.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;niyandin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;a small herd of goats&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Pronouns and Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
===Personal Pronouns===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pronouns in Mhakh Thandim mark three  grammatical numbers: the singular, used to refer to exactly one referent, the paucal, used to refer to a relatively small number of referents, and the plural, used to refer to a relatively large number of referents. There are no strict rules governing when the paucal number should be used as opposed to the plural, and the frequency with which each is used varies considerably depending on the dialect and the individual speaker. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The third person pronouns also distinguish between animate and inanimate referents, and number is handled somewhat differently for the latter. The inanimate plural is used to refer to uncountable masses and collective groups, in addition to groups of multiple countable objects. Likewise, the paucal may be interpreted as referring to a small quantity of a substance or a small group of creatures, depending on the referent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;l&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;5&amp;quot;| &#039;&#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;6&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;l&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;| &#039;&#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tna&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hai&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 2&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mung&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tmung&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 2&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 3&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ki&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tgi&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;gli&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; | 3&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mro&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tro&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;to&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Indefinite Determiners===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim lacks simple indefinite pronouns (such as the English &amp;quot;someone&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;something&amp;quot;), instead making use of two indefinite determiners: &#039;&#039;&#039;ísó&#039;&#039;&#039; (used with animate referents) and &#039;&#039;&#039;esó&#039;&#039;&#039; (used with inanimate referents). These are used in conjunction with nouns, most commonly generic “dummy nouns&amp;quot; like &#039;&#039;&#039;thim&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;person&amp;quot; and &#039;&#039;&#039;thú&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;thing,&amp;quot; but more specific nouns may be used as well.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ísó thim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;somebody&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ísó sakh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some creature&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ísó hókh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some woman&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;esó thú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;something&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;esó hong&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some place&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;esó sambá&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some plant&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Makh Thandim makes use of three demonstratives, which distinguish only a single degree of spatial deixis. The demonstratives &#039;&#039;&#039;ka&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;fi&#039;&#039;&#039; can both be translated as &amp;quot;this&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;that,&amp;quot; referring to animate and inanimate referents respectively, while &#039;&#039;&#039;nhu&#039;&#039;&#039; is best translated as &amp;quot;the other&amp;quot;. These may only be used adnominally, but demonstrative pronouns can be created by pairing them with generic nouns, as with the indefinite determiners. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Interrogative Determiners===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rather than interrogative pronouns, Makh Thandim makes use of the interrogative determiners &#039;&#039;&#039;khau&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;khén&#039;&#039;&#039;, both best translated as &amp;quot;what?&amp;quot;, which, like other determiners, may be used pronominally by combining them with a noun. &#039;&#039;&#039;Khau&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with animate referents, while &#039;&#039;&#039;khén&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimates:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;khau thim&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;what person? who?&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;khau sakh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;what creature?&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;khén thú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;what thing? what?&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Indefinite Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;no, none&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;sdoth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;neither (of two)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;tre&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;none of the three&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;t’e&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;any (of many)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;t’oth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;either (of two)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;tat’oth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;any of the three&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;cí&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;some, few, a few&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;ngai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;a little, a small amount (of an uncountable mass)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ni&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;many&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;ndé&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;a lot, much, a large amount (of an uncountable mass)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;de&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;every (of a countable number)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;nath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;both&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;tna&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;all three&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;nā&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;all (of a countable number)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;each (of a collective group)&amp;quot;; &#039;&#039;&#039;wath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;all (of an uncountable mass), the entire, every (of a collective group)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system similar to that found in the nearby [[Ronc Tyu]] language. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! width=&amp;quot;28%&amp;quot;| cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! width=&amp;quot;28%&amp;quot;| multiplier&lt;br /&gt;
! width=&amp;quot;28%&amp;quot;| ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| p’ikh || bikh || mhakh&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| hí || cí || gso&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| t’uc || duc || ndoc&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| phau || pau ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| fang || wang ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || la ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| sath || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| hú || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| thám || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prepositions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many  grammatical relationships marked with preposition in English are handled in Mhakh Thandim using serial verb constructions (see below). However, there are a small number of prepositions used for marking spatial and genitive relationships between noun phrases.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Locative Prepositions===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most common locative prepositions are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;kath&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;near, next to&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;nge&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;across from, facing&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;ngu&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;east of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;nikh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;at&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;nwed&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;south of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;pom&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;above, at the top of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;pú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;north of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;around, surrounding&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;tá&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;below, under, on the bottom of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;taph&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;left of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;ti&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;behind, at the back of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;twa&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;west of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;outside of, at a distance from&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;wōb&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;on, on top of, on the surface of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;in, inside&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;yith&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;right of&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;yuth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;through, between&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Genitive Prepositions===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The preposition &#039;&#039;&#039;mú&#039;&#039;&#039; is used to mark the possessor of an inanimate object. Other kinds of genitive relationships use formed using locative prepositions. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ūnggín|bow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mú|of}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Brother&#039;s bow}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;wōb&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;on,&amp;quot; indicates the possessor of body parts and other things which are physically attached, as well as items currently being worn.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bú|hand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōm|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|my hand}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ârsí|tip}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōm|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ing|claw}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|tip of a/the claw}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|núngú|shirt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōm|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|your shirt (specifically the one you&#039;re wearing)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;in,&amp;quot; is used to indicate the possessor of an emotion, idea, or state, as well as for internal organs and other things normally thought of as being ‘inside’ their possessor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāth|anger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|mother&#039;s anger}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kwau|illness}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng&#039;s illness}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pdékh|soul}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping&#039;s soul}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039;, here best interpreted as meaning &amp;quot;out of,&amp;quot; may be used to indicate the origin or composition of a noun referent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngu|east}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|a/the man from the east}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kiyong|hall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ac|stone}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|a/the stone hall}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Possession&amp;quot; of kin and other living beings is handled without the use of a preposition, with the possessed term simply preceding the possessor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping&#039;s mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khath|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng&#039;s dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is worth noting that possessives are used less frequently in Mhakh Thandim than in English. For instance, one wouldn&#039;t typically say &#039;&#039;&#039;Táng hub ti mú ki&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;Táng eats his food.&amp;quot; In a statement like &#039;&#039;&#039;Táng hub ti&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;Táng eats food,&amp;quot; it is assumed that the food eaten belonged to Táng at the time, although context may indicate otherwise. Likewise, one would usually say &#039;&#039;&#039;danda ngi&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;mother is kind&amp;quot; rather than &#039;&#039;&#039;danda na ngi&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;my mother is kind,&amp;quot; as unmarked kinship terms are typically assumed to refer to referents related to the speaker (though, again, this depends on context).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Adjectives and Adverbs===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Adjectives and adverbs constitute relatively small, closed classes in Mhakh Thandim. Adverbs serve mostly to mark spacial and temporal deixis and certain types of modality. Examples include &#039;&#039;&#039;tíd&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;here,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;sō&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;there,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;hri&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;now,&amp;quot; and the emphatic &#039;&#039;&#039;du&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;really, indeed.&amp;quot; Other meanings expressed using adverbs in English, such as the manner in which an action is carried out, are instead expressed using serial verb constructions in Mhakh Thandim. Adjectives are mostly limited to basic vocabulary terms such a &#039;&#039;&#039;ró&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;big,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;ban&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;small,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;lán&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;new, young,&amp;quot; and &#039;&#039;&#039;bum&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;good,&amp;quot; while stative verbs are  used to express a much broader range of meanings. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Basic Syntax=&lt;br /&gt;
==Simple Sentences==&lt;br /&gt;
===Intransitive Clauses===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Intransitive clauses in Mhakh Thandim minimally consist of a subject noun followed by an intransitive verb, giving SV word order:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Bombo|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yeg.|sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The baby sleeps.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fu|wind}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ríkh.|blow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The wind blows.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Transitive Clauses===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Clauses with transitive verbs follow a SVO pattern.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Bamba|father}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bundum|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bwau.|roof}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Father fixes the roof.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngangú|notice}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tath.|rabbit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The hunter spots a rabbit.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Inanimate subjects of transitive verbs must be marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;use&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’andí|spear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sí|pierce}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rócau.|shield}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The spear pierces the shield.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sentences with directional verbs look a lot like ordinary transitives if there is an overt source or destination, but they are in fact intransitive: directional verbs cannot be passivized, and inanimate subjects in such constructions do not take &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gín|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí.|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The arrow approaches the deer.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While the above sentence is perfectly grammatical, directional motion verbs are more much more commonly used as part of a serial verb construction:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gín|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|srau|fly}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí.|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The arrow flies toward the deer.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Predication===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The verb &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;stand,&amp;quot; is used as a general copula in Mhakh Thandim, behaving as a transitive verb in that context:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hókh|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’un|tall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thim.|person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The woman is tall.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sakh|creature}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|asakh.|wolf}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The creature is a wolf.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When used to express a locative meaning, the exact type of spatial relation is indicated with a preposition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth.|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother is in the house.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pom|above}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sáng.|coniferous.tree}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother is at the top of the tree.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In most cases, an individual&#039;s profession is described using the verb describing the activity associated with that profession, rather than a copular clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gókh.|hunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother hunts/my brother is a hunter.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Pwa|maternal.uncle}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’únda|make}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yai.|boat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My maternal uncle makes a boat/my maternal uncle is a boat-builder.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive Voice===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Transitive verbs may be made passive using the particle &#039;&#039;&#039;ta&#039;&#039;&#039;, which immediately follows the verb. In a passive clause, the object of the transitive verb precedes the verb itself, occupying the position normally filled by the subject:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sawong|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta.|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The song is sung.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A subject may optionally be included after the verb and the passive voice particle, in the position normally occupied by the object of the verb. As normal, the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039; must be used before an inanimate subject. When a subject is included in this manner, passive constructions usually serve to mark the perfective aspect in addition to emphasizing the role of the object in the clause. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sawong|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda.|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The song has been sung by mother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Anggó|vase}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hu|break}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ac.|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The vase has been broken with a rock.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Oblique Participants===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has only one object slot in the verb phrase. As a result, the recipient of a ditransitive clause needs to be introduced with the help of a coverb. The same strategy is also used to introduce other participants in oblique roles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Dative and Benefactive====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dative participants are marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;so&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|soth|give}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndá.|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man gives meat to the tiger.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Benefactive participants are marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;ung&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;help&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|músandai|strawberries}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ung|help}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pakh|sick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|īnīn.|daughter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother picks strawberries for her sick daughter.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Antibenefactive participants are marked using the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;āg&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;hurt&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwekh|deny}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ti|food}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|āg|hurt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fífí.|son}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother denies food to her son.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Benefactive and antibenefactive constructions are often used in cases where English would instead indicate possession:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bundum|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|núngú|shirt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ung|help}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My sister mends my shirt.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Turim|hostile.tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|klu|destory}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bāth|village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|āg|hurt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kírû.|husband}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A hostile tribe destroys my husband&#039;s village.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Instrumental====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Instrumental participants are marked using the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;use&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|phem|bake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gsac|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yoth.|oven}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother bakes bread in the oven.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In passive clauses, a demoted subject must immediately follow the passivized verb, with the instrumental falling at the end of the sentence:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|K’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cut}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|frau.|knife}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The meat has been cut by you, using a knife.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Comitative====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comitative participants are marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;fundau&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be with, bring&amp;quot;, while anticomitative participants are marked with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;re&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;lack, be without&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gak’ókh|hunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fundau|be.with}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa.|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I hunt deer with my brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gê|home}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|re|lack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My sister goes home without me.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Locative====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Locative participants are usually marked using the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;stand,&amp;quot; though other verbs such as &#039;&#039;&#039;nghau&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;sit&amp;quot; or &#039;&#039;&#039;lin&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;lie, recline&amp;quot; may be used to give additional information about the posture or position of the subject. In any case, the position of the subject relative to the locative participant is indicated using a preposition:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hókh|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kath|near}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngêleth.|hearth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The woman sings a song near the hearth.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kau|bear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yeg|sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cō.|cave}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bear sleeps lying in a cave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the subject is in motion but the action still takes place at a single location, the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;thekh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;move around, wander&amp;quot; is used instead of a positional verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hai|1P}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tí|dance (v.)}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sasí|dance (n.)}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thekh|wander}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngêleth.|hearth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|We dance (a dance) around the hearth.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Negation===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sentences are negated with the auxiliary verb &#039;&#039;&#039;pekh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;not, be not&amp;quot;, which is placed before the rest of the verb phrase:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|takh|steal}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thú!|thing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother doesn&#039;t steal things/my brother isn&#039;t a thief!}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In general, contiguous serial verb constructions can only be negated as a whole. Negating one or more of the verbs in the construction separately is ungrammatical.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|akh|return}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hum.|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I&#039;m not coming home for dinner}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;*Na akh má pekh hum.&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;(ungrammatical; intended meaning: &amp;quot;I’m coming home but I won’t eat&amp;quot;)&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, if there is a modal auxiliary, negation may either take scope over the modal (and thus over the whole clause), or alternatively only over the non-modal part of the SVC:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng.|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You don’t have to leave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2SG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng.|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You’re not allowed to leave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In ECM constructions (see below), each verb phrase can be negated separately:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ca|request}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng.|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I&#039;m not asking you to leave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ca|request}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng.|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I&#039;m asking you not to leave.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Individual noun phrases can be negated with the quantifier &#039;&#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;no, none&amp;quot;. Negating the object of a transitive clause in this way is often logically equivalent to negating the verb, but it has slightly different semantic connotations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sácau.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The dog hasn&#039;t gotten any meat. (Lit. &amp;quot;No meat has been gotten by the dog.&amp;quot;)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If only the subject is negated, the resulting meaning is often partitive, especially if the subject appears in a non-singular number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|K’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sâcau.|PL/dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|None of the dogs have gotten any meat.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A typical case in which both the subject and the object may be simultaneously negated is when two different subjects are contrasted with one another:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khath,|male.dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|to|3P.IN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sácau.|female.dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|It&#039;s not the male dog who hasn&#039;t gotten any meat, it&#039;s the female one.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Interrogatives===&lt;br /&gt;
====Polar Questions====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Polar questions in Mhakh Thandim are regularly formed by shifting the verb to the beginning of the clause, giving the word order VS(O), or VO(S) in passive constructions:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|T’i|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung?|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Are you coming?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Pau|find}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mandú|grove.of.apple.trees}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung?|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Have you found the grove of apple trees. (lit. Has the grove of apple trees been found by you?)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Copular predicates are questioned with a special interrogative copula &#039;&#039;&#039;sô&#039;&#039;&#039;, in addition to the regular shift in word order:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sô|Q.COP}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bum|good}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû?|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Is he a good man?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Content Questions====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Questions that give a list of possible answers are formed like polar questions, with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;ro&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;choose, select&amp;quot; introducing each alternative (which must appear in the form of a noun phrase):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ai|want}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kith|drink}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ro|choose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pe|beer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ro|choose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ú?|water}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Do you want to drink beer or water?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In order to ask about a particular noun phrase in a sentence, this noun phrase is marked with the interrogative determiners &#039;&#039;&#039;khau&#039;&#039;&#039; (referring to animate nouns) and &#039;&#039;&#039;khén&#039;&#039;&#039; (referring to inanimate nouns). Non-subject NPs are moved to the beginning of the sentence, along with the associated coverb in the case of oblique NPs, with all other elements remaining in their usual positions:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khau|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thim|person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hu|break}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’andí|spear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mú|of}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na?|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Who broke my spear?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khén|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’an|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|înggókh|PL/hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cath|carry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’i|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pai|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sāng?|coniferous.forest}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|What kind of meat did the hunters bring home from the forest?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These determiners combine with nouns like &#039;&#039;&#039;hong&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;place, area, region&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;&#039;sad&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;time&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;&#039;cí&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;manner, method&amp;quot; or &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;reason, motive, explanation&amp;quot; to create various adverbial interrogatives:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khén|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hong|place}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rólí|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só?|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Where is the king?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khén|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cí|method}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|asakh?|wolf}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|How did you kill the wolf?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Open content questions are formed in a similar manner using the copula &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, with the interrogative determiner taking a generic &amp;quot;dummy&amp;quot; noun as its referent:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khau|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thim|person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só?|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Who are you?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khén|what}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thú|thing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sō?|there}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|What&#039;s that over there?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Reflexives and Reciprocals===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since Mhakh Thandim does not have dedicated reflexive pronouns, statements where the subject acts upon itself simply use a normal personal pronoun co-referential with the subject in the object position of a transitive clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|āg|hurt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I fall down and hurt myself.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When a paucal or plural pronoun is used in this way, the resulting clause is often interpreted as reciprocal:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gandath|parents}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tgi.|3Pa}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My parents love each other.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In situations where ambiguity with a non-reflexive reading might arise, reflexive or reciprocal semantics can optionally be made explicit by reduplicating the object pronoun:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cut}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior cuts him/her/it.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cut}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior cuts himself.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Complex Sentences==&lt;br /&gt;
===Clause Coordination===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Clause-level conjunctions such as &#039;&#039;&#039;o&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;and&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;&#039;e&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;or&amp;quot;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;k’e&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;but, however&amp;quot; are placed clause-initially. Note that these conjunctions cannot be used to connect noun phrases:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Reph|boy}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|myid|be.brave}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dag.|be.intelligent}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The boy is brave and the girl is intelligent.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hri|now}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|baulā|weather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ú,|be.calm}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’e|but}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|1s}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thí|black}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lîlā|PL/cloud}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nikh|at}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|twa.|west}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Now the weather is calm, but I see dark clouds in the west.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Coordination of Noun Phrases===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Non-subject noun phrases are coordinated using the conjunction &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;and, with&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khag|cat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sácau.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I see a cat and a dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|phem|bake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gsac|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mháth|egg}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nga.|milk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother makes bread with egg and milk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This conjunction cannot be used for sentence subjects though, so subject noun phrases are instead coordinated with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;fundau&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be with, bring&amp;quot;. The fundau-phrase can appear either directly after the subject or after the main verb phrase, but it refers to the subject in both situations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fundau|be.with}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bamba|father}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yen|have.sex}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tgi.|3pa}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother and father have sex [with each other].}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wiróph|be.hungry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mad|be.tired}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fundau|be.with}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1s}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother and I are hungry and tired.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Noun phrases can be presented as alternatives to each other with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;ro&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;choose, select&amp;quot;, which is repeated before each NP. This conjunction can be used with both subjects and non-subjects:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dá|be.able}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ro|choose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|múwong|apple}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ro|choose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nhāwong.|pear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You may have some apple or some pear.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Contrastive coordination of noun phrases (&amp;quot;but&amp;quot;) is achieved with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;re&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be without&amp;quot; if the noun phrases appear in subject position, or with the conjunction &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;and, with&amp;quot; and the quantifier &#039;&#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;no, none&amp;quot; otherwise. Note that in both cases the negated NP must follow the non-negated one.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Khath|male.dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|re|be.without}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sácau|female.dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|so|get}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad.|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The male dog receives meat but the female dog doesn&#039;t.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndai|know}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ka|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ka|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hókh.|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I know this man but not this woman.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Relative Clauses===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Relative clauses, i.e. subordinated clauses acting as an attribute to a noun phrase, are introduced with the relativizer &#039;&#039;&#039;kambum&#039;&#039;&#039;. A pronoun referring to the relativized noun is retained within the relative clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wath|all}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|músandai|strawberries}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|to.|3PL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My sister eats all of the strawberries that I pick.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If a pronoun itself is being relativized, it appears only in the relative clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tna|1PA}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|myid|be.courageous}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nec.|win}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|We courageous few will be victorious.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If both subject and object of a transitive relative clause are represented by the same pronoun, the relativized noun will be assumed to be the subject of the subclause. In order to relativize the object in such a situation, the subject must be represented by one of the special logophoric pronouns &#039;&#039;&#039;ídon&#039;&#039;&#039; (for animate referents) or &#039;&#039;&#039;ekhdon&#039;&#039;&#039; (for inanimate referents) instead, which explicitly refer back to the subject of the matrix clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior killed the man who attached him.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tû|man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior killed the man whom he attacked.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Compliment Clauses===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Complement clauses, i.e. subordinated clauses acting as a noun (most importantly as the subject or object of a sentence), are formed much like relative clauses, being introduced with a noun related to the type of action or event described in the clause followed by the complimentizer &#039;&#039;&#039;kbau&#039;&#039;&#039;. Common nouns used in this manner include &#039;&#039;&#039;theb&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;event,&amp;quot; used to complimentize wide range of real and hypothetical events, &#039;&#039;&#039;xúlin&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;task,&amp;quot; used to complimentize occupations and activities, &#039;&#039;&#039;tī&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;idea,&amp;quot; used to complimentize plans and abstract concepts, and &#039;&#039;&#039;sai&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;word,&amp;quot; used to complimentize reported speech:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|takh|steal}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nakh|horse}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dá.|be.possible}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The girl could have stolen the horse.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rócókh|queen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nghō|dislike}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tī|idea}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hai|1PL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|turim.|enemy.tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The queen dislikes the idea of us attacking the enemy tribe.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Complement clauses can also act as the objects of coverbs:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|NEG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dá|be.able}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gak’ókh|hunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ālam|PL/salmon}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|re|be.without}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xúlin|task}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fád.|river}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You can&#039;t catch salmon without going to the river.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Serial Verb Constructions (SVC)=&lt;br /&gt;
==Sequential Events==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of the most obvious uses of serial verb constructions is for expressing sequences of closely connected actions that are understood to form a single event. Verbs in a series of this type have equal status within the construction (i.e. there is no clear ‘head’), are ordered according to the actual temporal sequence, and usually have a shared subject.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sometimes all components of a sequential SVC are intransitive:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ca|clap}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya.|hail}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother claps her hands and waves goodbye.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sometimes all of the verbs are transitive. In this case, the SVC as a whole is transitive too, and both subject and object are shared by all verbs:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|P’olóm|lion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ā|bite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yí|chew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|au|swallow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad.|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The lion bites, chews, and swallows the meat.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If a transitive and an intransitive verb are used together, the intransitive verb must come first because it may not intervene between the transitive verb and its object:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hau|shout}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ínggókh.|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The tiger roars and attacks the hunter.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;*Ndá raríth hau ínggókh.&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;(ungrammatical)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sequential SVC often contain one or more passivized verbs. If the first verb in the series is passivized, the passive-marking particle &#039;&#039;&#039;ta&#039;&#039;&#039; is moved to the end of the SCV:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ā|bite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ma|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndá.|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The hunter died after being bitten by the tiger.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since passives are normally interpreted as perfective, an additional serialized verb is generally used to make such a sentence imperfective, usually &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;stand,&amp;quot; which comes before the the main SCV:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ā|bite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ma|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndá.|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The hunter is being bitten to death by the tiger.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the semantics and transitivity values of the verbs do not permit iconic order (for example because the verb that happens last is intransitive), or if two or more transitive verbs have different objects, it is not possible to use a sequential SVC. Instead, the event can be described as a sequence of independent clauses, with the shared subject being referred to with the logophoric pronouns &#039;&#039;&#039;ídon&#039;&#039;&#039; (animate) or &#039;&#039;&#039;ekhdon&#039;&#039;&#039; (inanimate) in all but the first of these chained clauses:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|raríth|attack}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hau.|shout}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The tiger attacks the hunter and roars.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Lexicalized Sequential Serials===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many combinations of sequential serial verbs are lexicalized, usually referring to common, culturally recognized activities. As a guideline, the longer a SVC, the more likely it is to have acquired a specialized and often idiomatic meaning:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ndai|know}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa|brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Sister recognizes her brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ít’ukh|priest}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fi|wrap.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yo|wear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rwilí.|mask}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The priest puts on a mask.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Bí|PL/man}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bāth|village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tai|say}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uph|hear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yeth|think}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pó|reply}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thú|thing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mō.|be.important}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The men in the village discuss important matters.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Grammatical Use of Serial Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
===Causation===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The simplest method of forming causative statements in Mhakh Thandim is through the use of the auxiliary verb &#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;cause&amp;quot;, before the verb being causativized. This effectively increases the valency of intransitive verbs, and the clause is structured as if they were transitive:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|cause}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|My brother made me fall.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The verb &#039;&#039;&#039;rú&#039;&#039;&#039; can only be used as an auxiliary verb (except in a few fossilized sequential serial verb constructions such as &#039;&#039;&#039;li rú ... soth nga&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;milk (an animal)&amp;quot; (lit. &amp;quot;pull cause … give milk&amp;quot;)), so it never appears as the first element in an ECM construction. In its place, the verb &#039;&#039;&#039;soth&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;give&amp;quot; can function as a generic causative verb. Causatives which involve movement of some sort often use &#039;&#039;&#039;sóndo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;put, place&amp;quot; instead:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|soth|give}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bamba|father}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cath|carry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’i|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kdarokh|firewood}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pai|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sāng.|coniferous.forest}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother made father bring in firewood from the forest.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ûnggín|bow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōb|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xó.|table}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior laid his bow on the table.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, many semantically causative statements can be formed as ECM constructions without the use of an explicit causative marker:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|P’olóm|lion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ā|bite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ma.|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The lion bites the hunter to death.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Intransitive verbs may act as the first verb in a causative ECM construction if serialized with a generic causative verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pándad|children.COLL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lau|laugh}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|soth|give}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|núb.|wake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I&#039;m woken up by the laughter of my children.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, in many cases a sequential serial verb construction may be interpreted as a cause-and-effect statement in which the event described by the second verb is a direct consequence of the action described by the first verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ít’ukh|priest}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cut}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thac|remove}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nhig.|beard}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The priest shaves off his beard. (lit. the priest cuts his beard, removing it).}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Comparison===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comparative statements are made with serial verb constructions using the verb &#039;&#039;&#039;ná&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;exceed, surpass&amp;quot;, which is simply added after the verb(s) expressing the compared quality:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|myid|be.brave}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa.|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping is braver than her brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Superlatives are formed by using a totality of referents as the object of the clause:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|myid|be.brave}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|de|every}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thim.|person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng is the bravest (lit. Táng is braver than every person).}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the compared quality is expressed with an adjective, the serial verb construction is introduced by a copular phrase that predicates the adjective to the subject. Unlike other adjectival predicates, no dummy noun is used:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda.|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng loves his mother more than his brother does.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa.|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng loves his mother more than he loves his mother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In cases like the second example, it’s common to leave out the subject of the second clause and replace the second verb with the particle &#039;&#039;&#039;ta&#039;&#039;&#039;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pwing|love}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ná|exceed}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|do.same}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fafa.|brother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng loves his mother more than he does his brother.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Motion Verbs===&lt;br /&gt;
====Direction and deixis====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mhakh Thandim has a set of seven deictic motion verbs marking not only origin/destination, but also  the grammatical person of the reference point:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;l&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;min-width:15em;&amp;quot;|&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;min-width:15em;&amp;quot;| Origin (go away from)&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;min-width:15em;&amp;quot;| Destination (come towards)&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;min-width:15em;&amp;quot;| No direction (move)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;keng&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go away from speaker&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;t’i&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;come towards speaker&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go away from listener&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;má&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;come towards listener&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go away from a third person point of origin&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;come towards a third person destination&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;thekh&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘go nowhere in particular, &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;move around, roam, wander’&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All of these deictic motion verbs are technically intransitive:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai.|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I’m leaving [you].}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the origin and destination verbs may also take a nominal complement. This is especially common with the third person motion verbs. With first and second person motion verbs, an overt complement that is not a matching pronoun will be interpreted to be possessed or accompanied by the given person:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth.|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|He/she goes towards the house.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth.|SGV/village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|He/she goes towards your house.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While deictic motion verbs may be used on their own, they are much more frequently encountered in serial verb constructions, generally ordered according to the iconic sequence of events (i.e. &#039;&#039;cause → motion away from → motion towards → result&#039;&#039;):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|huc|kick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|loth.|ball}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I kick the ball to you.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mung|2S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cuk’a.|hills}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|You go toward the hills.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although somewhat contrived, the following example is grammatical:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Bamba|father}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pei|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’i|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|má|come.to.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cai|go.from.2}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gê.|home}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Our father left his house and came to yours, left yours and came to mine, then went back to yours and left it to return to his house.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(Note that each destination is explicitly left by the father before moving on to the next one. Stringing together several origin verbs or several destination verbs immediately after one another would be ungrammatical.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Manner of Motion====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Verbs indicating the manner of motion in Mhakh Thandim usually do not specify a direction, and so are often combined with directional verbs. Manner-of-motion verbs are placed between origin and destination verb if both are present; otherwise they appear before the directional verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|P’amba|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thekh.|move.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather goes for a stroll.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hém|be.quick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kdónâi.|riverbank}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I run toward the riverbank.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(Compare to &#039;&#039;&#039;p&#039;amba cam&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;grandfather is on foot&amp;quot; and &#039;&#039;&#039;na hém&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I am fast.&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This strategy is also used to convert verbs of posture or stationary movement to verbs of motion:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Feth|warrior}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’i.|come.to.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The warrior crawls toward me.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hai|1PL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keng|go.from.1}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pí|jump}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|am.|lake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|We jump toward the lake.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are a number of non-deictic motion verbs which do specify a direction (e.g. &#039;&#039;&#039;dú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go downhill, go downstream&amp;quot; or &#039;&#039;&#039;siph&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;go through&amp;quot;). These may be used as manner-of-motion verbs too:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dú|go.downhill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The tiger tumbles downhill.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Source and Target====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The origin and destination verbs can also be used as coverbs to add an argument in the role of source or target respectively, increasing the valency of the main VP:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ínggókh|hunter}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|srundau|throw}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gín|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí.|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The hunter shoots an arrow at the deer.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Posture and orientation===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Posture can be expressed by means of serializing the copula &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039; with one of the positional verbs &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;stand,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;nghau&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;sit,&amp;quot; or &#039;&#039;&#039;lin&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;lie.&amp;quot; This means that the reduplicated sequence &#039;&#039;&#039;só só&#039;&#039;&#039; has the meaning &amp;quot;stand upright,&amp;quot; and can be used to disambiguate locative/positional ‘stand’ from the grammaticalized use of ‘stand’ as a non-locative copula:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só.|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng stands upright.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this type of construction the positional verbs may take a complement NP describing the location of the subject. An overt preposition is only necessary in order to specify more detailed spatial relationships than a generic &amp;quot;at,&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;on&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Phéd|oak.tree}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mro|3S.IN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hé.|ground}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A fallen oak tree lies on the ground.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Frau|knife}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōb|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xó.|table}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The knife lies on top of the table.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Posture constructions can be extended with the coverb &#039;&#039;&#039;sú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;watch, look at, face,&amp;quot; which introduces an additional directional complement. Other verbs of orientation like &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ub&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be parallel to,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;hū&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be perpendicular to,&amp;quot; and &#039;&#039;&#039;p’ang&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;be diagonal to&amp;quot; may also be used in this manner:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pom|above}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ac|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sú|look.at}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng is standing on top of the rock, facing me.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note how the coverb phrase in the example above semantically relates to the subject of the posture predicate (so it is &#039;&#039;&#039;Táng&#039;&#039;&#039; who is facing the speaker), in contrast to the following sentence, where the preposition &#039;&#039;&#039;nge&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;across from, facing&amp;quot; is used instead, and relates to the immediately preceding noun phrase (so it is the rock which is facing the speaker):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pom|above}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ac|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nge|facing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na.|1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng stands on top of the rock, which is facing me.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In order to describe a change of posture and/or orientation, the copula &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039; is replaced by an appropriate movement verb such as &#039;&#039;&#039;fai&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;fall,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;syan&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;rise,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;ho&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;touch, get in contact with,&amp;quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;mikh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;turn around,&amp;quot; or similar:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Phéd|oak.tree}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|fall}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hé|ground}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hū|be.perpendicular}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fáph.|path}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The oak tree has fallen so that it lies on the ground, blocking the path.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mikh|turn.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sú|look.at}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’ungk’a.|mountains}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng turns around to stand facing the mountains.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Descriptions of posture and/or orientation can also be used as part of a larger predicate. In this case, the positional verb (series) appears as the second part of an ECM construction, with any additional complements following it. If causation is involved, &#039;&#039;&#039;sóndo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;put, place&amp;quot; is added to the first part of the ECM construction:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gli|3P.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’únda|make}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nghau|sit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kath|near}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sug.|pond}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|They build a house next to the pond.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Aspect===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By default, active verbs in Mhakh Thandim are also imperfective, while passive verbs are perfective. Additional aspectual distinctions may be made using serial verb constructions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;progressive aspect&#039;&#039; is expressed by using &#039;&#039;&#039;só&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;stand&amp;quot;, as an auxiliary verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong.|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The girl is singing a song.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive aspect&#039;&#039; is expressed with the verbs &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;come&amp;quot; (preferred for states) or &#039;&#039;&#039;tú&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;start, begin&amp;quot; (preferred for events), used in auxiliary position. Similar semantics may also be achieved with causative or factitive formations resulting in a stative predicate:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tú|begin}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong.|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The girl is starting to sing a song.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’olóm|lion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wiróph.|be.hungry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The lion is becoming hungry.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;habitual&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;iterative aspect&#039;&#039; can be formed by repeating a verb (effectively: serializing it with itself):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Nonnong|girl}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong.|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The girl is always singing songs.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In certain contexts, a &#039;&#039;resumptive&#039;&#039; interpretation is more appropriate:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hai|then.PST}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawi.|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Then his mother resumed sewing the cloak. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[said after describing how she stopped sewing for a while, e.g. in order to talk to someone]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When applying the habitual/iterative aspect to serial verb constructions, normally only the first non-auxiliary verb is repeated:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1SG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|arrive}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bāth|village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mú|of}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gli.|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I walked on and on until I reached their village.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, relatively short verb series that describe a conventional sequence of events are often repeated as a whole:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mikh|turn.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mén|look}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mikh|turn_around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mén|look}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pai|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ai|reason}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|langgú.|be.afraid}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng keeps turning and looking around because he is afraid.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In ECM constructions, both parts of the construction may be repeated individually:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|twí|allow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|twí|allow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|músandai.|strawberries}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping keeps allowing her sister to pick strawberries.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|twí|allow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sasa|sister}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngôth|pick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|músandai.|strawberries}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping allows her sister to keep picking strawberries.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An &#039;&#039;experiential aspect&#039;&#039;, which indicates that the subject has been involved in an event of this type before, can be formed by using &#039;&#039;&#039;t’ukh&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;know how to do sth.&amp;quot; as an auxiliary verb:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Táng|Táng}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ukh|know}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|p’olóm.|lion}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Táng has killed a lion before. / Táng knows how to kill a lion.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A &#039;&#039;completive aspect&#039;&#039;, which indicates that an event has been successfully completed, is marked with the verb &#039;&#039;&#039;sec&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;finish, complete&amp;quot; in series-final position. With directional motion verbs and lexically atelic verbs, &#039;&#039;&#039;khá&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;reach, arrive at&amp;quot; is used instead, again in series-final position:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bundum|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sec|finish}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mane.|sleeve}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother has finished mending the sleeve.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Na|1SG}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|arrive}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bāth|village}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fáth|happen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|previous}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sagxob.|night}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I arrived at the village last night.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A &#039;&#039;cessative aspect&#039;&#039;, which indicates that an event stopped before being completed (and thus carries an implication of failure when used with telic verbs), may be formed with &#039;&#039;&#039;bab&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;stop, cease&amp;quot; in series-final position:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Danda|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hun|sew}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bundum|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bab|stop}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mane.|sleeve}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Mother stopped mending the sleeve.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|P’amba|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cam|walk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thekh|move.around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bab.|stop}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather has stopped walking around.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An &#039;&#039;interruptive aspect&#039;&#039;, which indicates that an event was interrupted through outside influence, may be formed with &#039;&#039;&#039;wí&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;lose, misplace&amp;quot;, in series-final position. When used with telic verbs, the interruptive aspect implies failure but emphasizes that the fault lies with events outside of the subject&#039;s control:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ping|Ping}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|lose}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong.|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Ping had to stop singing (because something else happened).}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Sample text=&lt;br /&gt;
