Aríe

Notes on evolution from Zhaj

Three major groups of sound changes occur between Zhaj and Aríe along with a series of minor shifts that constitute a significantly larger overall change than between previous ancestors. The first of these was a pair of push-chain vowel shifts, one occurring in stressed and one in unstressed vowels. These rotate the vowel system in opposite directions, creating sometimes complex vowel shifts where prefixes cause the stress to move. Stressed vowels lengthened as well as changing in quality.

The second major change occurred in the series of voiced fricatives. Initial voiced fricatives gained a short vowel before them (compare to the evolution of certain Romance languages, Lat. stare → Esp. estar) and then suffered significant lenition in many positions. The few remaining voiced fricatives were then lost. This pulled the voiced plosives down to become fricatives which then merged variously with the approximants created by the previous voiced fricatives and the unvoiced fricatives. The velar approximant was later lost, having significant compensatory effects on surrounding vowels. The most obvious example of the fate of the voiced fricatives is found in the name of the language: different though they may appear, /ɑɹiːe/ is cognate with /ʒaj/.

The third major change was the merger of sequences of consonant+/w/ into labialised consonants and the subsequent labialisation of all consonants before rounded vowels and insertion of labial glides before rounded vowels. This resulted in the system seen in Aríe where vowel rounding is not distinguishing but consonantal labialisation is.

Two minor changes that have some significant effect on paradigms are as follows. Diphthongs shifted from falling to rising and then back to falling over the course of the evolution from Zhaj to Aríe; in the mean time, palatalised affricates were formed by the new sequences of consonant+j that these created. Also, lenition occurred, particularly to aspirants, in intervocalic positions. This was most prominent on labialised forms.

			Labial	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	Pl.	Pl.	p	t			k	Ɂ
	Pl.			Asp.	pʰ	tʰ			kʰ
		Lab.	Pl.	pʷ	tʷ			kʷ	Ɂʷ
		Lab.		Asp.	pʰʷ	tʰʷ			kʰʷ
Affricate	Pl.	Pl.		ʦ
	Pl.			Asp.		ʦʰ
		Lab.	Pl.		ʦʷ
		Lab.		Asp.		ʦʰʷ
Lateral affricate	Pl.			tɬ
Lateral affricate		Lab.			tɬʷ
Nasal	Pl.		m	n			ŋ
Nasal		Lab.		mʷ	nʷ			ŋʷ
Fricative	Pl.		f	s	ʃ		x
Fricative		Lab.		¹	sʷ	ʃʷ		xʷ
Lateral fricative	Pl.			ɮ [ɬ]
Lateral fricative		Lab.			*ɮʷ [ɬʷ]
Approximant	Pl.			ɹ [r]		j
Approximant		Lab.			ɹʷ [rʷ]			w
Lateral approximant	Pl.			l
Lateral approximant		Lab.			lʷ

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i iː	ɨ ɨː	ɯ ɯː
Mid	e eː		ɤ ɤː
Open			ɑ ɑː

		Oblique	Ergative
Non-pos.		-	-wur
Spk. pos.	Sn.	-e	-ér [-eur]
Spk. pos.		Pl.	-ej	-ewur
Non-spk. pos.	Sn.	-a	-úr [-aur]
Non-spk. pos.		Pl.	-aj	-awur

	First		Second
		Sn.	Pl.	Sn.	Pl.
Ergative	aréjr	arýirwy	arwárwy	arwýrwy
Oblique	aréi	ýwojn	arwán	arwýn
Oblique formal	aréi	ýwojn			rwái’wu	rwýi’wu

	Third
	Sn. M.	Sn. F.	Sn. N.	Pl. M.	Pl. F.	Pl. N.
Ergative	ér	ír	ýr	érw	írw	ýrw
Oblique	én	ín	ýn	wén	wín	wán

	Present	Future	Past imperfect	Past perfect
Indicative	sý’-	lhé-	wé-	khén(a)-
Subjunctive	sh-	wó’-	wów-	khwóx-
Imperative	sý’ere-	lhéere-	wéere-	khénere-
Optative	shére-	wótere-	wówere-	khwówure-

