Note: due to the lack of a full lexicon of the parent language, not every phoneme in this language is attested. But I can assure you they exist on a theoretical basis!

__E'át__

This is an outline of E'át, the descendant of Aθáta.

__Contents__

Sound Changes
Phonology
  Phonemic Inventory
  Suprasegmentals and Allophones
Morphology
  Nominal Morphology
  Adjectives
  Verbal Morphology
Syntax
Sample Text
Lexicon

__Sound Changes__

• Fricatives are voiced medially (except before /p, t, k/).
Palatisation
• All consonants before front vowels (i, i:, e, e:, j) are palatised:
• [s, z] become [ʃ, ʒ]
• [h, t, n, l, r] and velars become palatal ([r] > [c\] (palatal trill))
• [p, f, v, m] become [pl, fl, vl, ml] (via [pj, fj, vj, ml])
• [θ] becomes [θj]
• If the front vowels (or j) triggering this change are followed by another vowel, or the end of a word, they disappear if they are short, or become short if they are long.
For example, [tip] > [cip]
[ape] > [aple] > [apl]
[liːa] > [ʎiːa] > [ʎia]
etc

Consonant Weakenings and Strengthenings
• [short vowel]+[θ,ð] > [long vowel]
• [θ, ð] > [s, z] / #_
• [θ, ð] > 0 / elsewhere
• [j] > [ʝ] / V_V
• [r] > [z] / V_V
Vowelish Stuff
• Vowels in hiatus and diphthongs are broken up by a glottal stop
• [unstressed short vowel] > 0 / _# (unless it is a single-vowel word, in which case > a)
• [long vowel or stressed short vowel] > a / _# (regardless of stress)
The Vowel Shift
• iː > wi
• eː > ei
• aː > eː
• u(ː) > ʉ(ː)
• oː > u
• a, e, o > a
Miscellaneous Other Changes
• w > v
• final CCC clusters are broken by an epenthetic /a/; CCC# > CCaC
• sj > ʃ

__Phonology__

__Phonemic Inventory__

Consonants:

	Labial	Alveolar	Post-Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	p	t		c	k	'
Fricative	f v	s z	sh zh	ç ch	x gh	h
Nasal	m	n		nj
Trill		r		rj
Lateral		l		lj
Approximant				j

Vowels

	Front	Mid	Back
High	i	ʉ	u
Mid	eː
Low		a

Similar to Swedish, /ʉ/ is represented by <u> and /u/ by <o>. /ʉ/ also has a long form /ʉː/, <uu>. Also phonemic is the diphthong /ei/. (Note that /eː/ has no short form.)

__Suprasegmentals and Allophones__

/a/ is often [ə] when unstressed.
/c/ has a varied pronunciation, varying from [ts] to [tʃ] to [c] to [k]. (In dialects where /c/ is [k], /k/ is often pronounced as [q] or even [ʔ].)

More than 2 final consonants are illegal, so any consonant clusters in violation (through suffixing and so on) are broken up by /a/, like so: CCC > CCaC.

When a prefix goes on a word beginning in a voiceless fricative, the fricative becomes voiced. Similarly, when a suffix goes on a word ending in a voiceless fricative, the fricative becomes voiced.

Stress is always on the first syllable of the root, unless marked otherwise with an acute. When a word has prefixes, the stress is always marked to avoid any confusion over where the prefix ends and the root begins.

The palatal trill is varyingly pronounced as a true palatal trillm [r^j], [ʀ^j],

__Morphology__

__Nominal Morphology__

Nouns are inflected for number and possession. There are three main noun declension groups, all very similar: /a/ Nouns, /i/ Nouns, and /u/ Nouns. The first group, /a/ Nouns, is further split into two groups: Type 1 and Type 2.

The numbers are singular and plural. Plural is often used to emphasise a particular word, rather than indicating that there is literally more than one of them. The following paradigm for Type 1 /a/ Nouns uses ljazh, "word".