==Why people speak different languages==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Mwi yeg, o wath uwōndum só ya xob. Se mhath nggim só wōb kā hai. Mhakh thandim hu cad ta lán, o ídon pekh t’ukh cí kbau xwi keth thi. Gli thá iríph ríwau.&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Mummug só fai kambum nuth Wekh. Ki swo sáng o ídon ngú nggim wí cu keth, o ídon pai hém tú xúlin kbau ki lalú nggim. Fáth theb kbau mummug akh khá, ki dāph cath lo kanggí tiyíyā, kambum ki sóndo mro só lin nikh salú ya báth kambum thandim kê mro. Au ganggen fâi dāph cath lo sóndo kí sandai na kdarokh, ngú ngú theb kbau nggim thundam báth o thīm trau bab. Mhakh Thandim tanggang lau fong sawong ídon tí sasí thekh rú keth.&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Hai Ndá lo khá ya báth, o ídon li rú lo xúsalú wōb ró mí kambum ídon rama ki. Ndá sóndo nglau mí lin ya ngêleth, k’e k’ad lo mho keth pekh dac ta hu. Báth lo só tau hong, o xob mho de ge. Thīm kambum gli nghau cu wí keth trau du, khá sayec kbau ídon thá t’íth nath sa o ídon pekh dá tai sai bum. Thīm langgú mi sac li rú lo thīm kath gli, khá sayec kbau thandim t’é ta o ídon lo só ni niyandi. De nandi tú tai ganggen sai o rob wí Mhakh Thandim t’é ta wo cí kbau fi theb o ídon lo só ni rōb kambum hai uph gli hri.&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Interlinear gloss===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mwi|Sun}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yeng,|sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wath|entire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uwōndum|world}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xom.|darkness}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Sun slept, and all the world was dark.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Se|no}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mhath|stars}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nggim|shine}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōm|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kā|sky}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hai.|then.PST}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|No stars shone in the sky at that time.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mhakh|first}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hu|only}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cad|give.birth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lán,|new}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|not}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’ukh|know}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cí|manner}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xwi|ignite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thi.|already}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The &#039;&#039;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039; were newly born into the world, and they did not yet know how to make a fire.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Gli|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thá|shiver}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|iríph|complain.of}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ríwau.|freezing.cold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|They shivered and complained that they were cold.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mummung|squirrel}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fai|spirit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nuth|serve}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wekh.|Wekh}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Squirrel was one of the spirits who served Wekh.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|swo|climb}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sáng,|coniferous.tree}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nggim|light}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cu|distant}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth,|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pai|go.from.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hém|be.quick}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tú|start}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xúlin|task}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lalú|examine}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nggim.|light}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|He climbed a tree and saw the light of a distant fire, and so he hurried away to investigate the light.}} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Fáth|happen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mummug|squirrel}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|akh|return}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá,|arrive}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cath|carry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kanggí|red}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tiyíyā,|PAU/coal}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mro|3S.IN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nikh|at}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|salú|middle}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kê|dwell}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mro.|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|When Squirrel returned, he brought a small quantity of glowing coals, which he set down in the center of the house where the tribe lived.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Au|also}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ganggen|other}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fâi|PL/spirit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dāph|take}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cath|carry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kí|dry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sandai|grass}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kdarokh,|firewood}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngú|see}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nggim|light}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thundam|fill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thīm|PL/person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trau|feel.cold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bab.|stop}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Other spirits came and added dry grass and firewood, until the house was filled with light and the people were no longer cold.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mhakh|first}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tanggang|AP/talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lau|laugh}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fong|sing}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sawong|song}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tí|dance[v]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sasí|dance[n]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thekh|wander}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|around}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth.|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The &#039;&#039;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039; talked and laughed and sang and danced around the fire.}} &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hai|then.PST}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|Tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|arrive}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|báth,|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|li|pull}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|cause}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xúsalú|body}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wōb|on}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ró|big}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ki.|3S.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Then Tiger came in, dragging the body of a huge deer he had killed.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Ndá|Tiger}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sóndo|put}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nglau|cook}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mí|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lin|lie}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ya|in}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ngêleth,|hearth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’e|but}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|k’ad|meat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mho|cover}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|not}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dac|extinguish}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hu.|barely}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|He put the deer in the hearth to cook it, but the meat ended up covering the fire and almost putting it out.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Báth|house}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tau|cold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hong,|place}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|xob|darkness}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mho|cover}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|de|every}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ge.|eye}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The house became cold, and it was too dark to see.}}  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Thīm|PL/person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|REL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gli|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nghau|sit}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cu|far}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|keth|fire}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trau|feel.cold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|du,|really}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|reach}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sayec|end}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thá|shiver}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’íth|shake}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nath|teeth}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sa|rattle}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pekh|not}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|dá|be.able}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tai|say}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sai|words}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|bum.|good}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The people sitting far from the fire felt so cold that their teeth chattered and they could not speak well.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Thīm|PL/person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|langgú|be.afraid}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|mi|grasp}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sac|hold.onto}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|li|pull}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rú|cause}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thīm|PL/person}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kath|near}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gli,|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|khá|reach}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sayec|end}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’é|split}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ni|many}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|niyandi.|PAU/group}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The people were frightened and took ahold of those nearby, pulling them close, and so they became divided into many small groups.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|De|every}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nandi|group}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tú|begin}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tai|say}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ganggen|different}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|sai,|words}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rob|language}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wí|outside}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Mhakh|first}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Thandim|tribe}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|t’é|split}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ta|PASS}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wo|use}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|cí|manner}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kbau|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|fi|this.IN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|theb|event}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|o|and}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ídon|same.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lo|come.to.3}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|só|stand}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ni|many}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rōb|PL/language}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kambum|SUB}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hai|1PL}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uph|hear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|gli|3PL.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hri.|now}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Each group began to speak differently from the others, and in this way the tongue of the &#039;&#039;Mhakh Thandim&#039;&#039; became divided into the many languages that we hear today.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Mhakh Thandim Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12702</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12702"/>
		<updated>2016-02-11T22:38:49Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* Auxiliaries */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = split ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;(C)V(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters. Words phonemically beginning in a vowel are phonetically realized with an initial glottal stop, which is not represented in the orthography.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. With noun stems beginning in a vowel, the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a vowel, the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || reytruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || reypal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || reyhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || reysa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || reyšat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || reykol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || reytree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions. Verbs may also be marked for the perfective and iterative aspects and the interrogative mood, while additional grammatical categories are primarily indicated using verbal auxiliaries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a vowel, as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a vowel, the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer is killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe a single, completed event or a state that is no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the free-standing particle &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed immediately before the verb phrase. Any auxiliaries or prefixes further modifying the verb invariably come after the perfective particle, as it is syntatically treated as standing outside of the verb phrase proper. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Interrogative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Questions in Ray Tyuwey Išup are generally formed using the &#039;&#039;interrogative mood&#039;&#039;, which transforms a clause into a polar (&amp;quot;yes or no&amp;quot;) question. Other types of questions are formed through specialized syntax, but likewise involve the use of the interrogative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The interrogative mood (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-is-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable in the verb stem. Following a labial consonant, the infix is realized as &#039;&#039;&#039;-us-&#039;&#039;&#039;, while before /i/ it becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-iš-&#039;&#039;&#039; (or &#039;&#039;&#039;-uš-&#039;&#039;&#039;). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yiseň|sleep.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.A}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo?|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Is the baby sleeping?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|puši|grow.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|way?|wheat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Has the wheat grown?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any prefixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated, appearing attached to the first instance of the verb stem. On the other hand, the interrogative infix is repeated, in cases where a verb is marked both interrogative and iterative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|musunow|fix.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|musunow|fix.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či?|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Has his aunt resumed mending his cloak? [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Auxiliaries===&lt;br /&gt;
The primary markers of &#039;&#039;tense&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;aspect&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;mood&#039;&#039; (TAM) in Ray Tywey Išup are &#039;&#039;auxiliaries&#039;&#039;. Many of these are specialized verbs which may, depending on their syntactic context, either stand as the core of their own verb phrase or serve as a function morpheme modifying another verb. On the other hand, some (such as the negative, imperative, and evidential markers) are fully grammaticalized function morphemes that never stand on their own. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the most part, each auxiliary primarily marks a single aspectual or modal category, but most are also taken to denote a particular tense in the absence of more explicit temporal markers. However, some auxiliaries can convey information falling into all three categories, or serve different functions depending on the context in which they appear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although they do not form a unified group semantically, auxiliaries are discussed together here because they behave in a similar way morphosyntactically, variously appearing as proclitics or as phonologically independent words based on semantic and prosodic considerations:&lt;br /&gt;
* Disyllabic auxiliaries appear as free-standing auxiliaries unless they fall immediately before a syllable containing a long vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
* Monosyllabic auxiliaries typically appear as proclitics unless they fall in a position where they would take secondary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
* Auxiliaries may always appear as free-standing auxiliaries if the speaker wishes to emphasize it for pragmatic reasons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also worth noting that several of the auxiliaries are compatible only with certain types of verbs, or change their meaning to some extent depending on the verb with which they are used. For example, in order to express inceptive aspect or immediate future, most telic verbs are marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;truukum ra hi čihek&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll eat the bread now&amp;quot;), while motion verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;siyey čay ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll leave you now&amp;quot; and stative and atelic verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;loyeň ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll sleep now&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although most verb phrases contain no more than one auxiliary, it is possible to combine them, to the extent that it is semantically useful. When two or more of these morphemes are present, they generally occur in the order in which they are presented below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Experiential Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;experiential&#039;&#039; aspect ascribes to a subject the quality of having experienced an event or state. This necessarily places the verb in the past, and emphasizes it&#039;s relevance in the present, usually by indicating that the subject is competent to perform an action or to make informed judgements regarding an event or state.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truš&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;know (facts)&amp;quot;, marks the experiential aspect. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;trow=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;truč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|exp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Inceptive Aspect and the Immediate Future====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive&#039;&#039; aspect indicates that an event is about to begin, is beginning already, or has just begun, while the immediate future tense refers to an event that is about to occur very soon. Both may be marked with one of three auxiliaries, depending on the type of verb which is being modified. When used in this fashion, all three are glossed as {{sc|inc}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;begin,&amp;quot; is used with telic events which do not primarily describe motion. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;truu=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;trow&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;rise&amp;quot;, is used with motion verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and usually appears as as &#039;&#039;&#039;siyir=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. Before syllables beginning in /j/, the medial cluster /jj/ is realized as [ccʰ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from a verb meaning &amp;quot;come&amp;quot;, is used with atelic activities and stative verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;lo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;l=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Energetic Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The energetic mood expresses commitment and determination on the part of the subject, or a stronger-than-usual intensity of the referenced action or state. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;titri&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;try&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it tales the form &#039;&#039;&#039;titri=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;titr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Obligative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;obligative&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered to be required or certain due to social obligation or logical necessity. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;š=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Optative Mood and the Prospective Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;optative mood&#039;&#039; indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered desirable and/or looked forward to, while the prospective aspect is used to express that a favorable event is about the occur. Both are marked by the same auxiliary, &#039;&#039;&#039;ar&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;want&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;aw=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;ar=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as {{sc|opt}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Imperative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;imperative&#039;&#039; mood is used to issue orders, and can be formed in one of two ways. An unmarked verb stem may be used to express a strong imperative when the order is being addressed to a second person subject, in which case the subject is dropped from the sentence. In addition to being somewhat limited in application, this is considered rude under most circumstances, and is mostly used in circumstances that call for heightened intensity and urgency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second method, which produces a weaker and more polite imperative, is to use the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šopow-&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as {{sc|imp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It should be noted that neither of the imperative auxiliaries may co-occur with any other TAM auxiliary, with the interrogative auxiliary, or with any evidential marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Potential Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;potential&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical future event is considered possible but uncertain. It is most often used to express that an event seems unlikely or when explaining that it is contingent on on some other event or state. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; marks the potential mood. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tra=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|pot}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Negation====&lt;br /&gt;
A clause may be negated using the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;peš&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;pii=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;peč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=%CA%94uulhemoo/Culture&amp;diff=12554</id>
		<title>ʔuulhemoo/Culture</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=%CA%94uulhemoo/Culture&amp;diff=12554"/>
		<updated>2015-12-28T01:55:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* Lifestyle */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;__TOC__&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Background==&lt;br /&gt;
Relatively little is known about the prehistory of the region that would become the territory of the ʔuuleo prior to the arrival of western language speakers. The rugged, heavily forested terrain rendered the region unattractive to the agricultural peoples living farther south and isolated it from much cultural contact, and none of the earliest written records from the Lukpanic Coast make unambiguous reference to the area. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These same factors of terrain have made archaeological investigation of the region difficult at best, but evidence to date seems to indicate that the region was sparsely populated by semi-sedentary communities practicing mesolithic or early neolithic subsistence strategies. These communities seem to have relied primarily on hunting and fishing, and known pre-ʔuuleo sites contain no unambiguous traces of pottery or domesticated animal bone. However, charred food remains at one relatively well-preserved site indicate that beans and buckwheat were already being consumed in the region on an unknown scale. Several attempts have been made to affiliate the inhabitants with known archaeological cultures (and the paleo-linguistic groups they are sometimes thought to represent), but the dearth of sites and the apparent dissimilarity of those that have been investigated has allowed little more than speculation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is unclear precisely when and why western language speakers entered the region, or how numerous these &amp;quot;invaders&amp;quot; actually were, but cultural, linguistic, and archaeological evidence indicates that they were originally horse-riding sheep and goat herders from the Peilaš steppe who spoke a Steppe dialect closely related to [[Satnímʔa]]. Animal husbandry, horsemanship, and bronze metallurgy spread rapidly through the region, and the archaeological record indicates a subsequent period of accelerating population growth lasting several centuries. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Traditionally, this has been regarded as evidence for the replacement of the region&#039;s original inhabitants through several large waves of settlers from the steppe, but many historians now believe it more likely that there was actually relatively little population movement involved. Their theory posits that one relatively small group of Western speakers, likely displaced by pasture depletion and/or intertribal warfare, crossed the mountains and settled in the region, bringing with them a new suite of technologies and cultural practices. Their language became the medium through which these traits diffused, and the groups that adopted both gained a considerable competitive advantage over any of their neighbors who did not. This theory proceeds to explain the subsequent population growth as the natural result of a transition from a subsistence strategy based primarily on foraging to one based around a system of mixed agriculture, which gradually developed as a response to local environmental conditions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Lifestyle==&lt;br /&gt;
===Community and Subsistence===&lt;br /&gt;
Much of ʔuuleo culture was oriented around a complex system of transhumance and shifting cultivation. The region they inhabited was a transitional zone between Mediterranean and oceanic climates, and although the weather there is generally mild it does experience frost in the winter and a dry period in the summer. Each ʔuuleo family belonged to an autonomous village community (&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;tịkl&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;), and every year at the beginning of spring (&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;saŋ&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;) the community would gather to select and clear a plot of well-drained, seaward hillside (&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ọb&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;) for buckwheat cultivation. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After clearing the &#039;&#039;ọb&#039;&#039;, the able-bodied members of each family took their herds (&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;mokh&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;) to graze in higher pastures (&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;leetah&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;) over the summer (&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;sịk&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;), while the young, elderly, and sick remained behind, foraging and practicing crafts at the village site. At the end of the summer they organized a controlled burn (&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;sịk&#039;aaʔ&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;)  of the dry field in preparation for the return of the herders, who arrived in early fall (&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ʔọŋ&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;) for planting time. The crop was harvested at the onset of winter (&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;lịịp&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;), and after the last frost the cycle began again.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Buckwheat (&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;) was the primary staple of most ʔuuleo villages, who prized it for it&#039;s short growing season and ability to thrive in cool conditions and a variety of soils. They supplemented their annual harvest and the dairy products they took from their livestock with fishing, hunting, and foraging, benefiting from the relative abundance of wild foods in the surrounding forests.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When an ʔuuleo &#039;&#039;tịkl&#039;&#039; cleared a new &#039;&#039;ọb&#039;&#039; that was prohibitively far from their existing residence they would simply construct a new one, and as a result ʔuuleo homes (&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;tịk&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;) were typically simple and spartan, and often needed to be partially rebuilt in the spring if they were to be used for more than one winter. Powerful families (&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;lnịk&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;) who controlled stationary resources like mines would typically construct much more elaborate homes (also called &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;lnịk&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;) from the local timber, as well as fortifications (&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ʔeel&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;) ranging from simple earthworks to walls of cut and quarried stone. These fortified sites became attractive as centers of trade and shelters for displaced families, and many gradually grew into truly permanent towns (&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ọbr&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Labor===&lt;br /&gt;
Gender was the primary basis for the division of labor among the ʔuuleo, and significant social stigma was associated with individuals who regularly engaged in work traditionally associated with the opposite gender. Male children were generally allowed to assist their mothers in performing traditionally feminine tasks, however, until they formally came of age.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During the spring, members of both sexes were involved in forest clearance and the construction and maintenance of the family &#039;&#039;tịk&#039;&#039;. Both sexes likewise participated in the &#039;&#039;sịk&#039;aaʔ&#039;&#039; and in the fall planting. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Over the summer, the primary duty of the men of the &#039;&#039;tịkl&#039;&#039; was to watch the herd, preventing the livestock from straying and protecting them from predators and raids. Elderly or otherwise infirm men who remained at the &#039;&#039;ọb&#039;&#039; would instead fish and trap game to the extent that they were able. Women and children who were capable of accompanying their male relatives in the higher pastures would milk the livestock and manufacture dairy products such as yogurt (consumed as a beverage), butter (usually clarified to increase its longevity), and cheese (salted and crumbly). They were also responsible for shearing the sheep and scouring the wool toward the end of the season. Women remaining at home practiced a variety of crafts, as well as foraging for useful wild plants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During the fall and winter, men would hunt and fish, and were responsible for butchering meat, preparing hides and furs, and slaughtering livestock who had reached the end of their productive lifespan. They also manufactured many of the tools used in these endeavors, although most communities relied on trade to obtain metal goods. Women would spin, dye, and weave wool, and mend and tailor clothing for their families. They were also in charge of domestic crafts such as pottery and basket-weaving, and did the cooking for their household. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Men were tasked with bringing in the annual harvest, while women would hull and grind the buckwheat in order to produce flour for making cakes, noodles, and porridge. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the &#039;&#039;ọbr&#039;&#039;, the division of labor tended to be more complex, with individuals taking on more specialized roles. One example of this is that, while many &#039;&#039;ọbr&#039;&#039; households owned livestock, they mostly relied on a class of specialized herders living outside the settlement proper to care for their animals through much of the year. These herders were afforded a great deal of respect and usually generously rewarded with a portion of the livestock&#039;s produce and of the products of the livestock owners&#039; own labor in the &#039;&#039;ọbr&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Notably, the &#039;&#039;ọbr&#039;&#039; were the site of almost all metal working in ʔuuleo territory, as the presence of valuable metal deposits was the factor that most commonly motivated the establishment of a permanent settlement to begin with. The rugged hills of the region were rich in ores, including copper, gold, and, most notably, tin, which was both essential to the local bronze industry and the cornerstone of trade between the ʔuuleo and the city-states of the Lukpanic coast. All stages of metal production, from mining to too manufacturing, were practiced exclusively by men.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Status===&lt;br /&gt;
Social status was, by and large, a fluid and mostly informal quality dependent on an individual&#039;s wealth, reputation, and charisma. Although the families of a &#039;&#039;tịkl&#039;&#039; generally worked side by side throughout the year, crops and livestock were considered to be the property of the individual family. In addition to gaining economic benefits in the form of tradable wool and foodstuffs, families with more livestock were usually esteemed over those with fewer, as a large herd reflected well on the herders&#039; ability to defend and care for their property.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Those families without any livestock at all were objects of pity at best, and frequently the targets of ridicule. When the herds were taken to the &#039;&#039;leetah&#039;&#039; in the summer, they remained behind in the village with the elderly and infirm. Although this was a source of shame for such families, it did afford them more time to hunt, fish, forage, and practice crafts like pottery and beadmaking. The products of these activities could usually be traded to more prosperous families in exchange for wool and dairy products, but nevertheless a family without a herd usually struggled to get by.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although livestock ownership was the most basic source of status in ʔuuleo society, a man&#039;s standing within his community could change considerably over the course of his live based on his accomplishments and reputation.  Since higher-status individuals acted as leaders during times of crisis and conflict, those with personal charisma or who demonstrated qualities seen as desirable in a leader might find themselves elevated above individuals from wealthier families. Skill in hunting and battle were particularly lauded, as were those traits most associated with possessing &#039;&#039;ʔụk&#039;&#039;, including courage, assertiveness, physical strength, and a willingness to enact violent retribution against those who have wronged oneself, one&#039;s family, or one&#039;s community. Ownership of slaves could be a particularly powerful source of prestige, as capturing a slave demonstrated one&#039;s prowess in battle, and keeping that slave demonstrated one&#039;s ability to dominate and control less powerful men.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the &#039;&#039;ọbr&#039;&#039;, the same general rules of status applied, and livestock were to some extent more valuable to a household as sources of prestige than as producers of economically valuable goods. As labor became more specialized, however, less traditional forms of wealth became more significant as markers of status and success. Laborers involved in metal production, and particularly miners, were traditionally viewed as particularly lowly, and such work was often carried out by slaves when the option was available. The craftsmen who manufactured finished metal goods, however, were often highly respected and influential figures, displaying their status by carrying finely-wrought weapons and adorning themselves and their wives in valuable metal ornaments. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As women were, for the most part, not allowed to take on leadership roles, they weren&#039;t considered to be part of a community&#039;s hierarchy of social status. Women respected and took advice from those older and wiser than them, but men generally viewed all women other than their wives and immediate family members as being more or less the same. That being said, it was not uncommon for men in leadership positions to take advice from their mothers or wives, at least when it came to affairs that were not the exclusive domain of men, and thus a woman might wield influence within her community through her relationship with a man of high status.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Cosmology and Religion==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Saŋ&#039;, Vọʔ, and ʔụk===&lt;br /&gt;
The ʔuuleo believed that all living things possessed souls (&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;saŋ&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;), which imbued them with animation and personality. &#039;&#039;Saŋ&#039; &#039;&#039;were thought of as being composed of &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;vọʔ&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;, a rarefied substance that could permeate matter and cause it to move and change. &#039;&#039;Vọʔ&#039;&#039; was often compared to the wind or to ocean currents, which are invisible and intangible, yet capable of moving great ships. Indeed, these forces were believed to be the work of an incalculable multitude of minor &#039;&#039;Saŋ&#039; &#039;&#039;present in the water and the air.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Just as a large man can overpower a small one, &#039;&#039;saŋ&#039; &#039;&#039;could be more or less powerful, depending on the amount of &#039;&#039;vọʔ&#039;&#039; they possessed. The &#039;&#039;saŋ&#039; &#039;&#039;of plants were the weakest, bestowing the power to grow and change shape but not to move under their own power. Animals possessed more powerful &#039;&#039;saŋ&#039;, &#039;&#039; allowing them to move, while the strongest were generally only found in humans, and granted them the ability to think and speak. However, just as the body of a man denied food grows thinner and lighter, &#039;&#039;vọʔ&#039;&#039; tended to gradually dwindle away under the strain of animating a body, and had to be regularly replenished. The little spirits of plants could subsist on the &#039;&#039;saŋ&#039;&#039;&#039; present in the air and water, but animals and people needed to consume other living things in order to maintain their &#039;&#039;vọʔ&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to &#039;&#039;vọʔ&#039;&#039;, the souls of human men and predatory animals possessed an additional substance or quality known as &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;ʔụk&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;, often translated as &amp;quot;power&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;strength&amp;quot;. As opposed to the nourishing and invigorating properties of &#039;&#039;vọʔ&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;ʔụk&#039;&#039; bestowed the power to kill and the authority to command. Charismatic leaders and successful warriors and hunters were believed to have been gifted with more &#039;&#039;ʔụk&#039;&#039; than ordinary men, and were treated with respect and fear in equal measure. It was believed that such men could sometimes bring harm to people or livestock without even being aware of it, if they were to regard them with jealousy or anger. Accusations of this sort of witchcraft were sometimes made when unexpected tragedies befell a member of the &#039;&#039;tịkl&#039;&#039;, and they were taken very seriously by chiefs and priests alike.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Women and prey animals, on the other hand, lacked &#039;&#039;ʔụk&#039;&#039;, and were therefore believed to be naturally incapable of killing or of assuming leadership roles. The position of Women in ʔuuleo society was therefore in some ways similar to that of livestock, and it was regarded as common sense that they had to be protected and guided by men. Nevertheless, ʔuuleo leaders often turned to their wives and mothers for advice, as women were generally thought to be cleverer than men.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the event that a woman (or a being similarly lacking in &#039;&#039;ʔụk&#039;&#039;) were to take a life or otherwise attempt to assume a traditionally masculine role, it was generally regarded as the work of a ghost or evil spirit (&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;seemhŋ&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;). &#039;&#039;Seemhŋ&#039;&#039; were believed to be the souls of men who had been utterly depleted of &#039;&#039;vọʔ&#039;&#039;, usually as the result of dying from starvation or disease, or because their bodies were eaten after they died. &#039;&#039;Seemhŋ&#039;&#039; were wicked and destructive beings, believed to be responsible for disease, insanity, and all manner of accidental injuries. It was said that there were ways that a woman might attract the attention of a &#039;&#039;seemhŋ&#039;&#039;, and allow it to enter her and grant her its &#039;&#039;ʔụk&#039;&#039;. Such women could then transgress what were considered their natural roles, though they were not &#039;&#039;always&#039;&#039; condemned for it. A few ʔuuleo myths described women warriors and chiefs, portraying them as strange and otherworldly, but also as powerful assets to their communities and scourges upon their foes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Birth and  Death===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Coming Soon&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Seasons of the World===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Coming Soon&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Religious Practices and Specialists===&lt;br /&gt;
The religious practices of the ʔuuleo were oriented around the veneration of ancestor spirits (&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;sakr&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;), who were believed to be able to influence the fortunes of their descendants and, sometimes, of whole communities. Interactions between the living and the deceased were primarily mediated by priests (&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;sọlp&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;), men who were identified during childhood and inducted into their role soon after coming of age. &#039;&#039;Sọlp&#039;&#039; were often those who exhibited unusual behavior as children, such as experiencing hallucinations, seizures, or particularly vivid dreams, or who survived a serious early-childhood illness, particularly a high fever. After being selected, these youths underwent a period of training and initiation meant to prepare them to open their bodies to the &#039;&#039;sakr&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During ceremonies, the role of the &#039;&#039;sọlp&#039;&#039; was to enter an altered state of consciousness, usually through a combination of intoxication and ecstatic dancing, during which they were believed to embody a particular &#039;&#039;sakr&#039;&#039;. Through the &#039;&#039;sọlp&#039;&#039;, a family could make offerings to their honored dead (usually food eaten by the &#039;&#039;sọlp&#039;&#039;), ask them for council, and receive blessings to strengthen them in the time to come. Such ceremonies traditionally took place shortly after the winter harvest, with the &#039;&#039;sọlp&#039;&#039; of the &#039;&#039;tịkl&#039;&#039; going from house to house to offer their services to each family.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Certain important &#039;&#039;sakr&#039;&#039; were regarded as the ancestors of whole &#039;&#039;tịkl&#039;&#039;, or even of the ʔuuleo in general. These larger-than-life figures were thought of in much the same way that other cultures might regard their gods, and were venerated by in large, communal ceremonies at specific times of the year. Such ceremonies would often bring together people from many allied &#039;&#039;tịkl&#039;&#039;, and were occasions for trade, marriages, negotiations over territory, various games and competitions, and general revelry. Occasionally they might even mark the induction of a new &#039;&#039;tịkl&#039;&#039; into &#039;&#039;selpleo&#039;&#039;, an alliance most commonly sealed with a large group wedding. Only the eldest &#039;&#039;sọlp&#039;&#039; in attendance was permitted to represent the &#039;&#039;sakr&#039;&#039; at these ceremonies.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to representing the &#039;&#039;sakr&#039;&#039; at annual ceremonies, the &#039;&#039;sọlp&#039;&#039; kept the oral history of their &#039;&#039;tịkl&#039;&#039;, officiated marriages and presided over men&#039;s coming-of-age ceremonies. In the former case, each family to be joined by a marriage would generally consult a local &#039;&#039;sọlp&#039;&#039; in order to gain his assurance that their ancestors approved of the match. In the latter, the &#039;&#039;sọlp&#039;&#039; would embody an important &#039;&#039;sakr&#039;&#039; of a boy&#039;s family, in order to grant him the gift of &#039;&#039;ʔụk&#039;&#039; that would make him a man.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although the &#039;&#039;sọlp&#039;&#039; were the primary spiritual leaders of an ʔuuleo &#039;&#039;tịkl&#039;&#039;, the healer (&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;siip&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;) was an equally ubiquitous type of religious specialist. &#039;&#039;Siip&#039;r&#039;&#039; were always women, and all women were expected to learn at least a little of the healer&#039;s art from their mothers. When an illness or injury did not seem to be responding to the care provided by the woman of the household, however, a professional had to be called in. &#039;&#039;Siip&#039;r&#039;&#039; were most commonly elderly women who had never had children, since bearing and nursing children was believed to deplete their surplus &#039;&#039;vọʔ&#039;&#039;. These women used a variety of methods, including the application of herbs and other medicines, prayers to the &#039;&#039;sakr&#039;&#039;, and the laying on of hands, in order to channel life-giving &#039;&#039;vọʔ&#039;&#039; that might counter the condition afflicting their patient. Oftentimes they would recommend that an animal be slaughtered on behalf of the patient, who would then be fed particular parts of the carcass, depending on the nature of the affliction.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==&amp;quot;Wolves&amp;quot;==&lt;br /&gt;
The autonym &#039;&#039;ʔuuleo&#039;&#039; may be directly translated as &amp;quot;wolf people&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;wolf tribe(s),&amp;quot; which at first blush appears to be a strange name for a society of shepherds to give themselves. Indeed, while wolves held a special place in the mythology of the ʔuuleo, with ancestors often appearing to the protagonists of traditional stories in the form of talking wolves, the flesh-and-blood animals were regarded as a nuisance at best, and villagers seem to have had no compunctions about eradicating wolf packs that had attacked their herds.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It appears that the name may have originally been a pejorative moniker applied to the ʔuuleo by unfriendly neighbors and disgruntled trading partners. Contemporary records from the Lukpanic Coast frequently remark that the territory of the ʔuuleo was widely reputed to be infested with wolves of unusual size and ferocity, and often add the observation that the native people were equally brutish and disagreeable. Over time, it seems, the ʔuuleo came to take pride in the fact that outsiders regarded them as such ferocious folk, and they appropriated the title for their own use.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Culture]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12537</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12537"/>
		<updated>2015-12-14T03:44:44Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* Numerals */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = split ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;(C)V(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters. Words phonemically beginning in a vowel are phonetically realized with an initial glottal stop, which is not represented in the orthography.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. With noun stems beginning in a vowel, the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a vowel, the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || reytruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || reypal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || reyhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || reysa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || reyšat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || reykol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || reytree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions. Verbs may also be marked for the perfective and iterative aspects and the interrogative mood, while additional grammatical categories are primarily indicated using verbal auxiliaries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a vowel, as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a vowel, the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer is killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe a single, completed event or a state that is no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the free-standing particle &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed immediately before the verb phrase. Any auxiliaries or prefixes further modifying the verb invariably come after the perfective particle, as it is syntatically treated as standing outside of the verb phrase proper. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Interrogative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Questions in Ray Tyuwey Išup are generally formed using the &#039;&#039;interrogative mood&#039;&#039;, which transforms a clause into a polar (&amp;quot;yes or no&amp;quot;) question. Other types of questions are formed through specialized syntax, but likewise involve the use of the interrogative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The interrogative mood (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-is-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable in the verb stem. Following a labial consonant, the infix is realized as &#039;&#039;&#039;-us-&#039;&#039;&#039;, while before /i/ it becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-iš-&#039;&#039;&#039; (or &#039;&#039;&#039;-uš-&#039;&#039;&#039;). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yiseň|sleep.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.A}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo?|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Is the baby sleeping?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|puši|grow.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|way?|wheat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Has the wheat grown?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any prefixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated, appearing attached to the first instance of the verb stem. On the other hand, the interrogative infix is repeated, in cases where a verb is marked both interrogative and iterative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|musunow|fix.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|musunow|fix.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či?|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Has his aunt resumed mending his cloak? [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Auxiliaries===&lt;br /&gt;
The primary markers of &#039;&#039;tense&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;aspect&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;mood&#039;&#039; (TAM) in Ray Tywey Išup are &#039;&#039;auxiliaries&#039;&#039;. Many of these are specialized verbs which may, depending on their syntactic context, either stand as the core of their own verb phrase or serve as a function morpheme modifying another verb. On the other hand, some (such as the negative, imperative, evidential markers) are fully grammaticalized function morphemes that never stand on their own. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the most part, each auxiliary primarily marks a single aspectual or modal category, but most are also taken to denote a particular tense in the absence of more explicit temporal markers. However, some auxiliaries can convey information falling into all three categories, or serve different functions depending on the context in which they appear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although they do not form a unified group semantically, auxiliaries are discussed together here because they behave in a similar way morphosyntactically, variously appearing as proclitics or as phonologically independent words based on semantic and prosodic considerations:&lt;br /&gt;
* Disyllabic auxiliaries appear as free-standing auxiliaries unless they fall immediately before a syllable containing a long vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
* Monosyllabic auxiliaries typically appear as proclitics unless they fall in a position where they would take secondary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
* Auxiliaries may always appear as free-standing auxiliaries if the speaker wishes to emphasize it for pragmatic reasons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also worth noting that several of the auxiliaries are compatible only with certain types of verbs, or change their meaning to some extent depending on the verb with which they are used. For example, in order to express inceptive aspect or immediate future, most telic verbs are marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;truukum ra hi čihek&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll eat the bread now&amp;quot;), while motion verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;siyey čay ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll leave you now&amp;quot; and stative and atelic verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;loyeň ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll sleep now&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although most verb phrases contain no more than one auxiliary, it is possible to combine them, to the extent that it is semantically useful. When two or more of these morphemes are present, they generally occur in the order in which they are presented below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Experiential Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;experiential&#039;&#039; aspect ascribes to a subject the quality of having experienced an event or state. This necessarily places the verb in the past, and emphasizes it&#039;s relevance in the present, usually by indicating that the subject is competent to perform an action or to make informed judgements regarding an event or state.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truš&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;know (facts)&amp;quot;, marks the experiential aspect. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;trow=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;truč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|exp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Inceptive Aspect and the Immediate Future====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive&#039;&#039; aspect indicates that an event is about to begin, is beginning already, or has just begun, while the immediate future tense refers to an event that is about to occur very soon. Both may be marked with one of three auxiliaries, depending on the type of verb which is being modified. When used in this fashion, all three are glossed as {{sc|inc}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;begin,&amp;quot; is used with telic events which do not primarily describe motion. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;truu=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;trow&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;rise&amp;quot;, is used with motion verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and usually appears as as &#039;&#039;&#039;siyir=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. Before syllables beginning in /j/, the medial cluster /jj/ is realized as [ccʰ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from a verb meaning &amp;quot;come&amp;quot;, is used with atelic activities and stative verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;lo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;l=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Energetic Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The energetic mood expresses commitment and determination on the part of the subject, or a stronger-than-usual intensity of the referenced action or state. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;titri&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;try&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it tales the form &#039;&#039;&#039;titri=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;titr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Obligative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;obligative&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered to be required or certain due to social obligation or logical necessity. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;š=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Optative Mood and the Prospective Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;optative mood&#039;&#039; indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered desirable and/or looked forward to, while the prospective aspect is used to express that a favorable event is about the occur. Both are marked by the same auxiliary, &#039;&#039;&#039;ar&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;want&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;aw=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;ar=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|opt}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Imperative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;imperative&#039;&#039; mood is used to issue orders, and can be formed in one of two ways. An unmarked verb stem may be used to express a strong imperative when the order is being addressed to a second person subject, in which case the subject is dropped from the sentence. In addition to being somewhat limited in application, this is considered rude under most circumstances, and is mostly used in circumstances that call for heightened intensity and urgency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second method, which produces a weaker and more polite imperative, is to use the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šopow-&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|imp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It should be noted that neither of the imperative auxiliaries may co-occur with any other TAM auxiliary, with the interrogative auxiliary, or with any evidential marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Potential Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;potential&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical future event is considered possible but uncertain. It is most often used to express that an event seems unlikely or when explaining that it is contingent on on some other event or state. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; marks the potential mood. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tra=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|pot}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Negation====&lt;br /&gt;
A clause may be negated using the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;peš&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;pii=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;peč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12536</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12536"/>
		<updated>2015-12-10T23:39:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* Examples */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = split ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;(C)V(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters. Words phonemically beginning in a vowel are phonetically realized with an initial glottal stop, which is not represented in the orthography.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. With noun stems beginning in a vowel, the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a vowel, the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions. Verbs may also be marked for the perfective and iterative aspects and the interrogative mood, while additional grammatical categories are primarily indicated using verbal auxiliaries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a vowel, as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a vowel, the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer is killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe a single, completed event or a state that is no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the free-standing particle &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed immediately before the verb phrase. Any auxiliaries or prefixes further modifying the verb invariably come after the perfective particle, as it is syntatically treated as standing outside of the verb phrase proper. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Interrogative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Questions in Ray Tyuwey Išup are generally formed using the &#039;&#039;interrogative mood&#039;&#039;, which transforms a clause into a polar (&amp;quot;yes or no&amp;quot;) question. Other types of questions are formed through specialized syntax, but likewise involve the use of the interrogative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The interrogative mood (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-is-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable in the verb stem. Following a labial consonant, the infix is realized as &#039;&#039;&#039;-us-&#039;&#039;&#039;, while before /i/ it becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-iš-&#039;&#039;&#039; (or &#039;&#039;&#039;-uš-&#039;&#039;&#039;). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yiseň|sleep.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.A}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo?|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Is the baby sleeping?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|puši|grow.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|way?|wheat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Has the wheat grown?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any prefixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated, appearing attached to the first instance of the verb stem. On the other hand, the interrogative infix is repeated, in cases where a verb is marked both interrogative and iterative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|musunow|fix.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|musunow|fix.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či?|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Has his aunt resumed mending his cloak? [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Auxiliaries===&lt;br /&gt;