Word	Phonemic	Phonetic	Etymology (Zhaj)	Class	Gloss
‘áx*	/ʔɑːx/	[ʔɑːx]	-	par.	(emphatic; often used for exasperation or annoyance)
‘éx	/ʔeːx/	[ʔeːx]	hax	int.	(sadness, horror)
‘in	/ʔin/	[ʔin]	hin	v.	(negative auxiliary)
‘wominin	/ʔʷɤminin/	[ʔʷominin]	homijnin	v.	to conquer
ajéres	/ɑjeːɹes/	[ɑjeːɹes]	vezys	adj.	chilly
ajéxwur	/ɑjeːxʷɯɹ/	[ɑjeːxʷuɹ]	vephur	adj.	handsome, attractive
ámazilh*	/ɑːmɑʦiɮ/	[ɑːmɑʦiɮ]	-	v.	to shine, glow
arazwín*	/ɑɹɑʦʷiːn/	[ɑɹɑʦʷyːn]	-	n.	strong
aréi	/ɑɹeːi/	[ɑɹeːi]	zha	pre.	as, in the manner of
aréjm	/ɑɹeːjm/	[ɑɹeːjm]	zhem	n.	neighbour
aréjm	/ɑɹeːjm/	[ɑɹeːjm]	zejm	n.	sun
aréjrwyj	/ɑɹeːjɹʷɨj/	[ɑɹeːjɹʷʉj]	zhezhʉ	n.	annoyance, irritation
arékhir	/ɑɹeːkʰiɹ/	[ɑɹeːkʰiɹ]	zakhir	n.	priest
arékhira	/ɑɹeːkʰiɹɑ/	[ɑɹeːkʰiɹɑ]	zakhira	n.	priestess
arí	/ɑɹiː/	[ɑɹiː]	zi	n.	star
arí	/ɑɹiː/	[ɑɹiː]	zi	n.	uncle
aríf	/ɑɹiːf/	[ɑɹiːf]	ziph	n.	child
arír	/ɑɹiːɹ/	[ɑɹiːɹ]	zhir	n.	scribe
arírwu’a	/ɑɹiːɹʷɯʔɑ/	[ɑɹiːɹʷuʔɑ]	zijsuk	n.	king
arírwuka	/ɑɹiːɹʷɯkɑ/	[ɑɹiːɹʷukɑ]	zijsuka	n.	queen
arírwukar	/ɑɹiːɹʷɯkɑɹ/	[ɑɹiːɹʷukɑɹ]	zijsukar	n.	kingdom
arjé	/ɑɹjeː/	[ɑɹjeː]	zea	n.	goddess
arwáiraje	/ɑɹʷɑːiɹɑje/	[ɑɹʷɒːiɹɑj]	zhozh	n.	prisoner
arwólhin	/ɑɹʷɤːɮin/	[ɑɹʷoːɮin]	zudin	adj.	holy
arwóra	/ɑɹʷɤːɹɑ/	[ɑɹʷoːɹɑ]	zuz	adj.	white
arwórurje	/ɑɹʷɤːɹɯɹje/	[ɑɹʷoːɹɯɹje]	zuzgarv	adj.	old
arwúnalher	/ɑɹʷɯːnɑɮeɹ/	[ɑɹʷuːnɑɮeɹ]	zʉnder	n.	tradition
arýr	/ɑɹɨːɹ/	[ɑɹɨːɹ]	zyr	co.	but
arýran	/ɑɹɨːɹɑn/	[ɑɹɨːɹɑn]	zysan	n.	pig
átw*	/ɑːtʷ/	[ɑːtʷ]	-	sub.	where
aweŋin	/ɑweŋin/	[ɑwøŋin]	abyŋin	v.	to cry
awerjin	/ɑweɹjin/	[ɑwøɹjin]	abyzhin	v.	to make
awú	/ɑwɯː/	[ɑwuː]	vʉ	n.	ox
e	/e/	[e]	e	v.	to be (ir.)
é	/eː/	[eː]	ega	pre.	against
é’a	/eːʔɑ/	[eːʔɑ]	et	pre.	of (ownership)
é’wuna	/eːʔʷɯnɑ/	[eːʔʷunɑ]	ahuna	n.	girl
ej*	/ej/	[ej]	?e-ej	pre.	(possessed; pronouns only)
ejin	/ejin/	[ejin]	yvin	v.	to say
ejiŋworin	/ejiŋʷɤɹin/	[ejiŋʷoɹin]	yviŋorin	v.	to befriend
ekhin	/ekʰin/	[ekʰin]	ykhin	v.	to do
elharin	/eɮɑɹin/	[eɮɑɹin]	ydarin	v.	to copulate, have sex
enarewin	/enɑɹewin/	[enɑɹewyn]	enzybin	v.	to damage, hurt
éur	/eːɯɹ/	[eːɯɹ]	egar	n.	enemy, foe