	Singular	Plural
Simple	ljazh	ljazh-ax
My	ljazh-in	ljazh-aka'in
Our	ljazh-ix	ljazh-aka'ix
Thy	ljazh-ei'an	ljazh-ake'an
Your	ljazh-alax	ljazh-akalax
His	ljazh-en	ljazh-aken
Their	ljazh-ex	ljazh-akex

If the noun root ends in a vowel, a glottal stop is inserted between the final vowel of the root and the first vowel of the suffix. The declension of /i/ and /u/ Nouns is very similar. The singular suffixes are the same except they begin with -i' (or -u' in the case of /u/ Nouns), and the plural suffixes start with -i (or -u) instead of -a. For example, "his light" is çan-u'en, formed from çan, a /u/ Noun. "Our children", from shavl, a /i/ Noun, is shavl-ika'ix.

Type 2 /a/ Nouns are more complex. In the plural they are identical to Type 1. In the singular, like /i/ and /u/ Nouns, the suffixes begin with a'; except for in the 2nd person. The following table shall illustrate, with nak, "god".

Simple	nak
My	nak-a'in
Our	nak-a'ix
Thy	nak-e'an
Your	nak-lax
His	nak-a'en
Their	nak-a'ex

Prepositions are prefixed onto the head noun (the first one) of the noun phrase that they govern.
af-pakác-in
on-throne-my
"On my throne"

There is a vocative particle o, which precedes the noun. It is mainly used in invocations and personal letters.

__Adjectives__

Adjectives inflect for number and possession just as the noun they govern, for example haz pra "brave sheep", kazanaka'in e'ácinaka'in "my unholy enemies" (kazanaka'in e'ácinaka'in). Adjectives are placed after the noun.

Comparatives are formed by suffixing -naz onto the adjective, and after any inflections. Superlatives are formed with -nazax after the adjective.
Examples:
pra "brave"; pranaz "braver"; pranazax "bravest"
kazanaka'in e'ácinakanazax "my unholiest enemies"

Like nouns, adjectives have three categories; /a/ Adjectives (both Type 1 and 2), /i/ Adjectives, and /u/ Adjectives. Their inflections are just the same as the nouns.

If the noun an adjective governs has a preposition prefixed to it, it is prefixed to the adjective as well.

__Verbal Morphology__

E'át verbs decline for person, number, aspect, voice, and mood. All but the moods (except one) are expressed through suffixes.

The three aspects are habitual, perfective, and imperfective. The two voices are active and passive.

Active voice is the default unmarked voice. Passive voice is indicated by suffixing -(a)l to the verb root before any other prefixes (the /a/ is only to be included if there is no final vowel on the root). In the habitual first person, this suffix shifts to -(a)lj
For example, using the root anspa "to strike"
anspazan, "he is striking"
anspalzan, "he is being struck"
anspaljin, "I (habitually) strike"

Habitual aspect is the default unmarked aspect. To indicate perfective aspect, -(a)vl is suffixed onto the root after any voice suffixes, with the /a/ only being included if there is no final vowel on the root. However, if the verb is in the third person, this suffix is reduced to -v. For imperfective aspect, -(a)zh is suffixed in a similar manner. In the case of a third person verb this suffix shifts to -z.
For example, again using the root anspa "to strike"
anspavlin, "I did strike"
anspazhin, "I am striking"
anspazan, "he is striking"

Person and number are expressed through suffixes, formerly cliticised pronouns.

	Sing	Plural
1st	-in	-ix
2nd	-an*	-lax*
3rd	-an	-ax

*The second person suffixes are more varied. The second person plural is -lax in the habitual aspect, -alax in the perfective aspect, and -ilax in the imperfective. The singular varies more often, but in general it is -(ei)'an in the habitual active (the vowel appearing if the preceding sound is a consonant), -an in the habitual passive, -ei'an in the perfective, and -vi'an in the imperfective.