The primary markers of &#039;&#039;tense&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;aspect&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;mood&#039;&#039; (TAM) in Ray Tywey Išup are &#039;&#039;auxiliaries&#039;&#039;. Many of these are specialized verbs which may, depending on their syntactic context, either stand as the core of their own verb phrase or serve as a function morpheme modifying another verb. On the other hand, some (such as the negative, imperative, evidential markers) are fully grammaticalized function morphemes that never stand on their own. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the most part, each auxiliary primarily marks a single aspectual or modal category, but most are also taken to denote a particular tense in the absence of more explicit temporal markers. However, some auxiliaries can convey information falling into all three categories, or serve different functions depending on the context in which they appear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although they do not form a unified group semantically, auxiliaries are discussed together here because they behave in a similar way morphosyntactically, variously appearing as proclitics or as phonologically independent words based on semantic and prosodic considerations:&lt;br /&gt;
* Disyllabic auxiliaries appear as free-standing auxiliaries unless they fall immediately before a syllable containing a long vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
* Monosyllabic auxiliaries typically appear as proclitics unless they fall in a position where they would take secondary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
* Auxiliaries may always appear as free-standing auxiliaries if the speaker wishes to emphasize it for pragmatic reasons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also worth noting that several of the auxiliaries are compatible only with certain types of verbs, or change their meaning to some extent depending on the verb with which they are used. For example, in order to express inceptive aspect or immediate future, most telic verbs are marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;truukum ra hi čihek&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll eat the bread now&amp;quot;), while motion verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;siyey čay ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll leave you now&amp;quot; and stative and atelic verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;loyeň ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll sleep now&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although most verb phrases contain no more than one auxiliary, it is possible to combine them, to the extent that it is semantically useful. When two or more of these morphemes are present, they generally occur in the order in which they are presented below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Experiential Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;experiential&#039;&#039; aspect ascribes to a subject the quality of having experienced an event or state. This necessarily places the verb in the past, and emphasizes it&#039;s relevance in the present, usually by indicating that the subject is competent to perform an action or to make informed judgements regarding an event or state.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truš&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;know (facts)&amp;quot;, marks the experiential aspect. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;trow=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;truč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|exp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Inceptive Aspect and the Immediate Future====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive&#039;&#039; aspect indicates that an event is about to begin, is beginning already, or has just begun, while the immediate future tense refers to an event that is about to occur very soon. Both may be marked with one of three auxiliaries, depending on the type of verb which is being modified. When used in this fashion, all three are glossed as {{sc|inc}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;begin,&amp;quot; is used with telic events which do not primarily describe motion. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;truu=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;trow&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;rise&amp;quot;, is used with motion verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and usually appears as as &#039;&#039;&#039;siyir=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. Before syllables beginning in /j/, the medial cluster /jj/ is realized as [ccʰ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from a verb meaning &amp;quot;come&amp;quot;, is used with atelic activities and stative verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;lo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;l=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Energetic Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The energetic mood expresses commitment and determination on the part of the subject, or a stronger-than-usual intensity of the referenced action or state. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;titri&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;try&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it tales the form &#039;&#039;&#039;titri=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;titr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Obligative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;obligative&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered to be required or certain due to social obligation or logical necessity. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;š=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Optative Mood and the Prospective Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;optative mood&#039;&#039; indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered desirable and/or looked forward to, while the prospective aspect is used to express that a favorable event is about the occur. Both are marked by the same auxiliary, &#039;&#039;&#039;ar&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;want&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;aw=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;ar=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|opt}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Imperative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;imperative&#039;&#039; mood is used to issue orders, and can be formed in one of two ways. An unmarked verb stem may be used to express a strong imperative when the order is being addressed to a second person subject, in which case the subject is dropped from the sentence. In addition to being somewhat limited in application, this is considered rude under most circumstances, and is mostly used in circumstances that call for heightened intensity and urgency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second method, which produces a weaker and more polite imperative, is to use the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šopow-&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|imp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It should be noted that neither of the imperative auxiliaries may co-occur with any other TAM auxiliary, with the interrogative auxiliary, or with any evidential marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Potential Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;potential&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical future event is considered possible but uncertain. It is most often used to express that an event seems unlikely or when explaining that it is contingent on on some other event or state. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; marks the potential mood. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tra=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|pot}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Negation====&lt;br /&gt;
A clause may be negated using the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;peš&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;pii=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;peč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12535</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12535"/>
		<updated>2015-12-10T23:38:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* Verbs */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = split ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;(C)V(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters. Words phonemically beginning in a vowel are phonetically realized with an initial glottal stop, which is not represented in the orthography.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. With noun stems beginning in a vowel, the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a vowel, the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions. Verbs may also be marked for the perfective and iterative aspects and the interrogative mood, while additional grammatical categories are primarily indicated using verbal auxiliaries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a vowel, as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a vowel, the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer is killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe a single, completed event or a state that is no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the free-standing particle &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed immediately before the verb phrase. Any auxiliaries or prefixes further modifying the verb invariably come after the perfective particle, as it is syntatically treated as standing outside of the verb phrase proper. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Interrogative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Questions in Ray Tyuwey Išup are generally formed using the &#039;&#039;interrogative mood&#039;&#039;, which transforms a clause into a polar (&amp;quot;yes or no&amp;quot;) question. Other types of questions are formed through specialized syntax, but likewise involve the use of the interrogative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The interrogative mood (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-is-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable in the verb stem. Following a labial consonant, the infix is realized as &#039;&#039;&#039;-us-&#039;&#039;&#039;, while before /i/ it becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-iš-&#039;&#039;&#039; (or &#039;&#039;&#039;-uš-&#039;&#039;&#039;). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yiseň|sleep.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.A}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo?|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Is the baby sleeping?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|puši|grow.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|way?|wheat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Has the wheat grown?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any prefixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated, appearing attached to the first instance of the verb stem. On the other hand, the interrogative infix is repeated, in cases where a verb is marked both interrogative and iterative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|musunow|fix.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|musunow|fix.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Has his aunt resumed mending his cloak? [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Auxiliaries===&lt;br /&gt;
The primary markers of &#039;&#039;tense&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;aspect&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;mood&#039;&#039; (TAM) in Ray Tywey Išup are &#039;&#039;auxiliaries&#039;&#039;. Many of these are specialized verbs which may, depending on their syntactic context, either stand as the core of their own verb phrase or serve as a function morpheme modifying another verb. On the other hand, some (such as the negative, imperative, evidential markers) are fully grammaticalized function morphemes that never stand on their own. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the most part, each auxiliary primarily marks a single aspectual or modal category, but most are also taken to denote a particular tense in the absence of more explicit temporal markers. However, some auxiliaries can convey information falling into all three categories, or serve different functions depending on the context in which they appear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although they do not form a unified group semantically, auxiliaries are discussed together here because they behave in a similar way morphosyntactically, variously appearing as proclitics or as phonologically independent words based on semantic and prosodic considerations:&lt;br /&gt;
* Disyllabic auxiliaries appear as free-standing auxiliaries unless they fall immediately before a syllable containing a long vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
* Monosyllabic auxiliaries typically appear as proclitics unless they fall in a position where they would take secondary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
* Auxiliaries may always appear as free-standing auxiliaries if the speaker wishes to emphasize it for pragmatic reasons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also worth noting that several of the auxiliaries are compatible only with certain types of verbs, or change their meaning to some extent depending on the verb with which they are used. For example, in order to express inceptive aspect or immediate future, most telic verbs are marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;truukum ra hi čihek&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll eat the bread now&amp;quot;), while motion verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;siyey čay ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll leave you now&amp;quot; and stative and atelic verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;loyeň ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll sleep now&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although most verb phrases contain no more than one auxiliary, it is possible to combine them, to the extent that it is semantically useful. When two or more of these morphemes are present, they generally occur in the order in which they are presented below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Experiential Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;experiential&#039;&#039; aspect ascribes to a subject the quality of having experienced an event or state. This necessarily places the verb in the past, and emphasizes it&#039;s relevance in the present, usually by indicating that the subject is competent to perform an action or to make informed judgements regarding an event or state.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truš&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;know (facts)&amp;quot;, marks the experiential aspect. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;trow=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;truč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|exp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Inceptive Aspect and the Immediate Future====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive&#039;&#039; aspect indicates that an event is about to begin, is beginning already, or has just begun, while the immediate future tense refers to an event that is about to occur very soon. Both may be marked with one of three auxiliaries, depending on the type of verb which is being modified. When used in this fashion, all three are glossed as {{sc|inc}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;begin,&amp;quot; is used with telic events which do not primarily describe motion. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;truu=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;trow&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;rise&amp;quot;, is used with motion verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and usually appears as as &#039;&#039;&#039;siyir=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. Before syllables beginning in /j/, the medial cluster /jj/ is realized as [ccʰ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from a verb meaning &amp;quot;come&amp;quot;, is used with atelic activities and stative verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;lo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;l=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Energetic Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The energetic mood expresses commitment and determination on the part of the subject, or a stronger-than-usual intensity of the referenced action or state. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;titri&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;try&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it tales the form &#039;&#039;&#039;titri=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;titr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Obligative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;obligative&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered to be required or certain due to social obligation or logical necessity. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;š=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Optative Mood and the Prospective Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;optative mood&#039;&#039; indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered desirable and/or looked forward to, while the prospective aspect is used to express that a favorable event is about the occur. Both are marked by the same auxiliary, &#039;&#039;&#039;ar&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;want&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;aw=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;ar=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|opt}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Imperative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;imperative&#039;&#039; mood is used to issue orders, and can be formed in one of two ways. An unmarked verb stem may be used to express a strong imperative when the order is being addressed to a second person subject, in which case the subject is dropped from the sentence. In addition to being somewhat limited in application, this is considered rude under most circumstances, and is mostly used in circumstances that call for heightened intensity and urgency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second method, which produces a weaker and more polite imperative, is to use the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šopow-&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|imp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It should be noted that neither of the imperative auxiliaries may co-occur with any other TAM auxiliary, with the interrogative auxiliary, or with any evidential marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Potential Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;potential&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical future event is considered possible but uncertain. It is most often used to express that an event seems unlikely or when explaining that it is contingent on on some other event or state. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; marks the potential mood. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tra=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|pot}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Negation====&lt;br /&gt;
A clause may be negated using the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;peš&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;pii=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;peč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12534</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12534"/>
		<updated>2015-12-10T23:33:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* The Interrogative */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = split ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;(C)V(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters. Words phonemically beginning in a vowel are phonetically realized with an initial glottal stop, which is not represented in the orthography.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. With noun stems beginning in a vowel, the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a vowel, the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions. Verbs may also be marked for the perfective and iterative aspects and the interrogative mood, while additional grammatical categories are primarily indicated using verbal auxiliaries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a vowel, as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a vowel, the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer is killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe a single, completed event or a state that is no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the free-standing particle &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed immediately before the verb phrase. Any auxiliaries or prefixes further modifying the verb invariably come after the perfective particle, as it is syntatically treated as standing outside of the verb phrase proper. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Interrogative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Questions in Ray Tyuwey Išup are generally formed using the &#039;&#039;interrogative mood&#039;&#039;, which transforms a clause into a polar (&amp;quot;yes or no&amp;quot;) question. Other types of questions are formed through specialized syntax, but likewise involve the use of the interrogative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The interrogative mood (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-is-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable in the verb stem. Following a labial consonant, the infix is realized as &#039;&#039;&#039;-us-&#039;&#039;&#039;, while before /i/ it becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-iš-&#039;&#039;&#039; (or &#039;&#039;&#039;-uš-&#039;&#039;&#039;). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yiseň|sleep.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.A}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo?|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Is the baby sleeping?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|puši|grow.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|way?|wheat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Has the wheat grown?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any prefixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated, appearing attached to the first instance of the verb stem. On the other hand, the interrogative infix is repeated, in cases where a verb is marked both interrogative and iterative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Auxiliaries===&lt;br /&gt;
The primary markers of &#039;&#039;tense&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;aspect&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;mood&#039;&#039; (TAM) in Ray Tywey Išup are &#039;&#039;auxiliaries&#039;&#039;. Many of these are specialized verbs which may, depending on their syntactic context, either stand as the core of their own verb phrase or serve as a function morpheme modifying another verb. On the other hand, some (such as the negative, imperative, evidential markers) are fully grammaticalized function morphemes that never stand on their own. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the most part, each auxiliary primarily marks a single aspectual or modal category, but most are also taken to denote a particular tense in the absence of more explicit temporal markers. However, some auxiliaries can convey information falling into all three categories, or serve different functions depending on the context in which they appear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although they do not form a unified group semantically, auxiliaries are discussed together here because they behave in a similar way morphosyntactically, variously appearing as proclitics or as phonologically independent words based on semantic and prosodic considerations:&lt;br /&gt;
* Disyllabic auxiliaries appear as free-standing auxiliaries unless they fall immediately before a syllable containing a long vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
* Monosyllabic auxiliaries typically appear as proclitics unless they fall in a position where they would take secondary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
* Auxiliaries may always appear as free-standing auxiliaries if the speaker wishes to emphasize it for pragmatic reasons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also worth noting that several of the auxiliaries are compatible only with certain types of verbs, or change their meaning to some extent depending on the verb with which they are used. For example, in order to express inceptive aspect or immediate future, most telic verbs are marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;truukum ra hi čihek&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll eat the bread now&amp;quot;), while motion verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;siyey čay ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll leave you now&amp;quot; and stative and atelic verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;loyeň ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll sleep now&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although most verb phrases contain no more than one auxiliary, it is possible to combine them, to the extent that it is semantically useful. When two or more of these morphemes are present, they generally occur in the order in which they are presented below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Experiential Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;experiential&#039;&#039; aspect ascribes to a subject the quality of having experienced an event or state. This necessarily places the verb in the past, and emphasizes it&#039;s relevance in the present, usually by indicating that the subject is competent to perform an action or to make informed judgements regarding an event or state.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truš&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;know (facts)&amp;quot;, marks the experiential aspect. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;trow=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;truč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|exp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Inceptive Aspect and the Immediate Future====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive&#039;&#039; aspect indicates that an event is about to begin, is beginning already, or has just begun, while the immediate future tense refers to an event that is about to occur very soon. Both may be marked with one of three auxiliaries, depending on the type of verb which is being modified. When used in this fashion, all three are glossed as {{sc|inc}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;begin,&amp;quot; is used with telic events which do not primarily describe motion. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;truu=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;trow&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;rise&amp;quot;, is used with motion verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and usually appears as as &#039;&#039;&#039;siyir=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. Before syllables beginning in /j/, the medial cluster /jj/ is realized as [ccʰ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from a verb meaning &amp;quot;come&amp;quot;, is used with atelic activities and stative verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;lo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;l=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Energetic Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The energetic mood expresses commitment and determination on the part of the subject, or a stronger-than-usual intensity of the referenced action or state. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;titri&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;try&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it tales the form &#039;&#039;&#039;titri=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;titr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Obligative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;obligative&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered to be required or certain due to social obligation or logical necessity. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;š=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Optative Mood and the Prospective Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;optative mood&#039;&#039; indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered desirable and/or looked forward to, while the prospective aspect is used to express that a favorable event is about the occur. Both are marked by the same auxiliary, &#039;&#039;&#039;ar&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;want&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;aw=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;ar=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|opt}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Imperative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;imperative&#039;&#039; mood is used to issue orders, and can be formed in one of two ways. An unmarked verb stem may be used to express a strong imperative when the order is being addressed to a second person subject, in which case the subject is dropped from the sentence. In addition to being somewhat limited in application, this is considered rude under most circumstances, and is mostly used in circumstances that call for heightened intensity and urgency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second method, which produces a weaker and more polite imperative, is to use the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šopow-&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|imp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It should be noted that neither of the imperative auxiliaries may co-occur with any other TAM auxiliary, with the interrogative auxiliary, or with any evidential marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Potential Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;potential&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical future event is considered possible but uncertain. It is most often used to express that an event seems unlikely or when explaining that it is contingent on on some other event or state. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; marks the potential mood. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tra=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|pot}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Negation====&lt;br /&gt;
A clause may be negated using the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;peš&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;pii=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;peč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12533</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12533"/>
		<updated>2015-12-10T23:32:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* The Perfective */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = split ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;(C)V(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters. Words phonemically beginning in a vowel are phonetically realized with an initial glottal stop, which is not represented in the orthography.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. With noun stems beginning in a vowel, the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a vowel, the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions. Verbs may also be marked for the perfective and iterative aspects and the interrogative mood, while additional grammatical categories are primarily indicated using verbal auxiliaries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a vowel, as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a vowel, the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer is killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe a single, completed event or a state that is no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the free-standing particle &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed immediately before the verb phrase. Any auxiliaries or prefixes further modifying the verb invariably come after the perfective particle, as it is syntatically treated as standing outside of the verb phrase proper. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Interrogative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Questions in Ray Tyuwey Išup are generally formed using the &#039;&#039;interrogative mood&#039;&#039;, which transforms a clause into a polar (&amp;quot;yes or no&amp;quot;) question. Other types of questions are formed through specialized syntax, but likewise involve the use of the interrogative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The interrogative mood (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-is-&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;-us-&#039;&#039;&#039; following a labial consonant, which follows the onset of the first syllable in the verb stem.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yiseň|sleep.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.A}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo?|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Is the baby sleeping?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any prefixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated, appearing attached to the first instance of the verb stem. On the other hand, the interrogative infix is repeated, in cases where a verb is marked both interrogative and iterative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Auxiliaries===&lt;br /&gt;
The primary markers of &#039;&#039;tense&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;aspect&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;mood&#039;&#039; (TAM) in Ray Tywey Išup are &#039;&#039;auxiliaries&#039;&#039;. Many of these are specialized verbs which may, depending on their syntactic context, either stand as the core of their own verb phrase or serve as a function morpheme modifying another verb. On the other hand, some (such as the negative, imperative, evidential markers) are fully grammaticalized function morphemes that never stand on their own. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the most part, each auxiliary primarily marks a single aspectual or modal category, but most are also taken to denote a particular tense in the absence of more explicit temporal markers. However, some auxiliaries can convey information falling into all three categories, or serve different functions depending on the context in which they appear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although they do not form a unified group semantically, auxiliaries are discussed together here because they behave in a similar way morphosyntactically, variously appearing as proclitics or as phonologically independent words based on semantic and prosodic considerations:&lt;br /&gt;
* Disyllabic auxiliaries appear as free-standing auxiliaries unless they fall immediately before a syllable containing a long vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
* Monosyllabic auxiliaries typically appear as proclitics unless they fall in a position where they would take secondary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
* Auxiliaries may always appear as free-standing auxiliaries if the speaker wishes to emphasize it for pragmatic reasons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also worth noting that several of the auxiliaries are compatible only with certain types of verbs, or change their meaning to some extent depending on the verb with which they are used. For example, in order to express inceptive aspect or immediate future, most telic verbs are marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;truukum ra hi čihek&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll eat the bread now&amp;quot;), while motion verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;siyey čay ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll leave you now&amp;quot; and stative and atelic verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;loyeň ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll sleep now&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although most verb phrases contain no more than one auxiliary, it is possible to combine them, to the extent that it is semantically useful. When two or more of these morphemes are present, they generally occur in the order in which they are presented below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Experiential Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;experiential&#039;&#039; aspect ascribes to a subject the quality of having experienced an event or state. This necessarily places the verb in the past, and emphasizes it&#039;s relevance in the present, usually by indicating that the subject is competent to perform an action or to make informed judgements regarding an event or state.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truš&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;know (facts)&amp;quot;, marks the experiential aspect. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;trow=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;truč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|exp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Inceptive Aspect and the Immediate Future====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive&#039;&#039; aspect indicates that an event is about to begin, is beginning already, or has just begun, while the immediate future tense refers to an event that is about to occur very soon. Both may be marked with one of three auxiliaries, depending on the type of verb which is being modified. When used in this fashion, all three are glossed as {{sc|inc}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;begin,&amp;quot; is used with telic events which do not primarily describe motion. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;truu=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;trow&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;rise&amp;quot;, is used with motion verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and usually appears as as &#039;&#039;&#039;siyir=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. Before syllables beginning in /j/, the medial cluster /jj/ is realized as [ccʰ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from a verb meaning &amp;quot;come&amp;quot;, is used with atelic activities and stative verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;lo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;l=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Energetic Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The energetic mood expresses commitment and determination on the part of the subject, or a stronger-than-usual intensity of the referenced action or state. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;titri&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;try&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it tales the form &#039;&#039;&#039;titri=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;titr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Obligative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;obligative&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered to be required or certain due to social obligation or logical necessity. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;š=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Optative Mood and the Prospective Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;optative mood&#039;&#039; indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered desirable and/or looked forward to, while the prospective aspect is used to express that a favorable event is about the occur. Both are marked by the same auxiliary, &#039;&#039;&#039;ar&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;want&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;aw=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;ar=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|opt}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Imperative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;imperative&#039;&#039; mood is used to issue orders, and can be formed in one of two ways. An unmarked verb stem may be used to express a strong imperative when the order is being addressed to a second person subject, in which case the subject is dropped from the sentence. In addition to being somewhat limited in application, this is considered rude under most circumstances, and is mostly used in circumstances that call for heightened intensity and urgency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second method, which produces a weaker and more polite imperative, is to use the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šopow-&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|imp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It should be noted that neither of the imperative auxiliaries may co-occur with any other TAM auxiliary, with the interrogative auxiliary, or with any evidential marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Potential Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;potential&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical future event is considered possible but uncertain. It is most often used to express that an event seems unlikely or when explaining that it is contingent on on some other event or state. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; marks the potential mood. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tra=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|pot}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Negation====&lt;br /&gt;
A clause may be negated using the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;peš&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;pii=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;peč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up/Lexicon&amp;diff=12532</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup/Lexicon</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up/Lexicon&amp;diff=12532"/>
		<updated>2015-12-10T23:30:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The following is a lexicon of [[Ray Tyuwey Išup]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Part of Speech Abbreviations:&lt;br /&gt;
* adj. - adjective&lt;br /&gt;
* adv. - adverb&lt;br /&gt;
* conj. - conjunction&lt;br /&gt;
* dem. - demonstrative&lt;br /&gt;
* int. - interjection&lt;br /&gt;
* n. an. - animate noun&lt;br /&gt;
* n. hu. - human noun&lt;br /&gt;
* n. in. - inanimate noun&lt;br /&gt;
* num. - numeral&lt;br /&gt;
* pre. - preposition&lt;br /&gt;
* pron. - pronoun&lt;br /&gt;
* qtf. - indefinite quantifier&lt;br /&gt;
* vi. - intransitive verb&lt;br /&gt;
* vt. - monotransitive verb&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Vocabulary=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;bg4 l bold&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| MT || IPA || PoS || gloss || Irregular Forms&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;acam&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔaˈt̪s̪am] || n. an. || salmon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ačey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔaˈtʃej] || vt. || reflect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ahak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔaˈhak] || n. an. || eagle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;aheš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔaˈhɛʃ] || n. an. || wolf ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;aň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔaɲ] || vi. || be right, guess correctly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ar&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔar] || vt. || want ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;aš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔaʃ] || vi. || return, come back || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ca&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪a] || n. an. || hawk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cačee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪aˈtʃɛː] || n. an. || eel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cačetray&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪atʃɛˈʈaj] || n. an. || catfish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪al] || n. an. || bear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;caw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪aw] || adj. || warm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ce&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪ɛ] || n. an. || heron || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪ɛː] || vi. || stay, remain; dwell || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ceenow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈt̪s̪ɛːnow] || n. in. || coast (of the ocean) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cen&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪ɛn] || vt. || judge, conclude, decide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪ej] || vt. || agree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪iː] || n. an. || face ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪iː] || vi. || depart, leave, go away (from speaker) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ča&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃa] || n. an. || frog ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ča&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃa] || n. in. || basket ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ča&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃa] || vt. || request ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čahee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃaˈhɛː] || n. an. || goose ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čay&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃaj] || n. an. || bird || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čay&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃaj] || vi. || depart, leave, go away (from listener) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɛː] || n. an. || snake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɛː] || n. in. || weapon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃej] || vi. || itch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čeyhaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃejˈhaw] || n. hu. || twin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃi] || adj. || soft ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čičey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈtʃej] || vt. || imagine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiči&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈtʃi] || adj. || hollow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiču&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈtʃu] || vt. || destroy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čihek&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈhɛk] || n. in. || bread (loaf of) || pl. čihak&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čihu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈhu] || adj. || near, nearby, neighboring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čihyow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪhˈʝow] || adj. || blind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čily&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃiʎ] || adj. || visible, obvious ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čin&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃin] || n. in. || meat, flesh ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;činey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈnej] || adj. || fragrant, good-smelling ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;činuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈnuː] || adj. || matching, complimentary, equivalent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃiɲ] || n. an. || cat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃiɲ] || vt. || waste ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiňey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈɲej] || adj. || bright, white ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiňii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈɲiː] || adj. || different, other ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiray&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈraj] || vt. || distribute, share || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čirow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈrow] || adj. || dry, barren ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiruu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈruː] || n. in. || room (in a house) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čis&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃis̪] || n. an. || bone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čis&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃis̪] || n. in. || frost ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čis&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃis̪] || vt. || drink ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čisiňi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪs̪ɪˈɲi] || adj. || sticky ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃiʃ] || n. an. || ram, buck, male horned animal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃiʃ] || vt. || play (music) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiša&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈʃa] || adj. || diligent, hardworking, busy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čitak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈt̪ak] || adj. || heavy, solid ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čite&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈt̪e] || n. in. || log || pl. čitra&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čitey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈt̪ej] || adj. || full ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čitrey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈʈej] || vt. || disagree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čitrul&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈʈul] || n. an. || squid ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čitruu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈʈuː] || n. in. || beach, shore ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čityee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈcɛː] || adj. || wet, damp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɔ] || vt. || touch, come into contact with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čosom&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɔˈs̪ɔm] || n. an. || firefly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čošiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɔˈʃiɲ] || n. an. || pig ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃow] || n. in. || thunder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃow] || vt. || sew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ču&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃu] || n. an. || hip ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ču&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃu] || vt. || break ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čucal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃʊˈt̪s̪al] || adj. || bad, incorrect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čumiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃʊˈmiʃ] || adj. || invisible, hidden, secret ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čumoo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃʊˈmɔː] || adj. || common, commonplace ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čun&#039;&#039;&#039;|| [tʃun] || vt. || raid, rob ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čuň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃuɲ] || vt. || struggle (with) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃuː] || n. an. || leg ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃuː] || vi. || sit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čuwa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃʊˈβa] || adj. || dead ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čuwir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃʊˈβir] || adj. || beautiful, handsome, pretty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;e&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɛ] || conj. || or ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɛː] || n. in. || root ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;eehiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔɛːhɪʃ] || n. an. || ankle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;eeši&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔɛːʃɪ] || n. in. || gypsum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ešu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɛˈʃu] || n. in. || wall, fence ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔej] || n. in. || pot, vessel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔej] || adj. || short ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔej] || vt. || chew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔej] || vt. || drip on (of liquids), shine on (of light) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ha&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ha] || n. hu. || sister ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hačuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [haˈtʃuː] || n. an. || dog ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hal] || vi. || pray ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;haň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [haɲ] || adj. || true, right ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [haʃ] || n. an. || animal, creature ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hay&#039;&#039;&#039; || [haj] || n. in. || word, utterance ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɛ] || n. an. || mouse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɛː] || n. an. || moon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hek&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɛk] || vt. || finish, complete || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hen&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɛn] || n. in. || ash(es) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;henet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɛˈnɛt̪] || n. an. || warband, war party, gang ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;heň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɛɲ] || n. in. || fact || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;her&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɛr] || vt. || ask, question ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hej] || n. in. || lung ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hej] || vt. || be perpendicular to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;heykip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hejˈkip] || n. in. || string, thread, line (for fishing, etc.) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;heyruu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hejˈruː] || n. in. || order(s), command(s), instruction(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;heywow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hejˈβow] || n. hu. || widow, widower ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hi] || adj. || round, curved, bent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hi] || n. in. || clay ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hica&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈt̪s̪a] || vt. || improve, make perfect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hičun&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈtʃun] || n. in. || spoils, loot, stolen goods ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈhaw] || n. in. || waterlogged soil, marshland ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈhiː] || n. in. || game, sport ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈhir] || n. in. || dance ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihišiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪhɪˈʃiɲ] || n. an. || piglet ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihitra&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪhɪˈʈa] || n. in. || sign, omen, portent, vision ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihoy&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈhoj] || n. in. || source, origin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihuwo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪhʊˈβo] || n. in. || ladder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪhˈβi] || adj. || burnt, charred; black ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiː] || n. in. || fight, brawl ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiː] || vt. || feel, sense ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hikey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈkej] || vt. || pilot, navigate (a boat or raft) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hikuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈkuː] || vt. || scream at ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hil] || n. in. || bow || pl. hul&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hilowka&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪlowˈka] || n. in. || earwax ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hilut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈlut̪] || n. in. || sand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hily&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiʎ] || n. an. || torso, trunk of the body ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hily&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiʎ] || vt. || meet ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hilyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʎej] || n. in. || duty, responsibility, task ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hilyuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʎuː] || n. in. || scent, smell ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;him&#039;&#039;&#039; || [him] || n. in. || battle, skirmish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hinar&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiˈnar] || n. in. || grass (collective) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiner&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiˈnɛr] || n. in. || blade of grass, straw ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hinuk&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈnuk] || adj. || empty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiɲ] || n. an. || jaw, chin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiňi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈɲi] || n. in. || warning, sign of danger ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiňor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiˈɲɔr] || n. in. || man-made image, work of art ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hip] || vt. || realize, become aware of ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hip] || vt. || pierce, penetrate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈpu] || n. in. || window ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hireca&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪrɛˈt̪s̪a] || n. in. || willow tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiree&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈrɛː] || adj. || dear, valuable, precious ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hirek&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈrɛk] || n. in. || end, ending, culmination ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiri&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈri] || n. in. || amount, quantity, measure ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hirii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈriː] || vt. || demand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiro&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈrɔ] || vt. || chase, pursue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈru] || vt. || wait ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;his&#039;&#039;&#039; || [his̪] || n. in. || shooting star || pl. het&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiset&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈs̪ɛt̪] || n. in. || corral, barn, shelter for animals || pl. hitet&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hisi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈs̪i] || n. in. || poplar tree || pl. husi&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hisil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈs̪il] || n. in. || square, square shaped object || pl. hičil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiʃ] || n. in. || type, kind, quality ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hišal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʃal] || vt. || beg (for) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hišee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʃɛː] || n. in. || moonflower || pl. hošee&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hišil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʃil] || n. in. || center, middle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hišum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʃum] || n. in. || piece of food, meal || see also &#039;&#039;tyi&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hišup&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʃup] || n. an. || cockroach ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hišwii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪʃˈβiː] || n. in. || lie, trick, stratagem ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hit̪] || n. hu. || warrior ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hitral&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʈal] || vi. || fly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hitrat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʈat̪] || n. in. || storehouse, granary ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hitree&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʈɛː] || n. in. || flour, ground grains or nuts ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hitrip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʈip] || n. in. || enmity, conflict ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hitrit&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʈit̪] || n. in. || argument, disagreement ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hitrwoo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪɖˈβɔː] || vt. || teach (something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hityip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈcip] || vt. || go through, pass through ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈβi] || n. in. || cloak ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈβi] || vt. || burn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiwiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈβiɲ] || n. in. || sacrifice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiwow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈβow] || n. in. || liquid, fluid ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiwuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈβuː] || n. in. || song ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʝej] || n. in. || music ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiyi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʝi] || n. in. || bitter vetch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiyo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʝɔ] || n. in. || broad bean ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ho&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔ] || n. hu. || brother ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hocan&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔˈt̪s̪an] || n. an. || carp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hol&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔl] || vt. || pour, strew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hom&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔm] || n. an. || tongue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;honet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔˈnɛt̪] || n. in. || army (collection of warbands) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hop&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔp] || n. in. || path, trail, way ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔr] || n. an. || wasp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔr] || vi. || fall ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hottyo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔcˈcʰɔ] || n. in. || scale (of an animal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;how&#039;&#039;&#039; || [how] || n. in. || soap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;how&#039;&#039;&#039; || [how] || vt. || melt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hoy&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hoj] || vt. || slap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hu] || n. in. || pan ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hu] || vi. || stand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hučaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈtʃaw] || n. in. || trap, snare || pl. hučuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huko&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈkɔ] || n. in. || counting beans (collective) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hušiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈʃiʃ] || n. in. || musical instrument || pl. hučiš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huliň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈliɲ] || vt. || consider ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hum] || n. an. || cheek ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hume&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈmɛ] || n. in. || wild herb or bush || pl. huma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;humi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈmi] || n. in. || crop (collective) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hunal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈnal] || vt. || join, participate, partake in ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huno&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈnɔ] || vt. || put, place ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [huɲ] || n. in. || pond, small lake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hup&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hup] || vt. || punch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hur] || vi. || act as a guide, be a guide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [huʃ] || n. an. || insect, beetle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hut̪] || n. in. || gill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hut̪] || vi. || forage, be a forager ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hutaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈt̪aw] || n. in. || knife ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [huː] || n. hu. || ancestor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [huː] || n. in. || shadow, shade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [huː] || vt. || smell, perceive a scent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [huːr] || vt. || harvest, collect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huwo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈβɔ] || vi. || go up, ascend, climb ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;i&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔi] || adj. || previous, preceding ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iče&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈtʃɛ] || n. in. || colon, rectum, bowel, large intestine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ihak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈhak] || n. an. || sacrificial animal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iher&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈhɛr] || n. in. || edge, side, border || pl. ihar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ihi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈhi] || n. in. || web ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ihi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈhi] || vi. || urinate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔiː] || vt. || fight ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iihey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔiːhej] || n. in || oar ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iikat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔiːɣat̪] || n. in || travois, sledge ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iiši&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔiːʃi] || n. in || glue, any adhesive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iitišor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔiːd̪ɪʃɪ] || n. in || steering oar ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ikwa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪgˈβa] || vt. || reach, arrive at ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;il&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔil] || vt. || intend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ily&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔiʎ] || vt. || see ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ilyeehee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪʎɛːˈhɛː] || n. in. || pear tree || sg. ileehee&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ilyeyhi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪʎejˈhi] || n. in. || blanket ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iňey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈɲej] || vi. || shine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iňwiyaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪɲwɪˈʝaw] || n. in. || shirt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iňwo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪɲˈβɔ] || n. in. || ford, river crossing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔip] || vt. || praise ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ipuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈpuː] || n. in. || hammer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔir] || n. in. || feeling (tactile), texture ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ireetriš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈrɛːɖɪʃ] || n. in. || ornament, piece of jewelry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ireetrum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈrɛːɖʊm] || n. in. || finger ring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ireetyi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈrɛːɟɪ] || n. in. || necklace ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ireetyir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈrɛːɟɪr] || n. in. || armband ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iruwiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪrʊˈβiʃ] || n. in. || knot ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔiʃ] || n. in. || fang, animal tooth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;išey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈʃej] || n. in. || guts, entrails ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;itaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈt̪aw] || n. in. || wine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;itrap&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈʈap] || adj. || light (not heavy); inadequate, meager ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;itrip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈʈip] || vt. || complain about, protest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;itrwii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪɖˈβiː] || n. in. || courage, bravery, vigor, strength ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;itrwoo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪɖˈβɔː] || vt. || prove ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ityiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈciʃ] || n. in. || triangle, triangular object ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iyii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈʝiː] || vi. || thirst, be thirsty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ka&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰa] || n. an. || ear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰal] || vt. || give in