éwara	/eːwɑɹɑ/	[eːwɒɹɑ]	abaz	n.	fish
ewin	/ewin/	[ewyn]	ybin	v.	to freeze
ewin	/ewin/	[ewyn]	ybin	v.	to rest
ezlw [e]*	/etɬʷ/	[etɬʷ]	-	v.	to begin, start
feuzle [e]*	/feɯtɬe/	[feɯtɬe]	-	n.	honey
fír	/fiːɹ/	[fiːɹ]	bira	adj.	generous, selfless
fír	/fiːɹ/	[fiːɹ]	bijr	adj.	homosexual
fír	/fiːɹ/	[fiːɹ]	bijr	n.	homosexual
í	/iː/	[iː]	ij	n.
íkhalh	/iːkʰɑɮ/	[iːkʰɑɬ]	ijkhad	n.
ilhi*	/iɮi/	[iɮi]	-	v.	to read
írajn	/iːɹɑjn/	[iːɹɑjn]	ijshan	n.	arm
jurwun	/jɯɹʷɯn/	[jɯɹʷun]	gesun	adj.	powerful
jurwus	/jɯɹʷɯs/	[jɯɹʷus]	gesus	adj.	nearby
jý	/jɨː/	[jɨː]	gy	adv.	last year
kamrwyj*	/kɑmɹʷɨj/	[kɑmɹʷʉj]	-	v.	to vomit
khé	/kʰeː/	[kʰeː]	ka	n.	way, road, path
khejin	/kʰejin/	[kʰejin]	khevin	v.	to belittle
khejrezl	/kʰejɹetɬ/	[kʰejɹetɬ]	kajrel	n.	throne
khín	/kʰiːn/	[kʰiːn]	khin	n.	parent, mentor, guide
khúpwus [th]*	/kʰɯːpʷɯs/	[kʰɯːpʷus]	-	n.	flea, louse
khwó*	/kʰʷɤː/	[kʰʷoː]	-	par.	actually, apparently (expresses surprise or doubt)
khwu’a [p]*	/kʰʷuʔɑ/	[kʰʷuʔɑ]	-	n.	star
lhíphwam*	/ɮiːpʰʷɑm/	[ɮiːpʰʷɒm]	-	adj.	large
lhó’of [ph]*	/ɮɤːʔɤf/	[ɮɤːʔɤf]	-	n.	blood
lhwin	/ɮʷin/	[ɮʷyn]	dwin	v.	to drink
lhwujn*	/ɮʷɯjn/	[ɮʷujn]	?dushin	sub.	because, so that, with the intention
lhwurjin	/ɮʷɯɹjin/	[ɮʷuɹjin]	dushin	v.	to want
lwárwa [u]*	/lʷɑːɹʷɑ/	[lʷɒːɹʷɒ]	-	n.	name
lyw*	/lɨw/	[lɨw]	-	n.	tree
mákwyw*	/mɑːkʷɨw/	[mɑːkʷʉw]	-	adj.	brave, courageous, adventurous
mejn	/mejn/	[mejn]	mjena	n.	mother
mí’wyrax	/miːʔʷɨɹɑx/	[miːʔʷʉɹɑx]	mikʉsakh	n.	snake
mirarjin	/miɹɑɹjin/	[miɹɑɹjin]	mijzazhin	v.	to celebrate
míu’a	/miːɯʔɑ/	[miːɯʔɑ]	mixʉt	n.	brother
míuj’a [t]*	/miːɯjʔɑ/	[miːɯjʔɑ]	-	n.	goat
mwoj	/mʷɤj/	[mʷoj]	moj	n.
mwoj	/mʷɤj/	[mʷoj]	moj	n.	person
mwurjin	/mʷɯɹjin/	[mʷuɹjin]	muzhin	v.	to protest
mýj	/mɨːj/	[mɨːj]	myv	n.	opening, door
mýr	/mɨːɹ/	[mɨːɹ]	myr	adj.	shining
mýr	/mɨːɹ/	[mɨːɹ]	myz	n.	father
mýran	/mɨːɹɑn/	[mɨːɹɑn]	myran	n.	snow
mýun	/mɨːɯn/	[mɨːɯn]	myxan	n.	baker
nej	/nej/	[nej]	nej	n.	God
nejmwura	/nejmʷɯɹɑ/	[nejmʷuɹɑ]	nejmuz	adj.	dirty
nénalh’wa	/neːnɑɮʔʷɑ/	[neːnɑɮʔʷɑ]	nandho	n.	wind
néraf	/neːɹɑf/	[neːɹɑf]	neraph	n.	pet