Having the third person suffixes directly an a bare verbal root (i.e., third person active habitual) causes any palatisation on the final consonant of the root to be undone. Conversely, having the first person suffixes on a bare verbal root causes palatisation on the final consonant. For details of the palatisation, see Sound Changes.

One mood is indicated by a suffix, namely the cohortative. This is indicated by leaving the person ending off the verb (the cohortative is assumed to refer to be in the second person unless a pronoun is used in the sentence to clarift), leaving just the verb and its voice and aspect suffixes. For plural cohortative, the suffix -ei' is added, except in the imperfective, where it is -vi', and in the habitual passive, where it is unmarked.

Now the paradigms for avzh, "to sing", and mlizák, "to celebrate".

		Active	Passive
Habitual
Sg	1st	avzh-in	avzh-alj-in
	2nd	avzh-ei'an	avzh-al-an
	3rd	avz-an	avzh-al-an
Pl	1st	avzh-ix	avzh-alj-ix
	2nd	avzh-alax	avzh-al-lax
	3rd	avz-ax	avzh-al-ax
Cohortative	Sg	avzh	avzh-al
	Pl	avzh-ei'	avzh-al
Perfective
Sg	1st	avzh-avl-in	avzh-al-vl-in
	2nd	avzh-avl-ei'an	avzh-al-vl-ei'an
	3rd	avzh-av-an	avzh-al-v-an
Pl	1st	avzh-avl-ix	avzh-al-vl-ix
	2nd	avzh-avl-alax	avzh-al-vl-alax
	3rd	avzh-av-ax	avzh-al-v-ax
Cohortative	Sg	avzh-avl	avzh-al-val
	Pl	avzh-avl-ei'	avzh-al-vl-ei'
Imperfective
Sg	1st	avzh-azh-in	avzh-al-zh-in
	2nd	avzh-azh-vi'an	avzh-al-zh-vi'an
	3rd	avzh-az-an	avzh-al-z-an
Pl	1st	avzh-azh-ix	avzh-al-zh-ix
	2nd	avzh-azh-ilax	avzh-al-zh-ilax
	3rd	avzh-az-ax	avzh-al-z-ax
Cohortative	Sg	avzh-azh	avzh-al-zh
	Pl	avzh-azh-vi'	avzh-al-zh-vi

		Active	Passive
Habitual
Sg	1st	mlizác-in	mlizák-alj-in
	2nd	mlizák-ei'an	mlizák-al-an
	3rd	mlizák-an	mlizák-al-an
Pl	1st	mlizác-ix	mlizák-alj-ix
	2nd	mlizák-alax	mlizák-al-lax
	3rd	mlizák-ax	mlizák-al-ax
cohortative	Sg	mlizák	mlizák-al
	Pl	mlizák-ei'	mlizák-al
Perfective
Sg	1st	mlizák-avl-in	mlizák-al-vl-in
	2nd	mlizák-avl-ei'an	mlizák-al-vl-ei'an
	3rd	mlizák-av-an	mlizák-al-v-an
Pl	1st	mlizák-avl-ix	mlizák-al-vl-ix
	2nd	mlizák-avl-alax	mlizák-al-vl-alax
	3rd	mlizák-av-ax	mlizák-al-v-ax
cohortative	Sg	mlizák-avl	mlizák-al-val
	Pl	mlizák-avl-ei'	mlizák-al-vl-ei'
Imperfective
Sg	1st	mlizák-azh-in	mlizák-al-zh-in
	2nd	mlizák-azh-vi'an	mlizák-al-zh-vi'an
	3rd	mlizák-az-an	mlizák-al-z-an
Pl	1st	mlizák-azh-ix	mlizák-al-zh-ix
	2nd	mlizák-azh-ilax	mlizák-al-zh-ilax
	3rd	mlizák-az-ax	mlizák-al-z-ax
cohortative	Sg	mlizák-azh	mlizák-al-zh
	Pl	mlizák-azh-vi'	mlizák-al-zh-vi

Verbs come in two varieties: common verbs, which decline as illustrated above; and strong verbs. Strong verbs have a different basic root in the active habitual than in the other aspects and voices. The only strong verbs in the lexicon are shvin / shim "live", and non / nam "go". The first form cited is the active habitual form; the second form is used for all other inflections.