trade, offer in trade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰat̪] || vt. || bear, carry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰaj] || n. in. || bowl ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ke&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɛ] || vt. || hit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɛː] || vi. || walk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ki&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰi] || n. in. || ash tree || pl. ko&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kihe&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɪˈhɛ] || n. in. || shoe || pl. kiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kikol&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɪˈkɔl] || vt. || lie, tell a lie to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kikor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɪˈkɔr] || vt. || respect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰil] || adj. || middle, central ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kilaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɪˈlaw] || n. in. || illness, disease ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kira&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɪˈra] || n. an. || crow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kitrum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɪˈʈum] || vi. || fast, abstain from eating ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ko&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɔ] || adj. || last, final ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ko&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɔ] || vt. || count ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɔr] || vi. || listen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ku&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰu] || n. in. || sound, noise ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kuk&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰuk] || vt. || kick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰum] || vt. || eat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰuː] || n. in. || hole, cavity, cave ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰuː] || vt. || seize, take over, conquer, take by force ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;la&#039;&#039;&#039; || [la] || n. in. || limestone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;la&#039;&#039;&#039; || [la] || adj. || female, feminine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;le&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɛ] || n. an. || dove, pigeon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɛː] || vi. || laugh ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;leň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɛɲ] || vi. || smile ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;let&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɛt̪] || n. in. || beech tree || pl. lat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;let&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɛt̪] || vt. || practice, learn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lihi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɪˈhi] || n. in. || filth, dirt, grime ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [liː] || n. in. || drop (small quantity of liquid) || pl. lee&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lin&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lin] || n. in. || oil, grease, fat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;liňily&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɪˈɲiʎ] || vi. || be afraid ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lišil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɪˈʃil] || vt. || examine, inspect, investigate, study ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lit&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lit̪] || n. in. || ball || pl. lot&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;litruu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɪˈʈuː] || n. in. || size || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɔ] || vi. || come, approach (towards somewhere other than speaker or listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lu] || vt. || block, hinder, keep out ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;luk&#039;&#039;&#039; || [luk] || vi. || be rough, become rough (of a body of water) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lum] || adj. || broad, wide, thick || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lup&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lup] || n. an. || toe || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lyee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʎɛː] || adj. || new, young, early ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʎej] || vi. || lie, recline ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lyi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʎi] || vt. || pull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lyiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʎiʃ] || n. in. || cloth, fabric ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ma&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ma] || n. hu. || father ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ma&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ma] || vi. || come, approach (towards listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mača&#039;&#039;&#039; || [maˈtʃa] || n. an. || ray (animal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mam&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mam] || vi. || stop, halt, cease, end ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mat̪] || n. in. || village ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;maw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [maw] || n. an. || horn (of an animal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;may&#039;&#039;&#039; || [maj] || n. in. || semen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mel&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mɛl] || adj. || yellow, green ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;meyňey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mejˈɲej] || n. in. || fetching (of an arrow) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [miː] || n. in. || seed ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [miː] || vt. || plot, conspire, scheme ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mir] || vt. || hint, suggest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;miwak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mɪˈβak] || n. in. || (piece of) flint || pl. muwak&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;momo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mɔˈmɔ] || n. hu. || baby, infant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mow] || adj. || good, correct ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mowhee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mowˈhɛː] || n. in. || new moon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mu] || vt. || castrate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mul] || n. an. || hand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;munow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mʊˈnow] || vt. || fix, repair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;muňir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mʊˈɲir] || n. an. || bull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mut̪] || vt. || be exchanged for, switch with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;muu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [muː] || adj. || small, weak ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;muwin&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mʊˈβin] || n. an. || penis ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;muwuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mʊˈβuː] || n. in. || roof ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039; || [na] || n. hu. || mother ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nal] || vt. || celebrate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nen&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nɛn] || n. in. || name || pl. nan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;neš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nɛʃ] || n. in. || candle || pl. naš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nik&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nik] || vt. || extinguish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ninu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nɪˈnu] || vt. || admit, confess ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;niru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nɪˈɾu] || n. an. || shark ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;niyi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nɪˈʝi] || n. an. || midden, waste collection area || nuyi&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nur] ||  vt. || inherit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nuː] || vt. || match, be identical to, be the same as ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲa] || n. an. || magpie ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲal] || n. an. || chick, baby bird ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňan&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲan] || vi. || bear a child, give birth, be in labor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲɛ] || n. an. || eye ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲɛː] || vi. || suffer, be in pain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňel&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲɛl] || n. in. || branch (of a tree) || pl. ňal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲej] || n. an. || nose ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲej] || n. in. || drum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňeypuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲejˈpuː] || n. an. || head ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲi] || n. an. || womb, uterus ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňičup&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲɪˈtʃup] || vi. || stink ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲiː] || n. in. || house ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňiňi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲɪˈɲi] || n. in. || rowan tree || pl. ňiňe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲir] || adj. || red, orange ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňitroš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲɪˈʈɔʃ] || vt. || hunt, track ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲɔ] || vt. || fail (to do something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲow] || adj. || open ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲow] || n. in. || door, gate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲu] || adj. || far, faraway, distant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňul&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲul] || adj. || blue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňup&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲup] || vi. || smell, emit an odor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲut̪] || n. in. || feud, rivalry, vendetta ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲuː] || n. an. || belly, abdomen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňuuweš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈɲuːβɛʃ] || n. in. || grave ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;o&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɔ] || conj. || and ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ol&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɔl] || vi. || calm, become calm (of a body of water) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔɔːmɔl] || n. an. || knuckle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;oomuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɔːˈmuː] || n. in. || legume, vegetable || pl. oomanuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;oowooňe&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔɔːwɔːɲɛ] || n. an. || menstruation ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔow] || vi. || slip, slide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰa] || n. hu. || grandfather||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰa] || vi. || go down (deliberately), descend, dive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰa] || vt. || be similar to, be like, resemble ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰak] || vt. || kill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰat̪] || vt. || kiss ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pay&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰaj] || vt. || depart, leave, go away (from somewhere other than speaker or listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pe&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɛ] || adj. || male, masculine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pe&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɛ] || n. in. || beer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pecat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pɛˈt̪s̪at̪] || n. in. || aster (a type of flower) || pl. pacat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;peň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɛɲ] || vt. || thank ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɛt̪] || n. in. || egg || pl. šat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɛt̪] || n. in. || star || pl. pat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰej] || vt. || like ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰi] || n. in. || nut || pl. pu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰi] || vi. || grow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰi] || vt. || go between, pass between, be between ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰiː] || n. hu. || friend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰiː] || vi. || jump, leap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰiː]  || vt. || bake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;piiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰiːʃ] || vt. || receive in trade || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;piň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰiɲ]  || n. in. || oak tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;piš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰiʃ]  || n. in. || feather || pl. puk&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;po&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɔ] || vt. || cover, conceal, hide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;poo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɔː] || adj. || long ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;poo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɔː] || n. in. || dough ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;por&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɔr] || n. in. || part, piece ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pošuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pɔˈʃuː] || n. an. || lion ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pot&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɔt̪] || vt. || give freely, give as a gift ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰow] || adj. || tall ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰow] || n. in. || fate, destiny, luck ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰow] || vt. || be diagonal to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰu] || vt. || change ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pul&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰul] || adj. || closed, sealed ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰum] || vt. || be parallel to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pumow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈmow] || vt. || wash, clean, clean up ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pupa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈpa] || n. hu. || maternal uncle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pupa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈpa] || vt. || paddle, row (a boat or raft) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pupeš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈpɛʃ] || vt. || refuse, deny ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pupey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈpej] || vt. || love ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pupuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈpuː] || vt. || discover, invent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰur] || vt. || wage, conduct, venture, attempt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pusiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈs̪iʃ] || n. in. || lily || pl. poseš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;puso&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈs̪ɔ] || n. in. || stick || pl. pučo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;puš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰuʃ] || n. in. || valley || pl. poš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈʈɛʃ] || n. hu. || soul, spirit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;puu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰuː] || n. in. || hat, helmet ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;puu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰuː] || vt. || find ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;puum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰuːm] || n. in. || rash, acne, any visable skin condition ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;puyel&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈʝɛl] || n. hu. || enemy, rival ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;racar&#039;&#039;&#039; || [raˈt̪s̪ar] || n. in. || mushroom ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rama&#039;&#039;&#039; || [raˈma] || n. hu. || paternal aunt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rarašuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [raraˈʃuː] || n. an. || puppy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [raʃ] || n. an. || mare (female horse) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [raʃ] || vt. || wish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rataš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [raˈt̪aʃ] || n. an. || foal (young horse) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ray&#039;&#039;&#039; || [raj] || n. in. || juice, sap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;re&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɛ] || vt. || lack, miss, be without ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rek&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɛk] || vi. || win, be victorious ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rem&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɛm] || n. an. || newt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rem&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɛm] || vt. || own, possess ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɛp] || n. hu. || son, boy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ret&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɛt̪] || n. an. || kitten ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rej] || vi. || become content, be fulfilled ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;reymul&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rejˈmul] || n. an. || wrist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;reyšey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rejˈʃej] || n. an. || waist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rihir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈhir] || n. in. || bronze, metal in general ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riče&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈtʃɛ] || vi. || float (in a passive manner) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ricey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈt̪s̪ej] || vt. || convince, persuade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [riː] || n. in. || circle, circular object ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rinur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈnur] || n. in. || clan, lineage, extended family ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [riɲ] || n. an. || cow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rip] || n. in. || salt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rirey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈrej] || n. an. || kid (young goat) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ririň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈriɲ] || n. an. || calf (young bovine) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riritru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪrɪˈʈu] || vt. || curse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈru] || vt. || bless ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ris&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ris̪] || n. in. || human tooth || pl. rit&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [riʃ] || vi. || flow, blow (of fluids) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riša&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈʃa] || n. an. || tiger ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ritris&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈʈis̪] || vt. || attack ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riyetyir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪjɛˈcir] || n. an. || elbow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rol&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɔl] || vi. || cry, scream ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;roň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɔɲ] || n. hu. || daughter, girl ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;roro&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɔˈrɔ] || n. an. || seagull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;row&#039;&#039;&#039; || [row] || n. an. || fox ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ru] || adj. || big, large ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ru] || vt. || push ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rucii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈt̪s̪iː] ||  n. hu. || king, chief, patriarch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ručuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈtʃuː] || n. in. || shield ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruhee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈhɛː] || n. in. || full moon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruka&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈka] || n. an. || raven ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rukii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈkiː] || n. in. || cask, barrel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rum] || vt. || roast ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruma&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈma] || n. in. || garden ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rumet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈmɛt̪] || n. in. || fortress, fortified settlement ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rurihir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊrɪˈhir] || n. in. || silver ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rušiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈʃiʃ] || n. hu. || queen, matriarch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rut̪] ||  vi. || serve, be a servant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rutee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈt̪ɛː] ||  n. in. || oath, pledge ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rutruň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈʈuɲ] ||  n. in. || lagoon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ruː] ||  vt. || recite, tell (a story) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruuhum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈruːhʊm] ||  n. in. || winter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruuňir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈruːɲɪr] ||  n. in. || autumn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruupi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈruːbɪ] ||  n. in. || spring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruwičii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊwɪˈtʃiː] ||  n. in. || mask ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪a] || n. an. || fist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪ɛ] || n. in. || bridge ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sem&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪ɛm] || n. in. || event ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sep&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪ɛp] || vt. || spill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ser&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪ɛr] || n. in. || coal (piece of) || pl. ter&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪ej] || n. in. || blister || pl. cey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;si&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪i] || n. in. || turnip ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪il] || n. in. || mud ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪ɪˈʝej] || vi. || rise, stand (up) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ša&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃa] || vi. || work ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šahat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃaˈhat̪] || n. an. || duck ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šahoš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃaˈhɔʃ] || n. in. || pine tree || pl. trahoš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃak] || vt. || keep, retain, store ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃal] || adj. || cold ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šan&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃan] || n. hu. || child ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šaš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃaʃ] || n. in. || mortar (grinding tool) || pl. čaš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šeš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃɛʃ] || n. an. || flea ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃej] || vi. || defecate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ši&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃi] || n. in. || mountain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ši&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃi] || vt. || sculpt, mold, join together || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃil]  || vt. || watch, look at ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šim&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃim]  || n. in. || chalk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃip] || adj. || narrow, thin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šis&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃis̪] || n. in. || soup, stew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃiʃ] || n. hu. || woman, wife ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šitru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃɪˈʈu] || vt. || loosen, untie ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃɔ] || vt. || reply, respond ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃɔ] || vt. || get, receive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šowuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃɔˈβuː] || n. in. || well, spring || pl. čowuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃu] || n. in. || axe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃu] || vt. || bind, tie ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃum] || n. in. || festival ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šup&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃup] || n. an. || snail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃur] || vt. || dance ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šuyan&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃʊˈjan] || n. hu. || orphan ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ta&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰa] || n. an. || earlobe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰak] || vt. || fry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰak] || vt. || take, remove, take away || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰat̪] || n. an. || rabbit, hare || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰaw] || n. in. || vineyard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰaw] || vt. || cut ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tay&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰaj] || n. in. || pestle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;te&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰɛ] ||  n. an. || tail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tel&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰɛl] ||  n. in. || altar, ritual place || pl. tral&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ter&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰɛr] ||  n. an. || thumb ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;teš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰɛʃ] || vi. || move around, wander ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰɛt̪] || n. in. || copper ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tetruheš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɛɖʊˈhɛʃ] || n. in. || gold ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰej] || n. in. || thing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;teyluu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ejˈluː] || n. in. || tradition, rule, law, requirement ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ti&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰi] || conj. || but ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tihel&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈhɛl] || n. in. || leaf || pl. tihal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰiː] || n. an. || knee ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰiː] || vt. || play (a game) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;til&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰil] || n. an. || bat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;til&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰil] || n. in. || brick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tišor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈʃɔr] || vt. || command (people), herd (animals), control ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tišuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈʃuː] || vt. || capture, take hostage ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;titak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈt̪ak] || vt. || separate, disconnect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;titey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈt̪ej] || vt. || be full of ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;titra&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈʈa] || vt. || plow (a piece of land) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;titray&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈʈaj] || vt. || declare, announce ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;titri&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈʈi] || vt. || try, strive (to do something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;titriňip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪɖɪˈɲip] || vt. || commit incest with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tityey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈcej] || n. an. || lamb ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰow] || n. in. || hair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰum] || n. an. || finger ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰa] || n. an. || lizard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰa] || n. hu. || grandmother ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰa] || vt. || bite ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰa] || vt. || dig up, dig for ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tračee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈaˈtʃɛː] || n. an. || worm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;traň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰaɲ] || vt. || talk to, chat with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trar&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰar] || n. in. || butter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰat̪] || vt. || look forward to, be excited for ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰaw] || n. hu. || man, husband ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tray&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰaj] || vt. || say, speak (something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tree&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰɛː] || vt. || grind, mill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰej] || vt. || doubt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tri&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰi] || n. an. || scorpion ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰiː] || n. an. || spine, backbone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰip] || vt. || offend, insult ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trirer&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈɪˈrɛr] || n. an. || fly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;triru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈɪˈru] || adj. || holy, sacred, blessed ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tris&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰis̪] || vt. || shake || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;triš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰiʃ] || vt. || steal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trit&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰit̪] || vt. || argue with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tritriš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈɪˈʈiʃ] || vt. || pillage, sack ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tro&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰɔ] || vi. || understand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trok&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰɔk] || vi. || hunt, go hunting, be a hunter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tror&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰɔr] || vt. || paint, dye, color ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;troš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰɔʃ] || n. in. || wood (material) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰɔt̪] || n. in. || pants, trousers (pair of) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰow] || n. an. || chest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰu] || adj. || strong, powerful ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰu] || n. in. || poison ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰum] || n. an. || monkey ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trumu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʊˈmu] || vi. || swim, tread water ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trumuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʊˈmuː] || vt. || cross ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truna&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʊˈna] || vt. || make, create ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truney&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʊˈnej] || vt. || fill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truni&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʊˈni] || vt. || explain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰuɲ] || vi. || vomit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trup&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰup] || n. an. || heart ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trusil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʊˈs̪il] || n. in. || scum (organic film on the surface of water), algae ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰuʃ] || vt. || know (facts, how to do something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰuː] || n. in. || land ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰuː] || vt. || start, begin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truuk&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰuːk] || n. an. || stallion (male horse) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truyi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʊˈʝi] || n. in. || dung, feces ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰej] || n. an. || sheep ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰej] || n. hu. || person, human being ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰej] || n. in. || wool ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰej] || vt. || believe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰi] || vi. || come, approach (towards speaker) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰiɲ] || n. in. || beard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰip] || n. in. || tent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰir] || n. an. || arm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰir] || vi. || sink ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyiruu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cɪˈruː] || n. in. || island ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyis&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰis̪] || n. in. || petal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰiʃ] || n. an. || foot ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyiyaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cɪˈʝaw] || n. in. || grape ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uk&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuk] || vt. || confuse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ul&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔul] || vt. || worry about ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ulyeyňey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔʊʎejˈɲej] || n. in. || arrow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ulyeytrey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔʊʎejˈʈej] || n. in. || spear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;um&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔum] || adj. || old, late ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuɲ] || n. an. || squirrel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuɲ] || vt. || help, assist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;up&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔup] || vt. || hear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;upuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuˈpuː] || vt. || pass, move past, move beyond ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔur] || vi. || breathe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;utrey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔʊˈʈej] || vt. || defeat (in a competition or fight) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;utri&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔʊˈʈi] || vt. || commit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuː] || n. in. || water ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuː] || vt. || swallow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔuːhʊr] || n. hu. || leader ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uuňii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuːˈɲiː] || n. hu. || stranger, foreigner ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uušey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔuːʃej] || n. in. || bile ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uušuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuːˈʃuː] || n. hu. || captive, prisoner ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uutroš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔuːɖɔʃ] || n. hu. || hunter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uutruš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔuːɖʊʃ] || n. hu. || priest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uwer&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔʊˈβɛr] || vt. || forget ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uwuunow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔʊˈβuːnow] || n. in. || the world, Akana ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βa] || n. an. || breast ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βa] || vt. || deserve ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wačee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [waˈtʃɛː] || n. an. || turtle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βak] || n. in. || (piece of) stone, rock ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βan] || vi. || become tired, tire out ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wanol&#039;&#039;&#039; || [waˈnɔl] || n. in. || apple tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;waň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βaɲ] || vt. || hurt, wound, injure, harm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;war&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βar] || vi. || get ready, be prepared ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wašwey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [waʃˈβej] || n. in. || arrowhead, spearhead ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;waw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βaw] || n. in. || beehive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;way&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βaj] || n. in. || grain, wheat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;we&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɛ] || vt. || tell, say toward ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɛː] || n. an. || lip; (pl) mouth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wer&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɛr] || vt. || lose, misplace ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;weš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɛʃ] || n. hu. || god ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;weše&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wɛˈʃɛ] || n. an. || cricket, grasshopper ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βej] || n. an. || fish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βi] || n. in. || dew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βi] || vt. || hold, grasp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wihwaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wɪhˈβaw] || n. in. || shell (of a turtle, etc.) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βiː] || n. in. || air, wind, sky, weather ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βiː] || vt. || beseech, pray to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βiɲ] || vi. || look, look around ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wis&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βis̪] || n. in. || stalk, stem, shaft ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βiʃ] || n. in. || rope ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βiʃ] || vi. || turn around ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;witrop&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wɪˈʈɔp] || vi. || hunger, become hungry || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wiyot&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wɪˈʝɔt̪] || n. it. || kidney || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɔ] || vt. || forbid, ban ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wol&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɔl] || vt. || knead ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;woo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɔː] || n. in. || earth, soil ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;woo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɔː] || vt. || protect, guard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wootriš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈβɔːɖɪʃ] || n. in. || crystal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɔr] || n. in. || blood ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βow] || n. an. || deer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βow] || vi. || live ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βu] || adj. || hard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wucee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊˈt̪s̪ɛː] || n. in. || bay ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wucen&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊˈt̪s̪ɛn] || n. in. || decision ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wuča&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊˈtʃa] || n. an. || elephant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wučat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊˈtʃat̪] || n. in. || color ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wul&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βul] || n. in. || apple || pl. ul&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wulwey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊlˈβej] || n. in. || bark (of a tree) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wupiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊˈpiʃ] || vt. || turn, rotate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wupyee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊbˈʝɛː] || n. in. || nest (of birds) || pl . wupoo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wurii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊˈriː] || vt. || have sex with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βut̪] || n. in. || oven, hearth || pl. yot&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wutii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊˈt̪iː] || n. in. || fingernail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wuum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βuːm] || n. an. || skin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝa] || n. in. || milk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝa] || vi. || give a greeting, say goodbye ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yar&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝar] || n. in. || boat || pl. yanar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yap&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝap] || n. an. || owl ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yaš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝaʃ] || n. an. || throat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝaj] || vt. || seek, look for ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ye&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɛ] || vt. || bend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɛː] || adj. || next ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɛː] || n. in. || plain, grassland, dry lowlands ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yeň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɛɲ] || vi. || sleep ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɛt̪] || n. in. || nipple, teat || pl. yat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɛt̪] || vt. || think about, reflect on, consider, assume ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yettyum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɛcˈcʰum] || vi. || wake up ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yi’ily&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈʔiʎ] || vt. || notice, take note of ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yicaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈt̪s̪aw] || vt. || cook ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yihu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈhu] || vi. || stand up (from sitting or lying) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yihut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈhut̪] || vt. || gather berries, pick berries ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝiː] || n. an. || whale ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝiɲ] || n. in. || bed || pl. yeň&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yirii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈriː] || n. an. || vagina ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yiša&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈʃa] || vt. || succeed (at doing something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yišat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈʃat̪] || n. in. || flaw, stain, blemish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yityir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈcir] || vi. || die ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yiyicaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪjɪˈt̪s̪aw] || vt. || boil ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɔ] || n. in. || rapids (of a river) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɔ] || vt. || wear (clothes) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝow] || n. in. || strawberry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝum] || vi. || become old ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yunuk&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jʊˈnuk] || vt. || empty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yupi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jʊˈpi] || vi. || grow up, become an adult (of human and animate subjects) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝur] || n. in. || seaweed ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝuː] || adj. || deep ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝuː] || n. in. || flower ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuuhee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [juːˈhɛː] || n. in. || pear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuuyar&#039;&#039;&#039; || [juːˈʝar] || n. in. || landing (for ships), mooring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Lexicography]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12531</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12531"/>
		<updated>2015-12-08T10:03:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* Auxiliaries */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = split ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;(C)V(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters. Words phonemically beginning in a vowel are phonetically realized with an initial glottal stop, which is not represented in the orthography.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. With noun stems beginning in a vowel, the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a vowel, the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions. Verbs may also be marked for the perfective and iterative aspects and the interrogative mood, while additional grammatical categories are primarily indicated using verbal auxiliaries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a vowel, as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a vowel, the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer is killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe a single, completed event or a state that is no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the free-standing particle &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed immediately before the verb phrase. Any proclitics further modifying the verb invariably come after the perfective particle, as it is syntatically treated as standing outside of the verb phrase proper. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Interrogative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Questions in Ray Tyuwey Išup are generally formed using the &#039;&#039;interrogative mood&#039;&#039;, which transforms a clause into a polar (&amp;quot;yes or no&amp;quot;) question. Other types of questions are formed through specialized syntax, but likewise involve the use of the interrogative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The interrogative mood (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-is-&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;-us-&#039;&#039;&#039; following a labial consonant, which follows the onset of the first syllable in the verb stem.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yiseň|sleep.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.A}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo?|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Is the baby sleeping?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any prefixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated, appearing attached to the first instance of the verb stem. On the other hand, the interrogative infix is repeated, in cases where a verb is marked both interrogative and iterative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Auxiliaries===&lt;br /&gt;
The primary markers of &#039;&#039;tense&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;aspect&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;mood&#039;&#039; (TAM) in Ray Tywey Išup are &#039;&#039;auxiliaries&#039;&#039;. Many of these are specialized verbs which may, depending on their syntactic context, either stand as the core of their own verb phrase or serve as a function morpheme modifying another verb. On the other hand, some (such as the negative, imperative, evidential markers) are fully grammaticalized function morphemes that never stand on their own. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the most part, each auxiliary primarily marks a single aspectual or modal category, but most are also taken to denote a particular tense in the absence of more explicit temporal markers. However, some auxiliaries can convey information falling into all three categories, or serve different functions depending on the context in which they appear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although they do not form a unified group semantically, auxiliaries are discussed together here because they behave in a similar way morphosyntactically, variously appearing as proclitics or as phonologically independent words based on semantic and prosodic considerations:&lt;br /&gt;
* Disyllabic auxiliaries appear as free-standing auxiliaries unless they fall immediately before a syllable containing a long vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
* Monosyllabic auxiliaries typically appear as proclitics unless they fall in a position where they would take secondary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
* Auxiliaries may always appear as free-standing auxiliaries if the speaker wishes to emphasize it for pragmatic reasons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also worth noting that several of the auxiliaries are compatible only with certain types of verbs, or change their meaning to some extent depending on the verb with which they are used. For example, in order to express inceptive aspect or immediate future, most telic verbs are marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;truukum ra hi čihek&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll eat the bread now&amp;quot;), while motion verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;siyey čay ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll leave you now&amp;quot; and stative and atelic verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;loyeň ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll sleep now&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although most verb phrases contain no more than one auxiliary, it is possible to combine them, to the extent that it is semantically useful. When two or more of these morphemes are present, they generally occur in the order in which they are presented below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Experiential Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;experiential&#039;&#039; aspect ascribes to a subject the quality of having experienced an event or state. This necessarily places the verb in the past, and emphasizes it&#039;s relevance in the present, usually by indicating that the subject is competent to perform an action or to make informed judgements regarding an event or state.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truš&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;know (facts)&amp;quot;, marks the experiential aspect. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;trow=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;truč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|exp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Inceptive Aspect and the Immediate Future====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive&#039;&#039; aspect indicates that an event is about to begin, is beginning already, or has just begun, while the immediate future tense refers to an event that is about to occur very soon. Both may be marked with one of three auxiliaries, depending on the type of verb which is being modified. When used in this fashion, all three are glossed as {{sc|inc}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;begin,&amp;quot; is used with telic events which do not primarily describe motion. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;truu=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;trow&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;rise&amp;quot;, is used with motion verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and usually appears as as &#039;&#039;&#039;siyir=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. Before syllables beginning in /j/, the medial cluster /jj/ is realized as [ccʰ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from a verb meaning &amp;quot;come&amp;quot;, is used with atelic activities and stative verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;lo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;l=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Energetic Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The energetic mood expresses commitment and determination on the part of the subject, or a stronger-than-usual intensity of the referenced action or state. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;titri&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;try&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it tales the form &#039;&#039;&#039;titri=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;titr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Obligative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;obligative&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered to be required or certain due to social obligation or logical necessity. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;š=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Optative Mood and the Prospective Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;optative mood&#039;&#039; indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered desirable and/or looked forward to, while the prospective aspect is used to express that a favorable event is about the occur. Both are marked by the same auxiliary, &#039;&#039;&#039;ar&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;want&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;aw=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;ar=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|opt}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Imperative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;imperative&#039;&#039; mood is used to issue orders, and can be formed in one of two ways. An unmarked verb stem may be used to express a strong imperative when the order is being addressed to a second person subject, in which case the subject is dropped from the sentence. In addition to being somewhat limited in application, this is considered rude under most circumstances, and is mostly used in circumstances that call for heightened intensity and urgency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second method, which produces a weaker and more polite imperative, is to use the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šopow-&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|imp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It should be noted that neither of the imperative auxiliaries may co-occur with any other TAM auxiliary, with the interrogative auxiliary, or with any evidential marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Potential Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;potential&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical future event is considered possible but uncertain. It is most often used to express that an event seems unlikely or when explaining that it is contingent on on some other event or state. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; marks the potential mood. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tra=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|pot}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Negation====&lt;br /&gt;
A clause may be negated using the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;peš&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;pii=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;peč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12530</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12530"/>
		<updated>2015-12-08T09:49:32Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* The Interrogative */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = split ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;(C)V(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters. Words phonemically beginning in a vowel are phonetically realized with an initial glottal stop, which is not represented in the orthography.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. With noun stems beginning in a vowel, the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a vowel, the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions. Verbs may also be marked for the perfective and iterative aspects and the interrogative mood, while additional grammatical categories are primarily indicated using verbal auxiliaries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a vowel, as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a vowel, the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer is killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe a single, completed event or a state that is no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the free-standing particle &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed immediately before the verb phrase. Any proclitics further modifying the verb invariably come after the perfective particle, as it is syntatically treated as standing outside of the verb phrase proper. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Interrogative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Questions in Ray Tyuwey Išup are generally formed using the &#039;&#039;interrogative mood&#039;&#039;, which transforms a clause into a polar (&amp;quot;yes or no&amp;quot;) question. Other types of questions are formed through specialized syntax, but likewise involve the use of the interrogative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The interrogative mood (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-is-&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;-us-&#039;&#039;&#039; following a labial consonant, which follows the onset of the first syllable in the verb stem.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yiseň|sleep.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.A}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo?|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Is the baby sleeping?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any prefixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated, appearing attached to the first instance of the verb stem. On the other hand, the interrogative infix is repeated, in cases where a verb is marked both interrogative and iterative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Auxiliaries===&lt;br /&gt;
The primary markers of &#039;&#039;tense&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;aspect&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;mood&#039;&#039; (TAM) in Ray Tywey Išup are &#039;&#039;auxiliaries&#039;&#039;. Many of these are specialized verbs which may, depending on their syntactic context, either stand as the core of their own verb phrase or serve as a function morpheme modifying another verb. On the other hand, some (such as the negative, imperative, evidential markers) are fully grammaticalized function morphemes that never stand on their own. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the most part, each auxiliary primarily marks a single aspectual or modal category, but most are also taken to denote a particular tense in the absence of more explicit temporal markers. However, some auxiliaries can convey information falling into all three categories, or serve different functions depending on the context in which they appear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although they do not form a unified group semantically, auxiliaries are discussed together here because they behave in a similar way morphosyntactically, variously appearing as proclitics or as phonologically independent words based on semantic and prosodic considerations:&lt;br /&gt;
* Disyllabic auxiliaries appear as free-standing auxiliaries unless they fall immediately before a syllable containing a long vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
* Monosyllabic auxiliaries typically appear as proclitics unless they fall in a position where they would take secondary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
* Auxiliaries may always appear as free-standing auxiliaries if the speaker wishes to emphasize it for pragmatic reasons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also worth noting that several of the auxiliaries are compatible only with certain types of verbs, or change their meaning to some extent depending on the verb with which they are used. For example, in order to express inceptive aspect or immediate future, most telic verbs are marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;truukum ra hi čihek&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll eat the bread now&amp;quot;), while motion verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;siyey čay ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll leave you now&amp;quot; and stative and atelic verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;loyeň ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll sleep now&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although most verb phrases contain no more than one auxiliary, it is possible to combine them, to the extent that it is semantically useful. When two or more of these morphemes are present, they generally occur in the order in which they are presented below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Experiential Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;experiential&#039;&#039; aspect ascribes to a subject the quality of having experienced an event or state. This necessarily places the verb in the past, and emphasizes it&#039;s relevance in the present, usually by indicating that the subject is competent to perform an action or to make informed judgements regarding an event or state.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truš&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;know (facts)&amp;quot;, marks the experiential aspect. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;trow=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;truč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|exp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Inceptive Aspect and the Immediate Future====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive&#039;&#039; aspect indicates that an event is about to begin, is beginning already, or has just begun, while the immediate future tense refers to an event that is about to occur very soon. Both may be marked with one of three auxiliaries, depending on the type of verb which is being modified. When used in this fashion, all three are glossed as {{sc|inc}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;begin,&amp;quot; is used with telic events which do not primarily describe motion. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;truu=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;trow&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;rise&amp;quot;, is used with motion verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and usually appears as as &#039;&#039;&#039;siyir=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. Before syllables beginning in /j/, the medial cluster /jj/ is realized as [ccʰ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from a verb meaning &amp;quot;come&amp;quot;, is used with atelic activities and stative verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;lo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;l=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Energetic Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The energetic mood expresses commitment and determination on the part of the subject, or a stronger-than-usual intensity of the referenced action or state. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;titri&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;try&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it tales the form &#039;&#039;&#039;titri=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;titr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Obligative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;obligative&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered to be required or certain due to social obligation or logical necessity. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;š=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Optative Mood and the Prospective Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;optative mood&#039;&#039; indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered desirable and/or looked forward to, while the prospective aspect is used to express that a favorable event is about the occur. Both are marked by the same auxiliary, &#039;&#039;&#039;ar&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;want&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;aw=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;ar=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|opt}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Imperative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;imperative&#039;&#039; mood is used to issue orders, and can be formed in one of two ways. An unmarked verb stem may be used to express a strong imperative when the order is being addressed to a second person subject, in which case the subject is dropped from the sentence. In addition to being somewhat limited in application, this is considered rude under most circumstances, and is mostly used in circumstances that call for heightened intensity and urgency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second method, which produces a weaker and more polite imperative, is to use the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šopow-&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|imp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It should be noted that neither of the imperative auxiliaries may co-occur with any other TAM auxiliary, with the interrogative auxiliary, or with any evidential marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Potential Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;potential&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical future event is considered possible but uncertain. It is most often used to express that an event seems unlikely or when explaining that it is contingent on on some other event or state. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; marks the potential mood. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tra=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|pot}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12529</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12529"/>
		<updated>2015-12-08T09:49:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* The Interrogative= */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = split ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;(C)V(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters. Words phonemically beginning in a vowel are phonetically realized with an initial glottal stop, which is not represented in the orthography.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. With noun stems beginning in a vowel, the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a vowel, the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions. Verbs may also be marked for the perfective and iterative aspects and the interrogative mood, while additional grammatical categories are primarily indicated using verbal auxiliaries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a vowel, as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a vowel, the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer is killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe a single, completed event or a state that is no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the free-standing particle &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed immediately before the verb phrase. Any proclitics further modifying the verb invariably come after the perfective particle, as it is syntatically treated as standing outside of the verb phrase proper. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Interrogative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Questions in Ray Tyuwey Išup are generally formed using the &#039;&#039;interrogative mood&#039;&#039;, which transforms a clause into a polar (&amp;quot;yes or no&amp;quot;) question. Other types of questions are formed through specialized syntax, but likewise involve the use of the interrogative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The interrogative mood (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-is-&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;-us-&#039;&#039;&#039; following a labial consonant, which follows the onset of the first syllable in the verb stem.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yiseň|sleep.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.A}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momò?|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Is the baby sleeping?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any prefixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated, appearing attached to the first instance of the verb stem. On the other hand, the interrogative infix is repeated, in cases where a verb is marked both interrogative and iterative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Auxiliaries===&lt;br /&gt;