nerjin	/neɹjin/	[neɹjin]	nyzhin	v.	to pray
ní	/niː/	[niː]	ni	pre.	in, within
nítenwor	/niːtenʷɤɹ/	[niːtenʷoɹ]	nitenor	n.	prophet
nwuŋin	/nʷɯŋin/	[nʷuŋin]	nuŋin	v.	to go
nwurjin	/nʷɯɹjin/	[nʷuɹjin]	nushin	v.	to die
nýjen	/nɨːjen/	[nɨːjen]	nyfan	adj.	red
nýrw	/nɨːɹʷ/	[nɨːɹʷ]	nyru	n.	horse
ŋarewin	/ŋɑɹewin/	[ŋɑɹewyn]	ŋashebin	v.	to denounce
ŋíú’a [t]	/ŋiːɯːʔɑ/	[ŋiːɯːʔɑ]	-	n.	water
ŋwóswyj [y]*	/ŋʷɤːsʷɨj/	[ŋʷoːsʷʉj]	-	n.	finger
phín	/pʰiːn/	[pʰiːn]	phin	pre.	with (comitative)
phíwtwa [e]*	/pʰiːwtʷɑ/	[pʰiːwtʷɒ]	-	n.	mouth
pwúlhas [ʉ]*	/pʷɯːɮɑs/	[pʷuːɮɑs]	-	v.	to take, remove
re’in	/ɹeʔin/	[ɹeʔin]	syhin	v.	to curse, insult
rephin	/ɹepʰin/	[ɹepʰin]	syphin	v.	to give
rerjin	/ɹeɹjin/	[ɹeɹjin]	ryshin	v.	to hear
rerjin	/ɹeɹjin/	[ɹeɹjin]	ryzhin	v.	to send
rerjin	/ɹeɹjin/	[ɹeɹjin]	zyzhin	v.	to throw
rí	/ɹiː/	[riː]	ri	n.	fox
rí	/ɹiː/	[riː]	ri	n.	fox
ríw*	/ɹiːw/	[ɹiːw]	ri-xe	n.	squirrel (lit. ‘fox-mouse’)
rjin	/ɹjin/	[ɹjin]	zhin	v.	to pull
rjixwur	/ɹjixʷɯɹ/	[ɹjixʷuɹ]	zhikhur	v.	to worship
rworjin	/ɹʷɤɹjin/	[ɹʷoɹjin]	sozhin	v.	to create, initiate
rwórwur	/ɹʷɤːɹʷɯɹ/	[rʷoːɹʷuɹ]	ruzur
rwúŋakha	/ɹʷɯːŋɑkʰɑ/	[rʷuːŋɑkʰɑ]	rʉŋkh	n.	false prophet, deceiver
rwúraj	/ɹʷɯːɹɑj/	[rʷuːɹɑj]	rʉrz	adj.	foreign
rwurin	/ɹʷɯɹin/	[ɹʷuɹin]	rurin	v.	to love
rýs	/ɹɨːs/	[rɨːs]	rys	n.	land, earth
shí	/ʃiː/	[ʃiː]	shoj	n.	dog
shwámex	/ʃʷɑːmex/	[ʃʷɒːmex]	shomekh	n.	hand
shwó*	/ʃʷɤː/	[ʃʷoː]	-	adj.	orange, gold
swojrjin	/sʷɤjɹjin/	[sʷojɹjin]	thorzhin	v.	to burn (intr.)
swózlis	/sʷɤːtɬis/	[sʷoːtɬis]	sultis	adj.	yellow
sý	/sɨː/	[sɨː]	sy	co.	thus
talwu’in	/tɑlʷɯʔin/	[tɑlʷuʔin]	taluhin	v.	to sit
tarazl*	/tɑɹɑtɬ/	[tɑɹɑtɬ]	-	v.	to sting
thé’a [e]*	/tʰeːʔɑ/	[tʰeːʔɑ]	-	n.	crown, circlet
thejin	/tʰejin/	[tʰejin]	thyvin	v.	to err
thémakerwu	/tʰeːmɑkeɹʷɯ/	[tʰeːmɑkeɹʷu]	thamakeru	n.	nobleman
thín	/tʰiːn/	[tʰiːn]	thin	sub.	that (relative)
thwálwo’a [p]*	/tʰʷɑːlʷɤʔɑ/	[tʰʷɒːlʷoʔɑ]	-	adj.	wet
thwán*	/tʰʷɑːn/	[tʰʷɒːn]	-	n.	ice
thwár	/tʰʷɑːɹ/	[tʰʷɒːɹ]	thor	n.	moon
ujjin	/ɯjjin/	[ɯjjin]	xyvin	v.	to drink
úphin	/ɯːpʰin/	[ɯːpʰin]	xuphin	v.	to defeat