Since person is indicated on every verb, pronouns are usually dropped, and are only included for clarification (for example between the second and third persons singular passive habitual) for emphasis, or when in the patient role.

The standalone pronouns are as follows:

Agent
	Sing	Plural
1st	vin	vix
2nd	son	lex
3rd	en	ex
Patient
	Sing	Plural
1st	in	ix
2nd	san	lax
3rd	an	ax

There are eight moods; indicative, optative, benefactive, obligative, non-potential, conditional, imperative, and cohortative. With the exception of the final two, they are indicated by prefixes. (Indicative is unmarked.)

Optative	uk-
Benefactive	s-
Obligative	ik-
Non-Potential	iz-
Conditional	puk-

The formation of the cohortative is covered above. The imperative is formed by using both the cohortative suffix and the obligative prefix, like so:
ikmlizákei', "you (pl) must celebrate!"

Nouns are negated by prefixing them (to the left of any mood prefixes) with a- if they are consonant-initial, and ml- if they are vowel-initial. For example:
mlavzhei' vix "let's not sing"
pukávzhazan "he might be singing"
apukávzhazan "he might not be singing"
amlizákalvan "it has not been celebrated"

__Syntax__

Word order is strictly VSO, with the verb always coming first in a clause:

Eizazan njarj njvi
bake-IMPERFECTIVE-3rdSG woman bread
"The woman is baking some bread"

Adpositional phrases are ordered time - manner - place:

Namavlin kap acanázal ilNjvízh
go-PERFECTIVE-1stSG lastyear with-horse to-Njvizh
I went to Njvizh (Nitazē) by horse last year

The moods have the following uses:

• Indicative - indicates that the statement is factual.
• Optative - is a wish or desire that the action will come about.
• Benefactive - the action is in some way beneficial to the subject of the sentence.
• Obligative - the speaker is of the opinion that the action must come about.
• Non-Potential - the opposite of the potential mood found in languages such as Sanskrit. Indicates the action is possible, but unlikely.
• Conditional - indicates that the action is possible, especially if the action in the complementary clause comes about.
• Imperative - expresses a direct command.
• Cohortative - expresses a wish or request.

The particle o is used to indicate the beginning of a relative clause.

__Sample Text

Shinkan (Sinakan), the great king, the king of the land of Ka (Kāxad), brother of the sun and the moon, spoke thus:

"Before I sat on the throne of my father, all the foreign countries were hostile towards me.

The nearby foreign countries spoke thus:

"His father was a great king. He conquered many enemy countries, and became as a god. But the throne of his father is being sat upon by a child."

When I, brother of the sun and moon, sat on the throne of my father, before I went to the foreign countries which were being hostile towards me, happily I went to the feasts of Avla (Ophai). I celebrated them to my benefit, and I rose my hand to the shining mother. I spoke thus: "My mistress, light of the stars, the nearby countries who name me a child belittle me. And they begin to attack the border of your holy land, my mistress! Strike the heathens down!"

Avla (Ophai) heard the words of my mouth. She rose me up and she gave strength to my arm. I conquered those who rose against me in ten years. They were defeated by me. I captured many prisoners, oxen, and sheep, and I sent them back to the land of Ka (Kāxad).