The primary markers of &#039;&#039;tense&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;aspect&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;mood&#039;&#039; (TAM) in Ray Tywey Išup are &#039;&#039;auxiliaries&#039;&#039;. Many of these are specialized verbs which may, depending on their syntactic context, either stand as the core of their own verb phrase or serve as a function morpheme modifying another verb. On the other hand, some (such as the negative, imperative, evidential markers) are fully grammaticalized function morphemes that never stand on their own. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the most part, each auxiliary primarily marks a single aspectual or modal category, but most are also taken to denote a particular tense in the absence of more explicit temporal markers. However, some auxiliaries can convey information falling into all three categories, or serve different functions depending on the context in which they appear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although they do not form a unified group semantically, auxiliaries are discussed together here because they behave in a similar way morphosyntactically, variously appearing as proclitics or as phonologically independent words based on semantic and prosodic considerations:&lt;br /&gt;
* Disyllabic auxiliaries appear as free-standing auxiliaries unless they fall immediately before a syllable containing a long vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
* Monosyllabic auxiliaries typically appear as proclitics unless they fall in a position where they would take secondary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
* Auxiliaries may always appear as free-standing auxiliaries if the speaker wishes to emphasize it for pragmatic reasons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also worth noting that several of the auxiliaries are compatible only with certain types of verbs, or change their meaning to some extent depending on the verb with which they are used. For example, in order to express inceptive aspect or immediate future, most telic verbs are marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;truukum ra hi čihek&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll eat the bread now&amp;quot;), while motion verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;siyey čay ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll leave you now&amp;quot; and stative and atelic verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;loyeň ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll sleep now&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although most verb phrases contain no more than one auxiliary, it is possible to combine them, to the extent that it is semantically useful. When two or more of these morphemes are present, they generally occur in the order in which they are presented below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Experiential Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;experiential&#039;&#039; aspect ascribes to a subject the quality of having experienced an event or state. This necessarily places the verb in the past, and emphasizes it&#039;s relevance in the present, usually by indicating that the subject is competent to perform an action or to make informed judgements regarding an event or state.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truš&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;know (facts)&amp;quot;, marks the experiential aspect. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;trow=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;truč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|exp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Inceptive Aspect and the Immediate Future====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive&#039;&#039; aspect indicates that an event is about to begin, is beginning already, or has just begun, while the immediate future tense refers to an event that is about to occur very soon. Both may be marked with one of three auxiliaries, depending on the type of verb which is being modified. When used in this fashion, all three are glossed as {{sc|inc}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;begin,&amp;quot; is used with telic events which do not primarily describe motion. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;truu=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;trow&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;rise&amp;quot;, is used with motion verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and usually appears as as &#039;&#039;&#039;siyir=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. Before syllables beginning in /j/, the medial cluster /jj/ is realized as [ccʰ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from a verb meaning &amp;quot;come&amp;quot;, is used with atelic activities and stative verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;lo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;l=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Energetic Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The energetic mood expresses commitment and determination on the part of the subject, or a stronger-than-usual intensity of the referenced action or state. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;titri&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;try&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it tales the form &#039;&#039;&#039;titri=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;titr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Obligative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;obligative&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered to be required or certain due to social obligation or logical necessity. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;š=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Optative Mood and the Prospective Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;optative mood&#039;&#039; indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered desirable and/or looked forward to, while the prospective aspect is used to express that a favorable event is about the occur. Both are marked by the same auxiliary, &#039;&#039;&#039;ar&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;want&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;aw=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;ar=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|opt}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Imperative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;imperative&#039;&#039; mood is used to issue orders, and can be formed in one of two ways. An unmarked verb stem may be used to express a strong imperative when the order is being addressed to a second person subject, in which case the subject is dropped from the sentence. In addition to being somewhat limited in application, this is considered rude under most circumstances, and is mostly used in circumstances that call for heightened intensity and urgency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second method, which produces a weaker and more polite imperative, is to use the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šopow-&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|imp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It should be noted that neither of the imperative auxiliaries may co-occur with any other TAM auxiliary, with the interrogative auxiliary, or with any evidential marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Potential Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;potential&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical future event is considered possible but uncertain. It is most often used to express that an event seems unlikely or when explaining that it is contingent on on some other event or state. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; marks the potential mood. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tra=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|pot}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12528</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12528"/>
		<updated>2015-12-08T09:46:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* Verbs */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = split ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;(C)V(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters. Words phonemically beginning in a vowel are phonetically realized with an initial glottal stop, which is not represented in the orthography.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. With noun stems beginning in a vowel, the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a vowel, the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions. Verbs may also be marked for the perfective and iterative aspects and the interrogative mood, while additional grammatical categories are primarily indicated using verbal auxiliaries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a vowel, as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a vowel, the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer is killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe a single, completed event or a state that is no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the free-standing particle &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed immediately before the verb phrase. Any proclitics further modifying the verb invariably come after the perfective particle, as it is syntatically treated as standing outside of the verb phrase proper. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Interrogative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Questions in Ray Tyuwey Išup are generally formed using the &#039;&#039;interrogative mood&#039;&#039;, which transforms a clause into a polar (&amp;quot;yes or no&amp;quot;) question. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The interrogative mood (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-is-&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;-us-&#039;&#039;&#039; following a labial consonant, which follows the onset of the first syllable in the verb stem.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yiseň|sleep.INT}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.A}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momò?|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Is the baby sleeping?}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any prefixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated, appearing attached to the first instance of the verb stem. On the other hand, the interrogative infix is repeated, in cases where a verb is marked both interrogative and iterative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Auxiliaries===&lt;br /&gt;
The primary markers of &#039;&#039;tense&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;aspect&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;mood&#039;&#039; (TAM) in Ray Tywey Išup are &#039;&#039;auxiliaries&#039;&#039;. Many of these are specialized verbs which may, depending on their syntactic context, either stand as the core of their own verb phrase or serve as a function morpheme modifying another verb. On the other hand, some (such as the negative, imperative, evidential markers) are fully grammaticalized function morphemes that never stand on their own. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the most part, each auxiliary primarily marks a single aspectual or modal category, but most are also taken to denote a particular tense in the absence of more explicit temporal markers. However, some auxiliaries can convey information falling into all three categories, or serve different functions depending on the context in which they appear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although they do not form a unified group semantically, auxiliaries are discussed together here because they behave in a similar way morphosyntactically, variously appearing as proclitics or as phonologically independent words based on semantic and prosodic considerations:&lt;br /&gt;
* Disyllabic auxiliaries appear as free-standing auxiliaries unless they fall immediately before a syllable containing a long vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
* Monosyllabic auxiliaries typically appear as proclitics unless they fall in a position where they would take secondary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
* Auxiliaries may always appear as free-standing auxiliaries if the speaker wishes to emphasize it for pragmatic reasons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also worth noting that several of the auxiliaries are compatible only with certain types of verbs, or change their meaning to some extent depending on the verb with which they are used. For example, in order to express inceptive aspect or immediate future, most telic verbs are marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;truukum ra hi čihek&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll eat the bread now&amp;quot;), while motion verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;siyey čay ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll leave you now&amp;quot; and stative and atelic verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;loyeň ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll sleep now&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although most verb phrases contain no more than one auxiliary, it is possible to combine them, to the extent that it is semantically useful. When two or more of these morphemes are present, they generally occur in the order in which they are presented below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Experiential Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;experiential&#039;&#039; aspect ascribes to a subject the quality of having experienced an event or state. This necessarily places the verb in the past, and emphasizes it&#039;s relevance in the present, usually by indicating that the subject is competent to perform an action or to make informed judgements regarding an event or state.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truš&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;know (facts)&amp;quot;, marks the experiential aspect. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;trow=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;truč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|exp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Inceptive Aspect and the Immediate Future====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive&#039;&#039; aspect indicates that an event is about to begin, is beginning already, or has just begun, while the immediate future tense refers to an event that is about to occur very soon. Both may be marked with one of three auxiliaries, depending on the type of verb which is being modified. When used in this fashion, all three are glossed as {{sc|inc}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;begin,&amp;quot; is used with telic events which do not primarily describe motion. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;truu=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;trow&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;rise&amp;quot;, is used with motion verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and usually appears as as &#039;&#039;&#039;siyir=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. Before syllables beginning in /j/, the medial cluster /jj/ is realized as [ccʰ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from a verb meaning &amp;quot;come&amp;quot;, is used with atelic activities and stative verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;lo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;l=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Energetic Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The energetic mood expresses commitment and determination on the part of the subject, or a stronger-than-usual intensity of the referenced action or state. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;titri&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;try&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it tales the form &#039;&#039;&#039;titri=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;titr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Obligative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;obligative&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered to be required or certain due to social obligation or logical necessity. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;š=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Optative Mood and the Prospective Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;optative mood&#039;&#039; indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered desirable and/or looked forward to, while the prospective aspect is used to express that a favorable event is about the occur. Both are marked by the same auxiliary, &#039;&#039;&#039;ar&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;want&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;aw=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;ar=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|opt}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Imperative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;imperative&#039;&#039; mood is used to issue orders, and can be formed in one of two ways. An unmarked verb stem may be used to express a strong imperative when the order is being addressed to a second person subject, in which case the subject is dropped from the sentence. In addition to being somewhat limited in application, this is considered rude under most circumstances, and is mostly used in circumstances that call for heightened intensity and urgency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second method, which produces a weaker and more polite imperative, is to use the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šopow-&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|imp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It should be noted that neither of the imperative auxiliaries may co-occur with any other TAM auxiliary, with the interrogative auxiliary, or with any evidential marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Potential Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;potential&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical future event is considered possible but uncertain. It is most often used to express that an event seems unlikely or when explaining that it is contingent on on some other event or state. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; marks the potential mood. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tra=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|pot}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12523</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12523"/>
		<updated>2015-11-30T07:19:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = split ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;(C)V(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters. Words phonemically beginning in a vowel are phonetically realized with an initial glottal stop, which is not represented in the orthography.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. With noun stems beginning in a vowel, the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a vowel, the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a vowel, as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a vowel, the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer is killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe a single, completed event or a state that is no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the free-standing particle &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed immediately before the verb phrase. Any proclitics further modifying the verb invariably come after the perfective particle, as it is syntatically treated as standing outside of the verb phrase proper. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any affixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated; only the stem itself is repeated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Auxiliaries===&lt;br /&gt;
The primary markers of &#039;&#039;tense&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;aspect&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;mood&#039;&#039; (TAM) in Ray Tywey Išup are &#039;&#039;auxiliaries&#039;&#039;. Many of these are specialized verbs which may, depending on their syntactic context, either stand as the core of their own verb phrase or serve as a function morpheme modifying another verb. On the other hand, some (such as the negative, imperative, evidential markers) are fully grammaticalized function morphemes that never stand on their own. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the most part, each auxiliary primarily marks a single aspectual or modal category, but most are also taken to denote a particular tense in the absence of more explicit temporal markers. However, some auxiliaries can convey information falling into all three categories, or serve different functions depending on the context in which they appear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although they do not form a unified group semantically, auxiliaries are discussed together here because they behave in a similar way morphosyntactically, variously appearing as proclitics or as phonologically independent words based on semantic and prosodic considerations:&lt;br /&gt;
* Disyllabic auxiliaries appear as free-standing auxiliaries unless they fall immediately before a syllable containing a long vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
* Monosyllabic auxiliaries typically appear as proclitics unless they fall in a position where they would take secondary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
* Auxiliaries may always appear as free-standing auxiliaries if the speaker wishes to emphasize it for pragmatic reasons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also worth noting that several of the auxiliaries are compatible only with certain types of verbs, or change their meaning to some extent depending on the verb with which they are used. For example, in order to express inceptive aspect or immediate future, most telic verbs are marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;truukum ra hi čihek&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll eat the bread now&amp;quot;), while motion verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;siyey čay ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll leave you now&amp;quot; and stative and atelic verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;loyeň ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll sleep now&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although most verb phrases contain no more than one auxiliary, it is possible to combine them, to the extent that it is semantically useful. When two or more of these morphemes are present, they generally occur in the order in which they are presented below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Experiential Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;experiential&#039;&#039; aspect ascribes to a subject the quality of having experienced an event or state. This necessarily places the verb in the past, and emphasizes it&#039;s relevance in the present, usually by indicating that the subject is competent to perform an action or to make informed judgements regarding an event or state.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truš&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;know (facts)&amp;quot;, marks the experiential aspect. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;trow=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;truč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|exp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Inceptive Aspect and the Immediate Future====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive&#039;&#039; aspect indicates that an event is about to begin, is beginning already, or has just begun, while the immediate future tense refers to an event that is about to occur very soon. Both may be marked with one of three auxiliaries, depending on the type of verb which is being modified. When used in this fashion, all three are glossed as {{sc|inc}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;begin,&amp;quot; is used with telic events which do not primarily describe motion. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;truu=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;trow&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;rise&amp;quot;, is used with motion verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and usually appears as as &#039;&#039;&#039;siyir=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. Before syllables beginning in /j/, the medial cluster /jj/ is realized as [ccʰ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from a verb meaning &amp;quot;come&amp;quot;, is used with atelic activities and stative verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;lo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;l=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Energetic Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The energetic mood expresses commitment and determination on the part of the subject, or a stronger-than-usual intensity of the referenced action or state. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;titri&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;try&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it tales the form &#039;&#039;&#039;titri=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;titr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Obligative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;obligative&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered to be required or certain due to social obligation or logical necessity. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;š=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Optative Mood and the Prospective Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;optative mood&#039;&#039; indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered desirable and/or looked forward to, while the prospective aspect is used to express that a favorable event is about the occur. Both are marked by the same auxiliary, &#039;&#039;&#039;ar&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;want&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;aw=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;ar=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|opt}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Imperative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;imperative&#039;&#039; mood is used to issue orders, and can be formed in one of two ways. An unmarked verb stem may be used to express a strong imperative when the order is being addressed to a second person subject, in which case the subject is dropped from the sentence. In addition to being somewhat limited in application, this is considered rude under most circumstances, and is mostly used in circumstances that call for heightened intensity and urgency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second method, which produces a weaker and more polite imperative, is to use the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šopow-&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|imp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It should be noted that neither of the imperative auxiliaries may co-occur with any other TAM auxiliary, with the interrogative auxiliary, or with any evidential marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Potential Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;potential&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical future event is considered possible but uncertain. It is most often used to express that an event seems unlikely or when explaining that it is contingent on on some other event or state. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; marks the potential mood. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tra=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|pot}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12522</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12522"/>
		<updated>2015-11-30T07:11:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* Auxiliaries */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = split ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not represented in writing word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;CV(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. For noun stems beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a glottal stop (which is elided), as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a glottal stop, the stop is dropped and the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer is killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe a single, completed event or a state that is no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the free-standing particle &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed immediately before the verb phrase. Any proclitics further modifying the verb invariably come after the perfective particle, as it is syntatically treated as standing outside of the verb phrase proper. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any affixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated; only the stem itself is repeated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Auxiliaries===&lt;br /&gt;
The primary markers of &#039;&#039;tense&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;aspect&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;mood&#039;&#039; (TAM) in Ray Tywey Išup are &#039;&#039;auxiliaries&#039;&#039;. Many of these are specialized verbs which may, depending on their syntactic context, either stand as the core of their own verb phrase or serve as a function morpheme modifying another verb. On the other hand, some (such as the negative, imperative, evidential markers) are fully grammaticalized function morphemes that never stand on their own. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the most part, each auxiliary primarily marks a single aspectual or modal category, but most are also taken to denote a particular tense in the absence of more explicit temporal markers. However, some auxiliaries can convey information falling into all three categories, or serve different functions depending on the context in which they appear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although they do not form a unified group semantically, auxiliaries are discussed together here because they behave in a similar way morphosyntactically, variously appearing as proclitics or as phonologically independent words based on semantic and prosodic considerations:&lt;br /&gt;
* Disyllabic auxiliaries appear as free-standing auxiliaries unless they fall immediately before a syllable containing a long vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
* Monosyllabic auxiliaries typically appear as proclitics unless they fall in a position where they would take secondary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
* Auxiliaries may always appear as free-standing auxiliaries if the speaker wishes to emphasize it for pragmatic reasons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also worth noting that several of the auxiliaries are compatible only with certain types of verbs, or change their meaning to some extent depending on the verb with which they are used. For example, in order to express inceptive aspect or immediate future, most telic verbs are marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;truukum ra hi čihek&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll eat the bread now&amp;quot;), while motion verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;siyey čay ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll leave you now&amp;quot; and stative and atelic verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;loyeň ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll sleep now&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although most verb phrases contain no more than one auxiliary, it is possible to combine them, to the extent that it is semantically useful. When two or more of these morphemes are present, they generally occur in the order in which they are presented below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Experiential Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;experiential&#039;&#039; aspect ascribes to a subject the quality of having experienced an event or state. This necessarily places the verb in the past, and emphasizes it&#039;s relevance in the present, usually by indicating that the subject is competent to perform an action or to make informed judgements regarding an event or state.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truš&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;know (facts)&amp;quot;, marks the experiential aspect. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;trow=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;truč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|exp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Inceptive Aspect and the Immediate Future====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive&#039;&#039; aspect indicates that an event is about to begin, is beginning already, or has just begun, while the immediate future tense refers to an event that is about to occur very soon. Both may be marked with one of three auxiliaries, depending on the type of verb which is being modified. When used in this fashion, all three are glossed as {{sc|inc}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;begin,&amp;quot; is used with telic events which do not primarily describe motion. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;truu=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;trow&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;rise&amp;quot;, is used with motion verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and usually appears as as &#039;&#039;&#039;siyir=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. Before syllables beginning in /j/, the medial cluster /jj/ is realized as [ccʰ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from a verb meaning &amp;quot;come&amp;quot;, is used with atelic activities and stative verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;lo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;l=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Energetic Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The energetic mood expresses commitment and determination on the part of the subject, or a stronger-than-usual intensity of the referenced action or state. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;titri&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;try&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it tales the form &#039;&#039;&#039;titri=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;titr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Obligative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;obligative&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered to be required or certain due to social obligation or logical necessity. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;š=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Optative Mood and the Prospective Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;optative mood&#039;&#039; indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered desirable and/or looked forward to, while the prospective aspect is used to express that a favorable event is about the occur. Both are marked by the same auxiliary, &#039;&#039;&#039;ar&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;want&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;aw=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;ar=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|opt}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Imperative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;imperative&#039;&#039; mood is used to issue orders, and can be formed in one of two ways. An unmarked verb stem may be used to express a strong imperative when the order is being addressed to a second person subject, in which case the subject is dropped from the sentence. In addition to being somewhat limited in application, this is considered rude under most circumstances, and is mostly used in circumstances that call for heightened intensity and urgency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second method, which produces a weaker and more polite imperative, is to use the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šopow-&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|imp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It should be noted that neither of the imperative auxiliaries may co-occur with any other TAM auxiliary, with the interrogative auxiliary, or with any evidential marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Potential Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;potential&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical future event is considered possible but uncertain. It is most often used to express that an event seems unlikely or when explaining that it is contingent on on some other event or state. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; marks the potential mood. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tra=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|pot}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12521</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12521"/>
		<updated>2015-11-30T06:55:13Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* The Inceptive Aspect */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = split ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not represented in writing word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;CV(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. For noun stems beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a glottal stop (which is elided), as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a glottal stop, the stop is dropped and the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer is killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe a single, completed event or a state that is no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the free-standing particle &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed immediately before the verb phrase. Any proclitics further modifying the verb invariably come after the perfective particle, as it is syntatically treated as standing outside of the verb phrase proper. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any affixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated; only the stem itself is repeated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Auxiliaries===&lt;br /&gt;
The primary markers of &#039;&#039;tense&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;aspect&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;mood&#039;&#039; (TAM) in Ray Tywey Išup are &#039;&#039;auxiliaries&#039;&#039;. Many of these are specialized verbs which may, depending on their syntactic context, either stand as the core of their own verb phrase or serve as a function morpheme modifying another verb. On the other hand, some (such as the negative, imperative, evidential markers) are fully grammaticalized function morphemes that never stand on their own. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the most part, each auxiliary primarily marks a single aspectual or modal category, but most are also taken to denote a particular tense in the absence of more explicit temporal markers. However, some auxiliaries can convey information falling into all three categories, or serve different functions depending on the context in which they appear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although they do not form a unified group semantically, auxiliaries are discussed together here because they behave in a similar way morphosyntactically, variously appearing as proclitics or as phonologically independent words based on semantic and prosodic considerations:&lt;br /&gt;
* Disyllabic auxiliaries appear as free-standing auxiliaries unless they fall immediately before a syllable containing a long vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
* Monosyllabic auxiliaries typically appear as proclitics unless they fall in a position where they would take secondary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
* Auxiliaries may always appear as free-standing auxiliaries if the speaker wishes to emphasize it for pragmatic reasons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also worth noting that several of the auxiliaries are compatible only with certain types of verbs, or change their meaning to some extent depending on the verb with which they are used. For example, in order to express inceptive aspect or immediate future, most telic verbs are marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;truukum ra hi čihek&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll eat the bread now&amp;quot;), while motion verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;siyey čay ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll leave you now&amp;quot; and stative and atelic verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;loyeň ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll sleep now&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although most verb phrases contain no more than one auxiliary, it is possible to combine them, to the extent that it is semantically useful. When two or more of these morphemes are present, they generally occur in the order in which they are presented below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Experiential Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;experiential&#039;&#039; aspect ascribes to a subject the quality of having experienced an event or state. This necessarily places the verb in the past, and emphasizes it&#039;s relevance in the present, usually by indicating that the subject is competent to perform an action or to make informed judgements regarding an event or state.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truš&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;know (facts)&amp;quot;, marks the experiential aspect. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;trow=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;truč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|exp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Inceptive Aspect and the Immediate Future====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive&#039;&#039; aspect indicates that an event is about to begin, is beginning already, or has just begun, while the immediate future tense refers to an event that is about to occur very soon. Both may be marked with one of three auxiliaries, depending on the type of verb which is being modified. When used in this fashion, all three are glossed as {{sc|inc}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;begin,&amp;quot; is used with telic events which do not primarily describe motion. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;truu=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;trow&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;rise&amp;quot;, is used with motion verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and usually appears as as &#039;&#039;&#039;siyir=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. Before syllables beginning in /j/, the medial cluster /jj/ is realized as [ccʰ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from a verb meaning &amp;quot;come&amp;quot;, is used with atelic activities and stative verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;lo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;l=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Obligative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;obligative&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered to be required or certain due to social obligation or logical necessity. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;š=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Optative Mood and the Prospective Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;optative mood&#039;&#039; indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered desirable and/or looked forward to, while the prospective aspect is used to express that a favorable event is about the occur. Both are marked by the same auxiliary, &#039;&#039;&#039;ar&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;want&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;aw=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;ar=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|opt}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Imperative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;imperative&#039;&#039; mood is used to issue orders, and can be formed in one of two ways. An unmarked verb stem may be used to express a strong imperative when the order is being addressed to a second person subject, in which case the subject is dropped from the sentence. In addition to being somewhat limited in application, this is considered rude under most circumstances, and is mostly used in circumstances that call for heightened intensity and urgency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second method, which produces a weaker and more polite imperative, is to use the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šopow-&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|imp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It should be noted that neither of the imperative auxiliaries may co-occur with any other TAM auxiliary, with the interrogative auxiliary, or with any evidential marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Potential Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;potential&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical future event is considered possible but uncertain. It is most often used to express that an event seems unlikely or when explaining that it is contingent on on some other event or state. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; marks the potential mood. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tra=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|pot}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12520</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12520"/>
		<updated>2015-11-30T06:51:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* The Passive */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = split ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not represented in writing word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;CV(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. For noun stems beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a glottal stop (which is elided), as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a glottal stop, the stop is dropped and the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer is killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe a single, completed event or a state that is no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the free-standing particle &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed immediately before the verb phrase. Any proclitics further modifying the verb invariably come after the perfective particle, as it is syntatically treated as standing outside of the verb phrase proper. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any affixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated; only the stem itself is repeated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Auxiliaries===&lt;br /&gt;
The primary markers of &#039;&#039;tense&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;aspect&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;mood&#039;&#039; (TAM) in Ray Tywey Išup are &#039;&#039;auxiliaries&#039;&#039;. Many of these are specialized verbs which may, depending on their syntactic context, either stand as the core of their own verb phrase or serve as a function morpheme modifying another verb. On the other hand, some (such as the negative, imperative, evidential markers) are fully grammaticalized function morphemes that never stand on their own. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the most part, each auxiliary primarily marks a single aspectual or modal category, but most are also taken to denote a particular tense in the absence of more explicit temporal markers. However, some auxiliaries can convey information falling into all three categories, or serve different functions depending on the context in which they appear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although they do not form a unified group semantically, auxiliaries are discussed together here because they behave in a similar way morphosyntactically, variously appearing as proclitics or as phonologically independent words based on semantic and prosodic considerations:&lt;br /&gt;
* Disyllabic auxiliaries appear as free-standing auxiliaries unless they fall immediately before a syllable containing a long vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
* Monosyllabic auxiliaries typically appear as proclitics unless they fall in a position where they would take secondary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
* Auxiliaries may always appear as free-standing auxiliaries if the speaker wishes to emphasize it for pragmatic reasons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also worth noting that several of the auxiliaries are compatible only with certain types of verbs, or change their meaning to some extent depending on the verb with which they are used. For example, in order to express inceptive aspect or immediate future, most telic verbs are marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;truukum ra hi čihek&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll eat the bread now&amp;quot;), while motion verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;siyey čay ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll leave you now&amp;quot; and stative and atelic verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;loyeň ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll sleep now&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although most verb phrases contain no more than one auxiliary, it is possible to combine them, to the extent that it is semantically useful. When two or more of these morphemes are present, they generally occur in the order in which they are presented below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Experiential Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;experiential&#039;&#039; aspect ascribes to a subject the quality of having experienced an event or state. This necessarily places the verb in the past, and emphasizes it&#039;s relevance in the present, usually by indicating that the subject is competent to perform an action or to make informed judgements regarding an event or state.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truš&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;know (facts)&amp;quot;, marks the experiential aspect. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;trow=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;truč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|exp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Inceptive Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive&#039;&#039; aspect is used to mark either the immediate future tense (indicating that the event is about to occur very soon) or the inceptive/inchoative aspect (indicating that the event is about to begin, is beginning already, or has just begun). It may be marked with one of three separate auxiliaries, depending on the type of verb which is being modified. When used in this fashion, all three are glossed as {{sc|inc}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;begin,&amp;quot; is used with telic events which do not primarily describe motion. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;truu=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;trow&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;rise&amp;quot;, is used with motion verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and usually appears as as &#039;&#039;&#039;siyir=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. Before syllables beginning in /j/, the medial cluster /jj/ is realized as [ccʰ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from a verb meaning &amp;quot;come&amp;quot;, is used with atelic activities and stative verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;lo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;l=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Obligative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;obligative&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered to be required or certain due to social obligation or logical necessity. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;š=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Optative Mood and the Prospective Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;optative mood&#039;&#039; indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered desirable and/or looked forward to, while the prospective aspect is used to express that a favorable event is about the occur. Both are marked by the same auxiliary, &#039;&#039;&#039;ar&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;want&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;aw=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;ar=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|opt}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Imperative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;imperative&#039;&#039; mood is used to issue orders, and can be formed in one of two ways. An unmarked verb stem may be used to express a strong imperative when the order is being addressed to a second person subject, in which case the subject is dropped from the sentence. In addition to being somewhat limited in application, this is considered rude under most circumstances, and is mostly used in circumstances that call for heightened intensity and urgency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second method, which produces a weaker and more polite imperative, is to use the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šopow-&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|imp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It should be noted that neither of the imperative auxiliaries may co-occur with any other TAM auxiliary, with the interrogative auxiliary, or with any evidential marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Potential Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;potential&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical future event is considered possible but uncertain. It is most often used to express that an event seems unlikely or when explaining that it is contingent on on some other event or state. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; marks the potential mood. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tra=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|pot}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12519</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12519"/>
		<updated>2015-11-30T06:49:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* The Obligative Mood */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = split ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not represented in writing word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;CV(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. For noun stems beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a glottal stop (which is elided), as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a glottal stop, the stop is dropped and the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer has been killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe a single, completed event or a state that is no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the free-standing particle &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed immediately before the verb phrase. Any proclitics further modifying the verb invariably come after the perfective particle, as it is syntatically treated as standing outside of the verb phrase proper. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any affixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated; only the stem itself is repeated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Auxiliaries===&lt;br /&gt;
The primary markers of &#039;&#039;tense&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;aspect&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;mood&#039;&#039; (TAM) in Ray Tywey Išup are &#039;&#039;auxiliaries&#039;&#039;. Many of these are specialized verbs which may, depending on their syntactic context, either stand as the core of their own verb phrase or serve as a function morpheme modifying another verb. On the other hand, some (such as the negative, imperative, evidential markers) are fully grammaticalized function morphemes that never stand on their own. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the most part, each auxiliary primarily marks a single aspectual or modal category, but most are also taken to denote a particular tense in the absence of more explicit temporal markers. However, some auxiliaries can convey information falling into all three categories, or serve different functions depending on the context in which they appear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although they do not form a unified group semantically, auxiliaries are discussed together here because they behave in a similar way morphosyntactically, variously appearing as proclitics or as phonologically independent words based on semantic and prosodic considerations:&lt;br /&gt;
* Disyllabic auxiliaries appear as free-standing auxiliaries unless they fall immediately before a syllable containing a long vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
* Monosyllabic auxiliaries typically appear as proclitics unless they fall in a position where they would take secondary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
* Auxiliaries may always appear as free-standing auxiliaries if the speaker wishes to emphasize it for pragmatic reasons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also worth noting that several of the auxiliaries are compatible only with certain types of verbs, or change their meaning to some extent depending on the verb with which they are used. For example, in order to express inceptive aspect or immediate future, most telic verbs are marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;truukum ra hi čihek&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll eat the bread now&amp;quot;), while motion verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;siyey čay ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll leave you now&amp;quot; and stative and atelic verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;loyeň ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll sleep now&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although most verb phrases contain no more than one auxiliary, it is possible to combine them, to the extent that it is semantically useful. When two or more of these morphemes are present, they generally occur in the order in which they are presented below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Experiential Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;experiential&#039;&#039; aspect ascribes to a subject the quality of having experienced an event or state. This necessarily places the verb in the past, and emphasizes it&#039;s relevance in the present, usually by indicating that the subject is competent to perform an action or to make informed judgements regarding an event or state.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truš&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;know (facts)&amp;quot;, marks the experiential aspect. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;trow=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;truč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|exp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Inceptive Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive&#039;&#039; aspect is used to mark either the immediate future tense (indicating that the event is about to occur very soon) or the inceptive/inchoative aspect (indicating that the event is about to begin, is beginning already, or has just begun). It may be marked with one of three separate auxiliaries, depending on the type of verb which is being modified. When used in this fashion, all three are glossed as {{sc|inc}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;begin,&amp;quot; is used with telic events which do not primarily describe motion. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;truu=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;trow&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;rise&amp;quot;, is used with motion verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and usually appears as as &#039;&#039;&#039;siyir=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. Before syllables beginning in /j/, the medial cluster /jj/ is realized as [ccʰ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from a verb meaning &amp;quot;come&amp;quot;, is used with atelic activities and stative verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;lo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;l=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Obligative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;obligative&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered to be required or certain due to social obligation or logical necessity. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;š=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Optative Mood and the Prospective Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;optative mood&#039;&#039; indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered desirable and/or looked forward to, while the prospective aspect is used to express that a favorable event is about the occur. Both are marked by the same auxiliary, &#039;&#039;&#039;ar&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;want&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;aw=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;ar=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|opt}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Imperative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;imperative&#039;&#039; mood is used to issue orders, and can be formed in one of two ways. An unmarked verb stem may be used to express a strong imperative when the order is being addressed to a second person subject, in which case the subject is dropped from the sentence. In addition to being somewhat limited in application, this is considered rude under most circumstances, and is mostly used in circumstances that call for heightened intensity and urgency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second method, which produces a weaker and more polite imperative, is to use the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šopow-&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|imp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It should be noted that neither of the imperative auxiliaries may co-occur with any other TAM auxiliary, with the interrogative auxiliary, or with any evidential marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Potential Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;potential&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical future event is considered possible but uncertain. It is most often used to express that an event seems unlikely or when explaining that it is contingent on on some other event or state. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; marks the potential mood. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tra=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|pot}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12518</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12518"/>
		<updated>2015-11-30T06:47:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* The Perfective */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = split ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not represented in writing word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;CV(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. For noun stems beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a glottal stop (which is elided), as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a glottal stop, the stop is dropped and the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer has been killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe a single, completed event or a state that is no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the free-standing particle &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed immediately before the verb phrase. Any proclitics further modifying the verb invariably come after the perfective particle, as it is syntatically treated as standing outside of the verb phrase proper. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any affixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated; only the stem itself is repeated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Auxiliaries===&lt;br /&gt;
The primary markers of &#039;&#039;tense&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;aspect&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;mood&#039;&#039; (TAM) in Ray Tywey Išup are &#039;&#039;auxiliaries&#039;&#039;. Many of these are specialized verbs which may, depending on their syntactic context, either stand as the core of their own verb phrase or serve as a function morpheme modifying another verb. On the other hand, some (such as the negative, imperative, evidential markers) are fully grammaticalized function morphemes that never stand on their own. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the most part, each auxiliary primarily marks a single aspectual or modal category, but most are also taken to denote a particular tense in the absence of more explicit temporal markers. However, some auxiliaries can convey information falling into all three categories, or serve different functions depending on the context in which they appear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although they do not form a unified group semantically, auxiliaries are discussed together here because they behave in a similar way morphosyntactically, variously appearing as proclitics or as phonologically independent words based on semantic and prosodic considerations:&lt;br /&gt;
* Disyllabic auxiliaries appear as free-standing auxiliaries unless they fall immediately before a syllable containing a long vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
* Monosyllabic auxiliaries typically appear as proclitics unless they fall in a position where they would take secondary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
* Auxiliaries may always appear as free-standing auxiliaries if the speaker wishes to emphasize it for pragmatic reasons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also worth noting that several of the auxiliaries are compatible only with certain types of verbs, or change their meaning to some extent depending on the verb with which they are used. For example, in order to express inceptive aspect or immediate future, most telic verbs are marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;truukum ra hi čihek&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll eat the bread now&amp;quot;), while motion verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;siyey čay ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll leave you now&amp;quot; and stative and atelic verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;loyeň ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll sleep now&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although most verb phrases contain no more than one auxiliary, it is possible to combine them, to the extent that it is semantically useful. When two or more of these morphemes are present, they generally occur in the order in which they are presented below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Experiential Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;experiential&#039;&#039; aspect ascribes to a subject the quality of having experienced an event or state. This necessarily places the verb in the past, and emphasizes it&#039;s relevance in the present, usually by indicating that the subject is competent to perform an action or to make informed judgements regarding an event or state.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truš&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;know (facts)&amp;quot;, marks the experiential aspect. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;trow=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;truč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|exp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Inceptive Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive&#039;&#039; aspect is used to mark either the immediate future tense (indicating that the event is about to occur very soon) or the inceptive/inchoative aspect (indicating that the event is about to begin, is beginning already, or has just begun). It may be marked with one of three separate auxiliaries, depending on the type of verb which is being modified. When used in this fashion, all three are glossed as {{sc|inc}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;begin,&amp;quot; is used with telic events which do not primarily describe motion. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;truu=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;trow&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;rise&amp;quot;, is used with motion verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and usually appears as as &#039;&#039;&#039;siyir=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. Before syllables beginning in /j/, the medial cluster /jj/ is realized as [ccʰ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from a verb meaning &amp;quot;come&amp;quot;, is used with atelic activities and stative verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;lo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;l=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Obligative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;obligative&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered required or certain due to social obligation or logical necessity. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;š=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Optative Mood and the Prospective Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;optative mood&#039;&#039; indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered desirable and/or looked forward to, while the prospective aspect is used to express that a favorable event is about the occur. Both are marked by the same auxiliary, &#039;&#039;&#039;ar&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;want&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;aw=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;ar=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|opt}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Imperative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;imperative&#039;&#039; mood is used to issue orders, and can be formed in one of two ways. An unmarked verb stem may be used to express a strong imperative when the order is being addressed to a second person subject, in which case the subject is dropped from the sentence. In addition to being somewhat limited in application, this is considered rude under most circumstances, and is mostly used in circumstances that call for heightened intensity and urgency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second method, which produces a weaker and more polite imperative, is to use the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šopow-&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|imp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It should be noted that neither of the imperative auxiliaries may co-occur with any other TAM auxiliary, with the interrogative auxiliary, or with any evidential marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Potential Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;potential&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical future event is considered possible but uncertain. It is most often used to express that an event seems unlikely or when explaining that it is contingent on on some other event or state. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; marks the potential mood. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tra=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|pot}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12517</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12517"/>