urin	/ɯɹin/	[ɯɹin]	gorin	v.	to marry
úrjin	/ɯːɹjin/	[ɯːɹjin]	xushin	v.	to masturbate
uwejin	/ɯwejin/	[ɯwøjin]	xybyvin	v.	to wake up
wá’a	/wɑːʔɑ/	[wɒːʔɑ]	jot	adv.	now
wáf	/wɑːf/	[wɒːf]	oph	n.	country-dweller
wám	/wɑːm/	[wɒːm]	om	n.	sister
wár	/wɑːɹ/	[wɒːɹ]	oz	n.	city-dweller
welhin	/weɮin/	[wøɮin]	wedin	v.	to stand
wén	/weːn/	[wøːn]	wen	pre.	made of
werjin	/weɹjin/	[wøɹjin]	byshin	v.	to attack
werjin	/weɹjin/	[wøɹjin]	byzhin	v.	to name
wó	/wɤː/	[woː]	u	int.	(surprise, shock)
wój	/wɤːj/	[woːj]	uv	adj.	happy
wój	/wɤːj/	[woːj]	uv	pre.	on, upon
wón	/wɤːn/	[woːn]	un	co.	and
wór	/wɤːɹ/	[woːɹ]	gor	n.	friend
wórej	/wɤːɹej/	[woːɹej]	urzy	n.	word
wórwoj	/wɤːɹʷɤj/	[woːɹʷoj]	urzo	adj.	cold
wórwolh	/wɤːɹʷɤɮ/	[woːɹʷoɬ]	uzod	n.	celebration, feast
wowrwyj	/wɤwɹʷɨj/	[wowɹʷʉj]	garsʉ	n.	border
wú	/wɯː/	[wuː]	ug	adj.	black
wúm	/wɯːm/	[wuːm]	ʉm	adj.	bright
wurworjin	/wɯɹʷɤɹjin/	[wuɹʷoɹjin]	uroshin	v.	to forget
wúw	/wɯːw/	[wuːw]	ʉb	adj.	green
xé	/xeː/	[xeː]	xe	n.	mouse
xej	/xej/	[xej]	xej	pre.	out of
xír	/xiːɹ/	[xiːɹ]	xiz	adj.	clumsy, heavy
xíre’wo	/xiːɹeʔʷɤ/	[xiːɹeʔʷo]	xireho	adj.	hostile
xíún	/xiːɯːn/	[xiːɯːn]	xigun	adj.	evil
xíurje	/xiːɯɹje/	[xiːɯɹje]	xigarv	adj.	blue
xwár	/xʷɑːɹ/	[xʷɒːɹ]	xor	n.	sheep (ir. pl. wóur)
xwór	/xʷɤːɹ/	[xʷoːɹ]	xur	sub.	when
xý’wa	/xɨːʔʷɑ/	[xɨːʔʷɑ]	xyhu	n.	rabbit
ýj	/ɨːj/	[ɨːj]	yv	n.	man
ýjrw	/ɨːjɹʷ/	[ɨːjɹʷ]	yfru	n.	rain
ýlhran	/ɨːɮɹɑn/	[ɨːɮɹɑn]	ydzan	n.	penis
ýr	/ɨːɹ/	[ɨːɹ]	yr	pre.	to, towards
ýr’in	/ɨːɹʔin/	[ɨːɹʔin]	yr-hin	pre.	without
ýrira	/ɨːɹiɹɑ/	[ɨːɹiɹɑ]	yriz	n.	sanctuary, safety
ýrnw	/ɨːɹnʷ/	[ɨːɹnʷ]	yrnu	pre.	before, in front of
ýrwu’a	/ɨːɹʷɯʔɑ/	[ɨːɹʷuʔɑ]	ysuk	n.	whore
ýwom	/ɨːwɤm/	[ɨːwom]	yva-om	n.	woman
ýwun	/ɨːwɯn/	[ɨːwun]	ybun	n.	heretic
ýwunari*	/ɨːwɯnɑɹi/	[ɨːwunɑɹi]	ybun-zi	n.	traitor; shameful secret (lit. ‘heretic uncle’)
ýx	/ɨːx/	[ɨːx]	ykh	n.	cat
zeter [y]*	/ʦeteɹ/	[ʦeteɹ]	-	v.	to laugh
zhé [ǽ]*	/ʦʰeː/	[ʦʰeː]	-	n.	hill, mound
zhés [th]*	/ʦʰeːs/	[ʦʰeːs]	-	n.	hair
zhwáraj	/ʦʰʷɑːɹɑj/	[ʦʰʷɒːɹɑj]	thojsha	adj.	brown
zhwý*	/ʦʰʷɨː/	[ʦʰʷʉː]	-	n.	temple