__Interlinear__

avl-av-an shif Shinkan, shiscazar, shisk-en Ke-las, mlaka-'en sam an sal

speak-PERFECTIVE-3rdSG thus Shinkan, greatking, king-3rdSG kaxad-land, brother-3rdSG sun and moon:

apl-in iln af-pakác-a'en mlazh-in, ej-av-ax shisklaz-ax azh-ax rulaz-ax akan il-ín

sit-HABITUAL-1stSG before on-throne-3rdSG father-1stSG, be-PERF-3rdPL country-PL all-PL foreign-PL hostile to-pronoun1stSGpatient

avl-av-an shif shisklaz-ax kazuz-ax rulaz-ax

speak-PERFECTIVE-3rdPL thus country-PL nearby-PL foreign-PL:

ej-av-an mlazh-en shiscazar. s-avl-av-an shisklaz-ax kazan-ax av-ax, an s-ta-v-an ja nak. sal apl-al-an af-pakác-a'en mlazh-en aca-shávl.

be-PERF-3rdSG father-3rdSG greatking. BENEFACTIVE-conquer-PERF-3rdSG country-PL enemy-PL many-PL, and BENE-become-PERF-3rdSG as god. but sit-PASSVE-HAB-3rdSG on-throne-3rdSg father-3rdSG with-child.

apl-avl-in al vin, mlaka-'en sam an sal, af-pakác-a'en mlazh-in, nan-avl-in iln shisklaz-ax rulaz-ax o ej-az-ax akan il-ín, s-nan-avl-in il-sác-iken Avla. s-mlizák-avl-in ax, an ul-avl-in ton-in il-mlín il-mál. avl-avl-in shif: o eic-in, o çan-en sha-x, uvámvan-ax in o pavz-ax shisklaz-ax kazuz-ax in shavl. an sac-az-ax paz-az-ax kalaz-en les-ei'an sacin-ei'an, o eic-in! ik-ánsp-avl e'ácin-ax!

sit-PERF-1stSg when pronoun1stSGagent, brother-3rdSG sun and moon, on-throne-3rdSG father-1stSG, go-PERF-1stSG before country-PL foreign-PL relativeclause be-IMPERFECTIVE-3rdPL hostile to-pronoun1stSGpatient, BENE-go-PERF-1stSG to-feast-PL3rdSG Ophai. BENE-celebrate-PERF-1stSG pronoun3rdPLpatient, and rise-PERF-1stSG hand-1stSG to-mother to-shining. speak-PERF-1stSG thus: vocative mistress-1stSG, vocative light-3rdSG star-PL, belittle-HAB-3rdPL pronoun1stSGpatient relativeclause name-HAB-3rdPL country-PL nearby-PL pronoun1stSGpatient child. and begin-IMPERF-3rdPL attack-IMPERF-3rdPL border-3rdSG land-2ndSG holy-2ndSG, vocative mistress-1stSG! OBLIGATIVE-strike-PERF-COHORTATIVE heathen-PL!

re'-av-an Avla ljazh-aken mav-in. ul-av-an in an savl-av-an favar il-ican-in. avl-avl-in aca-lá aca-cár o paz-az-ax in. plei'-al-v-ax aca-ín. avl-avl-in jac-ix an fa-'ux an haz-ax av-ax an plja-vl-in ax il-Ke-las

hear-PERF-3rdSG Ophai word-PL-3rdSG mouth-1stSG. rise-PERF-3rdSG pronoun1stSGpatient and give-PERF-3rdSG strength to-arm-1stSG. conquer-PERF-1stSG with-year with-ten relativeclause attack-PERF-3rdPL pronoun1stSGpatient. defeat-PASSIVE-PERF-3rdPL with-pronoun1stSGpatient. capture-PERF-1stSG prisoner-PL and oxen-PL and sheep-PL many-PL and send-PERF-1stSG pronoun3rdPLpatient to-Kaxad-land

__Lexicon__

Key: a1 noun / adj Type 1 /a/ Noun / Adjective; a2 noun / adj Type 2 /a/ Noun / Adjective; i noun / adj /i/ Noun / Adjective; u noun / adj /u/ Noun / Adjective; cmn vb Common Verb; strng vb Strong Verb; prep preposition; part other grammatical particle.