		<updated>2015-11-30T06:45:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* Verbs */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = split ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not represented in writing word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;CV(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. For noun stems beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a glottal stop (which is elided), as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a glottal stop, the stop is dropped and the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer has been killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe a single, completed event or a state that are no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the free-standing particle &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed immediately before the verb phrase. Any proclitics further modifying the verb invariably come after the perfective particle, as it is syntatically treated as standing outside of the verb phrase proper. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitem|PFV}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|kum|eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any affixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated; only the stem itself is repeated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Auxiliaries===&lt;br /&gt;
The primary markers of &#039;&#039;tense&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;aspect&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;mood&#039;&#039; (TAM) in Ray Tywey Išup are &#039;&#039;auxiliaries&#039;&#039;. Many of these are specialized verbs which may, depending on their syntactic context, either stand as the core of their own verb phrase or serve as a function morpheme modifying another verb. On the other hand, some (such as the negative, imperative, evidential markers) are fully grammaticalized function morphemes that never stand on their own. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the most part, each auxiliary primarily marks a single aspectual or modal category, but most are also taken to denote a particular tense in the absence of more explicit temporal markers. However, some auxiliaries can convey information falling into all three categories, or serve different functions depending on the context in which they appear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although they do not form a unified group semantically, auxiliaries are discussed together here because they behave in a similar way morphosyntactically, variously appearing as proclitics or as phonologically independent words based on semantic and prosodic considerations:&lt;br /&gt;
* Disyllabic auxiliaries appear as free-standing auxiliaries unless they fall immediately before a syllable containing a long vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
* Monosyllabic auxiliaries typically appear as proclitics unless they fall in a position where they would take secondary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
* Auxiliaries may always appear as free-standing auxiliaries if the speaker wishes to emphasize it for pragmatic reasons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is also worth noting that several of the auxiliaries are compatible only with certain types of verbs, or change their meaning to some extent depending on the verb with which they are used. For example, in order to express inceptive aspect or immediate future, most telic verbs are marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;truukum ra hi čihek&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll eat the bread now&amp;quot;), while motion verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;siyey čay ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll leave you now&amp;quot; and stative and atelic verbs require the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;loyeň ra&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;I’ll sleep now&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although most verb phrases contain no more than one auxiliary, it is possible to combine them, to the extent that it is semantically useful. When two or more of these morphemes are present, they generally occur in the order in which they are presented below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Experiential Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;experiential&#039;&#039; aspect ascribes to a subject the quality of having experienced an event or state. This necessarily places the verb in the past, and emphasizes it&#039;s relevance in the present, usually by indicating that the subject is competent to perform an action or to make informed judgements regarding an event or state.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truš&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;know (facts)&amp;quot;, marks the experiential aspect. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;trow=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;truč=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|exp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Inceptive Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;inceptive&#039;&#039; aspect is used to mark either the immediate future tense (indicating that the event is about to occur very soon) or the inceptive/inchoative aspect (indicating that the event is about to begin, is beginning already, or has just begun). It may be marked with one of three separate auxiliaries, depending on the type of verb which is being modified. When used in this fashion, all three are glossed as {{sc|inc}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;begin,&amp;quot; is used with telic events which do not primarily describe motion. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;truu=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;trow&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;rise&amp;quot;, is used with motion verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and usually appears as as &#039;&#039;&#039;siyir=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. Before syllables beginning in /j/, the medial cluster /jj/ is realized as [ccʰ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from a verb meaning &amp;quot;come&amp;quot;, is used with atelic activities and stative verbs. Its proclitic form is &#039;&#039;&#039;lo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;l=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Obligative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;obligative&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered required or certain due to social obligation or logical necessity. It is marked with the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šo=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;š=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Optative Mood and the Prospective Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;optative mood&#039;&#039; indicates that a hypothetical or future event is considered desirable and/or looked forward to, while the prospective aspect is used to express that a favorable event is about the occur. Both are marked by the same auxiliary, &#039;&#039;&#039;ar&#039;&#039;&#039;, from the verb meaning &amp;quot;want&amp;quot;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;aw=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;ar=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|opt}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Imperative Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;imperative&#039;&#039; mood is used to issue orders, and can be formed in one of two ways. An unmarked verb stem may be used to express a strong imperative when the order is being addressed to a second person subject, in which case the subject is dropped from the sentence. In addition to being somewhat limited in application, this is considered rude under most circumstances, and is mostly used in circumstances that call for heightened intensity and urgency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second method, which produces a weaker and more polite imperative, is to use the auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor&#039;&#039;&#039;. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;šopow-&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;šopor=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. When the clitic falls before a syllable beginning in /w/, the medial cluster /ww/ is realized as [ppʰ]. It is glossed as It is glossed as {{sc|imp}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It should be noted that neither of the imperative auxiliaries may co-occur with any other TAM auxiliary, with the interrogative auxiliary, or with any evidential marker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Potential Mood====&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;potential&#039;&#039; mood indicates that a hypothetical future event is considered possible but uncertain. It is most often used to express that an event seems unlikely or when explaining that it is contingent on on some other event or state. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The auxiliary &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; marks the potential mood. As a proclitic, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tra=&#039;&#039;&#039; before consonants and &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; before vowels. It is glossed as {{sc|pot}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up/Lexicon&amp;diff=12516</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup/Lexicon</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up/Lexicon&amp;diff=12516"/>
		<updated>2015-11-29T07:29:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The following is a lexicon of [[Ray Tyuwey Išup]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Part of Speech Abbreviations:&lt;br /&gt;
* adj. - adjective&lt;br /&gt;
* adv. - adverb&lt;br /&gt;
* conj. - conjunction&lt;br /&gt;
* dem. - demonstrative&lt;br /&gt;
* int. - interjection&lt;br /&gt;
* n. an. - animate noun&lt;br /&gt;
* n. hu. - human noun&lt;br /&gt;
* n. in. - inanimate noun&lt;br /&gt;
* num. - numeral&lt;br /&gt;
* pre. - preposition&lt;br /&gt;
* pron. - pronoun&lt;br /&gt;
* qtf. - indefinite quantifier&lt;br /&gt;
* vi. - intransitive verb&lt;br /&gt;
* vt. - monotransitive verb&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Vocabulary=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;bg4 l bold&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| MT || IPA || PoS || gloss || Irregular Forms&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;acam&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔaˈt̪s̪am] || n. an. || salmon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ačey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔaˈtʃej] || vt. || reflect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ahak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔaˈhak] || n. an. || eagle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;aheš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔaˈhɛʃ] || n. an. || wolf ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;aň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔaɲ] || vi. || be right, guess correctly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ar&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔar] || vt. || want ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;aš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔaʃ] || vi. || return, come back || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ca&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪a] || n. an. || hawk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cačee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪aˈtʃɛː] || n. an. || eel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cačetray&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪atʃɛˈʈaj] || n. an. || catfish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪al] || n. an. || bear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;caw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪aw] || adj. || warm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ce&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪ɛ] || n. an. || heron || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪ɛː] || vi. || stay, remain; dwell || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ceenow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈt̪s̪ɛːnow] || n. in. || coast (of the ocean) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cen&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪ɛn] || vt. || judge, conclude, decide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪ej] || vt. || agree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪iː] || n. an. || face ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪iː] || vi. || depart, leave, go away (from speaker) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ča&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃa] || n. an. || frog ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ča&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃa] || n. in. || basket ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ča&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃa] || vt. || request ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čahee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃaˈhɛː] || n. an. || goose ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čay&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃaj] || n. an. || bird || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čay&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃaj] || vi. || depart, leave, go away (from listener) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɛː] || n. an. || snake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɛː] || n. in. || weapon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃej] || vi. || itch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čeyhaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃejˈhaw] || n. hu. || twin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃi] || adj. || soft ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čičey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈtʃej] || vt. || imagine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiči&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈtʃi] || adj. || hollow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiču&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈtʃu] || vt. || destroy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čihek&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈhɛk] || n. in. || bread (loaf of) || pl. čihak&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čihu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈhu] || adj. || near, nearby, neighboring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čihyow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪhˈʝow] || adj. || blind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čily&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃiʎ] || adj. || visible, obvious ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čin&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃin] || n. in. || meat, flesh ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;činey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈnej] || adj. || fragrant, good-smelling ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;činuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈnuː] || adj. || matching, complimentary, equivalent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃiɲ] || n. an. || cat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃiɲ] || vt. || waste ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiňey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈɲej] || adj. || bright, white ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiňii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈɲiː] || adj. || different, other ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiray&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈraj] || vt. || distribute, share || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čirow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈrow] || adj. || dry, barren ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiruu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈruː] || n. in. || room (in a house) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čis&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃis̪] || n. an. || bone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čis&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃis̪] || n. in. || frost ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čis&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃis̪] || vt. || drink ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čisiňi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪs̪ɪˈɲi] || adj. || sticky ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃiʃ] || n. an. || ram, buck, male horned animal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃiʃ] || vt. || play (music) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiša&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈʃa] || adj. || diligent, hardworking, busy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čitak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈt̪ak] || adj. || heavy, solid ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čite&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈt̪e] || n. in. || log || pl. čitra&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čitey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈt̪ej] || adj. || full ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čitrey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈʈej] || vt. || disagree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čitrul&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈʈul] || n. an. || squid ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čitruu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈʈuː] || n. in. || beach, shore ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čityee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈcɛː] || adj. || wet, damp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɔ] || vt. || touch, come into contact with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čosom&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɔˈs̪ɔm] || n. an. || firefly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čošiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɔˈʃiɲ] || n. an. || pig ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃow] || n. in. || thunder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃow] || vt. || sew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ču&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃu] || n. an. || hip ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ču&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃu] || vt. || break ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čucal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃʊˈt̪s̪al] || adj. || bad, incorrect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čumiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃʊˈmiʃ] || adj. || invisible, hidden, secret ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čumoo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃʊˈmɔː] || adj. || common, commonplace ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čun&#039;&#039;&#039;|| [tʃun] || vt. || raid, rob ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čuň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃuɲ] || vt. || struggle (with) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃuː] || n. an. || leg ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃuː] || vi. || sit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čuwa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃʊˈβa] || adj. || dead ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čuwir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃʊˈβir] || adj. || beautiful, handsome, pretty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;e&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɛ] || conj. || or ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɛː] || n. in. || root ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;eehiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔɛːhɪʃ] || n. an. || ankle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;eeši&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔɛːʃɪ] || n. in. || gypsum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ešu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɛˈʃu] || n. in. || wall, fence ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔej] || n. in. || pot, vessel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔej] || adj. || short ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔej] || vt. || chew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔej] || vt. || drip on (of liquids), shine on (of light) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ha&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ha] || n. hu. || sister ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hačuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [haˈtʃuː] || n. an. || dog ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hal] || vi. || pray ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;haň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [haɲ] || adj. || true, right ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [haʃ] || n. an. || animal, creature ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hay&#039;&#039;&#039; || [haj] || n. in. || word, utterance ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɛ] || n. an. || mouse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɛː] || n. an. || moon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hek&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɛk] || vt. || finish, complete || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hen&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɛn] || n. in. || ash(es) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;henet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɛˈnɛt̪] || n. an. || warband, war party, gang ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;heň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɛɲ] || n. in. || fact || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;her&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɛr] || vt. || ask, question ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hej] || n. in. || lung ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hej] || vt. || be perpendicular to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;heykip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hejˈkip] || n. in. || string, thread, line (for fishing, etc.) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;heyruu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hejˈruː] || n. in. || order(s), command(s), instruction(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;heywow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hejˈβow] || n. hu. || widow, widower ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hi] || adj. || round, curved, bent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hi] || n. in. || clay ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hica&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈt̪s̪a] || vt. || improve, make perfect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hičun&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈtʃun] || n. in. || spoils, loot, stolen goods ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈhaw] || n. in. || waterlogged soil, marshland ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈhiː] || n. in. || game, sport ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈhir] || n. in. || dance ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihišiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪhɪˈʃiɲ] || n. an. || piglet ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihitra&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪhɪˈʈa] || n. in. || sign, omen, portent, vision ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihoy&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈhoj] || n. in. || source, origin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihuwo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪhʊˈβo] || n. in. || ladder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪhˈβi] || adj. || burnt, charred; black ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiː] || n. in. || fight, brawl ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiː] || vt. || feel, sense ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hikey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈkej] || vt. || pilot, navigate (a boat or raft) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hikuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈkuː] || vt. || scream at ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hil] || n. in. || bow || pl. hul&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hilowka&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪlowˈka] || n. in. || earwax ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hilut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈlut̪] || n. in. || sand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hily&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiʎ] || n. an. || torso, trunk of the body ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hily&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiʎ] || vt. || meet ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hilyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʎej] || n. in. || duty, responsibility, task ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hilyuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʎuː] || n. in. || scent, smell ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;him&#039;&#039;&#039; || [him] || n. in. || battle, skirmish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hinar&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiˈnar] || n. in. || grass (collective) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiner&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiˈnɛr] || n. in. || blade of grass, straw ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hinuk&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈnuk] || adj. || empty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiɲ] || n. an. || jaw, chin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiňi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈɲi] || n. in. || warning, sign of danger ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiňor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiˈɲɔr] || n. in. || man-made image, work of art ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hip] || vt. || realize, become aware of ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hip] || vt. || pierce, penetrate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈpu] || n. in. || window ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hireca&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪrɛˈt̪s̪a] || n. in. || willow tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiree&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈrɛː] || adj. || dear, valuable, precious ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hirek&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈrɛk] || n. in. || end, ending, culmination ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiri&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈri] || n. in. || amount, quantity, measure ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hirii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈriː] || vt. || demand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiro&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈrɔ] || vt. || chase, pursue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈru] || vt. || wait ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;his&#039;&#039;&#039; || [his̪] || n. in. || shooting star || pl. het&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiset&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈs̪ɛt̪] || n. in. || corral, barn, shelter for animals || pl. hitet&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hisi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈs̪i] || n. in. || poplar tree || pl. husi&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hisil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈs̪il] || n. in. || square, square shaped object || pl. hičil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiʃ] || n. in. || type, kind, quality ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hišal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʃal] || vt. || beg (for) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hišee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʃɛː] || n. in. || moonflower || pl. hošee&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hišil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʃil] || n. in. || center, middle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hišum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʃum] || n. in. || piece of food, meal || see also &#039;&#039;tyi&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hišup&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʃup] || n. an. || cockroach ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hišwii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪʃˈβiː] || n. in. || lie, trick, stratagem ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hit̪] || n. hu. || warrior ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hitral&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʈal] || vi. || fly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hitrat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʈat̪] || n. in. || storehouse, granary ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hitree&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʈɛː] || n. in. || flour, ground grains or nuts ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hitrip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʈip] || n. in. || enmity, conflict ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hitrit&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʈit̪] || n. in. || argument, disagreement ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hitrwoo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪɖˈβɔː] || vt. || teach (something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hityip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈcip] || vt. || go through, pass through ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈβi] || n. in. || cloak ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈβi] || vt. || burn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiwiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈβiɲ] || n. in. || sacrifice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiwow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈβow] || n. in. || liquid, fluid ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiwuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈβuː] || n. in. || song ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʝej] || n. in. || music ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiyi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʝi] || n. in. || bitter vetch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiyo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʝɔ] || n. in. || broad bean ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ho&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔ] || n. hu. || brother ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hocan&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔˈt̪s̪an] || n. an. || carp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hol&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔl] || vt. || pour, strew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hom&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔm] || n. an. || tongue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;honet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔˈnɛt̪] || n. in. || army (collection of warbands) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hop&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔp] || n. in. || path, trail, way ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔr] || n. an. || wasp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔr] || vi. || fall ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hottyo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔcˈcʰɔ] || n. in. || scale (of an animal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;how&#039;&#039;&#039; || [how] || n. in. || soap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;how&#039;&#039;&#039; || [how] || vt. || melt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hoy&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hoj] || vt. || slap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hu] || n. in. || pan ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hu] || vi. || stand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hučaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈtʃaw] || n. in. || trap, snare || pl. hučuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huko&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈkɔ] || n. in. || counting beans (collective) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hušiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈʃiʃ] || n. in. || musical instrument || pl. hučiš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huliň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈliɲ] || vt. || consider ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hum] || n. an. || cheek ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hume&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈmɛ] || n. in. || wild herb or bush || pl. huma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;humi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈmi] || n. in. || crop (collective) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hunal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈnal] || vt. || join, participate, partake in ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huno&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈnɔ] || vt. || put, place ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [huɲ] || n. in. || pond, small lake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hup&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hup] || vt. || punch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hur] || vi. || act as a guide, be a guide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [huʃ] || n. an. || insect, beetle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hut̪] || n. in. || gill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hut̪] || vi. || forage, be a forager ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hutaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈt̪aw] || n. in. || knife ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [huː] || n. hu. || ancestor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [huː] || n. in. || shadow, shade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [huː] || vt. || smell, perceive a scent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [huːr] || vt. || harvest, collect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huwo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈβɔ] || vi. || go up, ascend, climb ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;i&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔi] || adj. || previous, preceding ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iče&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈtʃɛ] || n. in. || colon, rectum, bowel, large intestine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ihak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈhak] || n. an. || sacrificial animal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iher&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈhɛr] || n. in. || edge, side, border || pl. ihar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ihi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈhi] || n. in. || web ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ihi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈhi] || vi. || urinate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔiː] || vt. || fight ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iihey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔiːhej] || n. in || oar ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iikat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔiːɣat̪] || n. in || travois, sledge ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iiši&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔiːʃi] || n. in || glue, any adhesive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iitišor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔiːd̪ɪʃɪ] || n. in || steering oar ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ikwa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪgˈβa] || vt. || reach, arrive at ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;il&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔil] || vt. || intend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ily&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔiʎ] || vt. || see ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ilyeehee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪʎɛːˈhɛː] || n. in. || pear tree || sg. ileehee&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ilyeyhi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪʎejˈhi] || n. in. || blanket ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iňey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈɲej] || vi. || shine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iňwiyaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪɲwɪˈʝaw] || n. in. || shirt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iňwo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪɲˈβɔ] || n. in. || ford, river crossing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔip] || vt. || praise ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ipuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈpuː] || n. in. || hammer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔir] || n. in. || feeling (tactile), texture ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ireetriš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈrɛːɖɪʃ] || n. in. || ornament, piece of jewelry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ireetrum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈrɛːɖʊm] || n. in. || finger ring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ireetyi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈrɛːɟɪ] || n. in. || necklace ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ireetyir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈrɛːɟɪr] || n. in. || armband ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iruwiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪrʊˈβiʃ] || n. in. || knot ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔiʃ] || n. in. || fang, animal tooth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;išey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈʃej] || n. in. || guts, entrails ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;itaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈt̪aw] || n. in. || wine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;itrap&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈʈap] || adj. || light (not heavy); inadequate, meager ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;itrip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈʈip] || vt. || complain about, protest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;itrwii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪɖˈβiː] || n. in. || courage, bravery, vigor, strength ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;itrwoo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪɖˈβɔː] || vt. || prove ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ityiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈciʃ] || n. in. || triangle, triangular object ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iyii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈʝiː] || vi. || thirst, be thirsty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ka&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰa] || n. an. || ear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰal] || vt. || give in trade, offer in trade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰat̪] || vt. || bear, carry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰaj] || n. in. || bowl ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ke&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɛ] || vt. || hit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɛː] || vi. || walk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ki&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰi] || n. in. || ash tree || pl. ko&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kihe&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɪˈhɛ] || n. in. || shoe || pl. kiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kikol&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɪˈkɔl] || vt. || lie, tell a lie to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kikor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɪˈkɔr] || vt. || respect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰil] || adj. || middle, central ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kilaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɪˈlaw] || n. in. || illness, disease ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kira&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɪˈra] || n. an. || crow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kitrum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɪˈʈum] || vi. || fast, abstain from eating ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ko&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɔ] || adj. || last, final ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ko&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɔ] || vt. || count ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɔr] || vi. || listen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ku&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰu] || n. in. || sound, noise ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kuk&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰuk] || vt. || kick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰum] || vt. || eat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰuː] || n. in. || hole, cavity, cave ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰuː] || vt. || seize, take over, conquer, take by force ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;la&#039;&#039;&#039; || [la] || n. in. || limestone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;la&#039;&#039;&#039; || [la] || adj. || female, feminine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;le&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɛ] || n. an. || dove, pigeon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɛː] || vi. || laugh ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;leň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɛɲ] || vi. || smile ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;let&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɛt̪] || n. in. || beech tree || pl. lat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;let&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɛt̪] || vt. || practice, learn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lihi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɪˈhi] || n. in. || filth, dirt, grime ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [liː] || n. in. || drop (small quantity of liquid) || pl. lee&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lin&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lin] || n. in. || oil, grease, fat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;liňily&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɪˈɲiʎ] || vi. || be afraid ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lišil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɪˈʃil] || vt. || examine, inspect, investigate, study ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lit&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lit̪] || n. in. || ball || pl. lot&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;litruu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɪˈʈuː] || n. in. || size || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɔ] || vi. || come, approach (towards somewhere other than speaker or listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lu] || vt. || block, hinder, keep out ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;luk&#039;&#039;&#039; || [luk] || vi. || be rough, become rough (of a body of water) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lum] || adj. || broad, wide, thick || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lup&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lup] || n. an. || toe || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lyee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʎɛː] || adj. || new, young, early ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʎej] || vi. || lie, recline ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lyi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʎi] || vt. || pull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lyiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʎiʃ] || n. in. || cloth, fabric ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ma&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ma] || n. hu. || father ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ma&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ma] || vi. || come, approach (towards listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mača&#039;&#039;&#039; || [maˈtʃa] || n. an. || ray (animal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mam&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mam] || vi. || stop, halt, cease, end ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mat̪] || n. in. || village ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;maw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [maw] || n. an. || horn (of an animal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;may&#039;&#039;&#039; || [maj] || n. in. || semen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mel&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mɛl] || adj. || yellow, green ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;meyňey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mejˈɲej] || n. in. || fetching (of an arrow) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [miː] || n. in. || seed ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [miː] || vt. || plot, conspire, scheme ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mir] || vt. || hint, suggest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;miwak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mɪˈβak] || n. in. || (piece of) flint || pl. muwak&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;momo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mɔˈmɔ] || n. hu. || baby, infant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mow] || adj. || good, correct ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mowhee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mowˈhɛː] || n. in. || new moon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mu] || vt. || castrate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mul] || n. an. || hand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;munow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mʊˈnow] || vt. || fix, repair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;muňir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mʊˈɲir] || n. an. || bull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mut̪] || vt. || be exchanged for, switch with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;muu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [muː] || adj. || small, weak ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;muwin&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mʊˈβin] || n. an. || penis ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;muwuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mʊˈβuː] || n. in. || roof ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039; || [na] || n. hu. || mother ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nal] || vt. || celebrate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nen&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nɛn] || n. in. || name || pl. nan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;neš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nɛʃ] || n. in. || candle || pl. naš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nik&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nik] || vt. || extinguish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ninu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nɪˈnu] || vt. || admit, confess ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;niru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nɪˈɾu] || n. an. || shark ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;niyi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nɪˈʝi] || n. an. || midden, waste collection area || nuyi&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nur] ||  vt. || inherit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nuː] || vt. || match, be identical to, be the same as ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲa] || n. an. || magpie ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲal] || n. an. || chick, baby bird ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňan&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲan] || vi. || bear a child, give birth, be in labor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲɛ] || n. an. || eye ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲɛː] || vi. || suffer, be in pain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňel&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲɛl] || n. in. || branch (of a tree) || pl. ňal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲej] || n. an. || nose ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲej] || n. in. || drum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňeypuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲejˈpuː] || n. an. || head ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲi] || n. an. || womb, uterus ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňičup&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲɪˈtʃup] || vi. || stink ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲiː] || n. in. || house ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňiňi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲɪˈɲi] || n. in. || rowan tree || pl. ňiňe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲir] || adj. || red, orange ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňitroš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲɪˈʈɔʃ] || vt. || hunt, track ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲɔ] || vt. || fail (to do something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲow] || adj. || open ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲow] || n. in. || door, gate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲu] || adj. || far, faraway, distant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňul&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲul] || adj. || blue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňup&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲup] || vi. || smell, emit an odor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲut̪] || n. in. || feud, rivalry, vendetta ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲuː] || n. an. || belly, abdomen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňuuweš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈɲuːβɛʃ] || n. in. || grave ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;o&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɔ] || conj. || and ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ol&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɔl] || vi. || calm, become calm (of a body of water) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔɔːmɔl] || n. an. || knuckle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;oomuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɔːˈmuː] || n. in. || legume, vegetable || pl. oomanuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;oowooňe&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔɔːwɔːɲɛ] || n. an. || menstruation ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔow] || vi. || slip, slide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰa] || n. hu. || grandfather||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰa] || vi. || go down (deliberately), descend, dive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰa] || vt. || be similar to, be like, resemble ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰak] || vt. || kill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰat̪] || vt. || kiss ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pay&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰaj] || vt. || depart, leave, go away (from somewhere other than speaker or listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pe&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɛ] || adj. || male, masculine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pe&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɛ] || n. in. || beer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pecat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pɛˈt̪s̪at̪] || n. in. || aster (a type of flower) || pl. pacat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;peň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɛɲ] || vt. || thank ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɛt̪] || n. in. || egg || pl. šat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɛt̪] || n. in. || star || pl. pat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰej] || vt. || like ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰi] || n. in. || nut || pl. pu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰi] || vi. || grow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰi] || vt. || go between, pass between, be between ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰiː] || n. hu. || friend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰiː] || vi. || jump, leap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰiː]  || vt. || bake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;piiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰiːʃ] || vt. || receive in trade || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;piň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰiɲ]  || n. in. || oak tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;piš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰiʃ]  || n. in. || feather || pl. puk&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;po&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɔ] || vt. || cover, conceal, hide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;poo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɔː] || adj. || long ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;poo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɔː] || n. in. || dough ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;por&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɔr] || n. in. || part, piece ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pošuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pɔˈʃuː] || n. an. || lion ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pot&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɔt̪] || vt. || give freely, give as a gift ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰow] || adj. || tall ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰow] || n. in. || fate, destiny, luck ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰow] || vt. || be diagonal to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰu] || vt. || change ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pul&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰul] || adj. || closed, sealed ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰum] || vt. || be parallel to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pumow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈmow] || vt. || wash, clean, clean up ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pupa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈpa] || n. hu. || maternal uncle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pupa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈpa] || vt. || paddle, row (a boat or raft) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pupeš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈpɛʃ] || vt. || refuse, deny ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pupey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈpej] || vt. || love ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pupuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈpuː] || vt. || discover, invent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰur] || vt. || wage, conduct, venture, attempt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pusiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈs̪iʃ] || n. in. || lily || pl. poseš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;puso&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈs̪ɔ] || n. in. || stick || pl. pučo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;puš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰuʃ] || n. in. || valley || pl. poš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈʈɛʃ] || n. hu. || soul, spirit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;puu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰuː] || n. in. || hat, helmet ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;puu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰuː] || vt. || find ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;puum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰuːm] || n. in. || rash, acne, any visable skin condition ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;puyel&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈʝɛl] || n. hu. || enemy, rival ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;racar&#039;&#039;&#039; || [raˈt̪s̪ar] || n. in. || mushroom ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rama&#039;&#039;&#039; || [raˈma] || n. hu. || paternal aunt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rarašuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [raraˈʃuː] || n. an. || puppy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [raʃ] || n. an. || mare (female horse) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [raʃ] || vt. || wish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rataš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [raˈt̪aʃ] || n. an. || foal (young horse) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ray&#039;&#039;&#039; || [raj] || n. in. || juice, sap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;re&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɛ] || vt. || lack, miss, be without ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rek&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɛk] || vi. || win, be victorious ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rem&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɛm] || n. an. || newt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rem&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɛm] || vt. || own, possess ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɛp] || n. hu. || son, boy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ret&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɛt̪] || n. an. || kitten ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rej] || vi. || become content, be fulfilled ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;reymul&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rejˈmul] || n. an. || wrist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;reyšey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rejˈʃej] || n. an. || waist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rihir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈhir] || n. in. || bronze, metal in general ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riče&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈtʃɛ] || vi. || float (in a passive manner) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ricey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈt̪s̪ej] || vt. || convince, persuade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [riː] || n. in. || circle, circular object ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rinur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈnur] || n. in. || clan, lineage, extended family ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [riɲ] || n. an. || cow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rip] || n. in. || salt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rirey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈrej] || n. an. || kid (young goat) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ririň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈriɲ] || n. an. || calf (young bovine) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riritru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪrɪˈʈu] || vt. || curse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈru] || vt. || bless ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ris&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ris̪] || n. in. || human tooth || pl. rit&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [riʃ] || vi. || flow, blow (of fluids) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riša&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈʃa] || n. an. || tiger ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ritris&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈʈis̪] || vt. || attack ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riyetyir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪjɛˈcir] || n. an. || elbow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rol&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɔl] || vi. || cry, scream ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;roň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɔɲ] || n. hu. || daughter, girl ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;roro&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɔˈrɔ] || n. an. || seagull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;row&#039;&#039;&#039; || [row] || n. an. || fox ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ru] || adj. || big, large ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ru] || vt. || push ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rucii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈt̪s̪iː] ||  n. hu. || king, chief, patriarch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ručuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈtʃuː] || n. in. || shield ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruhee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈhɛː] || n. in. || full moon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruka&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈka] || n. an. || raven ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rukii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈkiː] || n. in. || cask, barrel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rum] || vt. || roast ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruma&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈma] || n. in. || garden ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rumet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈmɛt̪] || n. in. || fortress, fortified settlement ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rurihir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊrɪˈhir] || n. in. || silver ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rušiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈʃiʃ] || n. hu. || queen, matriarch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rut̪] ||  vi. || serve, be a servant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rutee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈt̪ɛː] ||  n. in. || oath, pledge ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rutruň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈʈuɲ] ||  n. in. || lagoon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ruː] ||  vt. || recite, tell (a story) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruuhum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈruːhʊm] ||  n. in. || winter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruuňir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈruːɲɪr] ||  n. in. || autumn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruupi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈruːbɪ] ||  n. in. || spring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruwičii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊwɪˈtʃiː] ||  n. in. || mask ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪a] || n. an. || fist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪ɛ] || n. in. || bridge ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sem&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪ɛm] || n. in. || event ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sep&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪ɛp] || vt. || spill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ser&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪ɛr] || n. in. || coal (piece of) || pl. ter&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪ej] || n. in. || blister || pl. cey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;si&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪i] || n. in. || turnip ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪il] || n. in. || mud ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪ɪˈʝej] || vi. || rise, stand (up) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ša&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃa] || vi. || work ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šahat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃaˈhat̪] || n. an. || duck ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šahoš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃaˈhɔʃ] || n. in. || pine tree || pl. trahoš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃak] || vt. || keep, retain, store ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃal] || adj. || cold ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šan&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃan] || n. hu. || child ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šaš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃaʃ] || n. in. || mortar (grinding tool) || pl. čaš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šeš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃɛʃ] || n. an. || flea ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃej] || vi. || defecate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ši&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃi] || n. in. || mountain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ši&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃi] || vt. || sculpt, mold, join together || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃil]  || vt. || watch, look at ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šim&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃim]  || n. in. || chalk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃip] || adj. || narrow, thin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šis&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃis̪] || n. in. || soup, stew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃiʃ] || n. hu. || woman, wife ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šitru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃɪˈʈu] || vt. || loosen, untie ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃɔ] || vt. || reply, respond ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃɔ] || vt. || get, receive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šowuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃɔˈβuː] || n. in. || well, spring || pl. čowuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃu] || n. in. || axe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃu] || vt. || bind, tie ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃum] || n. in. || festival ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šup&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃup] || n. an. || snail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃur] || vt. || dance ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šuyan&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃʊˈjan] || n. hu. || orphan ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ta&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰa] || n. an. || earlobe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰak] || vt. || fry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰak] || vt. || take, remove, take away || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰat̪] || n. an. || rabbit, hare || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰaw] || n. in. || vineyard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰaw] || vt. || cut ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tay&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰaj] || n. in. || pestle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;te&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰɛ] ||  n. an. || tail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tel&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰɛl] ||  n. in. || altar, ritual place || pl. tral&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ter&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰɛr] ||  n. an. || thumb ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;teš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰɛʃ] || vi. || move around, wander ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰɛt̪] || n. in. || copper ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tetruheš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɛɖʊˈhɛʃ] || n. in. || gold ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰej] || n. in. || thing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;teyluu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ejˈluː] || n. in. || tradition, rule, law, requirement ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ti&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰi] || conj. || but ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tihel&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈhɛl] || n. in. || leaf || pl. tihal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰiː] || n. an. || knee ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰiː] || vt. || play (a game) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;til&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰil] || n. an. || bat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;til&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰil] || n. in. || brick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tišor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈʃɔr] || vt. || command (people), herd (animals), control ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tišuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈʃuː] || vt. || capture, take hostage ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;titak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈt̪ak] || vt. || separate, disconnect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;titey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈt̪ej] || vt. || be full of ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;titra&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈʈa] || vt. || plow (a piece of land) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;titray&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈʈaj] || vt. || declare, announce ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;titri&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈʈi] || vt. || try, strive (to do something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;titriňip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪɖɪˈɲip] || vt. || commit incest with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tityey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈcej] || n. an. || lamb ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰow] || n. in. || hair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰum] || n. an. || finger ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰa] || n. an. || lizard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰa] || n. hu. || grandmother ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰa] || vt. || bite ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰa] || vt. || dig up, dig for ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tračee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈaˈtʃɛː] || n. an. || worm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;traň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰaɲ] || vt. || talk to, chat with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trar&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰar] || n. in. || butter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰat̪] || vt. || look forward to, be excited for ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰaw] || n. hu. || man, husband ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tray&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰaj] || vt. || say, speak (something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tree&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰɛː] || vt. || grind, mill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰej] || vt. || doubt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tri&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰi] || n. an. || scorpion ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰiː] || n. an. || spine, backbone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰip] || vt. || offend, insult ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trirer&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈɪˈrɛr] || n. an. || fly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;triru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈɪˈru] || adj. || holy, sacred, blessed ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tris&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰis̪] || vt. || shake || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;triš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰiʃ] || vt. || steal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trit&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰit̪] || vt. || argue with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tritriš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈɪˈʈiʃ] || vt. || pillage, sack ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tro&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰɔ] || vi. || understand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trok&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰɔk] || vi. || hunt, go hunting, be a hunter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tror&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰɔr] || vt. || paint, dye, color ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;troš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰɔʃ] || n. in. || wood (material) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰɔt̪] || n. in. || pants, trousers (pair of) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰow] || n. an. || chest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰu] || adj. || strong, powerful ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰu] || n. in. || poison ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰum] || n. an. || monkey ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trumu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʊˈmu] || vi. || swim, tread water ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trumuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʊˈmuː] || vt. || cross ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truna&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʊˈna] || vt. || make, create ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truney&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʊˈnej] || vt. || fill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truni&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʊˈni] || vt. || explain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰuɲ] || vi. || vomit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trup&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰup] || n. an. || heart ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trusil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʊˈs̪il] || n. in. || scum (organic film on the surface of water), algae ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰuʃ] || vt. || know (facts, how to do something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰuː] || n. in. || land ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰuː] || vt. || start, begin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truuk&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰuːk] || n. an. || stallion (male horse) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truyi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʊˈʝi] || n. in. || dung, feces ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰej] || n. an. || sheep ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰej] || n. hu. || person, human being ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰej] || n. in. || wool ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰej] || vt. || believe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰi] || vi. || come, approach (towards speaker) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰiɲ] || n. in. || beard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰip] || n. in. || tent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰir] || n. an. || arm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰir] || vi. || sink ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyiruu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cɪˈruː] || n. in. || island ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyis&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰis̪] || n. in. || petal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰiʃ] || n. an. || foot ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyiyaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cɪˈʝaw] || n. in. || grape ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uk&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuk] || vt. || confuse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ul&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔul] || vt. || worry about ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ulyeyňey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔʊʎejˈɲej] || n. in. || arrow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ulyeytrey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔʊʎejˈʈej] || n. in. || spear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;um&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔum] || adj. || old, late ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuɲ] || n. an. || squirrel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuɲ] || vt. || help, assist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;up&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔup] || vt. || hear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;upuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuˈpuː] || vt. || pass, move past, move beyond ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔur] || vi. || breathe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;utrey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔʊˈʈej] || vt. || defeat (in a competition or fight) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;utri&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔʊˈʈi] || vt. || commit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuː] || n. in. || water ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuː] || vt. || swallow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔuːhʊr] || n. hu. || leader ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uuňii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuːˈɲiː] || n. hu. || stranger, foreigner ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uušey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔuːʃej] || n. in. || bile ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uušuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuːˈʃuː] || n. hu. || captive, prisoner ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uutroš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔuːɖɔʃ] || n. hu. || hunter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uutruš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔuːɖʊʃ] || n. hu. || priest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uwer&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔʊˈβɛr] || vt. || forget ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uwuunow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔʊˈβuːnow] || n. in. || the world, Akana ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βa] || n. an. || breast ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βa] || vt. || deserve ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wačee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [waˈtʃɛː] || n. an. || turtle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βak] || n. in. || (piece of) stone, rock ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βan] || vi. || become tired, tire out ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wanol&#039;&#039;&#039; || [waˈnɔl] || n. in. || apple tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;waň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βaɲ] || vt. || hurt, wound, injure, harm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;war&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βar] || vi. || get ready, be prepared ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wašwey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [waʃˈβej] || n. in. || arrowhead, spearhead ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;waw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βaw] || n. in. || beehive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;way&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βaj] || n. in. || grain, wheat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;we&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɛ] || vt. || tell, say toward ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɛː] || n. an. || lip; (pl) mouth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wer&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɛr] || vt. || lose, misplace ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;weš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɛʃ] || n. hu. || god ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;weše&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wɛˈʃɛ] || n. an. || cricket, grasshopper ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βej] || n. an. || fish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βi] || n. in. || dew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βi] || vt. || hold, grasp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wihwaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wɪhˈβaw] || n. in. || shell (of a turtle, etc.) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βiː] || n. in. || air, wind, sky, weather ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βiː] || vt. || beseech, pray to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βiɲ] || vi. || look, look around ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wis&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βis̪] || n. in. || stalk, stem, shaft ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βiʃ] || n. in. || rope ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βiʃ] || vi. || turn around ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;witrop&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wɪˈʈɔp] || vi. || hunger, become hungry || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wiyot&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wɪˈʝɔt̪] || n. it. || kidney || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɔ] || vt. || forbid, ban ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wol&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɔl] || vt. || knead ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;woo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɔː] || n. in. || earth, soil ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;woo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɔː] || vt. || protect, guard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wootriš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈβɔːɖɪʃ] || n. in. || crystal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɔr] || n. in. || blood ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βow] || n. an. || deer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βow] || vi. || live ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βu] || adj. || hard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wucee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊˈt̪s̪ɛː] || n. in. || bay ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wucen&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊˈt̪s̪ɛn] || n. in. || decision ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wuča&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊˈtʃa] || n. an. || elephant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wučat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊˈtʃat̪] || n. in. || color ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wul&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βul] || n. in. || apple || pl. ul&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wulwey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊlˈβej] || n. in. || bark (of a tree) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wupiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊˈpiʃ] || vt. || turn, rotate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wupyee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊbˈʝɛː] || n. in. || nest (of birds) || pl . wupoo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wurii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊˈriː] || vt. || have sex with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βut̪] || n. in. || oven, hearth || pl. yot&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wutii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊˈt̪iː] || n. in. || fingernail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wuum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βuːm] || n. an. || skin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝa] || n. in. || milk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝa] || vi. || give a greeting, say goodbye ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yar&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝar] || n. in. || boat || pl. yanar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yap&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝap] || n. an. || owl ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yaš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝaʃ] || n. an. || throat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝaj] || vt. || seek, look for ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ye&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɛ] || vt. || bend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɛː] || adj. || next ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɛː] || n. in. || plain, grassland, dry lowlands ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yeň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɛɲ] || vi. || sleep ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɛt̪] || n. in. || nipple, teat || pl. yat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɛt̪] || vt. || think about, reflect on, consider, assume ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yettyum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɛcˈcʰum] || vi. || wake up ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yi’ily&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈʔiʎ] || vt. || notice, take note of ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yicaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈt̪s̪aw] || vt. || cook ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yihu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈhu] || vi. || stand up (from sitting or lying) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yihut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈhut̪] || vt. || gather berries, pick berries ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝiː] || n. an. || whale ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝiɲ] || n. in. || bed || pl. yeň&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yirii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈriː] || n. an. || vagina ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yiša&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈʃa] || vt. || succeed (at doing something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yišat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈʃat̪] || n. in. || flaw, stain, blemish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yityir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈcir] || vi. || die ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yiyicaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪjɪˈt̪s̪aw] || vt. || boil ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɔ] || n. in. || rapids (of a river) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɔ] || vt. || wear (clothes) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝow] || n. in. || strawberry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝum] || vi. || become old ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yunuk&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jʊˈnuk] || vt. || empty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yupi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jʊˈpi] || vi. || grow up, become an adult ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝur] || n. in. || seaweed ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝuː] || adj. || deep ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝuː] || n. in. || flower ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuuhee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [juːˈhɛː] || n. in. || pear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuuyar&#039;&#039;&#039; || [juːˈʝar] || n. in. || landing (for ships), mooring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Lexicography]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up/Lexicon&amp;diff=12515</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup/Lexicon</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up/Lexicon&amp;diff=12515"/>
		<updated>2015-11-29T07:12:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The following is a lexicon of [[Ray Tyuwey Išup]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Part of Speech Abbreviations:&lt;br /&gt;
* adj. - adjective&lt;br /&gt;
* adv. - adverb&lt;br /&gt;
* conj. - conjunction&lt;br /&gt;
* dem. - demonstrative&lt;br /&gt;
* int. - interjection&lt;br /&gt;
* n. an. - animate noun&lt;br /&gt;
* n. hu. - human noun&lt;br /&gt;
* n. in. - inanimate noun&lt;br /&gt;
* num. - numeral&lt;br /&gt;
* pre. - preposition&lt;br /&gt;
* pron. - pronoun&lt;br /&gt;
* qtf. - indefinite quantifier&lt;br /&gt;
* vi. - intransitive verb&lt;br /&gt;
* vt. - monotransitive verb&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Vocabulary=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{bluetable|lightbluebg}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;bg4 l bold&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| MT || IPA || PoS || gloss || Irregular Forms&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;acam&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔaˈt̪s̪am] || n. an. || salmon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ačey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔaˈtʃej] || vt. || reflect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ahak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔaˈhak] || n. an. || eagle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;aheš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔaˈhɛʃ] || n. an. || wolf ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;aň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔaɲ] || vi. || be right, guess correctly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ar&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔar] || vt. || want ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;aš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔaʃ] || vi. || return, come back || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ca&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪a] || n. an. || hawk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cačee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪aˈtʃɛː] || n. an. || eel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cačetray&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪atʃɛˈʈaj] || n. an. || catfish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪al] || n. an. || bear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;caw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪aw] || adj. || warm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ce&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪ɛ] || n. an. || heron || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪ɛː] || vi. || stay, dwell || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ceenow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈt̪s̪ɛːnow] || n. in. || coast (of the ocean) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cen&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪ɛn] || vt. || judge, conclude, decide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪ej] || vt. || agree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪iː] || n. an. || face ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;cii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪s̪iː] || vi. || depart, leave, go away (from speaker) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ča&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃa] || n. an. || frog ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ča&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃa] || n. in. || basket ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ča&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃa] || vt. || request ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čahee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃaˈhɛː] || n. an. || goose ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čay&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃaj] || n. an. || bird || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čay&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃaj] || vi. || depart, leave, go away (from listener) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɛː] || n. an. || snake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɛː] || n. in. || weapon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃej] || vi. || itch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čeyhaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃejˈhaw] || n. hu. || twin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃi] || adj. || soft ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čičey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈtʃej] || vt. || imagine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiči&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈtʃi] || adj. || hollow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiču&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈtʃu] || vt. || destroy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čihek&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈhɛk] || n. in. || bread (loaf of) || pl. čihak&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čihu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈhu] || adj. || near, nearby, neighboring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čihyow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪhˈʝow] || adj. || blind ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čily&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃiʎ] || adj. || visible, obvious ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čin&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃin] || n. in. || meat, flesh ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;činey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈnej] || adj. || fragrant, good-smelling ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;činuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈnuː] || adj. || matching, complimentary, equivalent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃiɲ] || n. an. || cat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃiɲ] || vt. || waste ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiňey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈɲej] || adj. || bright, white ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiňii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈɲiː] || adj. || different, other ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiray&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈraj] || vt. || distribute, share || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čirow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈrow] || adj. || dry, barren ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiruu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈruː] || n. in. || room (in a house) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čis&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃis̪] || n. an. || bone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čis&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃis̪] || n. in. || frost ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čis&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃis̪] || vt. || drink ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čisiňi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪs̪ɪˈɲi] || adj. || sticky ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃiʃ] || n. an. || ram, buck, male horned animal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃiʃ] || vt. || play (music) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čiša&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈʃa] || adj. || diligent, hardworking, busy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čitak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈt̪ak] || adj. || heavy, solid ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čite&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈt̪e] || n. in. || log || pl. čitra&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čitey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈt̪ej] || adj. || full ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čitrey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈʈej] || vt. || disagree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čitrul&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈʈul] || n. an. || squid ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čitruu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈʈuː] || n. in. || beach, shore ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čityee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɪˈcɛː] || adj. || wet, damp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɔ] || vt. || touch, come into contact with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čosom&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɔˈs̪ɔm] || n. an. || firefly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čošiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃɔˈʃiɲ] || n. an. || pig ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃow] || n. in. || thunder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃow] || vt. || sew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ču&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃu] || n. an. || hip ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ču&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃu] || vt. || break ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čucal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃʊˈt̪s̪al] || adj. || bad, incorrect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čumiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃʊˈmiʃ] || adj. || invisible, hidden, secret ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čumoo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃʊˈmɔː] || adj. || common, commonplace ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čun&#039;&#039;&#039;|| [tʃun] || vt. || raid, rob ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čuň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃuɲ] || vt. || struggle (with) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃuː] || n. an. || leg ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃuː] || vi. || sit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čuwa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃʊˈβa] || adj. || dead ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;čuwir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [tʃʊˈβir] || adj. || beautiful, handsome, pretty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;e&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɛ] || conj. || or ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɛː] || n. in. || root ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;eehiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔɛːhɪʃ] || n. an. || ankle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;eeši&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔɛːʃɪ] || n. in. || gypsum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ešu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɛˈʃu] || n. in. || wall, fence ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔej] || n. in. || pot, vessel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔej] || adj. || short ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔej] || vt. || chew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔej] || vt. || drip on (of liquids), shine on (of light) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ha&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ha] || n. hu. || sister ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hačuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [haˈtʃuː] || n. an. || dog ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hal] || vi. || pray ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;haň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [haɲ] || adj. || true, right ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [haʃ] || n. an. || animal, creature ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hay&#039;&#039;&#039; || [haj] || n. in. || word, utterance ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɛ] || n. an. || mouse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɛː] || n. an. || moon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hek&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɛk] || vt. || finish, complete || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hen&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɛn] || n. in. || ash(es) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;henet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɛˈnɛt̪] || n. an. || warband, war party, gang ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;heň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɛɲ] || n. in. || fact || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;her&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɛr] || vt. || ask, question ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hej] || n. in. || lung ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hej] || vt. || be perpendicular to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;heykip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hejˈkip] || n. in. || string, thread, line (for fishing, etc.) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;heyruu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hejˈruː] || n. in. || order(s), command(s), instruction(s) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;heywow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hejˈβow] || n. hu. || widow, widower ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hi] || adj. || round, curved, bent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hi] || n. in. || clay ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hica&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈt̪s̪a] || vt. || improve, make perfect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hičun&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈtʃun] || n. in. || spoils, loot, stolen goods ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈhaw] || n. in. || waterlogged soil, marshland ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈhiː] || n. in. || game, sport ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈhir] || n. in. || dance ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihišiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪhɪˈʃiɲ] || n. an. || piglet ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihitra&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪhɪˈʈa] || n. in. || sign, omen, portent, vision ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihoy&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈhoj] || n. in. || source, origin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihuwo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪhʊˈβo] || n. in. || ladder ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hihwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪhˈβi] || adj. || burnt, charred; black ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiː] || n. in. || fight, brawl ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiː] || vt. || feel, sense ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hikey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈkej] || vt. || pilot, navigate (a boat or raft) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hikuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈkuː] || vt. || scream at ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hil] || n. in. || bow || pl. hul&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hilowka&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪlowˈka] || n. in. || earwax ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hilut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈlut̪] || n. in. || sand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hily&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiʎ] || n. an. || torso, trunk of the body ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hily&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiʎ] || vt. || meet ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hilyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʎej] || n. in. || duty, responsibility, task ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hilyuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʎuː] || n. in. || scent, smell ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;him&#039;&#039;&#039; || [him] || n. in. || battle, skirmish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hinar&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiˈnar] || n. in. || grass (collective) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiner&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiˈnɛr] || n. in. || blade of grass, straw ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hinuk&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈnuk] || adj. || empty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiɲ] || n. an. || jaw, chin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiňi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈɲi] || n. in. || warning, sign of danger ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiňor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiˈɲɔr] || n. in. || man-made image, work of art ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hip] || vt. || realize, become aware of ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hip] || vt. || pierce, penetrate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈpu] || n. in. || window ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hireca&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪrɛˈt̪s̪a] || n. in. || willow tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiree&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈrɛː] || adj. || dear, valuable, precious ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hirek&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈrɛk] || n. in. || end, ending, culmination ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiri&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈri] || n. in. || amount, quantity, measure ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hirii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈriː] || vt. || demand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiro&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈrɔ] || vt. || chase, pursue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈru] || vt. || wait ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;his&#039;&#039;&#039; || [his̪] || n. in. || shooting star || pl. het&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiset&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈs̪ɛt̪] || n. in. || corral, barn, shelter for animals || pl. hitet&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hisi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈs̪i] || n. in. || poplar tree || pl. husi&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hisil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈs̪il] || n. in. || square, square shaped object || pl. hičil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hiʃ] || n. in. || type, kind, quality ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hišal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʃal] || vt. || beg (for) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hišee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʃɛː] || n. in. || moonflower || pl. hošee&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hišil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʃil] || n. in. || center, middle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hišum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʃum] || n. in. || piece of food, meal || see also &#039;&#039;tyi&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hišup&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʃup] || n. an. || cockroach ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hišwii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪʃˈβiː] || n. in. || lie, trick, stratagem ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hit̪] || n. hu. || warrior ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hitral&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʈal] || vi. || fly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hitrat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʈat̪] || n. in. || storehouse, granary ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hitree&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʈɛː] || n. in. || flour, ground grains or nuts ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hitrip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʈip] || n. in. || enmity, conflict ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hitrit&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʈit̪] || n. in. || argument, disagreement ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hitrwoo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪɖˈβɔː] || vt. || teach (something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hityip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈcip] || vt. || go through, pass through ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈβi] || n. in. || cloak ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiwi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈβi] || vt. || burn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiwiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈβiɲ] || n. in. || sacrifice ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiwow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈβow] || n. in. || liquid, fluid ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiwuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈβuː] || n. in. || song ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʝej] || n. in. || music ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiyi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʝi] || n. in. || bitter vetch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hiyo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɪˈʝɔ] || n. in. || broad bean ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ho&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔ] || n. hu. || brother ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hocan&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔˈt̪s̪an] || n. an. || carp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hol&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔl] || vt. || pour, strew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hom&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔm] || n. an. || tongue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;honet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔˈnɛt̪] || n. in. || army (collection of warbands) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hop&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔp] || n. in. || path, trail, way ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔr] || n. an. || wasp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔr] || vi. || fall ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hottyo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hɔcˈcʰɔ] || n. in. || scale (of an animal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;how&#039;&#039;&#039; || [how] || n. in. || soap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;how&#039;&#039;&#039; || [how] || vt. || melt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hoy&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hoj] || vt. || slap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hu] || n. in. || pan ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hu] || vi. || stand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hučaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈtʃaw] || n. in. || trap, snare || pl. hučuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huko&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈkɔ] || n. in. || counting beans (collective) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hušiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈʃiʃ] || n. in. || musical instrument || pl. hučiš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huliň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈliɲ] || vt. || consider ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hum] || n. an. || cheek ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hume&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈmɛ] || n. in. || wild herb or bush || pl. huma&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;humi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈmi] || n. in. || crop (collective) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hunal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈnal] || vt. || join, participate, partake in ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huno&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈnɔ] || vt. || put, place ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [huɲ] || n. in. || pond, small lake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hup&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hup] || vt. || punch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hur] || vi. || act as a guide, be a guide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [huʃ] || n. an. || insect, beetle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hut̪] || n. in. || gill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hut̪] || vi. || forage, be a forager ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;hutaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈt̪aw] || n. in. || knife ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [huː] || n. hu. || ancestor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [huː] || n. in. || shadow, shade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [huː] || vt. || smell, perceive a scent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [huːr] || vt. || harvest, collect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;huwo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [hʊˈβɔ] || vi. || go up, ascend, climb ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;i&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔi] || adj. || previous, preceding ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iče&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈtʃɛ] || n. in. || colon, rectum, bowel, large intestine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ihak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈhak] || n. an. || sacrificial animal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iher&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈhɛr] || n. in. || edge, side, border || pl. ihar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ihi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈhi] || n. in. || web ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ihi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈhi] || vi. || urinate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔiː] || vt. || fight ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iihey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔiːhej] || n. in || oar ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iikat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔiːɣat̪] || n. in || travois, sledge ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iiši&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔiːʃi] || n. in || glue, any adhesive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iitišor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔiːd̪ɪʃɪ] || n. in || steering oar ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ikwa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪgˈβa] || vt. || reach, arrive at ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;il&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔil] || vt. || intend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ily&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔiʎ] || vt. || see ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ilyeehee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪʎɛːˈhɛː] || n. in. || pear tree || sg. ileehee&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ilyeyhi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪʎejˈhi] || n. in. || blanket ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iňey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈɲej] || vi. || shine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iňwiyaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪɲwɪˈʝaw] || n. in. || shirt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iňwo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪɲˈβɔ] || n. in. || ford, river crossing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔip] || vt. || praise ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ipuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈpuː] || n. in. || hammer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔir] || n. in. || feeling (tactile), texture ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ireetriš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈrɛːɖɪʃ] || n. in. || ornament, piece of jewelry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ireetrum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈrɛːɖʊm] || n. in. || finger ring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ireetyi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈrɛːɟɪ] || n. in. || necklace ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ireetyir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈrɛːɟɪr] || n. in. || armband ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iruwiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪrʊˈβiʃ] || n. in. || knot ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔiʃ] || n. in. || fang, animal tooth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;išey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈʃej] || n. in. || guts, entrails ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;itaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈt̪aw] || n. in. || wine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;itrap&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈʈap] || adj. || light (not heavy); inadequate, meager ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;itrip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈʈip] || vt. || complain about, protest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;itrwii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪɖˈβiː] || n. in. || courage, bravery, vigor, strength ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;itrwoo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪɖˈβɔː] || vt. || prove ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ityiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈciʃ] || n. in. || triangle, triangular object ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;iyii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɪˈʝiː] || vi. || thirst, be thirsty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ka&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰa] || n. an. || ear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰal] || vt. || give in trade, offer in trade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰat̪] || vt. || bear, carry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰaj] || n. in. || bowl ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ke&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɛ] || vt. || hit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɛː] || vi. || walk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ki&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰi] || n. in. || ash tree || pl. ko&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kihe&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɪˈhɛ] || n. in. || shoe || pl. kiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kikol&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɪˈkɔl] || vt. || lie, tell a lie to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kikor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɪˈkɔr] || vt. || respect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰil] || adj. || middle, central ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kilaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɪˈlaw] || n. in. || illness, disease ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kira&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɪˈra] || n. an. || crow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kitrum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɪˈʈum] || vi. || fast, abstain from eating ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ko&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɔ] || adj. || last, final ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ko&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɔ] || vt. || count ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰɔr] || vi. || listen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ku&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰu] || n. in. || sound, noise ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kuk&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰuk] || vt. || kick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰum] || vt. || eat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰuː] || n. in. || hole, cavity, cave ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;kuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [kʰuː] || vt. || seize, take over, conquer, take by force ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;la&#039;&#039;&#039; || [la] || n. in. || limestone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;la&#039;&#039;&#039; || [la] || adj. || female, feminine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;le&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɛ] || n. an. || dove, pigeon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɛː] || vi. || laugh ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;leň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɛɲ] || vi. || smile ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;let&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɛt̪] || n. in. || beech tree || pl. lat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;let&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɛt̪] || vt. || practice, learn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lihi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɪˈhi] || n. in. || filth, dirt, grime ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [liː] || n. in. || drop (small quantity of liquid) || pl. lee&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lin&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lin] || n. in. || oil, grease, fat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;liňily&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɪˈɲiʎ] || vi. || be afraid ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lišil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɪˈʃil] || vt. || examine, inspect, investigate, study ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lit&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lit̪] || n. in. || ball || pl. lot&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;litruu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɪˈʈuː] || n. in. || size || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lɔ] || vi. || come, approach (towards somewhere other than speaker or listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lu] || vt. || block, hinder, keep out ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;luk&#039;&#039;&#039; || [luk] || vi. || be rough, become rough (of a body of water) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lum] || adj. || broad, wide, thick || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lup&#039;&#039;&#039; || [lup] || n. an. || toe || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lyee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʎɛː] || adj. || new, young, early ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʎej] || vi. || lie, recline ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lyi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʎi] || vt. || pull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;lyiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʎiʃ] || n. in. || cloth, fabric ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ma&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ma] || n. hu. || father ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ma&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ma] || vi. || come, approach (towards listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mača&#039;&#039;&#039; || [maˈtʃa] || n. an. || ray (animal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mam&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mam] || vi. || stop, halt, cease, end ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mat̪] || n. in. || village ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;maw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [maw] || n. an. || horn (of an animal) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;may&#039;&#039;&#039; || [maj] || n. in. || semen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mel&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mɛl] || adj. || yellow, green ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;meyňey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mejˈɲej] || n. in. || fetching (of an arrow) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [miː] || n. in. || seed ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [miː] || vt. || plot, conspire, scheme ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mir] || vt. || hint, suggest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;miwak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mɪˈβak] || n. in. || (piece of) flint || pl. muwak&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;momo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mɔˈmɔ] || n. hu. || baby, infant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mow] || adj. || good, correct ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mowhee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mowˈhɛː] || n. in. || new moon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mu] || vt. || castrate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mul] || n. an. || hand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;munow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mʊˈnow] || vt. || fix, repair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;muňir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mʊˈɲir] || n. an. || bull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mut̪] || vt. || be exchanged for, switch with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;muu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [muː] || adj. || small, weak ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;muwin&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mʊˈβin] || n. an. || penis ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;muwuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [mʊˈβuː] || n. in. || roof ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;na&#039;&#039;&#039; || [na] || n. hu. || mother ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nal] || vt. || celebrate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nen&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nɛn] || n. in. || name || pl. nan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;neš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nɛʃ] || n. in. || candle || pl. naš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nik&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nik] || vt. || extinguish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ninu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nɪˈnu] || vt. || admit, confess ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;niru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nɪˈɾu] || n. an. || shark ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;niyi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nɪˈʝi] || n. an. || midden, waste collection area || nuyi&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nur] ||  vt. || inherit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;nuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [nuː] || vt. || match, be identical to, be the same as ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲa] || n. an. || magpie ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲal] || n. an. || chick, baby bird ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňan&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲan] || vi. || bear a child, give birth, be in labor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲɛ] || n. an. || eye ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲɛː] || vi. || suffer, be in pain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňel&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲɛl] || n. in. || branch (of a tree) || pl. ňal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲej] || n. an. || nose ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲej] || n. in. || drum ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňeypuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲejˈpuː] || n. an. || head ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲi] || n. an. || womb, uterus ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňičup&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲɪˈtʃup] || vi. || stink ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲiː] || n. in. || house ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňiňi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲɪˈɲi] || n. in. || rowan tree || pl. ňiňe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲir] || adj. || red, orange ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňitroš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲɪˈʈɔʃ] || vt. || hunt, track ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲɔ] || vt. || fail (to do something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲow] || adj. || open ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲow] || n. in. || door, gate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲu] || adj. || far, faraway, distant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňul&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲul] || adj. || blue ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňup&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲup] || vi. || smell, emit an odor ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲut̪] || n. in. || feud, rivalry, vendetta ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ɲuː] || n. an. || belly, abdomen ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ňuuweš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈɲuːβɛʃ] || n. in. || grave ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;o&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɔ] || conj. || and ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ol&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɔl] || vi. || calm, become calm (of a body of water) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔɔːmɔl] || n. an. || knuckle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;oomuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔɔːˈmuː] || n. in. || legume, vegetable || pl. oomanuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;oowooňe&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔɔːwɔːɲɛ] || n. an. || menstruation ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔow] || vi. || slip, slide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰa] || n. hu. || grandfather||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰa] || vi. || go down (deliberately), descend, dive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰa] || vt. || be similar to, be like, resemble ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰak] || vt. || kill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰat̪] || vt. || kiss ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pay&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰaj] || vt. || depart, leave, go away (from somewhere other than speaker or listener) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pe&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɛ] || adj. || male, masculine ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pe&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɛ] || n. in. || beer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pecat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pɛˈt̪s̪at̪] || n. in. || aster (a type of flower) || pl. pacat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;peň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɛɲ] || vt. || thank ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɛt̪] || n. in. || egg || pl. šat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɛt̪] || n. in. || star || pl. pat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰej] || vt. || like ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰi] || n. in. || nut || pl. pu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰi] || vi. || grow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰi] || vt. || go between, pass between, be between ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰiː] || n. hu. || friend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰiː] || vi. || jump, leap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰiː]  || vt. || bake ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;piiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰiːʃ] || vt. || receive in trade || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;piň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰiɲ]  || n. in. || oak tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;piš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰiʃ]  || n. in. || feather || pl. puk&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;po&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɔ] || vt. || cover, conceal, hide ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;poo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɔː] || adj. || long ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;poo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɔː] || n. in. || dough ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;por&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɔr] || n. in. || part, piece ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pošuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pɔˈʃuː] || n. an. || lion ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pot&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰɔt̪] || vt. || give freely, give as a gift ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰow] || adj. || tall ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰow] || n. in. || fate, destiny, luck ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰow] || vt. || be diagonal to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰu] || vt. || change ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pul&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰul] || adj. || closed, sealed ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰum] || vt. || be parallel to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pumow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈmow] || vt. || wash, clean, clean up ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pupa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈpa] || n. hu. || maternal uncle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pupa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈpa] || vt. || paddle, row (a boat or raft) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pupeš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈpɛʃ] || vt. || refuse, deny ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pupey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈpej] || vt. || love ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pupuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈpuː] || vt. || discover, invent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰur] || vt. || wage, conduct, venture, attempt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;pusiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈs̪iʃ] || n. in. || lily || pl. poseš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;puso&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈs̪ɔ] || n. in. || stick || pl. pučo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;puš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰuʃ] || n. in. || valley || pl. poš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈʈɛʃ] || n. hu. || soul, spirit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;puu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰuː] || n. in. || hat, helmet ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;puu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰuː] || vt. || find ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;puum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʰuːm] || n. in. || rash, acne, any visable skin condition ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;puyel&#039;&#039;&#039; || [pʊˈʝɛl] || n. hu. || enemy, rival ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;racar&#039;&#039;&#039; || [raˈt̪s̪ar] || n. in. || mushroom ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rama&#039;&#039;&#039; || [raˈma] || n. hu. || paternal aunt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rarašuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [raraˈʃuː] || n. an. || puppy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [raʃ] || n. an. || mare (female horse) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [raʃ] || vt. || wish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rataš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [raˈt̪aʃ] || n. an. || foal (young horse) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ray&#039;&#039;&#039; || [raj] || n. in. || juice, sap ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;re&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɛ] || vt. || lack, miss, be without ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rek&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɛk] || vi. || win, be victorious ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rem&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɛm] || n. an. || newt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rem&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɛm] || vt. || own, possess ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɛp] || n. hu. || son, boy ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ret&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɛt̪] || n. an. || kitten ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rej] || vi. || become content, be fulfilled ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;reymul&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rejˈmul] || n. an. || wrist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;reyšey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rejˈʃej] || n. an. || waist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rihir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈhir] || n. in. || bronze, metal in general ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riče&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈtʃɛ] || vi. || float (in a passive manner) || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ricey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈt̪s̪ej] || vt. || convince, persuade ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [riː] || n. in. || circle, circular object ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rinur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈnur] || n. in. || clan, lineage, extended family ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [riɲ] || n. an. || cow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rip] || n. in. || salt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rirey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈrej] || n. an. || kid (young goat) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ririň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈriɲ] || n. an. || calf (young bovine) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riritru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪrɪˈʈu] || vt. || curse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈru] || vt. || bless ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ris&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ris̪] || n. in. || human tooth || pl. rit&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [riʃ] || vi. || flow, blow (of fluids) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riša&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈʃa] || n. an. || tiger ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ritris&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪˈʈis̪] || vt. || attack ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;riyetyir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɪjɛˈcir] || n. an. || elbow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rol&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɔl] || vi. || cry, scream ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;roň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɔɲ] || n. hu. || daughter, girl ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;roro&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rɔˈrɔ] || n. an. || seagull ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;row&#039;&#039;&#039; || [row] || n. an. || fox ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ru] || adj. || big, large ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ru] || vt. || push ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rucii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈt̪s̪iː] ||  n. hu. || king, chief, patriarch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ručuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈtʃuː] || n. in. || shield ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruhee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈhɛː] || n. in. || full moon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruka&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈka] || n. an. || raven ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rukii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈkiː] || n. in. || cask, barrel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rum] || vt. || roast ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruma&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈma] || n. in. || garden ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rumet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈmɛt̪] || n. in. || fortress, fortified settlement ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rurihir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊrɪˈhir] || n. in. || silver ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rušiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈʃiʃ] || n. hu. || queen, matriarch ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rut̪] ||  vi. || serve, be a servant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rutee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈt̪ɛː] ||  n. in. || oath, pledge ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;rutruň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊˈʈuɲ] ||  n. in. || lagoon ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ruː] ||  vt. || recite, tell (a story) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruuhum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈruːhʊm] ||  n. in. || winter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruuňir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈruːɲɪr] ||  n. in. || autumn ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruupi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈruːbɪ] ||  n. in. || spring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ruwičii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [rʊwɪˈtʃiː] ||  n. in. || mask ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪a] || n. an. || fist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪ɛ] || n. in. || bridge ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sem&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪ɛm] || n. in. || event ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sep&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪ɛp] || vt. || spill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ser&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪ɛr] || n. in. || coal (piece of) || pl. ter&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪ej] || n. in. || blister || pl. cey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;si&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪i] || n. in. || turnip ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;sil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪il] || n. in. || mud ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;siyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [s̪ɪˈʝej] || vi. || rise, stand (up) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ša&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃa] || vi. || work ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šahat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃaˈhat̪] || n. an. || duck ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šahoš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃaˈhɔʃ] || n. in. || pine tree || pl. trahoš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃak] || vt. || keep, retain, store ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šal&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃal] || adj. || cold ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šan&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃan] || n. hu. || child ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šaš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃaʃ] || n. in. || mortar (grinding tool) || pl. čaš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šeš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃɛʃ] || n. an. || flea ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃej] || vi. || defecate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ši&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃi] || n. in. || mountain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ši&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃi] || vt. || sculpt, mold, join together || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃil]  || vt. || watch, look at ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šim&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃim]  || n. in. || chalk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃip] || adj. || narrow, thin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šis&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃis̪] || n. in. || soup, stew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃiʃ] || n. hu. || woman, wife ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šitru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃɪˈʈu] || vt. || loosen, untie ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃɔ] || vt. || reply, respond ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃɔ] || vt. || get, receive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šowuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃɔˈβuː] || n. in. || well, spring || pl. čowuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃu] || n. in. || axe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃu] || vt. || bind, tie ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃum] || n. in. || festival ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šup&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃup] || n. an. || snail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃur] || vt. || dance ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;šuyan&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʃʊˈjan] || n. hu. || orphan ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ta&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰa] || n. an. || earlobe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰak] || vt. || fry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰak] || vt. || take, remove, take away || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰat̪] || n. an. || rabbit, hare || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰaw] || n. in. || vineyard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;taw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰaw] || vt. || cut ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tay&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰaj] || n. in. || pestle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;te&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰɛ] ||  n. an. || tail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tel&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰɛl] ||  n. in. || altar, ritual place || pl. tral&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ter&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰɛr] ||  n. an. || thumb ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;teš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰɛʃ] || vi. || move around, wander ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰɛt̪] || n. in. || copper ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tetruheš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɛɖʊˈhɛʃ] || n. in. || gold ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰej] || n. in. || thing ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;teyluu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ejˈluː] || n. in. || tradition, rule, law, requirement ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ti&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰi] || conj. || but ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tihel&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈhɛl] || n. in. || leaf || pl. tihal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰiː] || n. an. || knee ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰiː] || vt. || play (a game) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;til&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰil] || n. an. || bat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;til&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰil] || n. in. || brick ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tišor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈʃɔr] || vt. || command (people), herd (animals), control ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tišuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈʃuː] || vt. || capture, take hostage ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;titak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈt̪ak] || vt. || separate, disconnect ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;titey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈt̪ej] || vt. || be full of ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;titra&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈʈa] || vt. || plow (a piece of land) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;titray&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈʈaj] || vt. || declare, announce ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;titri&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈʈi] || vt. || try, strive (to do something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;titriňip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪɖɪˈɲip] || vt. || commit incest with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tityey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ɪˈcej] || n. an. || lamb ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰow] || n. in. || hair ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [t̪ʰum] || n. an. || finger ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰa] || n. an. || lizard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰa] || n. hu. || grandmother ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰa] || vt. || bite ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tra&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰa] || vt. || dig up, dig for ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tračee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈaˈtʃɛː] || n. an. || worm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;traň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰaɲ] || vt. || talk to, chat with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trar&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰar] || n. in. || butter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰat̪] || vt. || look forward to, be excited for ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰaw] || n. hu. || man, husband ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tray&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰaj] || vt. || say, speak (something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tree&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰɛː] || vt. || grind, mill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰej] || vt. || doubt ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tri&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰi] || n. an. || scorpion ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰiː] || n. an. || spine, backbone ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰip] || vt. || offend, insult ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trirer&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈɪˈrɛr] || n. an. || fly ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;triru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈɪˈru] || adj. || holy, sacred, blessed ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tris&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰis̪] || vt. || shake || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;triš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰiʃ] || vt. || steal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trit&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰit̪] || vt. || argue with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tritriš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈɪˈʈiʃ] || vt. || pillage, sack ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tro&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰɔ] || vi. || understand ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trok&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰɔk] || vi. || hunt, go hunting, be a hunter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tror&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰɔr] || vt. || paint, dye, color ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;troš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰɔʃ] || n. in. || wood (material) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰɔt̪] || n. in. || pants, trousers (pair of) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰow] || n. an. || chest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰu] || adj. || strong, powerful ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tru&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰu] || n. in. || poison ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰum] || n. an. || monkey ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trumu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʊˈmu] || vi. || swim, tread water ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trumuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʊˈmuː] || vt. || cross ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truna&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʊˈna] || vt. || make, create ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truney&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʊˈnej] || vt. || fill ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truni&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʊˈni] || vt. || explain ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰuɲ] || vi. || vomit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trup&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰup] || n. an. || heart ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;trusil&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʊˈs̪il] || n. in. || scum (organic film on the surface of water), algae ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰuʃ] || vt. || know (facts, how to do something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰuː] || n. in. || land ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰuː] || vt. || start, begin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truuk&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʰuːk] || n. an. || stallion (male horse) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;truyi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʈʊˈʝi] || n. in. || dung, feces ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰej] || n. an. || sheep ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰej] || n. hu. || person, human being ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰej] || n. in. || wool ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰej] || vt. || believe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰi] || vi. || come, approach (towards speaker) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰiɲ] || n. in. || beard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyip&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰip] || n. in. || tent ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰir] || n. an. || arm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰir] || vi. || sink ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyiruu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cɪˈruː] || n. in. || island ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyis&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰis̪] || n. in. || petal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cʰiʃ] || n. an. || foot ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;tyiyaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [cɪˈʝaw] || n. in. || grape ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uk&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuk] || vt. || confuse ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ul&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔul] || vt. || worry about ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ulyeyňey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔʊʎejˈɲej] || n. in. || arrow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ulyeytrey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔʊʎejˈʈej] || n. in. || spear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;um&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔum] || adj. || old, late ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuɲ] || n. an. || squirrel ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuɲ] || vt. || help, assist ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;up&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔup] || vt. || hear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;upuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuˈpuː] || vt. || pass, move past, move beyond ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔur] || vi. || breathe ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;utrey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔʊˈʈej] || vt. || defeat (in a competition or fight) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;utri&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔʊˈʈi] || vt. || commit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuː] || n. in. || water ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuː] || vt. || swallow ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔuːhʊr] || n. hu. || leader ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uuňii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuːˈɲiː] || n. hu. || stranger, foreigner ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uušey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔuːʃej] || n. in. || bile ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uušuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔuːˈʃuː] || n. hu. || captive, prisoner ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uutroš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔuːɖɔʃ] || n. hu. || hunter ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uutruš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈʔuːɖʊʃ] || n. hu. || priest ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uwer&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔʊˈβɛr] || vt. || forget ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;uwuunow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʔʊˈβuːnow] || n. in. || the world, Akana ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βa] || n. an. || breast ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wa&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βa] || vt. || deserve ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wačee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [waˈtʃɛː] || n. an. || turtle ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wak&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βak] || n. in. || (piece of) stone, rock ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βan] || vi. || become tired, tire out ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wanol&#039;&#039;&#039; || [waˈnɔl] || n. in. || apple tree ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;waň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βaɲ] || vt. || hurt, wound, injure, harm ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;war&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βar] || vi. || get ready, be prepared ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wašwey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [waʃˈβej] || n. in. || arrowhead, spearhead ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;waw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βaw] || n. in. || beehive ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;way&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βaj] || n. in. || grain, wheat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;we&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɛ] || vt. || tell, say toward ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɛː] || n. an. || lip; (pl) mouth ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wer&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɛr] || vt. || lose, misplace ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;weš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɛʃ] || n. hu. || god ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;weše&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wɛˈʃɛ] || n. an. || cricket, grasshopper ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βej] || n. an. || fish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βi] || n. in. || dew ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βi] || vt. || hold, grasp ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wihwaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wɪhˈβaw] || n. in. || shell (of a turtle, etc.) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βiː] || n. in. || air, wind, sky, weather ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βiː] || vt. || beseech, pray to ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βiɲ] || vi. || look, look around ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wis&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βis̪] || n. in. || stalk, stem, shaft ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βiʃ] || n. in. || rope ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βiʃ] || vi. || turn around ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;witrop&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wɪˈʈɔp] || vi. || hunger, become hungry || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wiyot&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wɪˈʝɔt̪] || n. it. || kidney || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɔ] || vt. || forbid, ban ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wol&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɔl] || vt. || knead ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;woo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɔː] || n. in. || earth, soil ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;woo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɔː] || vt. || protect, guard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wootriš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ˈβɔːɖɪʃ] || n. in. || crystal ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wor&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βɔr] || n. in. || blood ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βow] || n. an. || deer ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βow] || vi. || live ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βu] || adj. || hard ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wucee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊˈt̪s̪ɛː] || n. in. || bay ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wucen&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊˈt̪s̪ɛn] || n. in. || decision ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wuča&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊˈtʃa] || n. an. || elephant ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wučat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊˈtʃat̪] || n. in. || color ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wul&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βul] || n. in. || apple || pl. ul&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wulwey&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊlˈβej] || n. in. || bark (of a tree) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wupiš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊˈpiʃ] || vt. || turn, rotate ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wupyee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊbˈʝɛː] || n. in. || nest (of birds) || pl . wupoo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wurii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊˈriː] || vt. || have sex with ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βut̪] || n. in. || oven, hearth || pl. yot&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wutii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [wʊˈt̪iː] || n. in. || fingernail ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;wuum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [βuːm] || n. an. || skin ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝa] || n. in. || milk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ya&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝa] || vi. || give a greeting, say goodbye ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yar&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝar] || n. in. || boat || pl. yanar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yap&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝap] || n. an. || owl ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yaš&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝaʃ] || n. an. || throat ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝaj] || vt. || seek, look for ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;ye&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɛ] || vt. || bend ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɛː] || adj. || next ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɛː] || n. in. || plain, grassland, dry lowlands ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yeň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɛɲ] || vi. || sleep ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɛt̪] || n. in. || nipple, teat || pl. yat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yet&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɛt̪] || vt. || think about, reflect on, consider, assume ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yettyum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɛcˈcʰum] || vi. || wake up ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yi’ily&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈʔiʎ] || vt. || notice, take note of ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yicaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈt̪s̪aw] || vt. || cook ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yihu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈhu] || vi. || stand up (from sitting or lying) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yihut&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈhut̪] || vt. || gather berries, pick berries ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝiː] || n. an. || whale ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yiň&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝiɲ] || n. in. || bed || pl. yeň&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yirii&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈriː] || n. an. || vagina ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yiša&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈʃa] || vt. || succeed (at doing something) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yišat&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈʃat̪] || n. in. || flaw, stain, blemish ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yityir&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪˈcir] || vi. || die ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yiyicaw&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jɪjɪˈt̪s̪aw] || vt. || boil ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɔ] || n. in. || rapids (of a river) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yo&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝɔ] || vt. || wear (clothes) ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yow&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝow] || n. in. || strawberry ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yum&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝum] || vi. || become old ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yunuk&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jʊˈnuk] || vt. || empty ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yupi&#039;&#039;&#039; || [jʊˈpi] || vi. || grow up, become an adult ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yur&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝur] || n. in. || seaweed ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝuː] || adj. || deep ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuu&#039;&#039;&#039; || [ʝuː] || n. in. || flower ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuuhee&#039;&#039;&#039; || [juːˈhɛː] || n. in. || pear ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;yuuyar&#039;&#039;&#039; || [juːˈʝar] || n. in. || landing (for ships), mooring ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Lexicography]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12513</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12513"/>
		<updated>2015-11-26T20:00:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* Examples */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = split ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not represented in writing word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;CV(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. For noun stems beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a glottal stop (which is elided), as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a glottal stop, the stop is dropped and the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer has been killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe events that have been completed and states that are no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed at the beginning of the verb phrase. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitemyityir|PFV{{--}}die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitemčohekum|PFV{{--}}PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitemkum|PFV{{--}}eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any affixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated; only the stem itself is repeated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|cloak}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12512</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12512"/>
		<updated>2015-11-26T19:56:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = split ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not represented in writing word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;CV(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. For noun stems beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a glottal stop (which is elided), as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a glottal stop, the stop is dropped and the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer has been killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe events that have been completed and states that are no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed at the beginning of the verb phrase. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitemyityir|PFV{{--}}die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitemčohekum|PFV{{--}}PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitemkum|PFV{{--}}eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any affixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated; only the stem itself is repeated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12511</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12511"/>
		<updated>2015-11-26T19:55:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = Split Ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not represented in writing word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;CV(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. For noun stems beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a glottal stop (which is elided), as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a glottal stop, the stop is dropped and the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer has been killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe events that have been completed and states that are no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed at the beginning of the verb phrase. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitemyityir|PFV{{--}}die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitemčohekum|PFV{{--}}PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitemkum|PFV{{--}}eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any affixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated; only the stem itself is repeated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12510</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12510"/>
		<updated>2015-11-26T19:51:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* Examples */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = TBD&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not represented in writing word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;CV(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. For noun stems beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a glottal stop (which is elided), as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a glottal stop, the stop is dropped and the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer has been killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe events that have been completed and states that are no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed at the beginning of the verb phrase. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitemyityir|PFV{{--}}die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitemčohekum|PFV{{--}}PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitemkum|PFV{{--}}eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any affixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated; only the stem itself is repeated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after the aunt had previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12509</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12509"/>
		<updated>2015-11-26T19:44:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* Examples */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = TBD&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not represented in writing word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;CV(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. For noun stems beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a glottal stop (which is elided), as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a glottal stop, the stop is dropped and the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer has been killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe events that have been completed and states that are no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed at the beginning of the verb phrase. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitemyityir|PFV{{--}}die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitemčohekum|PFV{{--}}PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread has been eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitemkum|PFV{{--}}eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any affixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated; only the stem itself is repeated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after having previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12508</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12508"/>
		<updated>2015-11-26T19:31:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* Verbs */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = TBD&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not represented in writing word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;CV(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. For noun stems beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a glottal stop (which is elided), as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a glottal stop, the stop is dropped and the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer has been killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Perfective===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unmarked verbs in Ray Tyuwey Išup are, by default, interpreted as &#039;&#039;imperfective&#039;&#039;, meaning that they refer to ongoing or habitual actions or states, or are used to express general truths. The &#039;&#039;perfective&#039;&#039; aspect, on the other hand, is used to describe events that have been completed and states that are no longer ongoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The perfective (glossed as {{sc|pfv}}) is marked with the proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;hiitem=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is placed at the beginning of the verb phrase. If the modified verb is transitive, the agent of the verb must be shifted to clause-final position and marked for the ergative case, in much the same manner as the original subject of a passive clause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Yityir|die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king dies.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitemyityir|PFV{{--}}die}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rucii.|king}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The king has died.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Hiitemkum|PFV{{--}}eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trira.|ERG{{--}}1S}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|I have eaten the bread.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any affixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated; only the stem itself is repeated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after having previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12507</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12507"/>
		<updated>2015-11-26T09:26:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* The Iterative */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = TBD&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not represented in writing word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;CV(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. For noun stems beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions. Additional grammatical categories are expressed though reduplication and a variety of verbal auxiliaries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a glottal stop, the stop is dropped and the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer has been killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a glottal stop (which is elided), as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be fully reduplicated in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative expresses that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently, or that the action or state persists for a particularly long time. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any affixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated; only the stem itself is repeated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after having previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12506</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12506"/>
		<updated>2015-11-26T09:23:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* The Passive */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = TBD&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not represented in writing word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;CV(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. For noun stems beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions. Additional grammatical categories are expressed though reduplication and a variety of verbal auxiliaries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a glottal stop, the stop is dropped and the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer has been killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a glottal stop (which is elided), as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be reduplicated in their entirety in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative express that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any affixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated; only the stem itself is repeated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after having previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12505</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12505"/>
		<updated>2015-11-26T09:23:26Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* The Ergative Case and the Perfective Aspect */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = TBD&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not represented in writing word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;CV(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. For noun stems beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
In some syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions. Additional grammatical categories are expressed though reduplication and a variety of verbal auxiliaries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. Using the ergative proclitic in the manner also marks the clause as perfective&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a glottal stop, the stop is dropped and the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer has been killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a glottal stop (which is elided), as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be reduplicated in their entirety in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative express that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any affixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated; only the stem itself is repeated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after having previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12504</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12504"/>
		<updated>2015-11-26T09:22:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* Verbs */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = TBD&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not represented in writing word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;CV(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. For noun stems beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Ergative Case and the Perfective Aspect===&lt;br /&gt;
In some grammatical constructions and syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The ergative proclitic is most commonly used in marking the perfective case. Unmarked verbs in RTI are interpreted as imperfective, expressing that they are ongoing, habitual, or generally true. In order to express that an action is complete, the agent is marked with the ergative proclitic and shifted to sentence-final position, following the patient verb if one is present.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wi|hold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rep|boy}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|iihu|INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lit.|ball}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The boy holds a ball.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wi|hold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|iihu|INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lit|ball}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trirep.|ERG{{--}}boy}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The boy held a ball.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions. Additional grammatical categories are expressed though reduplication and a variety of verbal auxiliaries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. Using the ergative proclitic in the manner also marks the clause as perfective&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a glottal stop, the stop is dropped and the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer has been killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a glottal stop (which is elided), as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Iterative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI verb stems may be reduplicated in their entirety in order to mark the &#039;&#039;iterative&#039;&#039; aspect. The iterative express that an event takes place or a state is entered repeatedly or frequently. In certain contexts, it may also be used to express that an action is resumed after an interruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any affixes or clitics attached to the verb are not reduplicated; only the stem itself is repeated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traň|talk}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|pa|grandfather}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tra.|grandmother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|Grandfather and grandmother talk and talk.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|munow|fix}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rama|paternal.aunt}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hiwi|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či.|3S.H}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|His aunt resumes mending his cloak. [said after having previously stopped for a time]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12503</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12503"/>
		<updated>2015-11-26T05:53:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* Examples */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = TBD&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not represented in writing word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;CV(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. For noun stems beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Ergative Case and the Perfective Aspect===&lt;br /&gt;
In some grammatical constructions and syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The ergative proclitic is most commonly used in marking the perfective case. Unmarked verbs in RTI are interpreted as imperfective, expressing that they are ongoing, habitual, or generally true. In order to express that an action is complete, the agent is marked with the ergative proclitic and shifted to sentence-final position, following the patient verb if one is present.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wi|hold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rep|boy}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|iihu|INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lit.|ball}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The boy holds a ball.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wi|hold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|iihu|INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lit|ball}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trirep.|ERG{{--}}boy}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The boy held a ball.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions. Additional grammatical categories are expressed though reduplication and a variety of verbal auxiliaries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. Using the ergative proclitic in the manner also marks the clause as perfective&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a glottal stop, the stop is dropped and the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer has been killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a glottal stop (which is elided), as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12502</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12502"/>
		<updated>2015-11-26T05:34:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: /* Examples */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = TBD&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not represented in writing word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;CV(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. For noun stems beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Ergative Case and the Perfective Aspect===&lt;br /&gt;
In some grammatical constructions and syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The ergative proclitic is most commonly used in marking the perfective case. Unmarked verbs in RTI are interpreted as imperfective, expressing that they are ongoing, habitual, or generally true. In order to express that an action is complete, the agent is marked with the ergative proclitic and shifted to sentence-final position, following the patient verb if one is present.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wi|hold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rep|boy}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|iihu|INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lit.|ball}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The boy holds a ball.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wi|hold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|iihu|INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lit|ball}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trirep.|ERG=boy}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The boy held a ball.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions. Additional grammatical categories are expressed though reduplication and a variety of verbal auxiliaries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. Using the ergative proclitic in the manner also marks the clause as perfective&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a glottal stop, the stop is dropped and the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG{{--}}INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer has been killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a glottal stop (which is elided), as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12501</id>
		<title>Ray Tyuwey Išup</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://akana.conlang.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Tyuwey_I%C5%A1up&amp;diff=12501"/>
		<updated>2015-11-26T05:32:27Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;CatDoom: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{tbc|CatDoom}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Language&lt;br /&gt;
| language   = Ray Tyuwey Išup&lt;br /&gt;
| phonetic   = {{IPA|[raj cʊˈβej ʔɪˈʃup]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| date       = c. 1 YP&lt;br /&gt;
| place      = northwestern Tuysáfa&lt;br /&gt;
| speakers   = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| script     = none&lt;br /&gt;
| family     = Ronquian&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| word-or    = VSO&lt;br /&gt;
| mor-type   = mixed&lt;br /&gt;
| morphalign = TBD&lt;br /&gt;
| author     = [[User:CatDoom|CatDoom]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ray Tyuwey Išup&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated as RTI) is a [[:Category:Ronquian languages|Ronquian]] language spoken by the Tyuwey Išup (the &amp;quot;people of the river delta&amp;quot;) in northwestern [[Tuysáfa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;labial&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;dental/alveolar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;retroflex&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;alveolo-palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;palatal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;velar&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;glottal&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! plosives&lt;br /&gt;
| p || t̪ || ʈ || || c ~ t̠ʲ || k || ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! affricates&lt;br /&gt;
| || t̪͡s̪ || || t͡ʃ || || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
| || s̪ || || ʃ || || || h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! nasals&lt;br /&gt;
| m || n || || || ɲ || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! approximants&lt;br /&gt;
| w || l · r~ɾ || || || ʎ · j || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /t̪ ʈ c t̪͡s̪ t͡ʃ s̪ ʃ ɲ ʎ j/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;t tr ty c č s š ň ly y&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not represented in writing word-initially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}} &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;front&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;back&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! close&lt;br /&gt;
| i · iː&lt;br /&gt;
| u · uː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! mid&lt;br /&gt;
| ɛ · ɛː&lt;br /&gt;
| ɔ · ɔː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! open&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| a(ː)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* /ɛ ɔ/ are written &#039;&#039;&#039;e o&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Long vowels are written with doubled graphemes: &#039;&#039;&#039;ii uu ee oo&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonotactics==&lt;br /&gt;
The basic syllable structure is &#039;&#039;&#039;CV(ː)(C)&#039;&#039;&#039;. Consonant clusters may occur only across syllable boundaries, and never consist of more than two consonants. Geminate consonants are permitted as consonant clusters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any consonant may occur as an onset, while syllable codas may be any one of the set &#039;&#039;&#039;p t k s š m n ň l r ly&#039;&#039;&#039;. The consonants &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;t͡ʃ&#039;&#039;&#039; may also occur as codas, but only as geminate consonants on a syllable boundary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the semivowels &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;y&#039;&#039;&#039; may occur at the end of a syllable as part of one of five diphthongs: [ej], [oj], [ow], [aj], [aw]. These are treated, in terms of prosody and phonotactics, as short vowels followed by a coda consonant, and are written &#039;&#039;&#039;ey oy ow ay aw&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Phonetic detail==&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; are all archetypally realized as coronal stops. &#039;&#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal stop with a place ranging from interdental to denti-alveolar, while &#039;&#039;&#039;tr&#039;&#039;&#039; is, properly speaking, an apical postalveolar stop and &#039;&#039;&#039;ty&#039;&#039;&#039; is a laminal postalveolar or prepalatal stop, often articulated with a palatal offglide. Both of the postalveolar stops are frequently affricated to some degree, and can be considered to be in free variation with [ʈ͡ʂ] and [c͡ç], respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
* The plosives &#039;&#039;&#039;p t tr ty k&#039;&#039;&#039; are aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ] word-initially before stressed syllables, as well as when geminated and when following another stop. Between sonorants they are voiced [b d̪ ɖ ɟ g] unless they occupy the onset of the primary stressed syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
* Fricatives and affricates are typically always voiceless and unaspirated, regardless of their position in a word.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;k&#039;&#039;&#039; tends to be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] or approximant [ɰ] between vowels when not in the onset of a stressed syllable, although [g] is generally preferred in careful speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The pronunciation of &#039;&#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;&#039; varies freely between [r] and [ɾ] in all positions, with the former being preferred in careful speech and the latter occurring most commonly in rapid speech.&lt;br /&gt;
* The approximants &#039;&#039;&#039;w j&#039;&#039;&#039; are generally fricativized to [β ʝ] or [v ʝ] in the onset of stressed syllables. The bilabial and labio-dental allophones of &#039;&#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039;&#039; are in more or less free variation, though one of the two is usually more prevalent in any given dialect.&lt;br /&gt;
* There is no phonemic distinction between long and short &#039;&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&#039;, but the sound tends to be lengthened in stressed, open syllables, while in unstressed syllables it is often realized as [ɐ].&lt;br /&gt;
* Short &#039;&#039;&#039;i u&#039;&#039;&#039; are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in unstressed syllables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prosody==&lt;br /&gt;
RTI has a dynamic stress accent which falls on the last syllable of a word containing a long vowel, and on the final syllable if all of the vowels in the word are short. In words of three or more syllables, a secondary accent falls on every second syllable towards the left (counting from the stressed syllable), or occasionally on the third syllable towards the left if that syllable is long and both intervening syllables are short. If a word is stressed on an early syllable because of a long vowel, a secondary accent will also appear on the final syllable if does not immediately follow the syllable with primary stress.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of words=&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Every RTI noun falls into one of three grammatical genders: &#039;&#039;human&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;animate&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;inanimate&#039;&#039;. These are not marked on the noun itself in the singular number, but inanimate nouns generally form the plural in a different manner from human and animate nouns, and gender is marked in pronouns, articles, and case-marking clitics. In addition, RTI dinstinguishes nouns in two &amp;quot;states&amp;quot; (termed &#039;&#039;absolute&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;construct&#039;&#039;), which are usually not expressed through noun morphology but instead distinguished by syntax and the use of articles. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RTI nouns are morphologically marked only for number (&#039;&#039;singular&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039;) and case (&#039;&#039;absolutive&#039;&#039; vs. &#039;&#039;ergative&#039;&#039;). Number is usually marked through the use of an affix, while case is marked using a proclitic, which attaches to the first word in a noun phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main methods for forming the plural number:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most inanimate nouns, as well as some human and animate nouns, are marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039;. For noun stems beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the prefix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Human and animate nouns marked in this manner usually refer to collective groups or non-living natural phenomena, but this is not always the case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hipu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘window’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihipu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;hem&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘flood’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rihem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traňey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘family, clan’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ritraňey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;upal&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘fingertip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;rupal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čom&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘evening’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ričom&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most human and animate nouns, on the other hand, form the plural using the infix &#039;&#039;&#039;-uh-&#039;&#039;&#039;, which follows the onset of the first syllable of the stem. When a noun marked in this manner is used in the construct state, the infix becomes &#039;&#039;&#039;-uw-&#039;&#039;&#039;; this is the only case in which the construct state is regularly marked morphologically. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;pel&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘friend’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;puhel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tat&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘rabbit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tuhat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;tyey&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘person’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;tyuhey&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;oomol&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘knuckle’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uhoomol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;haš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘animal’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;huhaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these patterns, a few animate nouns referring to body parts use the suffix &#039;&#039;&#039;-t&#039;&#039;&#039;, or occasionally &#039;&#039;&#039;-n&#039;&#039;&#039;, to mark the plural, which in some cases also triggers changes in the stem vowel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ňe&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘eye’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ňot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;traw&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘shoulder’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;trot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘thigh’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čot&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;mul&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘hand’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;mut&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;wee&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘lip’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;wan&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, some nouns have irregular or suppletive plurals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;rep&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘boy’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;pep&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;šiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘woman’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;lay&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;čiš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘ram (male sheep)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;čuha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;raš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘mare (female horse)’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;can&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;putreš&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘soul, spirit’ → {{sc|pl}} &#039;&#039;&#039;uha&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Ergative Case and the Perfective Aspect===&lt;br /&gt;
In some grammatical constructions and syntactic environments, Ray Tyuwey Išup requires the agent of a clause to be marked for the ergative case, using a proclitic which attaches to the first word of the noun phrase. When applied to human and animate nouns, this proclitic (glossed as {{sc|erg}}) takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;tru=&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant. When used with inanimate nouns, it takes the form &#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;, which causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively. Before words beginning with a glottal stop, the stop is elided and the clitics become &#039;&#039;&#039;tr=&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;w=&#039;&#039;&#039;, neither of which triggers any vowel shifts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The ergative proclitic is most commonly used in marking the perfective case. Unmarked verbs in RTI are interpreted as imperfective, expressing that they are ongoing, habitual, or generally true. In order to express that an action is complete, the agent is marked with the ergative proclitic and shifted to sentence-final position, following the patient verb if one is present.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wi|hold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|rep|boy}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|iihu|INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lit.|ball}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The boy holds a ball.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Wi|hold}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|iihu|INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|lit|ball}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trirep.|ERG=boy}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The boy held a ball.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Pronouns==&lt;br /&gt;
Personal pronouns make more distinctions than nouns, having separate forms for singular ({{sc|sg}}), dual ({{sc|du}}), paucal ({{sc|pc}}), and plural ({{sc|pl}}) number, as well as three distinct series of 3rd person pronouns which refer to human, animate, and inanimate entities respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! singular&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; dual &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
! paucal&lt;br /&gt;
! plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1st person&lt;br /&gt;
| ra || rat || tita || hay&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2nd person&lt;br /&gt;
| ow || wun || tupow || wor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person human&lt;br /&gt;
| či || čut || tiči || ňiči&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person animate&lt;br /&gt;
| puu || pon || tupuu || mupuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3rd person inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| tro || čitey || titey || nitey&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Determiners==&lt;br /&gt;
The main types of determiners used in RTI are articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers. These generally immediately precede precede the noun they modify.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Articles===&lt;br /&gt;
The most frequently occurring determiners in RTI are articles, which are used to specify definiteness, gender and (somewhat indirectly) state in nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The indefinite article (glossed as {{sc|indef}}) is usually used when a speaker introduces new participants into discourse or to indicate that a speaker is making a general statement and does not have a particular referent or group of referents in mind. A different article is used for referents of each gender: human nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;tyeyhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, animate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;uuhu&#039;&#039;&#039;, and inanimate nouns take the article &#039;&#039;&#039;iihu&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The definite article (glossed as {{sc|def}}) is used to refer to specific referents that have already been established in discourse. The article &#039;&#039;&#039;či&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with both human and animate nouns, while the article &#039;&#039;&#039;hi&#039;&#039;&#039; is used with inanimate nouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because no word is permitted to intervene between a noun in the construct state and its compliment, the compliment of a construct state noun never takes an article. Furthermore, nouns in the construct state are presumed to be definite by default, and are never marked with a definite article. The same is true of nouns in the ergative case, though in either instance a noun may still take an indefinite article when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proper nouns are always definite by default, and generally do not take articles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|uuhu|INDEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Kor|listen}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tyeyhu|INDEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man.}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|A man listens.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rem|own}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.HU}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu.|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man owns the dog.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Rol|cry}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hačuu|dog}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|traw.|man}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The man&#039;s dog barks.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Demonstratives===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI makes use of two demonstratives: &#039;&#039;&#039;trin&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘this, these’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;šuu&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘that, those’. These appear before the full noun phrase to which they refer, which must normally also take an article unless in the construct state or the ergative case. Demonstratives may also refer to 2nd or 3rd person pronouns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|trin|this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wak|rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this rock}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šuu|that}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|nitey|3PL.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|those [things over there]}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|tritrin|ERG{{--}}this}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|um|old}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|šiš|woman}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|this old woman (ergative)}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Quantifiers===&lt;br /&gt;
Most non-numeral quantifiers in RTI have separate roots for use with human and animate nouns on the one hand, and for use with inanimate nouns on the other hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! human /&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;animate&lt;br /&gt;
! inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
! used with&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! no, none&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| he&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! some, a few&lt;br /&gt;
| ňey || yay&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! many, much, a lot of&lt;br /&gt;
| ri || rihi&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! each, every&lt;br /&gt;
| ne || hit&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|sg/pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! all&lt;br /&gt;
| ree || wuwat&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;bg2&amp;quot;| {{sc|pl}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;he&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘no, none of’ appears with the singular if it is used to contrast zero against one referent, and with the plural when it is used in a partitive sense or to contrast zero against more than one referents.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ne&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;hit&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘each, every’) are distributive in meaning and usually appear with the singular forms of nouns. The plural is only used when a partitive meaning is intended (‘each one of’).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;ree&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;wuwat&#039;&#039;&#039; (both translated as ‘all’) have collective semantics. Like &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘some, a few’ and &#039;&#039;&#039;ri&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;rihi&#039;&#039;&#039; ‘many, much, a lot of’, they typically govern the plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* When used with pronouns, all quantifiers except &#039;&#039;&#039;ňey&#039;&#039;&#039; / &#039;&#039;&#039;yay&#039;&#039;&#039; may also appear with the dual or paucal number. The semantics of such constructions are always partitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
RTI uses a mixed base-6/base-24 counting system. The basic numerals are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| {{softtable|c}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! cardinal&lt;br /&gt;
! ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1&lt;br /&gt;
| piš || puš&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2&lt;br /&gt;
| čey || čiho&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3&lt;br /&gt;
| truk || rištruk &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4&lt;br /&gt;
| pal || rišpal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5&lt;br /&gt;
| huu || rišhuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6&lt;br /&gt;
| sa || rišsa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12&lt;br /&gt;
| šat || riššat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 18&lt;br /&gt;
| kol || riškol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 24&lt;br /&gt;
| tree || rištree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Tyuwey Išup makes a basic distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; an unmodified transitive verb may not be used in an intransitive construction, and vice versa. The valence of a verb may be modified, however, through passive and causative constructions. Additional grammatical categories are expressed though reduplication and a variety of verbal auxiliaries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Passive===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;passive&#039;&#039; reduces the valency of a transitive verb and promotes the direct object to the subject role. The original subject may optionally be included in the clause as well, but must be marked with the ergative proclitic &#039;&#039;&#039;tri=&#039;&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;&#039;wo=&#039;&#039;&#039;. Using the ergative proclitic in the manner also marks the clause as perfective&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passive voice (glossed as {{sc|pass}}) is marked with the prefix &#039;&#039;&#039;čohe-&#039;&#039;&#039;. When affixed to a stem beginning in a glottal stop, the stop is dropped and the prefix is shortened to &#039;&#039;&#039;čoh-&#039;&#039;&#039;. Like the inanimate ergative proclitic, this allomorph of the passive prefix causes a short /i/ or /u/ in the following syllable to shift to /e/ or /o/, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohekum|PASS-eat}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|hi|DEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|čihek.|bread}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The bread is eaten.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Čohepak|PASS-kill}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wow|deer}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|wuuhu|ERG=INDEF.I}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|ulyeyňey.|arrow}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The deer has been killed by an arrow.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Causative===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;causative&#039;&#039; increases the valency of a verb by adding a new agent, demoting the original subject to direct object, and shifting any existing direct object to a prepositional phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The causative (glossed as {{sc|caus}}) is marked with a prefix that usually appears as &#039;&#039;&#039;r-&#039;&#039;&#039; before stems beginning in a glottal stop (which is elided), as &#039;&#039;&#039;ru-&#039;&#039;&#039; before a labial consonant, and as &#039;&#039;&#039;ri-&#039;&#039;&#039; before any other consonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Examples====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{+|&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|Riyeň|CAUS-sleep}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|na|mother}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|či|DEF.AN}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{gl|momo.|baby}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{glend|The mother puts the baby to sleep.}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Lexicon=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[/Lexicon|Ray Tyuwey Išup Lexicon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ronquian languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>CatDoom</name></author>
	</entry>
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