		Oblique	Ergative
Non-pos.		ýwunari	ýwunarwujr [ýwunari-ur]
Spk. pos.	Sn.	ýwunarej [ýwunari-e]	ýwunarewur
Spk. pos.		Pl.	ýwunarije [ýwunari-ej]	ýwunarewujr [ýwunari-ewur]
Non-spk. pos.	Sn.	ýwunaraj [ýwunari-a]	ýwunarawur [ýwunari-aur]
Non-spk. pos.		Pl.	ýwunarije [ýwunari-aj]	ýwunarawujr [ýwunari-awur]

		Oblique	Ergative
Non-pos.		ríw	ríwuur [ríw-ur]
Spk. pos.	Sn.	ríuje [ríw-e]	ríujér [ríw-ér]
Spk. pos.		Pl.	ríuje [ríw-ej]	ríujewur [ríw-ewur]
Non-spk. pos.	Sn.	ríwua [ríw-a]	ríwuúr [ríw-úr]
Non-spk. pos.		Pl.	ríwuje [ríw-aj]	ríwuawur [ríw-awur]

		Oblique	Ergative
Non-pos.		xý’wa	xý’wúr [xý’wu-ur]
Spk. pos.	Sn.	xý’ew [xý’wu-e]	xý’ewur [xý’wu-ér]
Spk. pos.		Pl.	xý’wuje [xý’wu-ej]	xý’ewwur [xý’wu-ewur]
Non-spk. pos.	Sn.	xý’aw [xý’wu-a]	xý’awur [xý’wu-aur]
Non-spk. pos.		Pl.	xý’wuje [xý’wu-aj]	xý’awwur [xý’wu-awur]

	Present	Future	Past imperfect	Past perfect
Indicative	re’	lheŋin	weŋin	khaŋin
Subjunctive	rej	wuŋin	wúŋin	xwujŋin
Imperative	re’re	lherŋin	werŋin	khajnin
Optative	rejre	wuterŋin	wúrŋin	xwuwŋin